Translational Autoimmunity Volume 3

Autoimmune Disease Associated with

Different Clinical Features 1st Edition
Nima Rezaei Niloufar Yazdanpanah
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmeta.com/product/translational-autoimmunity-volume-3-autoimmune-dis
ease-associated-with-different-clinical-features-1st-edition-nima-rezaei-niloufar-yazda
npanah/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Translational Autoimmunity. Volume 1: Etiology of

Autoimmune Diseases 1st Edition Nima Rezaei

https://ebookmeta.com/product/translational-autoimmunity-
volume-1-etiology-of-autoimmune-diseases-1st-edition-nima-rezaei/

Translational Autoimmunity. Volume 2: Treatment of

Autoimmune Diseases 1st Edition Nima Rezaei

https://ebookmeta.com/product/translational-autoimmunity-
volume-2-treatment-of-autoimmune-diseases-1st-edition-nima-
rezaei/

Encyclopedia of Infection and Immunity Nima Rezaei

https://ebookmeta.com/product/encyclopedia-of-infection-and-
immunity-nima-rezaei/

Integrated Science of Global Epidemics Nima Rezaei

https://ebookmeta.com/product/integrated-science-of-global-
epidemics-nima-rezaei/
Integrated Science Science Without Borders 1st Edition
Nima Rezaei

https://ebookmeta.com/product/integrated-science-science-without-
borders-1st-edition-nima-rezaei/

Theranostics and Precision Medicine for the Management

of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Volume 3: Translational
and Clinical Outcomes 1st Edition Ganji Purnachandra
Nagaraju (Editor)
https://ebookmeta.com/product/theranostics-and-precision-
medicine-for-the-management-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-
volume-3-translational-and-clinical-outcomes-1st-edition-ganji-
purnachandra-nagaraju-editor/

Cancer Treatment - An Interdisciplinary Approach - An

Interdisciplinary Approach (Jan 1,
2024)_(3031439821)_(Springer) 1st Edition Nima Rezaei

https://ebookmeta.com/product/cancer-treatment-an-
interdisciplinary-approach-an-interdisciplinary-approach-
jan-1-2024_3031439821_springer-1st-edition-nima-rezaei/

Cell Biology and Translational Medicine Volume 20 Organ

Function Maintenance Repair in Health and Disease 1st
Edition Kursad Turksen

https://ebookmeta.com/product/cell-biology-and-translational-
medicine-volume-20-organ-function-maintenance-repair-in-health-
and-disease-1st-edition-kursad-turksen/

Engineering Translational Models of Lung Homeostasis

and Disease Chelsea M. Magin

https://ebookmeta.com/product/engineering-translational-models-
of-lung-homeostasis-and-disease-chelsea-m-magin/
Translational Autoimmunity,
Vol. 3

Autoimmune Disease Associated

with Different Clinical Features

FIRST EDITION

Nima Rezaei
Professor, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Head, Research
Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences; Founding President, Universal Scientific
Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

Editorial Assistant

Niloufar Yazdanpanah
Managing Director, Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and
Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research
Network, (USERN); and School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Contributors

Preface

Series editor biography

Acknowledgment

Abbreviations

Chapter 1: Introduction on autoimmunity and associated conditions

Abstract
 1: Introduction

2: Autoimmunity and infection

3: Autoimmunity and genetic syndromes

4: Autoimmunity and inborn errors of immunity

5: Autoimmunity and malignancies

6: Autoimmunity and associated conditions affecting patients’

quality of life

7: Conclusion

References

Chapter 2: Cross talks between autoimmunity and cancer

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Autoimmunity and cancer mechanisms: Clinical features and

similar mechanisms

3: Rheumatoid arthritis

4: Systemic lupus erythematosus

5: Sjögren’s syndrome

6: Systemic sclerosis

7: Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

8: ANCA-associated vasculitis
 9: Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Autoimmunity regulation within the tumor

microenvironment

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Targeting immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy

3: Coinhibitory checkpoint pathways to cancer

4: Costimulatory checkpoint pathways on cancer

5: Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Mechanisms of immune tolerance breakdown in inborn

errors of immunity

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Mechanisms implicated in the disruption of immune tolerance

in IEI

3: Central tolerance disruption

4: Alterations of peripheral tolerance

5: Conclusion
 References

Chapter 5: Autoimmunity in combined immunodeficiency

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Severe combined immunodeficiencies

3: Combined immunodeficiencies

4: Combined immunodeficiencies associated with significant

autoimmunity

5: Combined immunodeficiencies rarely associated with

autoimmunity

6: Combined immunodeficiencies not associated with

autoimmunity

7: Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases in primary

selective IgM deficiency

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1: Introduction

2: Natural IgM antibodies

3: Role of IgM in autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases

 4: Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases in selective IgM
deficiency

5: Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Autoimmunity and HIV infection

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: HIV structure

3: HIV infection

4: HIV and autoimmunity

5: Autoimmune diseases in the HIV patient

6: Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Autoimmune diseases and metabolic disorders: Molecular

connections and potential therapeutic targets

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Molecular mechanisms of autoimmune responses and

autoimmune diseases

3: Molecular connections between autoimmune diseases and

some important metabolic disorders
 4: Potential molecular targets to control autoimmune diseases
and metabolic disorders

5: Conclusion

References

Chapter 9: Autoimmunity and infertility

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: The association between autoimmunity and female infertility

3: The association between autoimmunity and male infertility

4: Clinical implications of serum autoantibodies in IVF/ICSI-ET

5: Conclusion

References

Chapter 10: Autoimmune disease of the cardiovascular system

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Rheumatic heart disease

3: Myocarditis

4: Vasculitis

5: Conclusion
 References

Chapter 11: Allergy and autoimmunity: Share of genetics and

environment

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1: Introduction

2: Key elements regulating allergy and autoimmune disease

3: Immunopathological reactions—Allergy and autoimmunity

subtypes

4: Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: Asthma and autoimmunity

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Asthma endotypes—An overview

3: Autoimmune responses following chronic inflammation

4: Asthma and autoimmunity

5: Conclusion

References
Chapter 13: Autoimmunity in interstitial lung disease

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis

3: Rheumatoid arthritis

4: Other rheumatic conditions associated with ILD

5: Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary emphysema

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Animal models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD) and pulmonary emphysema

3: Autoimmune responses in the pathogenesis of stable COPD

and pulmonary emphysema

4: Regulatory T (Treg) cells in the autoimmune pathogenesis of

stable COPD and pulmonary emphysema

5: B-cells and autoantibody-mediated lung damage in the

pathogenesis of stable COPD and pulmonary emphysema

6: Other autoantibodies in COPD and pulmonary emphysema

 7: Complement system and autoimmunity in COPD and
pulmonary emphysema

8: Role of the microbiota in COPD and pulmonary emphysema

9: Cell-mediated autoimmune lung damage in the pathogenesis

of stable COPD and pulmonary emphysema

10: Therapeutic implications

11: Conclusion

References

Chapter 15: Oxidative stress in oral autoimmune disorders

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Oxidative stress and the immune system

3: Biomarkers of oxidative stress in oral autoimmune disorders

4: Antioxidants and related treatments for oral autoimmune

disorders

5: Conclusion

References

Chapter 16: Autoimmunity and psychosis

Abstract

1: Introduction
 2: Infection, inflammation, and autoimmunity in psychosis

3: Mechanisms of autoimmunity in the central nervous system

4: Autoimmune encephalitis and psychosis

5: Multiple sclerosis and psychosis

6: Autoimmune epilepsy and psychosis

7: Nonneurological autoimmune disorders and psychosis

8: Possible causal treatment of psychosis in autoimmune

diseases

9: Conclusion

References

Index
Copyright
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom
525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United
Kingdom

Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any

form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on
how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s
permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such
as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing
Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are

protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be
noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing.
As new research and experience broaden our understanding,
changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own
experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be
mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including
parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the
authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury
and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of
any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
material herein.

