STUDENT NAME : MUVURO DANMORE

STUDENT NUMBER : NO232587Q

MODULE : ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

COURSE CODE : TEE2292

PROGRAM : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (ECE)

TOPIC : EXPLORING WIRELESS ELECTRICITY

INTRODUCTION
The dream of a day when electric cables, adapters and outlets are no longer
necessary has driven the research of wireless energy transfer. Wireless
electricity transmission works by using electromagnetic fields to transfer
electrical energy without wires as a physical link. This technology lead to the
elimination of wires and batteries, thereby increasing the mobility, convenience,
and safety of an electronic device for all users. It is useful to power electrical
devices where interconnecting wire are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not
possible. Wireless energy transfer is a generic term for a number of different
technologies for transmitting energy by means of electromagnetic fields. The
technologies are as following magnetic fields, radio waves, microwaves,
infrared and or visible light waves.

HISTORY ABOUT WIRELESS ELECTRICITY.

It all started with Nikola Tesla, he develop his “TESLA COIL” transformer
circuit in the 1890s, which generated alternating current electricity. In 1899
Tesla constructed a robust oscillator inside of a barn like building with a
wooden tower and a 40 meter metal pole topped with a copper sphere. The
device was able to light bulb which is more than 3 kilometre away .Tesla is the
one who developed theory and technology behind wireless power transmission
though his coil destroyed the dynamo of the Colorado Springs electricity
company putting the entire neighbourhood in the dark. Tesla dream was to place
huge towers around the world that could transmit power wireless to any place.

HOW DOES WIRELESS ELECTRICITY TRANSFER WORK

There are a few different methods for wireless energy transfer, but one the most
common approaches is inductive coupling. Here’s a simplified explanation of
how it works:

 Transmitter Coil: In a wireless charging system, you have a charging

pad or base station. This pad contains pad a coil of wire. When electricity
flows through this coil it generates an electromagnetic field around it.
 Receiver Coil: In the device you want to charge, such as a smartphone,
there’s another coil of wire .This is called receiver coil, it’s designed to
pick the energy from the electromagnetic field created by the transmitter
coil.
 Alignment: For wireless charging to work efficiently, the transmitter coil
and receiver coil need to be close to each other and aligned properly.
 Energy transfer: When the coils are close and aligned, the
electromagnetic field created by the transmitter coil induces a flow of
electrical current in the receiver coil. This current can charge the device’s
battery or power it directly
 Charging: As the electrical current flows into the device’s battery, it
charges it as if you were plugging in a charger with a cable.

METHODS OF WIRELESS ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION

NEAR FIELD TRANSFER

Near field transfer is based on the coupling of two coils within the
distance of the coils dimensions. The transformer is transferring energy
wirelessly through magnetic field coupling, although it was inverted more
than 100 years ago.

i. INDUCTIVE COUPLING
A current flow in the conductor coil is present in the transmitter
module because an AC voltage source is connected to the end
terminals of the coil. And because of this current flow, a magnetic
field should be generated around the conductors of the coil which
is tightly wound around a ferrite core. Because of the presence of
a medium, all the magnetic flux of the coil gets concentrated on
the ferrite core. This flux moves along the axis of the ferrite core
and gets ejected into the free space outside the transmission
module. Then if we bring the receiver module near the
transmitter, then the magnetic flux emitted by the transmitter will
cut the coil present in the receiver module. Flux generated by the
transmitter module is varying flux, then an EMF must be induced
into the conductor brought in its range according to the Faradays
law of electromagnetic induction. Based on this theory an EMF
must also be inducted into the receiver coil which is experiencing
the magnetic flux generated by the transmitter. The generated
voltage will be rectified, filtered, and regulated to get a proper DC
voltage which is very much needed for the system controller.
 ii. MAGNETIC RESONANT INDUCTION
The working of this model is also very similar to the previous
case except here the circuits present in transmitter and receiver
are tuned to operate at the resonant frequency. The capacitors are
specially connected in series with both the coils to achieve this
resonant effect. As we all know that a capacitor in series with an
inductor will form a series L-C circuit. Once the source frequency
is adjusted then the transmitter circuit along with the receiver
circuit will operate at the resonant frequency. After this an EMF
must be induced in the receiver circuit according to the Faradays
law of induction as we discussed in the previous case. And this
induced EMF will be recertified, filtered and regulated to get a
proper DC voltage.

iii. ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION

An alternating voltage generated by the transmitter is applied to
the transmitting plate, and the oscillating electric field induces an
alternating potential on the receiver plate by electrostatic
induction, which causes an alternating current to flow in the load
circuit.

