348 c cHAPTER 8: Emotion and Motivation

Chapter Review
Key Concept Quiz
1. Emotions can be described by their location on the two dimensions of c. symmetry
a. motivation and scaling. d. levity
b. arousal and valence. 9. Which of the following statements is inaccurate?
c. stimulus and reaction. a. Certain facial muscles are reliably engaged by sincere facial
d. pain and pleasure. ­expressions.
2. Which theorists claimed that that a stimulus simultaneously causes b. Even when people smile bravely to mask disappointment, their
both an emotional experience and a physiological reaction? faces tend to express small bursts of disappointment.
a. Cannon and Bard c. Studies show that human lie detection ability is extremely good.
b. James and Lange d. Polygraph machines detect lies at a rate better than chance, but
c. Schacter and Singer their error rate is still quite high.
d. Klüver and Bucy 10. The hedonic principle states that
3. Which brain structure is most directly involved in the rapid appraisal a. emotions provide people with information.
of whether a stimulus is good or bad? b. people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain.
a. the cortex c. people use their moods as information about the likelihood of suc-
b. the hypothalamus ceeding at a task.
c. the amygdala d. motivations are acquired solely through experience.
d. the thalamus 11. According to the early psychologists, an unlearned tendency to seek a
4. Through ___________, we change an emotional experience by changing the particular goal is called
meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus. a. an instinct.
a. deactivation b. a drive.
b. appraisal c. a motivation.
c. valence d. a corrective action.
d. reappraisal 12. According to Maslow, our most basic needs are
5. Which of the following does NOT provide any support for the universal- a. self-actualization and self-esteem.
ity hypothesis? b. biological.
a. Congenitally blind people make the facial expressions associated c. unimportant until other needs are met.
with the basic emotions. d. belongingness and love.
b. Infants only days old react to bitter tastes with expressions of 13. Which of the following is NOT a dimension on which psychological
­disgust. ­motivations vary?
c. Robots have been engineered to exhibit emotional expressions. a. intrinsic–extrinsic
d. Researchers have discovered that isolated people living a Stone b. conscious–unconscious
Age existence with little contact with the outside world recognize c. avoid–approach
the emotional expressions of Westerners. d. appraisal–reappraisal
6. ___________ is the idea that emotional expressions can cause emotional 14. Which of the following statements is true?
­experiences. a. Men and women engage in sex for many of the same reasons.
a. A display rule b. Boys and girls experience initial sexual interest at different ages.
b. Expressional deception c. The sequence of physiological arousal for men and women differs
c. The universality hypothesis dramatically.
d. The facial feedback hypothesis d. The human male sex drive is regulated by testosterone while the
7. Two friends have asked you to help them settle a disagreement. You human female sex drive is regulated by estrogen.
hear each side of the story and have an emotional response to one view­ 15. Which of the following activities is most likely the result of extrinsic
point, but you don’t express it. This is an example of which display rule? motivation?
a. deintensification a. completing a crossword puzzle
b. masking b. pursuing a career as a musician
c. neutralizing c. having ice cream for dessert
d. intensification d. flossing one’s teeth
8. Which of the following does NOT distinguish sincere from insincere
expressions?
a. temporal patterning
b. duration
 Chapter Review b 349

Key Terms
emotion (p. 316)
James–Lange theory (p. 316)
Cannon–Bard theory (p. 316)
two-factor theory (p. 317)
appraisal (p. 319)
emotion regulation (p. 320)
reappraisal (p. 321)
emotional expression (p. 322)
universality hypothesis (p. 323)
facial feedback hypothesis (p. 324)
display rules (p. 327)
motivation (p. 330)
hedonic principle (p. 331)
homeostasis (p. 332)
drive (p. 333)
bulimia nervosa (p. 334)
anorexia nervosa (p. 334) need for achievement (p. 344)
metabolism (p. 338) approach motivation (p. 345)
human sexual response cycle avoidance motivation (p. 345)
(p. 340) terror management theory (p. 347)
intrinsic motivation (p. 342)
extrinsic motivation (p. 343)
conscious motivation (p. 344)
unconscious motivation (p. 344)

CHanging Minds
1. A friend is nearing graduation and has received a couple of job o­ ffers.
“I went on the first interview,” she says, “and I really liked the company,
but I know you shouldn’t go with your first impressions on difficult
decisions. You should be completely rational and not let your emotions
get in the way.” Are emotions always barriers to rational decision
making? In what ways can emotions help guide our decisions?
2. While watching TV, you and a friend hear about a celebrity who
punched a fan in a restaurant. “I just lost it,” the celebrity said. “I saw
what I was doing, but I just couldn’t control myself.” According to the
TV report, the celebrity was sentenced to anger management classes.
“I’m not excusing the violence,” your friend says, “but I’m not sure
anger management classes are any use either. You can’t control your
emotions; you just feel them.” What example could you give your friend
of ways in which we can attempt to control our emotions?
3. One of your friends has just been dumped by her boyfriend, and
she’s devastated. She’s spent days in her room, crying and refusing
to go out. You and your roommate decide to keep a close eye on her
during this tough time. “Negative emotions are so destructive,” your
roommate says. “We’d all be better off without them.” What would you
tell your roommate? In what ways are negative emotions critical for
our survival and success?
4. A friend is majoring in education. “We learned today about several
­cities, including New York and Chicago, that tried giving cash rewards
to students who passed their classes or did well on achievement tests.
That’s bribing kids to get good grades, and as soon as you stop paying
them, they’ll stop studying.” Your friend is assuming that extrinsic mo-
tivation undermines intrinsic motivation. In what ways is the picture
more complicated?
5. One of your friends is a gym rat who spends all his free time w ­ orking
out and is very proud of his ripped abs. His roommate, though, is
very overweight. “I keep telling him to diet and exercise,” your friend
says, “but he never loses any weight. If he just had a little more will-
power, he could succeed.” What would you tell your friend? When an
individual has difficulty losing weight, what factors may contribute to
this ­difficulty?

Answers to key concept Quiz

1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. d; 5. c; 6. d; 7. c; 8. a; 9. c; 10. b; 11. a; 12. b; 13. d;
14. a; 15. d.

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