ISBN: 978-0-323-85415-3

For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website

at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Stacy Masucci

Acquisitions Editor: Linda Versteeg-Buschman
Editorial Project Manager: Billie Jean Fernandez
Production Project Manager: Omer Mukthar
Cover Designer: Christian J. Bilbow

Typeset by STRAIVE, India

Dedication

This book would not have been possible without the continuous
encouragement from my family.

I dedicate this book to my daughters, Ariana and Arnika, with the

hope that we learn enough from today to make a brighter future for
the next generation.
Contributors
Ian M. Adcock National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial
College London, London, United Kingdom
Veronica Adiletta Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS,
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
Ramapraba Appanna Department of Medicine, Surgery and
Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno,
Salerno, Italy
Carmen Busca Arenzana HIV Unit, Department of Internal
Medicine, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
Aleksandar N. Arsenijevic Center for Molecular Medicine and
Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of
Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Nebojsa N. Arsenijevic Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem
Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac,
Kragujevac, Serbia
Ángel Ayuso-Sacido
Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria
Brain Tumor Laboratory, Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas
Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid,
Spain
Jose I. Bernardino HIV Unit, Department of Internal Medicine,
Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
Milica M. Borovcanin Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of
Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Tanima Bose Institute for Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig
Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
Gaetano Caramori Pulmonology, Department of Biomedical
Sciences, Dentistry and Morphological and Functional Imaging
(BIOMORF), University of Messina, Messina, Italy
Josefa Carrión-Navarro Faculty of Experimental Sciences,
Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
Vincenzo Casolaro Department of Medicine, Surgery and
Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno,
Salerno, Italy
Xiaoyan Chen
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital,
Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Shenzhen Baoan Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen, China
Dinh-Toi Chu Center for Biomedicine and Community Health,
VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Jacqueline Pui Wah Chung Department of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region
Francesca Cillo Department of Translational Medical Sciences—
Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Emilia Cirillo Department of Translational Medical Sciences—
Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Noemí García-Romero Faculty of Experimental Sciences,
Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
Leonardo Garcia-Velazquez University of Paraná, Unipar, Paraná,
Brazil
Andrew R. Gennery Translational and Clinical Research Institute,
Newcastle University, Paediatric Immunology + HSCT, Great North
Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Giuliana Giardino Department of Translational Medical Sciences
—Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples,
Italy
Ankmalika Gupta Foundation for Primary Immunodeficiency
Diseases, Newport Beach, CA, United States
Sudhir Gupta Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology,
University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
Md Abdul Hannan Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh,
Bangladesh
Phil M. Hansbro Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute
and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney,
NSW, Australia
Hasan-Al-Faruque
ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Division of Biotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science
and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Rodrigo Kern Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Post-Graduation
Program in Applied Health Sciences, State University of West
Paraná, Unioeste, Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Brazil
Paul Kirkham Department of Biomedical Sciences and
Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wolverhampton,
Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
Ourania S. Kotsiou Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences,
University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
Nguyen Thanh Lam Center for Biomedicine and Community
Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Paolo Maria Leone Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS,
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
Tin Chiu Li
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital
Chinese University of Hong Kong-Sichuan University Joint
Laboratory in Reproductive Medicine, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Chit Tong Lio
Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, Technical University of
Munich, Freising
Chair of Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg,
Hamburg, Germany
Kalaivani Manibarathi
Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for
Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of
Tübingen
Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen,
Germany
Angel Robles Marhuenda Autoimmune Diseases Unit,
Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario La Paz,
Madrid, Spain
Jelena Milovanovic Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell
Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac,
Kragujevac, Serbia
Marija Milovanovic Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell
Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac,
Kragujevac, Serbia
Akhi Moni ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mahdieh-Sadat Moosavi Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine
Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Nemanja N. Muric Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical
Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Vo Truong Nhu Ngoc School of Odonto Stomatology, Hanoi
Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Francesco Nucera Pulmonology, Department of Biomedical
Sciences, Dentistry and Morphological and Functional Imaging
(BIOMORF), University of Messina, Messina, Italy
Leticia Madureira Pacholak Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Post-
Graduation Program in Applied Health Sciences, State University of
West Paraná, Unioeste, Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Brazil
Irina Palacín-Aliana
Atrys Health, Barcelona
Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, HM Hospitales, Madrid,
Spain
Carolina Panis Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Post-Graduation
Program in Applied Health Sciences, State University of West
Paraná, Unioeste, Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, Brazil
Claudio Pignata Department of Translational Medical Sciences—
Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Rosaria Prencipe Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and
Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
Md. Ataur Rahman
ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology
(KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
Nima Rezaei
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University
of Medical Sciences
Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity
(NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network
(USERN), Tehran, Iran
Roberta Romano Department of Translational Medical Sciences—
Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Veronica De Rosa Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and
Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
Luis Ramos Ruperto Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of
Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
Domenico Sambataro Artroreuma s.r.l., Outpatient Clinic of
Rheumatology Associated With the National Health System,
Mascalucia (CT), Italy
Gianluca Sambataro
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Regional
Referral Center for Rare Lung Diseases, “Policlinico S. Marco”,
University of Catania, Catania
Artroreuma s.r.l., Outpatient Clinic of Rheumatology Associated
With the National Health System, Mascalucia (CT), Italy
Thalita Basso Scandolara
Post-Graduation Program in Biological Sciences (Genetics), Federal
University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro
Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Post-Graduation Program in Applied
Health Sciences, State University of West Paraná, Unioeste, Paraná,
Francisco Beltrão, Brazil
Davood Shafie Heart Failure Research Center, Cardiovascular
Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan,
Iran
Isabella Morais Tavares University of Paraná, Unipar, Paraná,
Brazil
Elisabetta Toriello Department of Translational Medical Sciences
—Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples,
Italy
Dang Khoa Tran Department of Anatomy, Pham Ngoc Thach
University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Md Jamal Uddin
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy,
Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Katarina Vesic Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical
Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Chi Chiu Wang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital
Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences and School of Biomedical
Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong-Sichuan University Joint
Laboratory in Reproductive Medicine, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Niloufar Yazdanpanah
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity
(NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network
(USERN), Tehran, Iran
Tao Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of
Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales
Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Preface
Nima Rezaei
 The scientific world has witnessed remarkable developments in
the field of immunology during recent decades. Novel discovery of
genes related to different immune-mediated diseases has enhanced
our knowledge about the immune system and its interactions with
other systems in the human body and enlightened different aspects
of its complexity that lead to promoting diagnostic strategies,
designing more efficient therapeutic agents, and reducing potential
morbidities and mortality. Due to the broad spectrum of immune-
mediated diseases, from immunodeficiency to hypersensitivity and
autoimmune diseases, the immune system diseases collectively
contribute to a considerable prevalence, although every single
immune-mediated disease represents a low prevalence.
The responsibility of applying the latest research findings had
long been a concern for scientists. Translational research is
recognized as a potential tool to utilize scientific findings in clinical
settings and patients’ care. Considering the wide spectrum of
diseases related to the immune system besides the huge burden for
individuals, health care settings, families, and society, identifying
promising alternative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies through
translational studies is of interest.
The Translational Immunology book series is a major new suite of
books in immunology, which cover both basic and clinical
immunology. The series seeks to discuss and provide foundational
content from bench to bedside in immunology. This series intends to
discuss recent immunological findings and translate them into
clinical practice. The first volumes of this book series are specifically
devoted to autoimmune diseases.
Translational Autoimmunity: Autoimmune Disease Associated With
Different Clinical Features attempts to highlight the most important
comorbidities and medical conditions associated with autoimmune
diseases. Infections are one of the pivotal factors in inducing
autoimmunity. However, patients with autoimmune diseases are
prone to specific types of infections. Therefore, there is a
bidirectional association between autoimmunity and infections.
Autoimmune manifestations have been reported as representative
symptoms of different genetic syndromes. Moreover, despite being
recognized as different classes in the spectrum of immune-related
diseases, autoimmunity is frequently reported in different types of
inborn errors of immunity (IEIs). Cancer and autoimmunity each
imparts a huge burden on patients; however, these conditions are
mutually connected, which could multiply the burden.
Autoimmunity could represent as a manifestation of different
cancers, while the risk of both solid tumors and hematological
 g
malignancies is enhanced in autoimmune diseases, mainly due to
the chronic inflammatory state and different genetic mutations.
Considering the chronic nature of autoimmune diseases, it massively
affects patients’ quality of life because it is associated with more
morbidities such as infertility, obesity, and mental disorders. This
book starts by recapitulating the most important conditions
associated with autoimmune diseases in Chapter 1, which briefly
discusses the possible shared background of autoimmunity with
each of the associated conditions. Chapters 2 and 3 reveal the
complex association between autoimmunity and cancer. Chapters 4–
6 dive deep into the association of autoimmunity with IEIs. The
importance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the
current epidemic of HIV is well known. Therefore, Chapter 7 is
devoted to HIV (acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS)) and
autoimmunity. Since autoimmune diseases massively affect patients’
quality of life due to the chronic course of the disease and the life-
long need to take medications, assessing all the possible medical
complications that could be prevented is of interest. To achieve this
important aim, Chapters 8 and 9 discuss the association of
autoimmunity with metabolic disorders and infertility, respectively.
Autoimmunity in respiratory diseases and autoimmune diseases of
the cardiovascular system, as the two vital systems in the body, is
explored in Chapters 10 (cardiovascular diseases), 11 (allergy), 12
(asthma), 13 (interstitial lung disease), and 14 (chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease and emphysema). Chapter 15 portrays one of the
important mechanisms of autoimmune-based injuries in oral
diseases. Finally, Chapter 16 focuses on the association of
autoimmune conditions with mental disorders to further highlight
the role of the immune system in psychiatric diseases.
The Translational Immunology book series is the outcome of the
invaluable contribution of scientists and clinicians from well-known
universities/institutes worldwide. I hereby appreciate and
acknowledge the expertise of all contributors for generously
devoting their time and considerable effort in preparing their
respective chapters. I also express my gratitude to Elsevier for
providing me the opportunity to publish this book. Finally, I hope
p g pp y p y p
this translational book will be comprehensible, cogent, and of special
value to researchers and clinicians who wish to extend their
knowledge on immunology.
Series editor biography
 Professor Nima Rezaei earned his MD from Tehran University of
Medical Sciences and subsequently obtained an MSc in Molecular
and Genetic Medicine and a PhD in Clinical Immunology and
Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
He also received a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical
Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation in the Newcastle
General Hospital. Professor Rezaei is now Full Professor of
Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs, School of
 gy
Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the cofounder
and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also
the founding president of Universal Scientific Education and
Research Network (USERN). Professor Rezaei has already been the
director of more than 50 research projects and has designed and
participated in several international collaborative projects. Professor
Rezaei is an editorial assistant and board member for more than 30
international journals. He has edited more than 30 international
books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in
congresses/meetings, and published more than 1000 scientific papers
in international journals.
Acknowledgment
I express my gratitude to the editorial assistant of this book, Dr.
Niloufar Yazdanpanah, without whose contribution this book
definitely would not have been completed.
Nima Rezaei
Abbreviations

