Cambridge IGCSE™

GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
Paper 1 Geographical Themes October/November 2021

INSERT 1 hour 45 minutes

INFORMATION
*1277368753-I*

● This insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

● You may annotate this insert and use the blank spaces for planning. Do not write your answers on the
insert.

This document has 8 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

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Fig. 1.1 for Question 1

Fig. 1.2 for Question 1

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Fig. 4.1 for Question 4

Fig. 4.2 for Question 4

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Fig. 4.3 for Question 4

Fig. 4.4 for Question 4

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Fig. 5.2 for Question 5

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Fig. 6.2 for Question 6

Table
Bay
docks area of
manufacturing
industry

0 1 2 3 4 5
km
Key
national motorway
main road
railway
railway station
built-up area
water
woodland/recreation ground
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BLANK PAGE

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 Cambridge IGCSE™
* 1 2 7 7 3 6 8 7 5 3 *

GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
Paper 1 Geographical Themes October/November 2021

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

You will need: Insert (enclosed)

Calculator
Ruler

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total, one from each section.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● If additional space is needed, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet; the question
number or numbers must be clearly shown.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 75.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

This document has 32 pages.

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Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Figs. 1.1 and 1.2 (Insert), which are photographs of areas with a low population density.

(i) What is meant by population density?

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(ii) State two reasons why the climate of the area shown in Fig. 1.1 may result in a low
population density.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(iii) Suggest three different reasons why the area shown in Fig. 1.2 has a low population
density.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(iv) Explain why the availability of natural resources may lead to an area becoming densely
populated.

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(b) Study Figs. 1.3 and 1.4.

Fig. 1.3 shows information about population distribution in Kenya (an LEDC in Africa).
Fig. 1.4 shows information about relief, rainfall, transport and settlements in Kenya.

ETHIOPIA
Lake
Turkana

SOMALI
UGANDA

SOMALIA
REPUBLIC
KENYA

Lake Equator
Victoria
Nairobi

TANZANIA
Indian
Ocean N

Key
each dot represents 10 000 people
capital city
0 100 200 300 400
km

Fig. 1.3

(i) Using Fig. 1.3 only, describe the distribution of population in Kenya.

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Lake ETHIOPIA
Turkana

SOMALI
SOMALIA
REPUBLIC
KENYA

Lake Equator
Victoria
Nairobi

N
TANZANIA Indian
Ocean

0 100 200 300 400

km
Key
land over 1000 m above sea level
areas likely to receive more than 750 mm
rainfall in four years out of five
railway
major port
important town

Fig. 1.4

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(ii) Using information from Figs. 1.3 and 1.4 only, suggest reasons for the distribution of
population in Kenya.

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(c) For a named country you have studied, describe the impacts of overpopulation.

Name of country ..........................................

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2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, which is a map showing a rural area in Sierra Leone (an LEDC in Africa).

Kombema Key
river
River Moa direction of flow
KENEMA sand or mud
Kebawane
Bearbo town
village (small villages
are not shown)
main road
Majihun secondary road
track

0 1
Gbenderu
km
Konjo
a
Mo

N
r

Boaboabu
ve
Ri

Golahun

Gofor

Fig. 2.1

(i) Define the term rural area.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the following settlements shown in Fig. 2.1:

the town in the north west of the area ...............................................................

the village approximately 8 km south west of Majihun. ....................................................

[2]
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(iii) Choose one service from the list below which may be available in a village. Give reasons
for your choice.

general store hospital jewellers shoe shop

Service ..............................................................................................................................

Reasons ............................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) The only secondary school in the area shown in Fig. 2.1 is in Kenema.
Suggest why only a few of the children who live in Konjo are likely to attend secondary
school.

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(b) Study Fig. 2.2, which shows three different rural settlement patterns.

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 2.2

(i) Name the settlement pattern shown in each of maps A, B and C.

Map A ...............................................................

Map B ...............................................................

Map C ............................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain why different settlement patterns develop in rural areas.

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(c) For a named urban area you have studied, describe and explain the characteristics of the
Central Business District (CBD).

Name of urban area ..........................................

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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, which shows four climatic zones.

80° 80°
60° 60°

40° 40°

20° 20°

0° 0°

20° 20°

40° 40°

60° 60°

80° 80°

Key
A B C D

Fig. 3.1

(i) Which zone (A, B or C) in Fig. 3.1 has a hot desert climate?

............................................................... [1]

(ii) Zone D in Fig. 3.1 has an equatorial climate. Describe the distribution of the areas with
an equatorial climate.

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(iii) Explain why temperatures are high all year round in equatorial areas.

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(iv) Explain why rainfall is very low in hot desert areas.

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(b) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows the reasons for the deforestation of tropical rainforests in Africa
and South America.

