Full Ebook of Basic Bankruptcy Law For Paralegals 5Th Edition David L Buchbinder Online PDF All Chapter

Basic Bankruptcy Law for Paralegals
5th Edition David L. Buchbinder

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmeta.com/product/basic-bankruptcy-law-for-paralegals-5th-edition-david-
l-buchbinder/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Basic Contract Law for Paralegals 10th Edition Jeffrey

A. Helewitz
https://ebookmeta.com/product/basic-contract-law-for-
paralegals-10th-edition-jeffrey-a-helewitz/
Basic Contract Law for Paralegals 9th Edition Jeffrey

A. Helewitz
https://ebookmeta.com/product/basic-contract-law-for-
paralegals-9th-edition-jeffrey-a-helewitz/
Basic Real Estate and Property Law for Paralegals, 7th

Edition Jeffrey A. Helewitz
https://ebookmeta.com/product/basic-real-estate-and-property-law-
for-paralegals-7th-edition-jeffrey-a-helewitz/
Basic Aeronautical Knowledge For the RPL 5th Edition

David Robson
https://ebookmeta.com/product/basic-aeronautical-knowledge-for-
the-rpl-5th-edition-david-robson/
Introduction to Law for Paralegals: A Critical Thinking
Approach 8th Edition Katherine A. Currier
https://ebookmeta.com/product/introduction-to-law-for-paralegals-
a-critical-thinking-approach-8th-edition-katherine-a-currier/
Corporate Bankruptcy Law in China : Principles,

Limitations and Options for Reform 1st Edition Natalie
Mrockova
https://ebookmeta.com/product/corporate-bankruptcy-law-in-china-
principles-limitations-and-options-for-reform-1st-edition-
natalie-mrockova/
The Law and Special Education 5th Fifth Edition

Mitchell L. Yell
https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-law-and-special-education-5th-
fifth-edition-mitchell-l-yell/
Baird and Jackson s Bankruptcy Cases Problems and

Materials University Casebook Series 5th Edition Barry
Adler
https://ebookmeta.com/product/baird-and-jackson-s-bankruptcy-
cases-problems-and-materials-university-casebook-series-5th-
edition-barry-adler/
How to File for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Cara O'Neill

Attorney
https://ebookmeta.com/product/how-to-file-for-
chapter-7-bankruptcy-cara-oneill-attorney/
Basic Bankruptcy Law
for Paralegals
Fifth Abridged Edition

Basic Bankruptcy Law
for Paralegals
Fifth Abridged Edition
David L. Buchbinder
Robert J. Cooper
Copyright © 2020 Aspen Publishing. All Rights Reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or utilized by any
information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publisher. For information about permissions or to request permissions online, visit
us at www.AspenPublishing.com.
Cover image: iStock.com/designer491
To contact Customer Service, e-mail customer.service@aspenpublishing.com, call
1-800-950-5259, or mail correspondence to:
Aspen Publishing
Attn: Order Department
PO Box 990
Frederick, MD 21705
Printed in the United States of America.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
ISBN 978-1-5438-1375-3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Buchbinder, David L., author. | Cooper, Robert J., 1961- author.
Title: Basic bankruptcy law for paralegals / David L. Buchbinder, Robert J. Cooper.
Description: Fifth abridged edition. | Frederick, MD: Aspen Publishing, [2020] |
Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “Paralegal textbook on
bankruptcy and debtor/creditor law”—Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019055388 (print) | LCCN 2019055389 (ebook) | ISBN
9781543813753 (paperback) | ISBN 9781543820751 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Bankruptcy—United States. | Legal assistants—United States—
Handbooks, manuals, etc. | LCGFT: Textbooks.
Classification: LCC KF1524.85 .B7583 2020 (print) | LCC KF1524.85 (ebook) | DDC
346.7307/8—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019055388

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019055389
About Aspen Publishing
Aspen Publishing is a leading provider of educational content and
digital learning solutions to law schools in the U.S. and around the
world. Aspen provides best-in-class solutions for legal education
through authoritative textbooks, written by renowned authors, and
breakthrough products such as Connected eBooks, Connected
Quizzing, and PracticePerfect.
The Aspen Casebook Series (famously known among law faculty and
students as the “red and black” casebooks) encompasses hundreds
of highly regarded textbooks in more than eighty disciplines, from
large enrollment courses, such as Torts and Contracts to emerging
electives such as Sustainability and the Law of Policing. Study aids
such as the Examples & Explanations and the Emanuel Law Outlines
series, both highly popular collections, help law students master
complex subject matter.
Major products, programs, and initiatives include:
• Connected eBooks are enhanced digital textbooks and study aids
that come with a suite of online content and learning tools
designed to maximize student success. Designed in collaboration
with hundreds of faculty and students, the Connected eBook is a
significant leap forward in the legal education learning tools
available to students.
• Connected Quizzing is an easy-to-use formative assessment tool
that tests law students’ understanding and provides timely
feedback to improve learning outcomes. Delivered through

CasebookConnect.com, the learning platform already used by
students to access their Aspen casebooks, Connected Quizzing is
simple to implement and integrates seamlessly with law school
course curricula.
• PracticePerfect is a visually engaging, interactive study aid to
explain commonly encountered legal doctrines through easy-to-
understand animated videos, illustrative examples, and numerous
practice questions. Developed by a team of experts,
PracticePerfect is the ideal study companion for today’s law
students.
• The Aspen Learning Library enables law schools to provide their
students with access to the most popular study aids on the market
across all of their courses. Available through an annual
subscription, the online library consists of study aids in e-book,
audio, and video formats with full text search, note-taking, and
highlighting capabilities.
• Aspen’s Digital Bookshelf is an institutional-level online education
bookshelf, consolidating everything students and professors need
to ensure success. This program ensures that every student has
access to affordable course materials from day one.
• Leading Edge is a community centered on thinking differently
about legal education and putting those thoughts into actionable
strategies. At the core of the program is the Leading Edge
Conference, an annual gathering of legal education thought leaders
looking to pool ideas and identify promising directions of
exploration.
p. vii
Summary of Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Paralegals and the Bankruptcy System
Chapter 1. A Short History of Bankruptcy
Chapter 2. Introduction to the Bankruptcy Code
Chapter 3. Understanding the Client
Chapter 4. Filing a Petition
Chapter 5. Chapter 1: General Provisions
Chapter 6. Needs Based Bankruptcy or “Means Testing”
Chapter 7. Useful Definitions—Section 101
Chapter 8. Overview of Chapter 7
Chapter 9. Conversion and Dismissal
Chapter 10. Exemptions
Chapter 11. Trustees, Examiners, and Creditors’ Committees
Chapter 12. The Automatic Stay—11 U.S.C. §362
Chapter 13. Objections to Discharge and the Dischargeability of Individual Debts
Chapter 14. Property of the Estate, Turnover Complaints, and Introduction to
Avoiding Powers
Chapter 15. Avoiding Powers
Chapter 16. Liquidation Provisions
Chapter 17. Claims and Administration
Chapter 18. Chapter 13: Reorganization Proceedings
Chapter 21. Introduction to Courts and Jurisdiction

p. vii
p. viii
Chapter 22. Statements and Schedules Tutorial
Chapter 23. Means Testing Tutorial
Chapter 24. Researching Bankruptcy Issues
Appendix 1. Noticed Motions and Ex Parte Applications

Appendix 2. Documents and Deadlines
Glossary
Table of Cases
Table of Statutes
Table of Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure
Table of Secondary Authorities
Index
p. viii
p. ix
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Paralegals and the Bankruptcy System
A. Role of the Paralegal
B. Common Activities
Chapter 1. A Short History of Bankruptcy
A. Origins of Bankruptcy Systems
B. Bankruptcy in the Middle Ages
C. Early English Insolvency Laws
D. Bankruptcy in the United States
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Chapter 2. Introduction to the Bankruptcy Code
A. Organization of the Bankruptcy Code and a Note on the Text
B. Overview of the Bankruptcy Code
C. The Bankruptcy System
D. Composition Agreements—A Bankruptcy Alternative
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 3. Understanding the Client

A. The Client Interview
1. Intake
2. The Interview
B. The Fact Pattern
p. ix
p. x
C. “Cash on the Rocks”
D. Initial Interview
Chapter 4. Filing a Petition
A. Gatekeeper Provisions in Individual Bankruptcies
1. Prepetition Credit Counseling
2. Debt Relief Agency Provisions
B. Voluntary Petitions
C. Involuntary Petitions
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 4 Checklist
Practice Exercises
Chapter 5. Chapter 1: General Provisions
A. Notice and a Hearing
B. Rules of Grammatical Construction
C. Powers of the Court
D. Statutes of Limitation
E. Who May Be a Debtor
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 5 Checklist
Chapter 6. Needs Based Bankruptcy or “Means Testing”
A. Introduction
B. Current Monthly Income
C. Deductions
D. Special Circumstances
E. “Totality of Circumstances”
F. Procedure
G. Needs Based Bankruptcy Examples
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 6 Checklist
Practice Exercises
Chapter 7. Useful Definitions—Section 101
A. Claim
B. Community Claim
p. x
p. xi
C. Corporation
D. Creditor
E. Current Monthly Income
F. Debt
G. Debt Relief Agency
H. Domestic Support Obligations
I. Equity Security Holder
J. Individual with Regular Income
K. Insiders
L. Insolvent
M. Judicial Lien
N. Lien
O. Median Family Income
P. Person
Q. Security
R. Security Agreement
S. Statutory Lien
T. Transfer
Summary
Chapter 8. Overview of Chapter 7
A. Employment and Compensation of Professionals
B. Bankruptcy Petition Preparers
C. The Chapter 7 Process
D. Rule 2004 Examinations
E. Discharge and Reaffirmation
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 8 Checklist
Practice Exercises
Chapter 9. Conversion and Dismissal
A. Conversion
B. Dismissal
Summary
Key Terms
Practice Exercise
Chapter 10. Exemptions
A. Background
B. Selecting Exemptions
p. xi
p. xii
C. Federal Exemptions
D. Unaffected Claims
E. Lien Avoidance to Preserve Exemption
F. Claiming and Objecting to Exemptions
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 10 Checklist
Practice Exercises
Chapter 11. Trustees, Examiners, and Creditors’ Committees
A. The United States Trustee
B. The Trustee’s Duties
C. Preparing a Case for a Trustee
Summary
Key Terms
Practice Exercises
Chapter 12. The Automatic Stay—11 U.S.C. §362
A. The Automatic Stay
B. Activity Subject to the Automatic Stay
C. Activity Not Subject to the Automatic Stay
D. Duration of the Automatic Stay
E. Obtaining Relief from the Automatic Stay
Summary
Key Terms
Practice Exercise
Chapter 13. Objections to Discharge and the Dischargeability of Individual Debts