a-ANCA atypical antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

AAV ANCA-associated vasculitis
Abs antibodies
ACA anti-centromere antibodies
ACA anticardiolipin antibodies
ACEIs angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
ACR American College of Rheumatology
AD atopic dermatitis
ADAR1 adenosine deaminase RNA specific
ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
ADCC antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
AdMVs apoptosis-derived membrane vesicles
ADs autoimmune disease
AEC alveolar epithelial cells
AERD aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease
AGS Aicardi-Goutières syndrome
AHR airway hyperresponsiveness
AI aortic insufficiency
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIH autoimmune hepatitis
AIHA autoimmune hemolytic anemia
AIM apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage
AIP-1 autoimmune pancreatitis type-1
AIP-2 antiinflammatory protein-2
AIRE autoimmune regulator
AITD autoimmune thyroid disease
AITP autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
ALPS autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
AMPA α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
ANAs antinuclear antibodies
ANCA antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
anti-CCP anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies
anti-dsDNA anti-double-stranded DNA
anti-ENAs antiextractable nuclear antigens antibodies
AOPP advanced oxidation protein products
AP autoimmune psychosis
AP-1 activator protein 1
APCs antigen-presenting cells
APDS activated phosphoinositide-3-kinase δ syndrome
APECED autoimmune polyendocrinopathy, candidiasis,
ectodermal dysplasia
aPL antiphospholipid antibodies
APS anti-phospholipid syndrome
AR allergic rhinitis
ARB angiotensin receptor blockers
ASA anti-sperm antibody
ASCA anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies
ATA anti-thyroid antibodies
AZA azathiprine
B19v parvovirus B19
BAFF B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family
BAFF(-R) B-cell-activating factor (receptor)
BALF bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
BALT bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
BBB blood-brain barrier
BC Behçet’s disease
BCL10 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10
BCR B-cell receptors
bDMARDS biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
Blimp-1 B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1
BLyS B-lymphocyte stimulator
BMI body mass index
BP bullous pemphigoid
Bregs B regulatory cells
BTK Bruton tyrosine kinase
BTLA B- and T-lymphocyte associated
C1, C2, C3, C4, C3a, complement proteins 3a, 3b, 5a, C3b, C5a,
C5b-C9 5b-9
C-ANCA cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
CARD11 caspase activation and recruitment domain 11
cART combination antiretroviral therapy
CAT catalase
CCL chemokine ligand
CCL-11 C-C motif chemokine 11
CCP cyclic citrullinated peptide
CCR7 C-C chemokine receptor type 7
CD cluster of differentiation
CD25 interleukin-2 receptor α chain
CD40L CD40 ligand
cDCs/myDCs conventional dendritic cells/myeloid dendritic cells
cDMARDs biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
CENP-B centromeric protein B
CGD chronic granulomatous disease
CID combined immunodeficiency
CIPD chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy
CK cytokeratin
CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CMC chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
CMR cardiac magnetic resonance
CMV cytomegalovirus
CNS central nervous system
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CpG CpGoligodeoxynucleotides
CS cigarette smoke
CSCC cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
CSF cerebrospinal fluid
CT computed tomography
CTD connective tissue disease
CTLA-4 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4
CTLs cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
CTS cathepsin
CVDs cardiovascular diseases
CVID common variable immunodeficiency
CXR chest X-ray
CYC cyclophosphamide
cysLT cysteinyl leukotrienes
DAD diffuse alveolar damage
DAMPS danger-associated molecular patterns
DC dendritic cells
DCM dilated cardiomyopathy
DEDs death-effector domains
Derp-1 dermatophagoidespteronissinus with protease activity
DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone
DILS diffuse lymphocyte infiltration syndrome
DIP desquamative interstitial pneumonia
DISC death-inducing signaling complex
DLBCL diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
DLCO diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide
DM dermatomyositis
DMARDs disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
DNA and RNA deoxyribonucleic acid, Ribonucleic acid
DOCK2 dedicator of cytokinesis 2
DOCK8 dedicator of cytokinesis 8
dsDNA double-stranded DNA
Dsg desmoglein
dSSc cutaneous diffuse SSc
DTC differentiated thyroid carcinomas
DTH/DHR delayed-type hypersensitivity
EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
EBNA-1 EBV nuclear antigen 1
EBV Epstein-Barr virus
EC endothelial cells
ECM extracellular matrix
ECP eosinophil cationic protein
EDN eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
EETS eosinophil extracellular traps
EF elastin fragments
EGFR epidermal group factor receptor
EGPA Churg-Strauss syndrome or eosinophilic granulomatosis
with polyangiitis
EMA European Medicines Agency
EMB endomyocardial biopsy
EPX eosinophil peroxidase
ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ERM ezrin-radixin-moesin
EULAR European League against Rheumatism
FADD FAS-associated death domain
Fas type-II transmembrane protein of tumor necrosis factor family
FcR fragment of constant region
FcεRI high-affinity IgE receptor
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FEV1 forced expiratory volume in the first second
FFA free fatty acid
FGF fibroblast growth factor
FL follicular lymphoma
FOXP3 forkhead box protein 3
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
FVC forced vital capacity
GABA gamma-amino butyric acid
GALT gut-associated lymphoid tissue
GC germinal center B cells
GCA giant cell arteritis
GCF gingival crevicularfluid
GCM giant cell myocarditis
GCs germinal centers
GCS glucocorticosteroid
G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
GEF guanine nucleotide exchange factor
GITR glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor
GITRL glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor
ligand
GM-CSF granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
GO gene-ontology
GoF gain of function
GPA granulomatosis with polyangiitis
GPCR G-protein-coupled receptors
GPCR-AABs G-protein-coupled receptors autoantibodies
GPx glutathione peroxidase
GvHD graft-versus-host disease
GWAS genome-wide association studies
H2A histone 2A
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide

HAART high-active antiretroviral therapy

HBV hepatitis B virus
HBV-PAN hepatitis B virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa
HCC hepatocellular carcinoma
hCG human chorionic gonadotropin
HCLO hypochlorousacid
HCV hepatitis C virus
HHV-6 human herpesvirus 6
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
HL Hodgkin’s lymphoma
HLA human leukocyte antigen
HLA-DOB HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO beta chain
HLA-DR human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype
HLA-E gene for HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha
chain E
HNP human neutrophil peptides
HR hazard ratio
HRCT high-resolution computed tomography
HSCT hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
HT Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
HVEM herpes virus entry mediator
IADs inflammatory autoimmune diseases
iBALT inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
IBD inflammatory bowel disease
IBM inclusion body myopathy
IBT immunobead test
IC immune-complex
ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule-1
ICD implantable cardiac-defibrillator
ICOS(L) inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ligand)
ICs immune complexes
IDB inflammatory bowel diseases
IDO indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
IEI inborn errors of immunity
IFN interferon
Ig immunoglobulin
IgG4-RD’s IgG4 related autoimmune diseases
IgM immunoglobulin M
IgSF immunoglobulin superfamily
IIF indirect immunofluorescence
IIMs idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
IL interleukin
IL2RB gene for Interleukin 2 receptor subunit beta
ILC innate lymphoid cells
ILD interstitial lung disease
infDCs inflammatory dendritic cells
INS gene for insulin
IPAF interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF)
IPEX immunodysregulation, polyedocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-
linked
IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
irAEs immune-related adverse effects
IRIS immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
ISGs interferon-stimulated genes
ITIM immunoreceptors tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs
ITK interleukin-2-inducible T-lymphocyte kinase
ITP immune thrombocytopenic purpura
IUIS International Union of Immunological Societies
IVF in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)-
embryo transfer (ET)
IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin
JAK/STAT Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators for
transcription
JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis
K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis model in murine species
KD Kawasaki disease
KL-6 Krebs von den Lungen 6
LA lupus anticoagulant
LAG-3 lymphocyte activation gene-3
LAIR- 1 leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor
LCV leukocytoclastic vasculitis
LF lymphoid follicles
LIF leukemia inhibitor factor
LIP lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia
LPS lipopolysaccharide
LRBA lipopolysaccharide-responsive beige-like anchor protein
lSSc cutaneous limited SSc
LT leukotriene
LTF lactoferrin
LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction
mAbs monoclonal antibodies
MAC membrane attack complex
MALT mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
MAR mixed agglutination reaction
MBP major basic protein
MCAF monocyte chemotactic and activating factor
MCC merkel cell carcinoma
MCL mantle cell lymphoma
MCP monocyte chemoattractant protein
MDA malondialdehyde
MDSCs myeloid-derived suppressor cells
MDT multidisciplinary team
MG myasthenia gravis
MGUS monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
MHC major histocompatibility complex
MIF migration inhibition factor
miRNA microRNA
MM multiple myeloma
MMF mycophenolate mofetil
MMP mucous membrane pemphigoid
MMPs matrix metalloproteinases
MPA microscopic polyangiitis
MPN myeloproliferative neoplasms
MPO myeloperoxidase
MR mitral regurgitation
MS multiple sclerosis
mTECs medullary thymic epithelial cells
mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin
MUC5B gene encoding mucin 5B
MxA myxovirus resistance protein1
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Ant. Assist, countenance, encourage, compose, calm, appease,
pacify, tranquilize.
Disconsolate. Inconsolable, sorrowful, heart-broken, comfortless,
melancholy, desolate, forlorn, sad.
Ant. Joyous, cheerful, glad, merry, jovial, happy, blithe.
Discordance. Disagreement, discord, dissonance, conflict,
opposition.
Ant. Accordance, harmony, concord.
Discover. Find, detect, discern, ferret out, invent, expose,
ascertain, descry, disclose, betray, indicate, manifest.
Ant. Hide, conceal, cover, secrete, bury, suppress, withhold.
Discreet. Discerning, wise, sagacious, prudent, cautious, judicious,
considerate, circumspect.
Ant. Foolish, heedless, reckless, silly, imprudent, undiscerning,
unrestrained.
Discrepancy. Dissonance, discord, discordance, difference,
variation, disagreement.
Ant. Agreement, harmony, correspondence.
Discrimination. Acuteness, penetration, sagacity, discernment,
shrewdness, insight.
Ant. Dulness, shortsightedness.
Discursive. Reasoning, argumentative; roving, wandering,
rambling, desultory, inconsequent.
Ant. Orderly, coherent, continuous; condensed, succinct,
concise; strategic.
Discuss. Debate, argue, reason, agitate, deliberate upon, consider.
Ant. Confound, obscure; assert, dogmatize.
Disdain, n. Contempt, scorn, disregard, haughtiness, arrogance.
Ant. Reverence, respect, esteem, considerateness, humility.
Disease. Infirmity, ailment, distemper, complaint, illness,
sickness, malady, indisposition, unsoundness, affection.
Ant. Health, strength, robustness, soundness, sturdiness, vigor;
convalescence; sanity, salubrity.
Disgust, n. Distaste, loathing, dislike, repugnance, aversion,
abhorrence.
Ant. Partiality, desire, liking, relish, fondness.
Dismal. Dark, gloomy, cheerless, dull, dreary, melancholy,
lonesome, somber, sad, doleful, funereal; horrible, terrible,
frightful.
Ant. Cheerful, bright, inviting, cordial, gay, propitious,
promising.
Dismay. Affright, terrify, appal, alarm, intimidate, daunt.
Ant. Rally, inspirit, assure, encourage, hearten.
Dismember. Disintegrate, mutilate, separate, rend asunder, sever.
Ant. Integrate, incorporate; constitute, construct.
Dismiss. Banish, discard, discharge, remove.
Ant. Recall, welcome.
Disparage. Depreciate, decry, undervalue, underrate; defame,
reproach.
Ant. Appreciate, overestimate, extol, praise, exaggerate.
Dispel. Drive away, disperse, dissipate, banish, scatter.
Ant. Collect, summon, accumulate.
Dispensation. Apportionment, allotment, distribution;
administration; exemption; system, scheme, plan, régime.
Ant. Retention, restriction, reservation, injunction, prohibition;
enforcement.
Disperse. Dispel, scatter, separate; diffuse, spread, disseminate.
Ant. Gather, collect, concentrate; recall, summon.
Display. Expand, unfold, extend, uncover, open, spread; exhibit,
show, parade.
Ant. Conceal, hide, wrap, dissemble, suppress.
Disposition. Arrangement, location, placing, grouping;
management, control, regulation, direction; tendency, inclination,
propensity; temper, character, nature, humor; willingness;
distribution.
Ant. Confusion, inversion, disorder; mismanagement, laxity;
antipathy, repulsion; obstinacy; mood; agglomeration, collection.
Disputant. Litigant, debater, arguer, controversialist, competitor,
claimant.
Ant. Advocate, auxiliary, partner.
Dispute, v. Quarrel, wrangle; debate, argue, discuss, agitate,
ventilate; impugn, deny, contradict, oppose, contest.
Ant. Allow, concede, grant, forego, relinquish.
Disquisition. Treatise, dissertation, discourse, essay, discussion.
Ant. Effusion, tirade, diatribe, rhodomontade.
Dissect. Anatomize, scrutinize, analyze, explore, investigate,
examine, sift.
Ant. Integrate, organize, compound, grasp; comprehend,
discern, diagnose.
Dissemble. Conceal, disguise, cloak, hide, restrain, smother.
Ant. Reveal, confess, manifest, expose, vaunt, profess.
Dissent. Differ, disagree, decline.
Ant. Assent, consent, agree.
Dissertation. Disquisition, discussion, treatise.
Dissipate. Scatter, vanish, disperse, disappear, waste, squander.
Ant. Hoard, save, gather, conserve.