Africa

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% of deforestation

South
America

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% of deforestation

Key
reason for deforestation
subsistence agriculture
commercial agriculture
other

Fig. 3.2

(i) Using Fig. 3.2 only, compare the percentage of the tropical rainforests deforested for
agriculture in Africa and South America. Use statistics in your answer.

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(ii) Suggest other reasons (not agriculture) why the tropical rainforest in Africa and South
America has been deforested.

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(c) For a named area of tropical rainforest you have studied, explain how deforestation is
threatening the local natural environment.

Area of tropical rainforest ..........................................

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4 (a) Study Figs. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 (Insert), which are photographs taken in the Borders region
of Scotland. This is an area where coastal erosion is taking place.

(i) What is meant by the term coastal erosion?

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Use the following descriptions to identify the correct photograph from Figs. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
and 4.4.

- a cliff coastline with a stack, stumps and one large wave-cut platform

Fig. ...............................................................

- a sandy bay with separate small areas of wave-cut platform exposed at low tide.

Fig. ...............................................................
[2]

(iii) The coastline shown in Figs. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 has been eroded by corrasion
(abrasion), corrosion and hydraulic action.
Define these terms.

corrasion (abrasion) ..........................................................................................................

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corrosion ...........................................................................................................................

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hydraulic action .................................................................................................................

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(iv) Suggest reasons why people live along the coastline shown in Figs. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and
4.4.

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(b) Study Fig. 4.5, which shows the Godavari sand spit in Andhra Pradesh, India.

1889 2015

N Kakinada N
Kakinada
Corangi
Bay spit
Corangi
Bay spit

Corangi Corangi

Gautami
Gaut Bay of Bay of
ami Bengal Bengal

0 10 0 10
km km

Fig. 4.5

(i) Describe how the Godavari sand spit changed between 1889 and 2015.

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(ii) Suggest how coastal processes changed the Godavari sand spit between 1889 and
2015.

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(c) For a named area of coastline you have studied, explain how coastal erosion is managed.

Name of area ..........................................

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Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, which shows a systems diagram for commercial farming, and Fig. 5.2 (Insert),
which is a photograph of a commercial farm.

farmer’s inputs
natural inputs
such as machinery,
such as relief,
labour, seeds,
climate, soils
fertilisers

farmer’s decisions and

processes on the farm

farm outputs

market (income) capital profit

Fig. 5.1

(i) What is meant by commercial farming?

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Which two of the following are natural inputs of the commercial farm shown in Fig. 5.2?

Circle your answers in the list below:

chemical fertiliser farm workers fertile soils

gentle slopes irrigation sprays tractor [2]

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(iii) Explain how farmers can benefit from being near a large urban area.

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(iv) State two different climatic factors which affect farming. For each factor give an example
of how it can influence land use.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(b) Study Fig. 5.3, which shows information about a year’s work on a mixed farm.

r Janua
embe ry
Dec

r Fe
be br
m

ua
ve

ry
No
er

Marc
Octob

h
S e pte

l
A p ri
mb e
r

Au

ay
us
g

t M

J uly
Ju n e

Key
livestock fed indoors harvesting barley
livestock in fields ploughing
sowing barley and grass cutting grass for food for livestock
cutting grass for hay milking cows

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(i) Using Fig. 5.3 only, state three processes which take place on the farm in December.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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3 ........................................................................................................................................

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(ii) Explain why many farms are mixed farms.

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(c) For a named country or region you have studied, explain why food shortages occur.

Name of country or region ..........................................

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6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1, which shows a flow diagram of a processing industry.

huge amounts of
small amounts
electricity are
of electricity
needed to make every
bauxite tonne of aluminium
(5 tonnes)
alumina
factory alumina aluminium
(2 tonnes) smelter aluminium
(1 tonne)
caustic soda
(a small amount) cryolite
(flux)
waste fumes
Key (red mud)
inputs
waste
outputs

Stage one Stage two

Fig. 6.1

(i) What is meant by a processing industry?

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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 6.1 only, identify two outputs of the processing industry shown.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(iii) Suggest reasons why the alumina factory in Stage 1 of the processing industry shown in
Fig. 6.1 is located close to areas where bauxite is quarried.

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(iv) Explain why many companies which produce aluminium build their own hydro-electric
power (HEP) stations next to the alumina smelters shown in Stage 2 of Fig. 6.1.

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(b) Study Fig. 6.2 (Insert), which shows a map of part of Cape Town in South Africa.

(i) Suggest how the following have encouraged the growth of manufacturing industry in
Cape Town.

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(ii) Suggest reasons why the owners of some factories in Cape Town are considering
moving their factories to different locations.

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(c) For a named country or area you have studied, explain how sufficient water is supplied for
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Additional Pages

If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question
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The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on any maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply
official endorsement or acceptance by Cambridge Assessment International Education concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or any of its
authorities, or of the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
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Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
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at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

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Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
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Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.
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