A. Distinguishing a Discharge from the Dischargeability of Individual Debts
B. Debts Nondischargeable Without Creditor Action
C. Debts Nondischargeable with Creditor Action
D. Complaints to Determine Dischargeability of a Debt
E. Objecting to Discharge
F. Complaints Objecting to Discharge
Summary
Key Terms
Practice Exercises
p. xii
p. xiii
Chapter 14. Property of the Estate, Turnover Complaints, and Introduction to
Avoiding Powers
A. Property of the Estate
B. Turnover Complaints
C. The Trustee’s Avoiding Powers
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 15. Avoiding Powers
A. Introduction and Definitions
B. Fraudulent Transfers
C. Post Petition Transfers
Summary
Key Terms
Practice Exercises
Chapter 16. Liquidation Provisions

A. Liquidating Estate Assets
B. General Rules
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 17. Claims and Administration
A. Claim Determination
B. Filing a Proof of Claim
C. Secured Claims
D. Statement of Intention
E. Redemption
F. Order of Distribution
G. Bankruptcy Administration Timeline
Summary
Key Terms
Practice Exercises
A. Introduction—Reorganization Proceedings
B. Special Chapter 13 Provisions
p. xiii
p. xiv
C. Dismissal or Conversion—Reorganization Provisions
D. Chapter 13 Plan Provisions
E. Confirmation Hearings
F. Confirmation Conditions
G. Feasibility Analysis
H. Cramdown
I. Effect of Confirmation and Chapter 13 Discharge
Summary
Key Terms
Practice Exercise
Introduction to Chapter 11
Summary
Key Terms
Key Terms
Chapter 21. Introduction to Courts and Jurisdiction
A. Bankruptcy and Federal Judges
B. Activity Within a Bankruptcy
C. BAFJA
D. Core and Noncore Proceedings
E. Removal and Appeals
F. Jury Trials
Summary
Key Terms
Chapter 22. Statements and Schedules Tutorial
A. Introduction
B. Ken and Bretony Bottomline
C. Schedules
D. Statement of Financial Affairs
Summary
p. xiv
p. xv
Chapter 23. Means Testing Tutorial
A. Introduction
B. Current Monthly Income
C. Official Form B122A-2 Chapter 7 Means Test Calculation
D. Deductions—Internal Revenue Expense Standards
E. Deductions—Additional Expense Deductions
F. Deductions for Debt Payment
G. Determining Whether the Presumption Arises
Summary
Chapter 24. Researching Bankruptcy Issues
A. Traditional Methods
B. The Internet
Appendix 1. Noticed Motions and Ex Parte Applications

Appendix 2. Documents and Deadlines
Glossary
Table of Cases
Table of Statutes
Table of Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure
Table of Secondary Authorities
Index
Note on Forms Manual: The forms referenced in the text can be downloaded from
the publisher’s website for the book at www.AspenPublishing.com/Buchbinder-
BankruptcyAbridged5.
p. xv
p. xvii
Preface to the Abridged
Edition
This book evolved from a need to develop a nuts-and-bolts
description of the bankruptcy system written in a manner that could
be easily understood by nonlawyers.
Our primary intent has been to design this text as a basic primer
for legal assistants or paralegal students to help them grasp the
practical aspects of representing debtors or creditors within the
bankruptcy system. To meet this challenge, we have explained
practice and theory together in as concise a format as possible. We
have chosen this approach because practice is almost always
dictated by underlying theory, and it is easier to learn a practice when
one has been provided with the basic theory behind it.
This Abridged Edition of Basic Bankruptcy Law for Paralegals

reflects the many thoughtful comments of paralegal instructors and
students from all over the country, some of whom have gone to
exceptional effort to make sure their thoughts were heard, to enhance
the practical nature of the text, and to further simplify the subtleties
and nuances of the Bankruptcy Code and system. This edition
focuses primarily upon consumer bankruptcy since the vast majority
of bankruptcy cases are filed as consumer Chapter 7 or Chapter 13
cases. The generally Chapter 11 business related material has been
significantly edited to provide just enough material to expose a

consumer practitioner to the basic terms and concepts since they
occasionally do appear in consumer practice.
Along with the now standard Practice Pointers and Practice
Exercises features, this Fifth Abridged Edition continues the unique
innovations introduced in the last edition, as well as utilizing the most
up-to-date revisions to the Official Bankruptcy Forms and the most
current dollar amount adjustments. In August, 2019, a new
subchapter was added to Chapter 11, the “Small Business
Reorganization Act of 2019” and we have been able to incorporate
discussion of these new provisions in the text. This edition again
focuses on Chapter 3, Understanding the Client, where we introduce
client interview skills and the interview process. In this chapter, we
also present a detailed fact pattern designed almost like a short story
to both develop the interview concept and also to provide a reference
basis for the instruction to come. In conjunction with this “story,”
throughout the book we have included “Fact Pattern” references to tie
the material on a given page back
p. xvii
p. xviii
to the fact pattern presented in Chapter 3. The hope is that this
design will help to facilitate the learning process for the students as
they can tie the new material presented in each subsequent chapter
back to the underlying fact pattern. This revised edition includes the
most up to date statutory adjustment of dollar amounts, as revised
triennially, most recently on April 1, 2019, to the exemption amounts
and other provisions in the Code. Combined, these innovations and
revisions represent the cutting edge in bankruptcy education.
Paralegals are invaluable in the bankruptcy system. Under proper
legal supervision, paralegals can efficiently perform various tasks for
clients at a substantial savings. Because much of bankruptcy
practice is routine, presenting these routines and the reasons for

them will help a paralegal be properly prepared to assist in a debtor or
creditor bankruptcy practice. The introduction describes the role of
paralegals in the bankruptcy system. The student should read the
introduction twice, once at the beginning of the course and again at
the end. In this way, the material will act as both an introduction and
final review of the course.
It has not been our intent to analyze the complex subtleties of the
Bankruptcy Code and its attendant case law interpretation, but rather
to describe the routine events that occur in all bankruptcy
proceedings, events that normally occur without dispute or litigation.
These events account for a majority of bankruptcy practice, much of
which is not problematic. Thus, law students and nonbankruptcy
attorneys may also find this text a useful reference tool for finding
answers to common bankruptcy questions.
For example, by reading Chapter 5 of the Abridged Edition, the
forms accompanying Chapter 5 in the forms materials, and Appendix
1, any student or practitioner can quickly learn the basic principles of
providing notices to creditors or parties in interest in bankruptcy
proceedings, and learn about the documents and the timing involved,
while receiving some guidance as to the existence of applicable local
rules in a given district.
Our philosophical goal in undertaking this work has been to
describe the Bankruptcy Code as a comprehensive system of debtor
relief and debt system. We are honored to have been given the
opportunity to evolve the original work from the laboratory of actual
use.
Upon completing this undertaking we have reached the
inescapable conclusion that the Bankruptcy Code exists first and
foremost as a tool of debt collection and not of debtor relief.
Conversely, the debtor relief afforded by the Bankruptcy Code is
among the most liberal relief ever provided in the evolution of
bankruptcy laws in Western civilization. Nonetheless, the 2005

legislation has been perceived by many to restrict debtor relief while
enhancing the debt collection aspects of the Code.
This edition has also been prepared with the secondary purpose
of aiding creditor representatives in understanding how the
bankruptcy system may be properly utilized as a debt collection
device to increase overall recovery rates. We
p. xviii
p. xix
are optimistic that having described the Bankruptcy Code in this
manner we may aid, however slightly, in enhancing the efficiency of
the system.
We hope you find the text useful and practical as the teaching
device it is intended to be.
Finally, please note that the text occasionally refers to forms
materials. The forms are available for download. All forms can be
accessed at the publisher’s website that accompanies this text:
www.AspenPublishing.com/Buchbinder-BankruptcyAbridged5.
David L. Buchbinder
Robert J. Cooper
January 2020
p. xix
p. xxi
Acknowledgments to the
Abridged Edition
I would like to thank all of those who have provided assistance,
comradeship, and succor in creating an Abridged Edition of Basic

Bankruptcy for Paralegals. First and foremost is Robert, who has
made substantial and major contributions to the work. David Herzig
and Troy Froebe from Aspen Publishers have worked long and
patiently to bring this project to reality. Betsy Kenny, who has been
my editor for almost 20 years, gets a special appreciation for her
support and patience.
The above paragraph was written in 2008. Now it is 2019. I take
great pleasure in thanking first and foremost Bob Cooper for his
invaluable contributions to this work. I would like to thank Jordan
Jepson at Aspen Publishing for her guidance and assistance during
the publication process, Nicholas T. Lasoff who guided us through
development, and Paul Sobel at The Froebe Group who handled the
actual production process. I would also like to acknowledge the
instructors who teach and the students who learn from the work who
have thought and think highly enough of it to give Robert and I the
pleasure of keeping it up-to-date.
David L. Buchbinder
When David called and asked if I would like to co-author this
Abridged Edition, my first thought was a resounding “Yes!” Later, the
reality of already being overextended between working, teaching,
coaching, and participating in several other projects and committees
started to sink in. As they say, sometimes life gets in the way. When I
hesitantly mentioned David’s offer to my wife, she was immediately
excited and said, “Of course, you said yes! You’ve always wanted to
write.” So of course, I said yes. Somehow, someway, we made it work,
and make no mistake: Writing takes its toll on the entire family.
Without the support of my wife and my three boys, I could not have
committed the time and effort to this project that it required and
deserved. I knew that the original text was an excellent resource, and
I only hoped that I would be able to make some small contribution.
Ultimately, it was a joy working and brainstorming with David, and I
think that the quality of the final product shows just how successful
the collaboration was between him and me. I will forever be grateful
to him that he thought of me
p. xxi
p. xxii
when it came time to tackle this project. It is amazing what one
simple “Yes” can lead to. Thanks, Dave!
It’s eight years later, and I still think that it’s been a blast to work
on this project. The focus of this “great writing adventure” has always
been on the instructors and the students. Our goal was to provide
them with a reference that they could use to help them navigate the
ever-growing morass known as the Bankruptcy Code. I like to think
that we have succeeded in at least giving them a paddle. This latest
revision is the first to include all of the changes in the law, the Official
Forms and the exemption amounts in the Code, as well as a brand
new chapter focusing on client interviews and providing an underlying
“fact pattern” for the entire book. It was a huge undertaking, but I
think well worth the time invested in the end and a benefit for the
students.
Robert J. Cooper
Acknowledgements to the Fifth Edition
The more things change, the more they stay the same. Or maybe I
have that backwards. I have been blessed to work with David again
on this Fifth Abridged Edition. Our collaboration always makes this
process a joy to accomplish. In this edition, we are again the first out
of the gate with the new Code changes effective April 1, 2019, as well
as the recent changes to the Official Forms made effective December
1, 2017 and those effective on April 1, 2019. Chapter 3 continues to
be our working model in this edition and the bedrock supporting our
examples throughout the text. We are excited to get these changes
out and to start helping our students to assist their clients.
Robert J. Cooper
p. xxii
p. xxiii
Introduction
Paralegals and the Bankruptcy System
The use of paralegals to assist bankruptcy counsel has grown
commensurate with the growth and acceptance of paralegals within
the legal system in general. Many basic services can be provided to
clients at a substantial cost savings because of the low hourly billing
rates of paralegals compared to associate or partner attorneys.
In this regard, however, it should be stressed that a paralegal may
not operate independently of counsel in providing bankruptcy-related
services to clients since the courts have consistently found such
activities to constitute the unauthorized practice of law, which in
many states can be prosecuted as a misdemeanor. See Chapters 7
and 9 infra. The paralegal must always tread cautiously in the face of
clients who will invariably seek to pressure the paralegal to provide
legal advice.
A. ROLE OF THE PARALEGAL
The role of paralegals in bankruptcy practice is similar to that of
paralegals in other areas of legal practice. Paralegals may be required
to research specific legal issues based on counsel’s factual analysis
of a matter. The research activity may be as simple as verifying the
existence and amount of a particular exemption, or may involve