Dissociate. Separate, sever, disjoin, divide, part, sunder,
disconnect.
Ant. Associate, join, affiliate.
Dissolute. Abandoned, corrupt, loose, profligate, reprobate,
dissipated.
Ant. Upright, honest, conscientious, self-controlled.
Distance. Remoteness, space, interval; absence, separation;
reserve, coldness, stiffness.
Ant. Proximity, contiguity, nearness, presence, neighborhood,
contact.
Distend. Dilate, extend, spread, stretch.
Ant. Contract, narrow, constrict, condense.
Distil. Drop, extract, separate; percolate, emanate, drip.
Ant. Condense, retain; suck; hold.
Distinct. Separate, definite, different, clear, plain, unmistakable.
Ant. Blurred, dim, indefinite, confused, conjoined, obscure.
Distinguish. Discern, perceive, tell, discriminate; differentiate;
characterize, mark; separate, divide; signalize, make famous or
celebrated.
Ant. Confound, miss, confuse.
Distinguished. Illustrious, famous, celebrated, noted, eminent,
marked, conspicuous, supreme, extraordinary, consummate.
Ant. Obscure, inconspicuous, hidden; infamous, notorious.
Distortion. Deformity, twist, perversion, falsification,
misrepresentation, sophistry, corruption.
Ant. Regularity, shapeliness, symmetry; right, truth,
verification, rectification.
Distract. Divert, perplex, confuse, disconcert, bewilder, confound,
derange, craze.
Ant. Unite, fix, compose, concentrate, collect.
Distraction. Confusion, perplexity, abstraction, disturbance,
perturbation, agitation; inattention; absence, frenzy, madness;
alienation, aberration; delirium, mania, derangement, lunacy.
Ant. Attention, composure, self-possession, tranquillity.
Distress, n. Affliction, calamity, adversity, misery, perplexity,
misfortune; agony, suffering, anguish; privation, destitution,
poverty, indigence.
Ant. Consolation, relief, assuagement, alleviation; boon,
blessing, pleasure.
Distribute. Dispense, scatter, allot, apportion, grant, appoint.
Ant. Restrict, retain, collect, gather, hold, reserve, keep.
District. Region, tract, territory, province, circuit, quarter.
Disturb. Agitate, shake, stir, disorder, confuse, derange; molest,
annoy, plague, trouble, vex, worry; interrupt, hinder.
Ant. Soothe, quiet, assist, compose, pacify; arrange, order.
Diversion. Detour, deviation, divergence; recreation, amusement,
enjoyment, pastime.
Ant. Directness, business, procedure, continuity, task, labor.
Diversify. Vary, change, alter, modify; variegate, streak, spot.
Ant. Settle, fix, stereotype, arrest.
Diversity. Difference, dissimilitude, variation, unlikeness,
divergence, dissonance, heterogeneousness, multiformity.
Ant. Identity, similarity, uniformity, consonance,
homogeneousness, coincidence.
Divest. Dismantle, strip, unclothe, undress, unrobe, deprive.
Ant. Clothe, invest, shroud, indue, encumber.
Divide. Sever, part, separate, disunite, sunder; alienate, estrange;
distribute, allot, apportion, assign, share, dispense.
Ant. Unite, commingle, collocate, congregate, convene.
Divination. Magic, foretelling, augury, prophecy, presage,
prediction.
Ant. Investigation, study; information; analysis.
Divorce, v. Separate, part, sunder, alienate, disunite.
Ant. Marry, wed, betroth, consort.
Do. Accomplish, achieve, bring to pass, complete, effect, realize,
discharge, perpetuate, perform, commit, consummate, actualize;
execute, finish, fulfil; work out, transact.
Ant. Neglect, ruin, spoil, defeat, destroy, mar, miscarry, fail,
frustrate, baffle, omit, come short.
Docile. Manageable, amenable, compliant, gentle, tame,
submissive, yielding, tractable, pliable, obedient.
Ant. Obstinate, firm, inflexible, stubborn, self-willed, wilful,
determined, dogged, resolute, opinionated.
Doctrine. Tenet, dogma, opinion, belief, precept, principle,
teaching, creed.
Ant. Duty, practice, action, conduct, operation, application.
Dogmatic. Arrogant, authoritative, imperious, domineering,
positive, self-opinionated, doctrinal, magisterial, dictatorial.
Ant. Practical, active, modest, diffident, vacillating,
considerate.
Domestic. Private, family, familiar, homelike.
Ant. Public, foreign, alien, strange.
Domicile. Home, abode, house, residence, mansion, dwelling.
Ant. World, wilderness; estrangement, migration, travel, exile.
Dominance, Domination. Superiority, lordship, mastery, sway,
supremacy, command, ascendancy, government.
Ant. Servility, subjection, inferiority, weakness, minority,
subordination.
Domineer. Lord, tyrannize, dictate, bully, swagger.
Ant. Submit, yield, bow, defer, patronize, succumb; resist,
contend.
Dominion. Government, domination, supremacy, sway,
dominance, control, authority, domain, territory, sovereignty.
Ant. Submission, subjugation, servitude.
Doom, n. Condemnation, fate, sentence, judgment, destiny,
verdict.
Ant. Liberation, respite, escape, acquittal, discharge.
Dormant. Sleeping, latent, inert, quiescent.
Ant. Active, operative, vigilant, awake, alert.
Doubt, n. Distrust, skepticism, disbelief, suspicion, suspense,
hesitation, incredulity, irresolution, misgiving, unbelief, perplexity,
uncertainty.
Ant. Conviction, certainty, assurance; belief, confidence;
determination, resolution, resolve.
Downwards. Below, beneath, down.
Ant. Upwards, above, aloft.
Drag. Draw, pull, haul, bring.
Ant. Carry, push, propel, raise.
Drain. Empty, exhaust, draw, strain, dry.
Ant. Fill, supply, replenish, moisten, drench.
Draw. Haul, lead, pull, drag, lure, entice, attract, incline, induce.
Ant. Repel, repulse, rebuff, alienate, estrange, reject.
Dread, n. Fear, terror, awe, apprehension, horror, alarm.
Ant. Confidence, courage; familiarity.
Dream. Reverie, fancy, vision, delusion, conceit, hallucination,
romance, trance, vagary.
Ant. Fact, reality, realization, verity, certainty, substance.
Dreary. Dismal, gloomy, dark, lonesome, solitary, cheerless.
Ant. Cheerful, bright, promising, inviting.
Dress. Clothing, garments, apparel, garb, array, uniform, attire,
costume, raiment, habiliments, vesture, robes, habit, vestments.
Ant. Nakedness, disarray, nudity, bareness, deshabille,
exposure, undress.
Drift, n. Direction, bearing, course; aim, purpose, intention, scope,
tendency, design; rush, impulse, current; heap, mass.
Ant. Aimlessness, vagueness, aberrancy, indefiniteness.
Drink. Swallow, imbibe, quaff, drain, absorb, suck in.
Ant. Pour, exude, disgorge, water, moisten.
Drive. Impel, propel, compel, push, thrust, urge; repulse, repel,
resist; ride.
Ant. Draw, attract, invite, summon.
Droll. Whimsical, comical, ludicrous, funny, ridiculous, odd, queer,
facetious.
Ant. Sober, solemn, tragic, funereal.
Droop. Languish, sink, decline, flag, pine, wither, fade, wilt.
Ant. Prosper, revive, rally, flourish, raise, luxuriate.
Drown. Sink, immerse, swamp, overwhelm, overflow, inundate,
deluge, flood, overcome, overpower.
Ant. Dry, drain, air, ventilate, expose.
Dry. Arid, parched; thirsty, craving drink; barren, meager, dull,
dreary, tedious, plain; severe, sarcastic, sharp, keen.
Ant. Moist, fresh, juicy; lively, entertaining; fulsome, florid.
Due. Proper, fitting, suitable, appropriate, becoming; owing,
obligatory.
Ant. Improper, unsuitable, independent; unfair, extravagant,
deficient.
Dull. Heavy, stupid, unintelligent, apathetic, insensible, callous,
dead; inert, lifeless, inactive, slow, torpid; blunt, obtuse; gloomy,
sad, dismal; dim, obscure; wearisome, dreary, tedious.
Ant. Bright, light, sparkling, brilliant, quick, interesting, lively,
keen, witty, cheery, inviting, entertaining.
Dumb. Speechless, mute, silent, still, inarticulate.
Ant. Talkative, chatty, loquacious.
Duplicate. Copy, counterpart, facsimile, imitation, likeness,
replica, reproduction, double, transcript.
Ant. Original, pattern, prototype, archetype, model.
Duplicity. Deceit, deception, circumvention, guile, artifice,
hypocrisy, fraud, dishonesty.
Ant. Candor, straightforwardness, frankness, sincerity,
honesty.
Duration. Continuance, term, period, protraction, prolongation
(in time).
Ant. Brevity, momentariness; infinity, eternity.
Duty. Office, responsibility, obligation, function, business,
accountability, right, righteousness.
Ant. Immunity, freedom, license, exemption, dispensation.
Dwell. Live, reside, rest, stop, stay, abide, lodge, sojourn.
Ant. Visit, migrate, hasten, flit, roam, depart, travel.
 E