FAR FIELD TRANSFER

To transfer energy wirelessly over long ranges, far field transfer is used. Far
field transfer is based on electromagnetic wave which is radiative. Different
methods use electromagnetic waves within different wave band. Early times,
experiments were carried out with radio and microwaves, around 1GHz

i. MICROWAVE POWER
As the name itself gives it away in this method it will use the
microwave spectrum of EMR to deliver power to the load. Firstly, the
transmitter will draw power from an outlet or any other stable power
source and then regulate this AC power to the required level. After
that, the transmitted power will generate microwaves by consuming
 this regulated power supply. The microwaves travel through air
without any interruption to reach the receiver or load. The receiver
will be equipped with appropriate devices to receive this microwave
radiation and converting it into electrical energy. This converted
electric power is directly proportional to the amount of microwave
radiation reached to the receiver and hence wireless power transfer
using microwave radiation is achieved.

ii. LASER/LIGHT POWER

The energy transferred by the sun to the earth is in the form of
electromagnetic radiation and is specifically in the visible spectrum
and the transfer of energy here done wirelessly. Hence the concept of
the solar power generation is itself a mega wireless power
transmission system. Therefore, if we replace the sun with a smaller
EMR generator then we can focus the radiation generated on to a load
which is hundred metres away from the light source. Once this
focused light reaches the solar panel of the receiver module, it
converts the light energy into electric power which is the original goal
of wireless power transmission setup.

APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION.

i. Mobility – user device might be moved easily in the wireless range
ii. Neat and easy installation – since no cable running occasionally, just start
up the wireless device and you’re ready to rumble
iii. Generating power by placing satellites with giant solar arrays in
Geosynchronous Earth orbit and transmitting the power as microwaves
on the earth called solar power satellites (SPS) will be the largest
application of WPT.
iv. Moving targets for example fuel free airplanes, fuel free electric vehicles,
moving robots and fuel free rockets. Another applying WPT are wireless
power source, wireless sensors and RF power adaptive rectifying circuits
(PARC).
ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS ELECTRICITY
 It provides a convenient, safe and effective way to transfer power without
any medium.
 Environmental friendly – does not harm or injure a human or any living
being.
 No need of usual worry about the wear tear of the power jack.
 Fumbling over power cable orientation is over with the use of wireless
chargers.
 The wireless charger is very useful for charging home based devices like
a smartphone, laptops, iPod and earphone.
DISADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS ELECTRICITY
 Less efficiency and more power loss.
 Costs more than the cable charger.
 Repairing on the fault is difficult.
 Not suitable for high power delivery.
 Energy loss increase with load.

SUMMARY
The inductive Wireless electricity transmission technique is the most suitable
technique for an IMD. It is analysed by the different researchers in due course
of time, which is why it is widely used for diagnosis of health as well as
treatment applications. Because of the lower MHz range of the operation
frequency, the tissue safety factor of inductive WPT is higher compared to other
WPT techniques. So in summary, wireless electricity can be installed much
faster and with relative ease, because it requires far less equipment to set up.
Plus, you don’t need to spend time installing countless cables and connecting
each device to your voltage source separately. The pros and cons will vary
depending on the specific voltage needs and uses cases.
References
[1] Tesla, N, The transmission of electric energy without wires, Electrical
World, March 5, 1904.
[2] P. Vessen, wireless power transmission.
[3] B. Thomas W., Wireless Transmission of power now possible.
[4] U.S.Patent 787,412, Art of transmitting electrical energy through the natural
mediums.
[5] A. Bomber, wireless power transmission: An obscure History, Possibly a
Bright Future.
[6] Wireless energy transfer, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc
QUESTION 3
 CAN WIRELESS ELECTRICITY BE USED IN ZIMBABWE AND
AT NUST CAMPUS
SOLUTION
IN ZIMBABWE
Wireless electricity can be used in Zimbabwe because is useful to power
electrical devices where interconnecting wire are inconvenient, hazardous, or
are not possible. And they is no need of usual worry about the tear of the power
jack. It is environmental friendly it does not harm or injure any human being or
any living being. The power failure because of short and fault on cables could
not exist from the transmission and power theft will be not possible in any
respect.
However, wireless electricity is less efficient and more power loss. The
repairing of the fault is difficult which cause delays for the repair due to poor
economic in Zimbabwe. Wireless electricity is more expensive than wire
electricity.

AT NUST CAMPUS
Wireless electricity cannot be used at NUST Campus because it is not suitable
for high power voltage delivery. They is possibility of interference of
microwaves with the present wireless communication system. The effect of
microwaves radiations at high doses received is not suitable to human health.
Wireless charging, in most cases, is slower than wired charging. This can be
drawback when you need a quick charge for your device. Wireless charging can
generate heat, both in the charging pad and the devices being charged, this
excessive heat can affect the lifespan and performance of batteries. In some
applications, like wireless charging Kiosks in public places, there may be
concerns about security and privacy, as there’s a potential for data interception
or malware injection through the charging process.
However, it replace need of physical cords and cables, making it more
convenient. Wireless charging enhances the overall user experience, making it
easier for people to keep their devices charged and ready for use. They are also
environmental friendly for students from harmful high voltage sources.