complex issues of adequate protection in relief from stay motions.
See Chapters 10 and 12 infra. Regardless of the nature of a research
assignment, the basic methodology presented in Chapter 24 will
allow many issues to be competently researched in minimal time.
Inthe area of document preparation, paralegals aiding in
bankruptcy practice will often provide substantial assistance, and a
majority of their services, to counsel in preparing the statements and
schedules and the Statement of Current Monthly Income for a debtor
or proofs of claim for a creditor. See tutorial Chapters 22 and 23 infra.
In smaller firms, paralegals may also be asked to prepare preliminary
drafts of motions for relief from stay, complaints objecting to the
dischargeability of a debt or the discharge of a debtor, and motions to
sell property. See Chapters 12, 13 and 16 infra.
p. xxiii
p. xxiv
In the realm of bankruptcy litigation, a paralegal will provide
litigation support services similar to those performed in other areas
of legal practice.
B. COMMON ACTIVITIES
When representing debtors, the most common activity performed by
a paralegal is assisting counsel in the preparation of the basic
documents required to be filed in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy (see
Chapters 4 and 8 infra) or with regard to a Chapter 13 proceeding
(see Chapter 18 infra). The checklists and forms accompanying these
chapters will serve as useful practice aids for students in class and
for practicing paralegals.
When representing creditors, paralegals will perform a number of
basic tasks. Preparing a proof of claim, as described in Chapter 17
infra, is by far the most common. A paralegal may also assist counsel
in the preparation and prosecution of a motion for relief from the
automatic stay, as described in Chapter 12 infra, for creditor clients.
Preparing a preliminary report to counsel concerning the
information contained in a debtor’s Statements and Schedules is a
task that is also regularly performed by paralegals for creditor clients.
See Chapter 22 infra. This analysis will help a creditor to determine
the likelihood of a recovery, to decide how much effort to expend in
attempting to recover a dividend from a bankruptcy estate.
Other than legal issues involving specific application of the
Bankruptcy Code or Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, the types
of activity conducted will not vary from those in any other litigation:
Facts and documents have to be investigated and organized,
discovery may take place, depositions will have to be digested, briefs
and motions may have to be written, and finally, the matter may have
to be prepared for trial and actually tried. The value of paralegals in
assisting with these services is well proven.
p. xxiv
p. 1
A Short History of Bankruptcy
Learning Objectives
■ Trace the evolution of bankruptcy law in the United States
■ Introduce the concepts of debtor relief and debt collection
■ Identify the foundational terms and concepts necessary to
approach a study of the bankruptcy system
A. ORIGINS OF BANKRUPTCY SYSTEMS
Throughout history, financial crises have affected the lives and
relationships of and between individuals and businesses. Regardless
of the era, unemployment, illness, unforeseen disaster, and
technological advance have all often contributed to financial failure.
The methods developed by societies to resolve the effects of financial
crisis are known as bankruptcy systems. Bankruptcy systems exist
in any society where there are debtors (those who owe) and creditors
(those who are owed). Bankruptcy systems have existed in some
form from the first moment that a tribal chieftain or village elder
ordered the seizure of a debtor’s possessions and their distribution to
multiple creditors in full or partial satisfaction of the creditors’ claims.

Creditors have always sought to collect debts and debtors have
always sought relief from debt. These contrasting concepts of debt
collection and debtor relief are the foundation of any bankruptcy
system. The primary focus of the debt collection features of
bankruptcy systems has always been to formulate a body of rules“ . .
. to provide for the collection of assets of a debtor and the equitable
distribution of the
p. 1
p. 2
1
proceeds of those assets among . . . multiple creditors.” The primary
focus of the debtor relief features of bankruptcy systems has
vacillated throughout history from one extreme to another, from
punishment to forgiveness. Bankruptcy systems containing liberal
debtor relief provisions have existed primarily in sophisticated
economies, where a continual reconciliation of accounts has been an
economic necessity. Simpler economies have tended to contain more
conservative debtor relief concepts, the mere sparing of life
sometimes being considered revolutionary. The one exception to this
pattern appears to be ancient Israel, in which liberal debtor relief
concepts prevailed in a simple agricultural economy.
While the historical trend of debtor relief has favored punishment
rather than forgiveness, our present United States Bankruptcy Code
departs from this trend in its liberal treatment of debtor relief. In many
respects, the U.S. Bankruptcy Code is perhaps the most liberal debtor
relief bankruptcy system to come into existence since the jubilee year
2
of the Old Testament.
The jubilee year occurred every 50 years. (Every seventh year was
a sabbatical year in which some limited form of debtor relief was
3
provided. ) The essence of the jubilee year is contained in the biblical
verse: “And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty
throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof; it shall be a
jubilee unto you; and ye shall return every man unto his possession,
4
and ye shall return every man unto his family.” In the jubilee year, all
debts would be discharged, some mortgages released, and all
indentured servants or slaves freed (the concept of discharge, legal
relief from debt, is the most basic element of debtor relief). During the
intervening years, any family member had the right to redeem, by
payment, any property or persons that had been seized or given in
5
satisfaction of a debt.
The debtor relief provided for in the Old Testament most likely
derived from even earlier regulations that existed in ancient
Mesopotamia, from where the early Hebrews migrated to the region
that became Israel. In the eighteenth century B.C., section 48 of the
Code of Hammurabi released debts in a year where crops are
destroyed by storm. A century later, King Ammi-Saduqa of Babylonia
issued decrees releasing private debts in barley and silver and freeing
people from debt slavery in an effort to resolve economic difficulties
in his kingdom. These are the earliest recorded evidences of some
6
form of debtor relief from which bankruptcy systems have evolved.
p. 2
p. 3
Unlike in ancient Israel, second chances were not generally given
to debtors in the other ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean
basin. Early Greek law did not seek to discharge debtors or reconcile
accounts: a debt was always collectible. In the fifth century B.C., the
Twelve Tables regulated only the procedures for selling an individual
7
into slavery to satisfy a debt.
The commentators concur that death, slavery, mutilation,
imprisonment, or exile were often the only prospects for debtors in
8
ancient Greece and republican Rome. Roman republican law also
provided that multiple creditors could, upon exhibiting a debtor in the
forum for three days, divide the debtor up into pieces in satisfaction
of the debts. Evidence exists suggesting that multiple creditors could
also seize a deceased debtor’s corpse and hold it for ransom from the
9
debtor’s heirs until the debts were satisfied. This practice would
make sense in Roman culture since the body had to remain whole if it
were to commence a successful journey into the afterlife. The
religious significance given to the satisfaction of a debt thus acted as
an incentive for repayment. This appears to have been the state of
insolvency law, as such, during the Roman Republic.
In the course of the Empire, Roman debtor relief and collection
10
law evolved in a direction favoring debtor relief. By approximately
the second century A.D., debtor slavery had been abolished. Debtor
imprisonment continued to exist, but this was distinguishable from
slavery in that creditors could not use the services of an imprisoned
debtor. The debtor could be held for ransom only until friends or
11
family of the debtor paid the debt. (Debtor imprisonment has
existed throughout history, including the twentieth century.)
The Roman Empire encompassed much of present-day Europe,
North Africa, and the Middle East. This vast area, comparable in size
to the United States, developed a sophisticated commercial economy
permitting free trade throughout its territories in a civilization without
motor vehicles, aircraft, computers, the Internet, or any other form of
instant long-distance communication. In this environment, Rome
developed an insolvency system that permitted exemptions (an
exemption is property that a debtor may protect from seizure by
12
creditors) and restrained personal execution. This restraint took the
form of a debtor ceding all assets for distribution to creditors.
Although this act would not discharge those debts that were not fully
repaid, it did act to prohibit creditors from killing, mutilating, or selling
the debtor into bondage. This procedure was

p. 3
p. 4
known as cessio bonorum.13 The assets so surrendered were
distributed according to statutory priorities similar to modern United
14
States bankruptcy law. To a modern American observer, this
procedure would appear similar to a Chapter 7 liquidation proceeding.
A form of composition agreement in which a discharge could be
15
granted also came into use as the economy grew in sophistication.
A composition agreement is an agreement between a debtor and
multiple creditors for the repayment of debt. These procedures would
be recognizable today as the reorganization proceedings known as
Chapter 11 and Chapter 13.
When the Western Roman Empire dissolved in the fifth century
A.D., the then-existing economy of Western Europe also collapsed.
Whereas for approximately five centuries it had been possible to trade
between London and Constantinople (modern Istanbul) with identical
currency, trade practices, laws, and language, this commonality
ceased to exist. The rise of the Dark Ages caused a corresponding
devolution of bankruptcy laws.
B. BANKRUPTCY IN THE MIDDLE AGES
During the Dark Ages, the financial system of Western Europe
receded as an important factor of daily life. Debtor imprisonment
16
returned to vogue, prevailing throughout the period. The Christian
Church proclaimed debt and insolvency sinful. Debtors were subject
to excommunication while alive or denial of a Christian burial upon
17
death. As had been the case in early Rome, religious sanctions
were once again utilized as an incentive for debt repayment.
The debtor punishments of the Dark Ages were not radically
different from the earlier practices of the Roman Republic. They were
consistent with a simpler society in which there once again existed
few entities with multiple creditors. In the Dark Ages, a serf would
generally be beholden to only two creditors: the feudal lord and the
Church. Neither institution could or would tolerate an unsatisfied debt
from a subservient soul.
The punishment of debtors was necessary to assist the land-
owning and religious ruling classes to maintain their power.
Forgiveness became a radical idea in this stratified economic
structure. The lack of a commercial economy also
p. 4
p. 5
eliminated any practical need for a reconciliation of accounts or
balancing of books after an extended period of time.
International commerce and trade began its resurgence in the
18
tenth century. As trade recommenced, the credit system resumed.
As the number of debtors with multiple creditors increased, the
bankruptcy system began its renaissance.
The first bankruptcy laws that arose in the late Middle Ages were
to a large degree reenactments of the cessio bonorum of the Roman