Eager. Impatient, anxious, desirous, longing, yearning, ardent,

enthusiastic, earnest, animated, fervent, impetuous, vehement.
Ant. Torpid, sluggish, slow, backward, belated, late, tardy.
Earn. Acquire, merit, win, get, gain, procure, deserve, achieve,
obtain, realize.
Ant. Waste, lose, spend, forfeit, squander.
Earnest. Eager, zealous, fervent; steady, intent, fixed; sincere,
serious, true; important, momentous.
Ant. Indifferent, irresolute, sportive, jesting, flippant.
Ease. Facility, knack, readiness, expertness, easiness, satisfaction,
contentment, comfort, repose, refreshment, relief.
Ant. Perplexity, irritation, annoyance, constraint, disquiet,
trouble, vexation, difficulty, uneasiness, awkwardness, worry.
Easy. Quiet, comfortable, tranquil, compliant, facile, complacent,
submissive; unaffected, natural, smooth; moderate, affluent.
Ant. Disturbed, uncomfortable, hard, difficult, anxious,
exacting.
Ebb. Retire, recede, abate, decrease, subside, wane, sink.
Ant. Flow, swell, increase, flood, inundate, deluge.
Eccentric. Irregular, abnormal, uncommon, peculiar, singular,
wayward, strange, aberrant, erratic, whimsical.
Ant. Normal, conventional, common, usual, regular,
customary.
Echo. Resonance, repetition, reverberation, imitation, answer.
Ant. Sound, voice, original, tone, noise, speech.
Eclipse, n. Obscuration, dimming, obscurity, hiding, shrouding,
concealment, vanishing, extinction, obliteration, annihilation,
destruction.
Ant. Illumination, enlightenment, revelation; perpetuation;
radiation; unveiling, discovery.
Economics. Science of wealth, public or political economy;
household management, household economy, housewifery.
Economize. Save, husband, retrench, manage frugally, be frugal
or prudent, practice economy, avoid waste; develop resources,
utilize.
Ant. Waste, misuse, sacrifice, be lavish, profuse, or
extravagant; squander, dissipate.
Economy. Thrift, thriftiness, frugality, providence, good
husbandry; management, arrangement, regulation,
administration; plan, system, established order, dispensation.
Ant. Prodigality, wastefulness, extravagance, lavishness.
Ecstasy. Transport, rapture, inspiration, fervor, frenzy, emotion,
delight, enthusiasm, happiness.
Ant. Coolness, dulness, ennui, weariness, tedium, indifference.
Edge. Border, margin, brink, rim, brim, verge; sharpness,
keenness, intensity, animation, zest.
Ant. Center, interior; dulness, bluntness, flatness; inertness,
inactivity.
Edible. Eatable, esculent, wholesome, culinary.
Ant. Poisonous, deleterious, harmful, dangerous, noxious,
uneatable.
Edict. Decree, command, order, proclamation, mandate,
ordinance.
Ant. Hoax, canard; request, wish.
Edifice. Building, tenement, fabric, structure.
Ant. Ruin, heap, demolition, destruction.
Edify. Build up, enlighten, improve, stimulate, strengthen, nurture.
Ant. Defile, debase, mislead, misguide, pervert, corrupt.
Edit. Revise, correct, prepare for the press, annotate, emend; bring
out; conduct, manage.
Ant. Distort, pervert, falsify, garble, mutilate.
Educate. Discipline, teach, instruct, train, nurture, breed, develop.
Ant. Dwarf, stunt, hinder; pervert, corrupt.
Education. Training, teaching, tuition, instruction, schooling,
discipline, cultivation, breeding, development, nurture,
information, knowledge, learning, reading, study.
Ant. Ignorance, illiteracy, nescience, blindness, darkness.
Educe. Draw out, extract, elicit, evolve, produce.
Ant. Adduce, cite, allege, quote, advance, name, mention;
apply, insert, deposit, bestow.
Efface. Obliterate, erase, blot out, destroy, cancel, eradicate,
expunge.
Ant. Restore, revive, delineate, imprint, portray, replace,
reinstate, renew.
Effect, n. Result, consequence, event, issue; force, efficiency,
validity, weight, power; purport, drift, tenor, meaning; fact, reality,
truth; impression, appearance, ensemble; (pl.) chattels, goods,
commodities, property, movables.
Ant. Cause, motive, source, incentive; origin.
Effect, v. Cause, produce, accomplish, change, achieve, create,
execute, perform, realize, compass, effectuate, consummate, fulfil.
Ant. Obviate, frustrate, prevent, mar, hinder; deter, deflect.
Effective. Adequate, competent, effectual, sufficient; potent,
cogent, efficacious, forcible, energetic, powerful; active, efficient,
operative; conducive; serviceable, able, talented.
Ant. Weak, futile, nugatory, inconducive, inoperative,
inadequate, impotent, incompetent, powerless.
Effectuate. Accomplish, effect, execute, achieve, secure, fulfil.
Ant. Prevent, hinder, abolish, defeat, nullify, stifle, blight.
Effeminate. Feminine, womanly, delicate; womanish, feeble,
unmanly, timorous, enervated, soft, weak, emasculated.
 Ant. Strong, manly, masculine, virile, manlike, vigorous,
hardy, robust.
Effervesce. Boil, bubble, froth, foam, ferment, sparkle; express
irrepressible emotion.
Ant. Subside; acquiesce, refrain, bear, brook, digest.
Effete. Barren, unfruitful; decayed, spent, exhausted, worn,
wasted, decrepit.
Ant. Vigorous, fertile, prolific, productive, exuberant, luxuriant,
rank.
Efficacious. Effectual, effective, active, operative, powerful,
adequate, cogent.
Ant. Insufficient, inadequate, ineffectual.
Efficacy. Power, potency, force, competency, strength,
effectiveness, vigor, energy, usefulness.
Ant. Inefficacy, incompetency.
Efficiency. Power, strength, capability, virtue, energy, usefulness,
productiveness, effectiveness; attentiveness, aptitude, skill,
ingenuity, competence, inventiveness, readiness, ingeniousness,
faculty, cleverness, genius, acuteness.
Ant. Weakness, inability, incompetence, unproductivity;
inattention, awkwardness, absence of mind, thoughtlessness,
preoccupation, distraction, laziness, stupidity.
Efficient. Operative, active, potent, efficacious, effective, effectual;
able, skilled, ready, energetic, proficient, competent.
Ant. Inactive, impotent, ineffective, abortive; dull, inert,
indolent, sluggish, senseless, stupid.
Effigy. Image, representation, figure, statue, likeness; dummy.
Ant. Caricature, misrepresentation, distortion; bust, portrait.
Efflorescence. Flowering, blooming, blossoming, budding;
outburst; bloom, luxuriance.
Ant. Deflorescence, fading, waning, blasting, withering;
nudity, bareness, denudation; absorption, desiccation.
Effluence. Emanation, flow, effusion, efflux; issue, outpouring;
emission, discharge; abundance, overflow.
 Ant. Influx, infusion, refluence, ebb; exhaustion; absorption,
retention.
Effluvium. Exhalation, emanation, malaria, miasma, stink,
noxious vapor.
Ant. Ventilation, scent, disinfectant; zephyr, aroma, balm.
