Gas Systems

𝑚[(𝑢3−𝑢4)−(𝑢2−𝑢1)] Mean Effective Pressure

𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 𝑉1−𝑉
2
𝑊
𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 1
𝑣1(1− 𝑟 )

𝑢4−𝑢1 Air-Standard Thermal Efficiency Otto Cycle

η=1− 𝑢3−𝑢2

η=1−
1 Cold Air-Standard TE Otto
𝑘−1
𝑟

𝑉 υ𝑟1 Isentropic compression (1) or expansion (2)

(1) υ
𝑟2
= υ𝑟1( 𝑉2 ) = 𝑟
1
𝑉4 Values for vr can be found in A-22
(2) υ = υ𝑟3( 𝑉 ) = 𝑟υ𝑟3 r = compression ratio
𝑟4 3

𝑣𝑟2 1 Isentropic (Otto) Process

𝑣𝑟1
= 𝑟 To solve for vr2.
𝑣𝑟3 1
𝑣𝑟41
= 𝑟 Can also use to find vr4.

𝑊 𝑄23 Net Work

𝑚
= 𝑚
− (𝑢4 − 𝑢1)

𝑊
η= 𝑄23 Thermal Efficiency

𝑄23 = 𝑊23 + 𝑚(𝑢3 − 𝑢2) Heat Addition from 2-3

𝑇2 𝑣 𝑘−1 𝑘−1
𝑇1
= ( 𝑣1 ) =𝑟 Isentropic Process
2
𝑇4 𝑣 Compression Ratio
𝑘−1 1
𝑇3
= ( 𝑣3 ) = 𝑘−1
4 𝑟

𝑢4−𝑢1 Thermal Efficiency in Diesel Cycle

η=1− ℎ3−ℎ2

1
𝑘
𝑟 𝑐−1 Cold-Air Standard Thermal Efficiency Diesel
η=1− 𝑘−1 [ 𝑘(𝑟 −1) ] Cycle
𝑟 𝑐
 𝑇2 𝑉1 Pressure at State 2 Isentropic
𝑝2 = 𝑝1 𝑇1
× 𝑉2

𝑉3 Cut-Off Ratio
𝑟𝑐 = 𝑉2

η=1 −
(𝑢5−𝑢1) Air Standard Dual Cycle TE
(𝑢3−𝑢2)−(ℎ4−ℎ3)

η=
(ℎ3−ℎ4)−(ℎ2−ℎ1) Air Standard Brayton Cycle TE
ℎ3−ℎ2

ℎ2−ℎ1
Back to Work Ratio for Brayton
𝑏𝑤𝑟 = ℎ3−ℎ4

(𝑇4−𝑇1)
η=1 − (𝑇3−𝑇2)
Cold-Air Brayton TE
1
η=1− (𝑘−1)/𝑘
(𝑝2/𝑝1)

𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑔 =
ℎ𝑥−ℎ2 Regenerator effectiveness for the regenerative
ℎ4−ℎ2
gas turbine cycle (Brayton)