19
Empire. The focus of such statutes was twofold: the prevention of
fraud upon creditors stemming from an inequitable distribution of
assets and the protection of the debtor from imprisonment. If all
assets were surrendered for distribution to creditors there would be
no imprisonment. A discharge was not given or contemplated. These
statutes were limited to use only by merchants. Loss of a trading
place or bench ( banca) in the local market would befall a debtor who
fraudulently concealed or transferred assets while not paying his or
her just debts. In Italy this was known as banca rotta and in France
as banquerotte. This is the etymology of the English word
bankrupt.20 The composition agreement began to reappear in

21
Western European law as early as 1256 in Spain. A composition
agreement provided some form of debtor relief in that a debtor could
be released from the debts due those creditors who agreed to the
composition. By the seventeenth century, the composition agreement
existed throughout Western Europe with the exception of England,
where such statutes did not come into regular existence until after
22
1705.
C. EARLY ENGLISH INSOLVENCY LAWS
The emphasis of early English insolvency law was on punishment.
Forgiveness was rarely known to English debtors prior to 1705. This
is an important point to recognize in any study of American
bankruptcy law because the law of England as it existed in 1776 is
the direct legal antecedent of American bankruptcy law.
Anglo-Saxon England practiced debtor imprisonment, although
the sale of a debtor into slavery or debtor dissection was probably not
23
permitted. The first statute akin to a bankruptcy statute was
enacted in 1283. The Statute of Acton Burnell authorized the seizure
of a debtor’s assets to satisfy debt. If the assets seized were
insufficient to satisfy the debt then the debtor would be imprisoned
p. 5
p. 6
24
until the debt was paid. We recognize at least part of this procedure
today as a “writ of attachment,” a common state law collection
device.
From the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries, debtor imprisonment in
England evolved under two related writs, capias ad respondendum

and capias ad satisfaciendum. The former allowed a creditor to
“attach” a debtor to ensure appearance at trial. The latter allowed a

creditor to imprison a debtor in satisfaction of a judgment until the
25
debt was actually paid. Some form of debtor imprisonment existed
26
in England until the twentieth century. The first true insolvency law
27
in England was not enacted until 1543. This delay, in contrast to the
rest of Western Europe, is attributable to England’s lack of substantial
28
involvement in international trade until the sixteenth century. The
statute of 1543 permitted the seizure and distribution of a debtor’s
assets to creditors and imprisonment of the debtor if the debts
remained unsatisfied. The proceeding applied only to merchants and
29
was initiated by creditors. There was no discharge for the debtor.
To the extent that this proceeding was creditor initiated, it was similar
30
to the present-day American involuntary petition. In 1571, the
Statute of Elizabeth further refined the system of asset distribution to
creditors. This statute defined fraudulent transfers as acts of
bankruptcy. Transactions deemed fraudulent that occurred within a
fixed time prior to the bankruptcy filing were considered void. For
instance, concealing property from creditors would be one such
31
act. This statute is a likely basis of today’s concept of an avoidable
32
transfer, which is a major feature of our Bankruptcy Code.
Composition agreements made their appearance in England rather
late in comparison to the rest of Western Europe. When they did,
compositions were permitted only in the Chancery Courts and only
during a relatively short period of time (approximately 1583-1621).
Another statute authorizing compositions existed for only one year,
33
1697-1698. Because a discharge, legal relief from debt, could occur
only as a result of a composition, punishment prevailed over
forgiveness in early English bankruptcy law.
In 1705, England enacted a statute in which a composition with
34
creditors could effectuate a full discharge of all debt. The Statute of
Anne appears to be the first law to recognize a full discharge or legal
relief of debt by a debtor since

p. 6
p. 7
the jubilee year of the Old Testament. Otherwise, the Statute of Anne
is remarkably similar in appearance to the bankruptcy system as it
existed at the height of the Roman Empire.
Under the Statute of Anne, a debtor would receive a full discharge
and be able to retain exempt property provided that certain conditions
were complied with. The conditions were that a minimum dividend of
eight shillings per pound be paid to creditors and that no act in fraud
of creditors had taken place prior to the bankruptcy. If a lesser
dividend were to be paid, a commissioner would determine the
35
debtor’s exemptions. In 1732, the Statute of George added the
consent by four-fifths of the creditor body as a requirement of the
36
debtor receiving a discharge. These statutes compose the formal
roots of American bankruptcy law.
D. BANKRUPTCY IN THE UNITED STATES
America began as a nation of debtors: “[I]t is stated that nearly half
37
our total white immigration came over under indenture.” Indentured
38
servitude acted as an alternative to debtor prison in some colonies.
Georgia was originally settled by indentured servants. In general,
colonial bankruptcy law corresponded to that of England in the
39
eighteenth century. One goal of the Constitutional Convention was
to establish the free flow of trade and commerce between the various
states. In an effort to achieve this goal, the framers reserved for
Congress the power “to establish . . . uniform Laws on the subject of
40
Bankruptcies throughout the United States.” By virtue of the
Supremacy Clause, which provides that federal law is the supreme
law of the land, the enactment of a federal bankruptcy law preempts
41
the states from so acting and acts as the supreme law of the land.
The power granted Congress to enact federal law on the various
subjects, including bankruptcy, that are described in Article I, Section
8, of the Constitution, does not, however, require congressional action
within a described area. Thus, although Congress has the power to
enact bankruptcy laws, it is not required to do so. Accordingly, there is
no constitutional requirement that there be a federal bankruptcy law.
Bankruptcy laws were only in effect in the United States for short
periods of time during the nineteenth century. However, a federal
bankruptcy law has been continuously in effect since 1898.
p. 7
p. 8
Debtor imprisonment continued to be a prevalent practice in the
United States until after 1830. After this date, a movement toward
debtor relief began and individual state constitutions began to abolish
42
debtor imprisonment. While debtor imprisonment lasted, however,
there were periods of time during which substantially more debtors
43
occupied prisons than convicted criminals.
The first United States Bankruptcy Act was in effect from 1800 to
1803. This statute was virtually identical in its features to the law in
44
England as it existed after 1732 as described above.
The second United States Bankruptcy Act was enacted in 1841,
effective in 1842, and repealed in 1843. This statute permitted
voluntary proceedings and applied to nonmerchants as well as
merchants. A voluntary proceeding was one initiated by a debtor
seeking relief. Exemptions were expanded to include “necessaries of
life” in addition to clothing. A discharge was granted with creditor
consent. Certain transactions were void in fraud of creditors and
45
some debts would not be affected by a discharge.
The third Bankruptcy Act was in effect during Reconstruction,
46
1867 to 1878. This act expanded upon the scope of debtor relief
provided for in the 1841 law by permitting state exemptions to be
claimed by a debtor and by permitting, for the first time in a
bankruptcy law since the Old Testament, a full discharge without
creditor consent or payment of a dividend. Additionally, the 1867
Bankruptcy Act contained provisions permitting an “arrangement,” or
composition. These arrangements are the genesis of the present-day
47
reorganization proceedings of Chapters 11, 12, and 13.
A fourth Bankruptcy Act was enacted in 1898 and remained in
effect, with amendments, until October 1, 1979, when the present
48
Bankruptcy Code became law. The 1898 Act contained all of the
basic elements that are present in today’s Bankruptcy Code. An
amendment enacted in 1938 contained provisions creating Chapters
XI and XIII, the reorganization proceedings that still exist under the
49
Bankruptcy Code. The Supreme Court described the Act’s liberal
debtor relief provisions as providing a “fresh start” to debtors in their
50
financial affairs. In 1970, Congress authorized a commission to
determine the desirability of reforming the Bankruptcy Act. In 1973,
the Commission reported that modernization and
p. 8
p. 9
51
recodification of the Bankruptcy Act was in order. The report was
accepted, and the Bankruptcy Code of 1978 was the result. An
analysis of this Code in its present form, along with practical
descriptions to aid in conducting many routine bankruptcy
procedures, is the subject matter of this text.
Thus, the substantive foundations of our current United States
Bankruptcy Code are rooted deep within the history of Western
civilization. For individual debtors, the Bankruptcy Code emphasizes
the discharge of debt and the allowance of exemptions, thus giving a
fresh start to the debtor. Such liberal treatment of debtor relief has
not existed since the jubilee and sabbatical years of ancient Israel.
For creditors, the Bankruptcy Code emphasizes the orderly and
consistent liquidation of assets and distribution of dividends. In
various forms, this collection process has existed in sophisticated
52
commercial economies since the Roman Empire. Finally, the formal
and stylistic aspects of the United States Bankruptcy Code began
their evolution with the 1705 English Statute of Anne.
Summary
Bankruptcy systems exist in any society where there are debtors
(those who owe) and creditors (those who are owed). The practice of
the jubilee year in ancient Israel provided debtors a discharge or legal
relief from debt.
In other ancient Mediterranean civilizations, debtors were
punished and not legally forgiven from debt. During the later Roman
Empire, a bankruptcy system developed in a sophisticated
commercial economy. In this system, debtors were allowed to protect
property from creditors. This concept was and is known as
exemptions.
The United States Bankruptcy Code evolved from eighteenth
century English bankruptcy law. Our Bankruptcy Code provides for
debtor relief in the form of a discharge and also permits debtors to
protect exempt property. The Bankruptcy Code provides creditors
with an orderly process to liquidate the debtor’s nonexempt assets
and to distribute the proceeds as dividends. An analysis of the Code,
in its present form, along with practical descriptions to aid in
conducting many routine bankruptcy procedures is the subject of this
text.
p. 9
p. 10
KEY TERMS
bankruptcy systems
composition agreement
debt collection
debtor relief
discharge
exemptions
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Why do individuals or businesses seek bankruptcy relief?
2. What distinguishes debtor relief from debt collection in a
bankruptcy system?
3. How does the concept of debtor relief in modern American
bankruptcy law compare with debtor relief found in England
before the American Revolution? The Roman Empire? Medieval
Europe?
4. What is the etymology of the term bankruptcy?
1. Merrick, A Thumbnail Sketch of Bankruptcy History, ABI Newsletter
(July/Aug./Sept. 1987).
2. 11 U.S.C. The Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of
2005 (“BAPCPA”), Pub. L. No. 109-8, 119 Stat. 23 (2005), limited and restricted
the scope of debtor relief. BAPCPA demonstrates the pendulum-like nature of
the treatment of debtor relief throughout history.
3. Leviticus 25:1-8.
4. Leviticus 25:10. If a portion of this verse seems familiar, it is because the phrase
“proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof” is the
inscription on the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia.
5. Leviticus 25:11-55. The purpose of the jubilee year was to give debtors a second
chance or fresh start. The “fresh start” concept is another essential feature of
the United States Bankruptcy Code.