Effort. Endeavor, attempt, trial, exertion, struggle, essay, strain,
striving, stretch.
Ant. Failure, frustration, futility, weakness, deficiency,
misadventure; ease, inactivity, spontaneity, facility.
Effrontery. Assurance, impudence, audacity, shamelessness,
presumption, hardihood, boldness, brass; insolence, sauciness.
Ant. Modesty, coyness, shyness, diffidence, sensitiveness,
shrinking, timidity, bashfulness.
Effulgence. Brilliancy, splendor, luster, brightness, radiance,
refulgence, glory, flame, luminosity, resplendence.
Ant. Darkness, tenebrosity, obscuration, gloom, opaqueness,
shade.
Effuse, a. Profuse, poured forth freely, lavish, prodigal, copious,
abundant, effluent.
Ant. Dry, scanty, sparing, meager, thin.
Effusion. Outpouring, effluence, discharge, emission; abundance;
speech, address, oration; waste, shedding, spilling.
Ant. Infusion, absorption; essay, reading, document,
instrument; influx; retention.
Effusive. Lavish, generous, profuse, prodigal, gushing; spread
widely, diffused.
Ant. Sparing; taciturn, laconic, curt, brief.
Egoism. Selfishness, self-assurance, self-conceit, self-
consciousness, self-confidence, self-esteem, conceit, vanity, self-
assertion, self-praise, self-admiration, self-love, self-exaltation.
Ant. Self-abnegation, deference, self-forgetfulness, diffidence,
bashfulness, humility, modesty, self-distrust, shyness,
unobtrusiveness, considerateness, unostentatiousness.
Egregious. Surpassing, extraordinary, remarkable, enormous,
monstrous, outrageous, tremendous, prodigious, peculiar; flagrant,
 gross.
Ant. Ordinary, usual, commonplace, mediocre, everyday.
Egress. Exit, way out, departure, going out, outlet; sally.
Ant. Entrance, avenue, approach, inlet; inroad, incursion,
invasion.
Either. One or the other of two; each, both.
Ant. Neither, not any one of two.
Ejaculation. Exclamation, cry, utterance; expletive.
Ant. Silence, speechlessness, dumfounderment; drawl; oration,
speech.
Eject. Cast out, emit, vomit, void, evacuate; expel, dismiss,
discharge, oust; reject, banish, throw aside, cast away.
Ant. Retain, absorb; accept, receive, house, store, admit,
accommodate, welcome; introduce, inject.
Eke out. Add to, supply, increase, stretch, raise, augment, help.
Ant. Stint, drain, withhold, diminish, exhaust.
Elaborate. Improve, refine, develop, mature, execute, forge,
prepare, concoct, work upon, labor over.
Ant. Slight, neglect, disregard, overlook; miscontrive,
mismanage; chance, hit, guess, conjecture, extemporize.
Elapse. Pass, slip, glide away, lapse; intervene.
Ant. Wait, abide, halt, hold; continue, endure; grasp, seize.
Elastic. Flexible, springy, resilient, extensile, ductile, buoyant;
alterable, modifiable; rebounding, recoiling.
Ant. Rigid, tough, inflexible; crystallized, unchangeable; dull,
inert.
Elated. Cheered, excited, exhilarated, animated, flushed,
inspirited, inflated.
Ant. Depressed, dejected, discouraged, dispirited, humiliated,
abashed, confounded.
Elder. Senior, older, more ancient, earlier born; superior;
precedent.
Ant. Younger, junior, juvenile.
Elect, a. Picked, selected, chosen, choice; appointed, delegated;
redeemed, saved; élite, accepted.
Ant. Rejected, doomed, reprobate; abandoned, depraved.
Election. Selection, preference, choice; appointment by vote;
alternative, free will, freedom, power to choose; discrimination,
discernment, distinction; predestination.
Ant. Postponement; rejection, reprobation, abandonment.
Electric. Charged with electricity, relating to electricity; inspiring,
inspiriting, stimulating; lightninglike, swift, flashing, thrilling,
stirring, exciting.
Electrify. Charge with electricity, render electric; rouse, excite,
thrill, stir, astonish, astound, amaze, appal.
Ant. “Kill” (of something charged, from which the electricity is
suddenly removed); disconnect, sever (of apparatus for carrying
electricity); stupefy, soothe, deaden, calm, mesmerize.
Elegance. Grace, beauty, propriety, symmetry; polish, politeness,
refinement, gentility, gracefulness, taste.
Ant. Deformity, awkwardness, coarseness, rudeness,
disproportion.
Elegant. Graceful, well-formed, symmetrical, lovely, handsome,
comely, refined, tasteful, ornamental, accomplished, polished.
Ant. Awkward, deformed, ill-proportioned, misshapen,
ungraceful, hideous, coarse, rude.
Elegy. Dirge, threnody, lament, jeremiad, requiem, coronach,
funeral song; serious or melancholy poem.
Ant. Pæan, jubilee, halleluiah, anthem.
Element. Constituent, component, ingredient, part, principle,
atom; (pl.) rudiments, outlines, essential parts.
Ant. Whole, mass, aggregate, total, totality, gross, sum,
amount.
Elementary. Simple, uncompounded, rudimentary, primary;
physical, material, natural; ultimate, component, constituent.
Ant. Compounded, collective, aggregate, developed, organized;
immaterial, incorporeal, impalpable.
Elevate. Raise, lift up, exalt, promote, advance, aggrandize;
improve, dignify, ennoble, refine, inspire, greaten; animate, elate,
cheer, excite, exhilarate.
Ant. Lower, degrade, debase, depress, demean, humble,
humiliate.
Elevation. Raising, elevating; promotion, aggrandizement,
exaltation; dignity, refinement, improvement; amelioration; hill,
height, altitude, superiority, eminence, loftiness, tallness.
Ant. Degradation, debasement, depression, decline, fall, depth;
deterioration, inferiority; shortness, stuntedness.
Elicit. Draw out, evoke, educe, call forth, bring out, deduce, bring
to light; express, extract, evolve, worm out, extort.
Ant. Insert, implant, introduce, inoculate, inject, infuse, instill,
incorporate, insinuate; suggest.
Eligible. Desirable, preferable, worthy of choice, qualified, capable,
suitable, prime, choice.
Ant. Worthless, ordinary, indifferent, unprofitable,
undesirable.
Elimination. Expulsion, exclusion, discharge, removal, rejection,
eradication, erasure, riddance, obliteration.
Ant. Inclusion, retention; approval; preservation,
conservation.
Elision. Omission, ejection, ellipsis, abridgment, excerption.
Ant. Insertion, inoculation, introduction, implantation;
inclusion; augmentation.
Elliptical. Contracted, abbreviated; suggestive, latent, allusive;
significant, pregnant; defective, incomplete.
Ant. Explanatory, categorical, full; expository, declaratory,
enunciative.
Elocution. Speech, power of expression, utterance, delivery,
declamatory art; eloquence, oratory.
Ant. Reading, lection.
Elongation. Protraction, extension, production, drawing out,
continuation; withdrawal, distance.
Ant. Apocope, elision, curtailment, abridgment, contraction.
