36 c cHAPTER 1: Psychology: Evolution of a Science

Chapter Review
Key Concept Quiz
1. In the 1800s, French biologist Marie Jean Pierre Flourens and sur- 10. Behaviorism involves the study of
geon Paul Broca conducted research that demonstrated a connection a. observable actions and responses.
between b. the potential for human growth.
a. animals and humans. c. unconscious influences and childhood experiences.
b. the mind and the brain. d. human behavior and memory.
c. brain size and mental ability. 11. The experiments of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson centered on
d. skull indentations and psychological attributes. a. perception and behavior.
2. What was the subject of the famous experiment conducted by b. stimulus and response.
Hermann von Helmholtz? c. reward and punishment.
a. reaction time d. conscious and unconscious behavior.
b. childhood learning 12. Who developed the concept of reinforcement?
c. phrenology a. B. F. Skinner
d. functions of specific brain areas b. Ivan Pavlov
3. Wilhelm Wundt is credited with c. John Watson
a. coining the phrase “philosophical empiricism.” d. Margaret Floy Washburn
b. setting the terms for the nature–nurture debate. 13. The study of mental processes such as perception and memory is
c. the founding of psychology as a scientific discipline. called
d. conducting the first psychological experiment. a. behavioral determinism.
4. Wundt and his students sought to analyze the basic elements that b. Gestalt psychology.
constitute the mind, an approach called c. social psychology.
a. consciousness. d. cognitive psychology.
b. introspection. 14. During World War II, cognitive psychologists discovered that many of
c. structuralism. the errors pilots make are the result of
d. objectivity. a. computer errors in processing detailed information.
5. William James and _____ helped establish functionalism as a major b. limited human cognitive capacity to handle incoming information.
school of psychological thought in North America. c. pilot inattention to incoming information.
a. G. Stanley Hall d. lack of behavioral training.
b. René Descartes 15. The use of scanning techniques to observe the brain in action and to
c. Franz Joseph Gall see which parts are involved in which operations helped the develop-
d. Edward Titchener ment of
6. The functional approach to psychology was inspired by a. evolutionary psychology.
a. Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. b. cognitive neuroscience.
b. James’s The Principles of Psychology. c. cultural psychology.
c. Wundt’s Principles of Physiological Psychology. d. cognitive accounts of language formation.
d. Titchener’s An Outline of Psychology. 16. Central to evolutionary psychology is the _____ function that minds and
7. To understand human behavior, French physicians Jean-Martin brains serve.
­Charcot and Pierre Janet studied people a. emotional
a. who appeared to be completely healthy. b. adaptive
b. with psychological disorders. c. cultural
c. with damage in particular areas of the brain. d. physiological
d. who had suffered permanent loss of cognitive and motor function. 17. Social psychology differs most from other psychological approaches in
8. Building on the work of Charcot and Janet, Sigmund Freud developed its emphasis on
a. psychoanalytic theory. a. human interaction.
b. the theory of hysteria. b. behavioral processes.
c. humanistic psychology. c. the individual.
d. physiological psychology. d. laboratory experimentation.
9. The psychological theory that emphasizes the positive potential of 18. Cultural psychology emphasizes that
human beings is known as a. all psychological processes are influenced to some extent by
a. structuralism. culture.
b. psychoanalytic theory. b. psychological processes are the same across all human beings,
c. humanistic psychology. regardless of culture.
d. functionalism.
 Chapter Review b 37

c. culture shapes some, but not all psychological phenomena. 20. Kenneth Clark
d. insights gained from studying individuals from one culture will a. did research that influenced the Supreme Court decision to ban
only rarely generalize to individuals from other cultures, who have segregation in public schools.
different social identities and rituals. b. was one of the founders of the APA.
19. Mary Calkins c. was a student of William James.
a. studied with Wilhelm Wundt in the first psychology laboratory. d. did research that focused on the education of African American
b. did research on the self-image of African American children. youth.
c. was present at the first meeting of the APA.
d. became the first woman president of the APA.

Key Terms
psychology (p. 2) reaction time (p. 8) psychoanalytic theory (p. 13) cognitive psychology (p. 22)
mind (p. 2) consciousness (p. 8) psychoanalysis (p. 14) behavioral neuroscience (p. 24)
behavior (p. 2) structuralism (p. 8) humanistic psychology (p. 15) cognitive neuroscience (p. 25)
nativism (p. 6) introspection (p. 9) behaviorism (p. 16) evolutionary psychology (p. 25)
philosophical empiricism (p. 6) functionalism (p. 11) response (p. 18) social psychology (p. 27)
phrenology (p. 6) natural selection (p. 11) reinforcement (p. 18) cultural psychology (p. 28)
physiology (p. 7) hysteria (p. 13) illusions (p. 20)
stimulus (p. 8) unconscious (p. 13) Gestalt psychology (p. 21)

CHanging Minds
1. One of your classmates says that she’s only taking this class be-
cause it’s required for her education major. “Psychology is all about
understanding mental illness and treatment. I don’t know why I have
to learn this stuff when I’m going to be a teacher, not a psychologist.”
Why should your friend reconsider her opinion? What subfields of psy-
chology are especially important for a teacher?
2. One of your friends confesses that he really enjoys his psychology
courses, but he’s decided not to declare a major in psychology. “You
have to get a graduate degree to do anything with a psychology
major,” he says, “and I don’t want to stay in school for the rest of my
life. I want to get out there and work in the real world.” Based on what
you’ve read in this chapter about careers in psychology, what might
you tell him?
3. On May 6, you spot a news item announcing that it’s the birthday of
Sigmund Freud, “the father of psychology.” How accurate is it to call
Freud the “father of psychology?” Having read about psychology’s sub-
fields, are there other people who are as important, or more important
than Freud?
4. One of your classmates has flipped ahead in the book, and notices
that there is going to be a lot of material—including an entire
chapter—on the brain. “I don’t see why we have to learn so much biol-
ogy,” he says. “I want to be a school counselor, not a brain surgeon. I
don’t need to understand the parts of the brain or chemical reactions
in order to help people.” How are the brain and the mind connected?
In what specific ways might knowing about the brain help us to under-
stand the mind?
5. Another classmate is very unsettled after reading about B.F. Skinner’s
claim that free will is an illusion. “Psychology always tries to treat
human beings like lab rats, whose behavior can be manipulated. I have
free will, and I decide what I’m going to do next.” What would you tell
your friend? Does an understanding of the basic principles of psychol-
ogy allow us to predict every detail of what individual humans will do?

Answers to key concept Quiz

1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. c; 5. a; 6. a; 7. b; 8. a; 9. c; 10. a; 11. b; 12. a; 13. d; 14. b;
15. b; 16. b; 17. a; 18. c; 19. d; 20. a.

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