6. Gwendolyn Leick, Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City (Penguin Books
2001), at page 187. Code of Hammurabi, Section 48.
7. Vern Countryman, Bankruptcy and the Individual Debtor—and a Modest
Proposal to Return to the Seventeenth Century, 32 Cath. U. L. Rev. 809 (1983).
Under the Twelve Tables a creditor had to provide a 60-day redemption period
before a debtor could be sold into slavery. Payment of the debt within this
period would prevent sale into slavery.
8. Id. See also Radin, Debt, 5 Ency. Soc. Sci. 33-34 (1931); Ford, Imprisonment for
Debt, 25 Mich. L. Rev. 24 (1926).
9. Countryman, supra n.7; Radin, supra n.8; Ford, supra n.8.
10. Merrick, supra n.1; Radin, supra n.8; Ford, supra n.8.
11. Radin, supra n.8.
12. Radin, supra n.8 at 34, 37.
13. Merrick, supra n.1.
14. Riesenfeld, Evolution of Modern Bankruptcy Law, 31 Minn. L. Rev. 401, 432
(1947).
15. Id. at 439, citing Code of Justinian VII.71.8. Justinian reigned as emperor of the
Eastern Empire during the sixth century A.D. Although after the final collapse of
the Western Empire, which most historians date at A .D. 476, the Code of
Justinian is generally accepted to be a codification of law as it existed during
the Empire period. Justinian’s Codes, therefore, demonstrate the evolution of
bankruptcy law from the Republic to the Empire. A composition is an
agreement between a debtor and two or more creditors that satisfies the debts
for less than payment in full. See chapters 2, 18-19 infra.
16. Ford, supra n.8 at 25; Radin, supra n.8 at 34.
17. Ford, supra n.8 at 25.
18. Radin, supra n.8 at 34.
19. Merrick, supra n.1.
20. Countryman, supra n.7 at 810.
21. Riesenfeld, supra n.14 at 439-440.
22. Countryman, supra n.7 at 811-812. See infra this chapter.
23. Id. at 810-811. Ford, supra n.8 at 26.
24. 11 Edw. (1283). Countryman, supra n.7 at 811.
25. Countryman, supra n.7 at 811; Ford, supra n.8 at 27-28. A writ of capias ad
satisfaciendum was used in 1989 in New Jersey to place a debtor into custody.
A Bankruptcy Court refused to abrogate the writ. See 76 A.B.A. J. 28 (Feb.
1990); In re Bona, 110 B.R. 1012 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1990). The use of a writ of
capias ad satisfaciendum was affirmed by the New Jersey state courts as

recently as 2000 in Marshall v. Matthei, 744 A.2d 209 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div.
2000).
26. Ford, supra n.8 at 31. Ford points out that in 1921, 424 contract debtors were
held imprisoned in England.
27. 34 & 35 Henry VII, ch. 4 (1543).
28. Merrick, supra n.1 at 12.
29. Countryman, supra n.7 at 811-812; Merrick, supra n.1 at 13.
30. See chapter 3 infra.
31. 13 Eliz., ch. 7 (1571); Riesenfeld, supra n.14 at 422.
32. See chapters 14-15 infra.
33. Riesenfeld, supra n.14 at 442-443.
34. 4 Anne, ch. 17 (1705).
36. 5 Geo. II, ch. 30 (1732); Countryman, supra n.7 at 812.
39. Ford, supra n.8 at 28. See also Central Virginia Community College v. Katz, 546
U.S. 356 (2006), in which the U.S. Supreme Court discusses the evolution of
American bankruptcy law from the early English Statutes.
40. U.S. Const., Art. I, §8.
41. U.S. Const., Art. VI.
42. Ford, supra n.8 at 32-33.
43. Ford, supra n.8 at 29, reports that in Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts,
and Maryland there were three to five times as many persons imprisoned for
debt as for crime. Countryman, supra n.7 at 814, cites statistics indicating that
debtors constituted approximately 20% of all prisoners in Boston during the
1820s.
44. 2 Stat. 19 (1800). Countryman, supra n.7 at 813; Riesenfeld, supra n.14 at 407.
See also notes 34-36 supra.
45. 5 Stat. 440 (1841); 5 Stat. 614 (1843); Countryman, supra n.7 at 814-815;
Riesenfeld, supra n.14 at 407, 423.
46. 14 Stat. 517 (1867); 20 Stat. 99 (1878).
47. Countryman, supra n.7 at 815-816; Riesenfeld, supra n.14 at 409, 423, 446-447.
48. 30 Stat. 541 (1898). See chapter 2 infra.
49. 52 Stat. 541 (1938). Countryman, supra n.7 at 817; Riesenfeld, supra n.14 at
408. See chapters 23-27 infra.
50. Local Loan Co. v. Hunt, 292 U.S. 234 (1934).
51. Countryman, supra n.7 at 818; Report of the Commission on the Bankruptcy
Laws of the United States, H.R. Doc. No. 137, 82d Cong., 1st Sess., pt. I, ch. 17
(1973).
52. Globalization has spawned a corresponding growth of bankruptcy statutes
throughout the world bearing many similarities to Chapter 11 of the United
States Bankruptcy Code. Chinese Bankruptcy Law permits liquidations and
reorganizations of business entities. See The Enterprise Bankruptcy Law of the
People’s Republic of China, Bankruptcy Strategist, Volume 25, Number 9 (July
2008). In 1991 Hungary became the first former Warsaw Pact country to enact
a bankruptcy law. See ABI Newsletter (November/December 1991). A law
permitting business bankruptcies became effective in Russia in 1993. See ABI
Journal, April 1993. Polish bankruptcy law contains a statute similar to Chapter
11. See Bankruptcy Court Decisions Newsletter, June 10, 2003, LRP
Publications: “Poland to enact new insolvency law to aid economy.”
p. 10
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
räätälin istuessa jo jalat ristissä pöydällä ompelemassa niitä talokas
Jussi Issakaisen uusia laveita sarkahousuja, astui suutari sisään iso
laukkunsa selässään, teki ylimalkaisen hyvänpäivän niin aateveljille
yleensä ja räätälille erityisesti kuin porvareillekin, ja levitti loukkoon
lestinsä, pikilankansa, harjaksensa, naskalinsa, vasaransa ja kaikki
muut työkalunsa sekä nahkatarpeet, ja ryhtyi valmistamaan sille
Pirhosen rengille niitä pitkävartisia vedenpitäviä lapikkaita, joita
Pirhosen renki on jo useampaan kertaan kiirehtinyt.
Ja nyt paukkuvat kilpaa puheenjohtajan nuija ja suutarin vasara,

suutarin takoessa nauloja Pirhosen rengin lapikkaanpohjiin ja
puheenjohtajan naulatessa äyrejä verovelvollisille, ja
taksoituslautakunta torkkuu vähemmän kuin ennen, sillä siitä on
mieltäkiinnittävää, jopa jännittävääkin katsoa, mitkä ensiksi
valmistuvat, Jussi Issakaisen sarkapöksytkö vai Pirhosen rengin
lapikkaatko.
(1923.)
»VELJESVIHA» PORLAMMILLA
Marianpäivänä pitivät Porlammin Lotat iltaman, minkä porvarillisen

hapatuksen vastamyrkyksi Porlammin sosialistit päättivät tilata
Loviisan kommunistisen näytelmäseuran esittämään samana
päivänä
Porlammilla kapinahenkistä näytelmää »Veljesviha».
Loviisan korkeimmissa kommunistisissa teatteripiireissä otettiin

tämä toverillinen anomus suosiollisesti huomioon ja päätettiin lähteä
Porlammille »Veljesvihaa» esittämään.
Vierailunäytäntö herätti ansaittua huomiota myöskin

huligaanipiireissä, jotka päättivät läsnäolollaan kunnoittaa tätä
Porlammin oloissa harvinaista taidetilaisuutta, ja kun Loviisan
kommunistien näytelmäseura matkusti Porlammille, seurasi sitä
samassa junassa joukko Loviisan ja Valkon huligaanimaailman
valioedustajia, jotka ahkerasti voitelivat sisällisiä saranoitaan
ollakseen perillä parhaassa esiintymiskunnossa.
Porlammille saavuttuaan läksi varsinainen näytelmäseura

pitämään pääharjoitusta työväentalolla, mutta huligaanit tunkeutuivat
erään porvarin navettaan vaatimaan itselleen äskenlypsettyä ja
terveellistä lehmänmaitoa.
Sitä ei heille annettu, josta syystä Loviisan ja Valkon huligaanit

vähän hermostuivat ja ryhtyivät hajoittamaan porvarillisten
maitopösöjen navettaa, aloittaen ikkunoista.
Tämän johdosta kiiruhtivat porvarilliset maitopösöt samaan