Eloquence. Oratory, graceful utterance, appropriate expression,
impassioned speech.
Ant. Verbosity, wordiness, prolixity, tediousness;
grandiloquence, bombast, fustian.
Elucidate. Explain, illustrate, clear, make manifest, unfold, make
plain, expound.
Ant. Confuse, mystify, obscure, puzzle, bewilder, befog.
Elucidation. Explanation, exposition, illustration, demonstration;
comment, annotation, commentary, gloss, scholium.
Ant. Mystification, confusion; obscurity, ambiguity.
Elude. Escape, avoid, shun, slip away; baffle, foil, thwart,
disappoint, disconcert, balk, frustrate, evade, mock.
Ant. Meet, encounter, confront; dare, defy; court, invite,
challenge.
Elusive, Elusory. Evasive, delusive, equivocating, deceptive,
fraudulent, fallacious, deceitful, illusory; shuffling, shifting,
slippery, fugitive; shadowy, unsubstantial, intangible.
Ant. Persistent, staple, certain, solid; true, sure, unequivocal.
Em-, or en-. A prefix meaning in or into, sometimes
interchangeable with in-. The form em- is used before words
beginning with p, b, or m. The prefix has also a causal force. Words
beginning with this prefix, whose original meaning is simply the
meaning of the root word plus that of the prefix, are omitted here,
for their synonyms and antonyms may be readily formed from
those of the root word.
Emaciation. Leanness, lankness, thinness, tenuity, attenuation,
wasting, gauntness, skinniness, meagerness.
Ant. Obesity, fatness, corpulence.
Emanate. Flow forth continuously, issue, arise, spring, proceed,
emerge.
Ant. End, terminate, culminate, eventuate, cease; dry up.
Emancipate. Free, enfranchise, liberate, rescue, release, manumit,
unfetter, unchain, disenthrall, set free.
Ant. Subjugate, enslave, enthrall, bind; disqualify,
incapacitate.
Embalm. Preserve, cherish, enshrine, keep; scent, perfume, make
fragrant; treasure, store, consecrate.
Ant. Abandon, desecrate, expose, vulgarize, violate, profane.
Embargo. Prohibition, ban, restraint, hindrance, restriction;
detention, stoppage.
Ant. Permit, permission, release, discharge, congé, liberation,
dismissal.
Embark. Ship; engage, enlist, put in, invest; launch, enter, start.
Ant. Land, arrive, anchor, disembark, go ashore.
Embarrass. Entangle, perplex, make intricate or difficult; distress,
trouble, harass, hamper, confuse, disconcert, clog, puzzle, abash,
confound, encumber.
Ant. Extricate, relieve, disentangle, liberate, deliver; expedite,
facilitate, accelerate, assist; calm, compose, tranquilize.
Embellish. Adorn, decorate, ornament, deck, beautify.
Ant. Detract, diminish, derogate from, strip, destroy, denude.
Embezzle. Appropriate, steal, purloin, peculate; falsify, forge,
counterfeit.
Ant. Square, clear, balance; restore, refund, retrieve.
Embitter. Make bitter, aggravate, exacerbate, exasperate, enrage,
anger, madden; molest, provoke, excite.
Ant. Alleviate, soothe; compose, quiet, pacify; sweeten; delight,
please, comfort.
Emblem. Figure, image, sign, symbol, token, type, attribute;
device, cognizance, representation; badge, mark, signal.
Ant. Disguise, decoy, incognito, ruse, blind, domino, mask.
Embody. Incorporate, make corporeal, concentrate, compact,
integrate, combine, collect; systematize, codify; comprehend,
include, embrace, comprise, contain.
Ant. Analyze, dismember, disband, disintegrate, dissipate.
Embolden. Encourage, animate, reassure, inspirit, incite, urge,
stimulate.
Ant. Intimidate, frighten, alarm, deter, overwhelm, discourage.
Embosomed. Concealed, enveloped, surrounded, encircled,
enfolded.
Ant. Exposed, open, unconcealed, revealed.
Embrace. Clasp, hug, press; seize, welcome, accept; comprehend,
include, cover, contain, embody, take in.
Ant. Cast off, reject; exclude, except.
Embroider. Embellish, enrich, emboss, adorn with needlework.
Ant. Darn, botch, patch, repair.
Embroil. Implicate, entangle, ensnarl, involve; disturb, perplex,
confuse, distract, trouble.
Ant. Extricate, separate, remove; compose, pacify, arrange,
calm.
Embryo. Germ, rudiment, nucleus, origin.
Ant. Development, completion, maturity, fulfilment.
Emendation. Amendment, correction, rectification, reformation,
improvement.
Ant. Error, defect, fault, incorrectness, inaccuracy.
Emerge. Rise, issue, emanate, escape; appear, become visible.
Ant. Disappear, sink; retreat, abscond, recede; enter; depart.
Emergency. Exigency, urgency, necessity, crisis, difficulty,
extremity, strait; juncture, turn of events; unforeseen occasion;
embarrassment, difficulty, casualty.
Ant. Rescue, deliverance, solution, provision, arrangement,
anticipation, foresight, climax.
Emigration. Removal, exodus, migration from, colonization;
departure.
Ant. Immigration, migration to or into; settlement, sojourn,
abode, stay; domiciliation, domestication.
Eminence. Prominence, projection, elevation, protuberance, hill,
high point; distinction, celebrity, reputation, renown, repute, fame,
preferment; note, conspicuousness; superiority.
Ant. Debasement, degradation, lowliness, decline; infamy,
disgrace, shame, obloquy, opprobrium, scandal.
Eminent. High, lofty, elevated; celebrated, distinguished,
prominent, illustrious, remarkable, renowned, conspicuous,
famous, reputed.
Ant. Mediocre, worthless; infamous, notorious; egregious,
outrageous.
Emission. Ejection, expulsion, issue; issuance, putting into
circulation.
Ant. Injection, admission, entrance.
Emit. Eject, expel, throw out; issue, decree, discharge; put into
circulation.
Ant. Inject; retain, withhold.
Emollient. Softening, laxative, balsamic, soothing, palliative.
Ant. Irritant, astringent, irritating, galling.
Emolument. Gain, pay, profit, remuneration, wages, salary,
income, hire, stipend, lucre, compensation; advantage, benefit;
gratuity, perquisite.
Ant. Loss, damage, waste; disadvantage.
Emotion. Feeling, passion, excitement, agitation, sensibility,
perturbation, tremor, trepidation.
Ant. Indifference, insensibility, impassiveness, stoicism,
imperturbability.
Emphasis. Stress, force, ictus; weight, significance,
impressiveness.
Ant. Elision, monotony, uniformity.
Emphatic. Significant, expressive, strong, forcible, positive,
energetic, decided, distinct, unequivocal, earnest, important,
special.
Ant. Mild, ordinary, usual, unimportant, commonplace,
unnoticeable, cool, unimpassioned, undemonstrative.
Empire. Dominion, supremacy, sovereignty, authority,
government, command, control, sway, rule, kingdom.
Ant. Independence, insurrection, anarchy, mutiny, sedition,
uprising.
Empiric, Empirical. Tentative, experimental, provisional,
hypothetic, experiential; quackish.