navettaan edustamaan porvarillista maailmankatsomusta ja
pönkittämään lahoa kapitalistista navettajärjestystä, ja tämän
vastavallankumouksellisen toiminnan lopputuloksena oli, että
kommunistisen katsantokannan edustajat lensivät toinen toisensa
jälkeen navetasta raittiiseen ilmaan kauniimpina kuin he olivat
navettaan mennessään olleet, sillä heidän etufasadinsa ja osittain
myöskin takafasadinsa olivat auliisti koristellut sekä heleämmillä että
tummemmilla punajuovilla ja sinimarjoilla, vihertävään vivahtavilla
makkaroilla ynnä koristeellisilla kuhmuilla ja sarven-aluilla.
Kokouduttuaan jälleen maantielle panivat loviisalaiset ja

valkolaiset vieraat katkeran vastalauseensa tällaista menettelyä
vastaan, joka olennaisesti poikkesi suunnitellusta ohjelmasta, ja
lausuivat halveksimisensa ei ainoastaan porvarilliselle vaan myöskin
sosialistiselle Porlammille ja koroittivat äänensä ja kirosivat
Porlammin ja julistivat hajoittavansa ensin Lottien iltaman ja sitten
työväentalon »Veljesvihan».
Kun sanoma tästä päätöksestä levisi Porlammilla, ryhtyi

suojeluskunta valkoiselle pistinvaltakunnalle kuvaavaan
toimenpiteeseen ja asetti vahdit suojelemaan Lottien iltamaa.
Tämän johdosta Loviisan ja Valkon huligaanit, lausuen ankaran

tuomionsa porvarillisesta kenkkuilemisesta, jättivät Lottien iltaman
omaan arvoonsa, ja päättivät kohdistaa koko toimintansa
työväentalon seuduille.
Talolla näyteltiin juuri »Veljesvihaa» ja valkokaartin kauhistuttavia

varjopuolia ja punakaartin miellyttäviä ja liikuttavia valopuolia, kun
Loviisan ja Valkon huligaanimaailman vispikerma saapui talon
pihamaalle ja nosti pöyristyttävän sotahuudon ja ryhtyi ryntäämään
sisään teatterihuoneistoon.
Järjestysmiehet huusivat, että älkää hyvät veljet, ja huligaanit

huusivat, että nyt näytetään se oikea veljesviha, ja kommunististen
taiteilijain esittäessä »Veljesvihaa» niillä petäjälaudoilla, jotka
Porlammilla kuvaavat maailmaa, vetivät huligaanit esille pamppunsa
ja puukkonsa ja järjestysmiehet vetivät esille pamppunsa ja
revolverinsa, ja se veljesviha, joka nyt esitettiin eteisessä ja portailla,
voitti todellisuudentunnussa, draamallisessa voimassa ja sujuvassa
esityksessä ja yhteisnäyttelyssä ehdottomasti lavalla näytellyn,
vaikka eivät järjestysmiehet eivätkä huligaanit olleet ennättäneet
edeltäkäsin ensinkään syventyä ja eläytyä osiinsa, eivät olleet
pitäneet mitään yhteisharjoitusta, eikä heillä ollut edes kuiskaajaa
käytettävänään.
Läsnäolleet vakuuttavat huligaanien tulleen siinä määrin

pehmitetyiksi, että heidän selkäpuolensa voi suurin piirtein katsoen
arvostella kutakuinkin yhtä pehmoiseksi kuin vatsapuolenkin, ja kun
heidät täten oli lyöty, hakattu, piesty, revitty, raastettu, peipoteltu ja
riepoiteltu ja lopuksi heitetty jonkinlaisina myttyinä tunkiolle,
saanemme katsoa heidän tulleen osapuilleen tuntemaan veljesvihan
ja sen tuhoisat seuraukset, jonka jälkeen he verisin naamoin ja
käyttäen kieltä, mistä ei henkinyt mikään erikoisempi suopeus
Porlammia ja sen toverien taideharrastuksia kohtaan, vetäytyivät
erääseen riiheen paikkailemaan itseään, mitä paikattavissa vielä oli.
Minkäjälkeen, niinkuin säännönmukaiset iltamaselostukset

päättyvät, »itsekukin läksi kotiansa kohti», tuntien saaneensa
suunnilleen sen, mitä oli lähtenyt hakemaankin.
(1923.)
INKILÄN EMÄNOSKET
KYSELEMÄSSÄ TURHIA
KOMMUNISTISOLULTA
Torstai-illaksi oli Inkilän työväenyhdistyksen talolle ilmoitettu

kommunistipuhujan, kommunistisen nuorisopiirin edustajan
puhetilaisuus. Paikalle oli saapunut myöskin Viipurin piirin
sosialidemokraattisen nuorisojärjestön edustaja, sammuttelemaan
tarpeen vaatiessa sen ruman tulisia nuolia.
Ja oli tilaisuuteen saapunut, paitsi luokkatietoista kommunistista

yleisöä, myöskin Inkilän emänoskeloita.
Kommunistipuhuja selvitteli laajapintaisessa puheenesityksessä

työläisluokan kommunistiset ja noskelaiset gategoorit ja
työläisluokan politiikan hämäämiset porvaripetojen kesyttämisen
merkeissä, mikä on johtanut uinuvan luokkatietoisuuden
kammottavaan heräämiseen kapitalistivaltion patruunatehtaan
synkässä ympäristössä. Tuontapaisen työväenpolitiikan
hermokeskuksissa on havaittavissa ilmeistä väsähtyneisyyttä, ja
suunnan ainemassoista, itse puolueesta kuulee kuka tahansa asioita
tarkata tahtova vulgaanista jymyä. Sosialidemokraattien leirissä
pidetään kyllä paljon parranpärinää, mutta se ei ole aatteellisuuden
innoituksen tuimaa hyökkäyshuutoa, vaan pikemminkin torjuvia
liikkeitä tekeväin valitusta.
Sittenkun puhuja vielä oli esiintuonut, että noskelaisten luottamus

luokkataistelutekijöihin, joukkovoimiin ja joukkosieluun on kadonnut
jättääkseen tilaa ajatuksellisesta laiskuudesta johtuvalle poliittiselle
näpertelylle, mille sanontatavalle Inkilän rikkiviisaat emänosket
irvistelivät ala-arvoisesti ikeniään, ryhtyivät viimemainitut
kohentelemaan pikkuporvarillisia pöksyjään ja esittämään
esitelmöitsijän harkittavaksi, vastattavaksi ja Inkilän ainemassoille
selvitettäväksi eräitä kysymyksiä.
Kommunistisolun niistettyä nenänsä ja luotua tutkivan silmäyksen

inkiläläisen ainemassan sfinksimäisiin kasvoihin esittivät Inkilän
emänosket kysymykset: mitkä menettelytavat olisivat olleet
sosialidemokraattisia parempia Suomessa jälkeen kansalaissodan?
Kun ei kommunistisolu tuntunut kysymyksen ajatussisällystä aluksi

oikein tajuavan, esitettiin se hänelle uudelleen, jonka jälkeen puhuja
kakisteli kurkkuaan ja puhui jotain, joka nähtävästi saattoi olla yhtä
läheisessä yhteydessä Tutankhamenin hautalöytöjen kuin esitetyn
kysymyksen kanssa.
Koska Inkilän ainemassat eivät olleet saaneet vastausta tehtyyn

kysymykseen, niin vetosivat paikkakunnan emänosket hartaasti
kommunistipuhujan parhaimpiin tunteisiin ja pyysivät häntä vain
vastaamaan tähän kysymykseen: mitkä menettelytavat olisivat olleet
sosialidemokraattisia parempia j.n.e.?
Sittenkun esitelmöitsijä oli sekautunut internatsionaaleihin ja Lex

Kallioon, mutta kysymys oli jäänyt vastaamatta, totesivat Inkilän
emänosket, ettei puhuja näkynyt olevan sen enempää selvillä Lex
Kalliosta kuin nykyisistä internatsionaaleistakaan, ja esittivät hänen
vastattavakseen seuraavat kysymykset: mitkä menettelytavat vievät
paremmin kuin sosialidemokraattiset sosialistiseen yhteiskuntaan?
Jos sellaisia on, niin mitä ne ovat?
Pyyhittyään hikeä niskastaan ja otsaltaan ryhtyi kommunistisolu

puhumaan teoriasta ja käytännöstä, ja koska hänen käsityksensä
teoriasta ja käytännöstä näyttivät hämäriltä, niin pyysivät emänosket
häntä, jos mahdollista, selvittämään, mitä ne semmoiset teoriat sitten
hänen mielestään olivat?
Puhuja hengähti helpotuksesta, ilmoittaen heti, että teoriat ovat

vain semmoista, jota joka mies voi laatia.
Inkilän emänosket päästelivät useita koleita hohotuksia, mitkä

vaikuttivat hämmentävästi kommunistisoluun, ja vastasivat, etteivät
noskelaiset siitä huolimatta niin vain tee itse teorioita, vaan seisovat
sen isopartaisen Marxin teorioiden pohjalla.
Minkäjälkeen Inkilän emänosket kalkkarokäärmeellisesti hymyillen

pyysivät saada uudistaa äskeiset kysymykset.
Kommunistisolu huomautti tämän keskustelun osoittavan, että

kysymyksiä on helpompi esittää kuin vastauksia, mihin erinäiset
pikkunosket yhtyivät halpa-arvoisilla räkätyksillä, eräiden viitatessa
sananlaskuun, että yksi hullu voi kysyä enemmän kuin yhdeksän
viisasta vastata.
Kun täten oli keskusteltu 4 tuntia ja kun kaikki muut väittelyt olivat
päättyneet samalla tavalla, hyväksyivät Inkilän emänosket törkeällä
äänten enemmistöllä 17 äänellä 7 vastaan joukon päätöslauselmia,
joissa väitettiin kommunistisolun saaneen kovasti saparoilleen ja
hävinneen väittelyn.
Kokous loppui ja Inkilän emänosket kehoittivat kommunistisen

nuorisopiirin puhujaa menemään uudelleen kouluunsa ja tulemaan
sitten takaisin, kun korvantaustat ovat kuivuneet, ja poistui puhuja
talolta noskelaisten ihmissyöjien irvistellessä pirullisesti ikeniään.
(1923.)
JULMA LAKI
Odotamme, että maailmanvallankumouksen jossakin määrin

käheäksi käyneestä kurkusta kohoaa piakkoin tuskan ja raivon huuto
kuulakkaalle kevättaivaalle. Oikeastaan olisi sen jo pitänyt kuulua.
Olemme kuulostelleet pää kallellaan ja oikea etukäpälä
samanpuoleisella korvallisella, mutta sitä ei vielä ole kuulunut.
Mahdollista on, että maailmanvallankumous juuri tätä

kirjoittaessamme raaviskelee parransänkeään ja miettii, missä
muodossa se oikeastaan päästäisi hätähuutonsa valloilleen.
Juttu on nimittäin tällä kertaa hiukan omituinen.
Maailmanvallankumouksen praktiikassa ei ole moista tapausta

vielä sattunut.
Syypää on Bulgaarian synkkäkatseinen porvarillinen hallitus ja sen

päämies Stambulinski.
Hra Stambulinskin valtakunnassa on niinkuin muuallakin

bolshevikkeja, joitten päämääränä on kukistaa hra Stambulinskin
hallitus sekä koko porvarillinen bulgaarialainen yhteiskuntajärjestys,
ripustaa hra Stambulinski kaulastaan mahdollisimman korkeaan
lennätinpylvääseen ja muodostaa Moskovasta saatujen ohjeitten
mukaan uusi neuvostoparatiisi.
Kun hra Stambulinski on ensiksikin porvari ja toiseksi hyvin

jyrkkätuumainen ja itsenäisiä suunnitelmia hautova porvari, niin ovat
Bulgaarian bolshevikit erikoisella mielenkiinnolla odottaneet, kuinka
hallituksen päämies lopuksi heihin ja heidän edesottamisiinsa
suhtautuu. Onko hän, meteleitä ja rymäköitä peläten, olevinaan
ikäänkuin ei huomaisi bolshevikkien olemassaoloakaan, vai ryhtyykö
hän ankariin vastatoimenpiteisiin ja tekemään kuolemantuomioiden
ja vankiloiden avulla kommunisteista marttyyrejä
maailmanvallankumouksen punaiselle alttarille?
Nyt on maailma saanut tietää hra Stambulinskin ja hänen

hallituksensa suunnitelmat.
Ja kaikki maailman kommunistit ja erityisesti Bulgaarian

kommunistit istuvat suu auki ja tuijottavat kauhusta jäykistynein
silmin Bulgaarian hallitukseen, julmaan, armottomaan hallitukseen.
Sillä Bulgaarian hallitus ei olekaan ryhtynyt taistelemaan

bolshevismia vastaan eikä tekemään bulgaarialaisista
kommunisteista uhrilampaita ja veritodistajia
maailmanvallankumouksen alttarille.
Vaan on Bulgaarian hallitus päättänyt ryhtyä vakavasti

toteuttamaan kommunismia valtakunnassaan!
Ensi maanantaina kokoutuu Bulgaarian uusi eduskunta, sobranje.

Ja hallitus on antanut laatia kommunisteja koskevan lakiehdotuksen
eduskunnalle esitettäväksi.
Lakiehdotuksessa säädetään, että jokaiseen bulgaarialaiseen
kylään, jossa on enemmän kuin 10 kommunistista äänestäjää,
perustetaan kommunistinen yhteiskunta, johon jokaisen
paikkakunnalla asuvan kommunistin on pakko kuulua. Kaikki
kommunistien kiinteä ja irtain omaisuus sekä tulot takavarikoidaan ja
julistetaan heidän yhteisikseen. Näin syntynyttä kommunistista
omaisuutta hoitavat viranomaisten ja kommunistien edustajista
muodostetut lautakunnat. Kommunististen perheitten jäsenten
perintöoikeus lakkaa, ja menevät heidän perintönsä kommuunille.
Kommuunin jäsenten on tehtävä kaikkien työtä samojen sääntöjen
mukaan, ja ruokatavaransa ja muut elintarpeensa saavat he rahatta
kupongeilla kommuunin varastoista.
Näin tulee kommunistinen yhteiskunta toteutetuksi mitä

puhtaimmassa ja ihanteellisimmassa muodossaan Bulgaarian
kommunistien keskuudessa. Mutta porvareita ei siihen päästetä
sotkemaan asioita ja punomaan mustia vastavallankumouksellisia
juoniaan. Porvarien täytyy edelleen pysyä vanhan ja lahon
järjestelmänsä mädännäisyydessä ja katsella aidan takaa vesi
suupielessä kommunistisen yhteiselämän riemuja ja ihanuuksia.
On huomattava, ettei tässä ole kysymys mistään vapaaehtoisista

järjestöistä. Lakiehdotuksen mukaan on Bulgaarian kommunistien,
niinkuin sanottu, pakko ryhtyä toteuttamaan kommunismin suuria ja
yleviä periaatteita käytännössä ja omassa elämässään.
Kommunistisia Aatamia ja Eevoja ei karkoiteta välkkyvillä miekoilla
unelmiensa paratiisista, vaan heidät ajetaan päinvastoin vaikka
väkisin sinne sisään. Bulgaarian hallitus tahtoo pestä kätensä
Historian marmorikovien kasvojen edessä ja antaa kullekin
alamaiselleen etsimättömän tilaisuuden tulla autuaaksi omalla
tavallaan.
Mutta entäpä jos joku tai jotkut kommunistit sanovat, että kiitoksia
vain, mutta meitä ei vielä haluta ryhtyä elämään kommunismin
oppien mukaan? Me haluamme vielä toistaiseksi itse päättää
omaisuudestamme, perinnöstämme ja työstämme vanhassa
porvarillisessa järjestyksessä. Olkaa hyvät ja menkää hiiteen
lakeinenne! Emme tahdo ryhtyä elämään kommuunissa.
Siltäkin varalta on lakiehdotuksessa pykälänsä, johon aate on

todennäköisesti saatu suoraan Neuvosto-Venäjältä. Siellä, niinkuin
tiedämme, on ampumista käytetty laajassa mittakaavassa ja hyvällä
menestyksellä niitä vastaan, jotka hangoittelevat kommunismia
vastaan. Ja niinpä säädetään nyt myöskin Bulgaarian hallituksen
lakiehdotuksessa, että ne bolshevistisen kommuunin jäsenet, jotka
koettavat elää porvarilliseen tapaan ja elättää itseään muussa kuin
kommunistisessa järjestyksessä, tuomitaan kuolemaan ja ammutaan
julkisella paikalla.
Kauhusta väristen on sekä sivistynyt että bolshevistinen maailma

vastaanottanut tiedon Bulgaarian hallituksen aikeista. Sillä voiko
kuvitella mielessään vertahyytävämpää julmuutta, kuin että
kommunistit pakotetaan elämään omien oppiensa mukaan.
Mutta Bulgaarian tyly hallitus on sitä mieltä, että juuri se on paras

lääke kommunismia vastaan.
Meikäläisten kommunistien ei kuitenkaan pidä tästä pahasti

pelästyä. Luonnollisesti itkee heidän sydämensä verta
kommunistiseen elämään tuomittujen bulgaarialaisten
aatetoveriensa kovan kohtalon vuoksi, mutta omalta mieskohtaiselta
osaltaan voivat he tuntea itsensä turvallisiksi. Täällä eivät vallitse
Balkanin olot, täällä saavat kommunistit kyllä edelleenkin elää
porvarillisessa yhteiskunnassa, eikä kukaan pakota heitä
perustamaan kommuunia. Pikemminkin heitä estellään moisesta
onnettomuudesta.
Tässä valkoisen hirmuvallan ohranamaisessa järjestyksessä on

ainakin se hyvä puoli.
Saa nyt sitten nähdä, millaisen mötäkän kommunistiset lehtemme

nostavat, jos sobranje todellakin hyväksyy, niinkuin kylläkin
mahdollista on, Bulgaarian hallituksen epäinhimillisen julman
lakiehdotuksen.
(1923.)
SIINÄ SE VASTA MIES!
Järvi lepää rasvatyynenä. Kuuma on. Ilma väreilee

paahtavaisuuttaan. Kalat ovat idiootteina, eivätkä välitä
pyydyksistämme vaan lausuvat niille raukean halveksimisensa.
Laiskottaa. Huomaamme, ettemme ole Trotski. Trotskia nähtävästi

ei laiskottaisi tässäkään tilanteessa.
Olemme syventyneet erääseen täkäläiseen lehteen lainattuun

kuvaukseen Trotskista, Neuvosto-Ryssän nykyisestä pääjehusta.
Kuvausta ei ole kirjoittanut Trotski itse — ainakaan ei hän kainona
miehenä ole viitsinyt pistää omaa nimeään alle, — vaan eräs
bolshevikkiolojen innostuneena kiivailijana tunnetuksi tullut hra
Georges Popov. Ja tällä kertaa on hän virittänyt balalaikkansa
Trotskin kunniaksi.
Varmastikaan ei hra Trotski, jonka oikea ja alkuperäinen

juutalaisnimi on Bronstein, ole mikään jokapäiväinen
vallankumousilmiö. Juutalaisella seikkailijalla, joka jo puolikymmentä
vuotta on ollut suurten miljoona-armeijain ylipäällikkö ja joka tällä
hetkellä, kun Lenin on myönnetty lopullisesti toheloksi ja pois pelistä
joutuneeksi, lienee Venäjän todellinen hallitsija, täytyy olla päässään
muuta kuin vanhoja sahanpuruja. Ainakin on hän kavereineen
onnistunut saattamaan äsken vielä mahtavan ja pelätyn suurvallan
sellaiseen alennustilaan ja viheliäisyyteen, ettei historia ole moista
romahdusta nähnyt, ja sekin on jo jotakin, josta hänelle ja hänen
kumppaneilleen on annettava täysi tunnustus ja vilpitön kiitos.
Kuitenkin on kaikki se mielestämme vielä vähäistä sen rinnalla,

mitä hra Trotski — hra Popovin kuvauksen mukaan nimittäin —
muutoin tekee ja ehtii.
Ensiksikin on hänen hartioillaan hallitustaakan pääpaino. Sitäpaitsi

on se hän, joka oikeastaan johtaa Venäjän ulkopolitiikan. Hän se on
järjestänyt suuret teollisuustrustit, ja hänen kourissaan ne ovat koko
kommunistipuolueen ohjakset.
Kuulkaamme edelleen: »Paitsi huolenpitoa punaisesta armeijasta

ovat hänen käsiteltävinään asiat, jotka koskevat sisä- ja
ulkopolitiikkaa, teollisuutta, kauppaa, kirkkoa, nälänhätää,
kaivosteollisuutta, lentolaitosta, kommunistista internationaalia,
maailmanvallankumousta, propagandaa, raha-asioita y.m. y.m.
Hurjaa vauhtia risteilee hän Venäjän äärettömillä lakeuksilla
puuttuakseen itse asioiden kulkuun, missä sitä tarvitaan, tai
tullakseen omin silmin vakuutetuksi asiain tilasta. Sillävälin on
hänellä aikaa ottaa osaa sotajoukkojen katselmuksiin ja pitää
sytyttäviä puheita. Niin, onpa hänellä »vapaahetkinään» aikaa
harjoittaa kirjallisia tutkimuksiakin; hän valmistelee lakkaamatta
suurteosta »20:nnen vuosisadan kirjallisuudesta». Levätessään
maa-asunnollaan Moskovan ulkopuolella sanelee hän puhelimitse
tätä teostaan kaupungissa olevalle sihteerilleen».
Puh, sallikaa meidän välillä vähän huokaista. Meille tuli jo hiki hra
Popovin kuvausta suomentaessammekin
Juu, kyllä se on aika poika. Vaikka ei tällaisen ilmiön tarvinnekaan
koskaan syödä eikä nukkua, niinkuin muiden ihmisten, niin on se
sittenkin paljon ennätetty ja jaksettu, etenkin kun Trotskinkaan
vuorokauteen ei mahtune enempää kuin 24 tuntia.
Mutta edelleen! Älkää luulkokaan, ettei Trotski muuta ennättäisi.

Kyllä hän ennättää. »Joka päivä lukee Trotski kaikki neuvostolehdet,
mikä lueskelu useimmiten aiheuttaa määräyksiä, päätöksiä ja
toimenpiteitä, hän tutkii sitäpaitsi johtavat venäläisten
maanpakolaisten äänenkannattajat ja maailman sanomalehdistön
etevimmät edustajat. Todellisina lepohetkinään syventyy hän
Einsteinin, Spenglerin, Kautskyn ja muiden suurmiesten teoksiin».
Jo moinen luku-urakka veisi jonkun muun sällin päivän aivan

tarkkaan, mutta me arvelemme, että Trotski muiden yli-inhimillisten
kykyjensä ohessa osaa myöskin katsoa kieroon ja lukea kahta lehteä
yht'aikaa, samalla kun joku hänen sihteereistään lukee kolmatta
lehteä hänen oikeaan korvaansa ja toinen sihteeri neljättä lehteä
hänen vasempaan korvaansa.
Trotskin urheiluharrastuksista ei hra Popov mitään mainitse, joten

meidän täytyy jatkaa omin päimme. Pysyäkseen ruumiillisesti
kunnossa sellaisen työtaakan alla täytyy Trotskin tietysti hoitaa
terveyttään ja urheilla. Otaksumme, että hän aamulla mylleröi 15
minuuttia, juoksee sitten maratonin Moskovan ympäri, heittää kuulaa
ja keihästä, saavuttaen uusia maailmanennätyksiä, ja toimeenpanee
köydenvetokilpailun: Trotski köyden toisessa päässä ja komppania
puna-armeijalaisia toisessa päässä. Trotski vetää vastaan haraavaa
komppaniaa perässään pitkin ketoa niin että tomu pölisee, ja aidan
takana katselevat bolshevikit nakkaavat lakkinsa ilmaan ja huutavat
»uraa!»
Trotskista aikakautemme etevimpänä taidemaalarina,
kuvanveistäjänä, säveltäjänä, skruuvinpelaajana,
huuliharpunsoittajana j.n.e. ei aikamme anna tällä kertaa puhua. Me
emme ennätä niin paljon kuin Trotski.
Mutta Trotski ennättää sitä enemmän. Hän tekee kaiken. Muiden

bolshevikien ei tarvitse muuta tehdä kuin istua ja pyöritellä
peukaloitaan. Vuoroin myötäpäivään ja vuoroin vastapäivään.
Ja ryssien huusholli on edelleen sillä kannalla kuin on. Ja

toivottavasti pysyy vielä kauan. Eläköön Trotski!
(1923.)
BOLSHEVIKIT KEKSIJÖINÄ
Teekeittiötä lukuunottamatta — jos nyt sitten sekään on alkuperäinen

venäläinen keksintö — eivät venäläiset tähän saakka ole keksineet
muuta kuin bolshevismin. Tietysti ei se tosiasiassa ole venäläinen
keksintö, mutta ainakin lankeaa ryssälle kunnia pitkälle menneistä
kommunistisista kokeiluista.
Näissä kokeiluissa ovat ryssät kuitenkin tehneet eräitä keksintöjä,

joita heidän lehtensä »Ekon. Shisnj» on paljastanut hämmästyvälle
maailmalle.
Tiedämme, millainen kiire ja into bolshevikeilla oli saada ruplan

arvo mitättömäksi. Bolshevikit luulivat että se kapitalismin ruma ja
musta pahahenki asuu juuri ruplassa. Bolshevikit puhuivat ensin
keskenään ja sanoivat sitten kaikelle kansalle, että jos saadaan raha
mitättömäksi, niin silloinhan häviää kapitalismi itsestään. Porvareista
päästään tappamalla heidät, ja kapitalismista päästään tappamalla
rupla, painattamalla niin paljon paperirahaa, että se tulee
mitättömäksi.
Tuumasta toimeen. Ohjelman edellinen puoli sujui mainiosti.

Porvareista päästiin todellakin tappamalla heidät.
Ja ruplan tappaminen onnistui myös yli kaikkien odotustenkin.
Maailmanhistoriassa on ennenkin esiintynyt kelvotonta ja arvotonta
rahaa, mutta niin arvotonta kuin bolshevikkirupla ei ole esiintynyt
eikä tule vastakaan esiintymään, koska todennäköisesti ei tule
maailmassa koskaan olemaan muita sellaisia finanssineroja kuin
bolshevikit, jotka harkitsisivat kannattavaksi painattaa »rahaa», mikä
ei ole likimainkaan sen paperin arvoinen, jolle se on painettu.
Mutta pää tulee lopulta vetävän käteen. Bolshevikinkin.
Bolshevikitkin ovat, raha-asioitaan tuumiessaan, alkaneet katsella

toisiaan pitkin silmäripsin. Ja nyt he kuiskailevat ällistyneen
näköisinä toisilleen. Omituista! Ruplan tapoimme, niin että se nyt on
kerrankin tapettu, mutta kapitalismin paholainen ei kuollutkaan! Se
päinvastoin kasvaa ja vahvistuu Venäjällä päivä päivältä, sillä vaikka
bolshevikkien hattua ei haittaakaan Venäjän satamiljoonaisen
kansan nälkään kuoleminen, niin eivät bolshevikit itse kuitenkaan
halua kuolla nälkään. Ja se on edessä, ellei kapitalismille tehdä
uusia myönnytyksiä joka päivä.
Sekin pieni sivuseikka jäi bolshevikeilta ovelissa laskuissaan

huomioon ottamatta, että valtion maksukyky meni penkin alle
samalla kertaa kuin ruplan arvokin. Tämä laskuvirhe on tuottanut
paljon murhetta bolshevikkien huushollissa. Mutta asiaa ei voida
enää auttaa. Marx ei ole neuvonut, millä tavalla rupla saadaan
takaisin arvoonsa, sitten kun se kerran on saatu niin arvottomaksi
kuin se nyt on.
Nyt vaatii edellämainittu vaikutusvaltainen bolshevikkilehti

ankarasti ja aivan vanhaan porvarilliseen tapaan, että valtiopankin
setelinanto-oikeutta on rajoitettava.

Full Ebook of Basic Bankruptcy Law For Paralegals 5Th Edition David L Buchbinder Online PDF All Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Full Ebook of Basic Bankruptcy Law For Paralegals 5Th Edition David L Buchbinder Online PDF All Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Basic Bankruptcy Law for Paralegals

5th Edition David L. Buchbinder

Basic Contract Law for Paralegals 10th Edition Jeffrey

Basic Contract Law for Paralegals 9th Edition Jeffrey

Basic Real Estate and Property Law for Paralegals, 7th

Basic Aeronautical Knowledge For the RPL 5th Edition

Corporate Bankruptcy Law in China : Principles,

The Law and Special Education 5th Fifth Edition

Baird and Jackson s Bankruptcy Cases Problems and

How to File for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Cara O'Neill

Fifth Abridged Edition

Fifth Abridged Edition

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or utilized by any

information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the

publisher. For information about permissions or to request permissions online, visit

Cover image: iStock.com/designer491

To contact Customer Service, e-mail customer.service@aspenpublishing.com, call

1-800-950-5259, or mail correspondence to:

Attn: Order Department

Printed in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Description: Fifth abridged edition. | Frederick, MD: Aspen Publishing, [2020] |

Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “Paralegal textbook on

bankruptcy and debtor/creditor law”—Provided by publisher.

Identifiers: LCCN 2019055388 (print) | LCCN 2019055389 (ebook) | ISBN

9781543813753 (paperback) | ISBN 9781543820751 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Bankruptcy—United States. | Legal assistants—United States—

Handbooks, manuals, etc. | LCGFT: Textbooks.

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019055388

Aspen Publishing is a leading provider of educational content and

world. Aspen provides best-in-class solutions for legal education

through authoritative textbooks, written by renowned authors, and

breakthrough products such as Connected eBooks, Connected

Quizzing, and PracticePerfect.

students as the “red and black” casebooks) encompasses hundreds

of highly regarded textbooks in more than eighty disciplines, from

large enrollment courses, such as Torts and Contracts to emerging

electives such as Sustainability and the Law of Policing. Study aids

series, both highly popular collections, help law students master

complex subject matter.

Major products, programs, and initiatives include:

• Connected eBooks are enhanced digital textbooks and study aids

that come with a suite of online content and learning tools

designed to maximize student success. Designed in collaboration

with hundreds of faculty and students, the Connected eBook is a

significant leap forward in the legal education learning tools

• Connected Quizzing is an easy-to-use formative assessment tool

that tests law students’ understanding and provides timely

feedback to improve learning outcomes. Delivered through

students to access their Aspen casebooks, Connected Quizzing is

simple to implement and integrates seamlessly with law school

• PracticePerfect is a visually engaging, interactive study aid to

explain commonly encountered legal doctrines through easy-to-

understand animated videos, illustrative examples, and numerous

practice questions. Developed by a team of experts,

PracticePerfect is the ideal study companion for today’s law

• The Aspen Learning Library enables law schools to provide their

across all of their courses. Available through an annual

subscription, the online library consists of study aids in e-book,

• Aspen’s Digital Bookshelf is an institutional-level online education

bookshelf, consolidating everything students and professors need

to ensure success. This program ensures that every student has