Control Volume

ṁ = ρ𝐴𝑉 Mass Flow Rate

ṁ= υ
𝐴𝑉 (in terms of specific volume)
V = velocity
𝐴𝑉𝑃
ṁ = (𝑅/𝑀)𝑇 Ideal gas equation

𝐴2𝑉2
ṁ2 = υ2 Mass Flow Rate At Inlet 2
ṁ2 = ṁ3 − ṁ1

(𝐴𝑉)3 Mass Flow Rate at Exit

ṁ3 = υ3
Can also sum m’s together to get final amount
(−𝑊𝑐𝑣) Mass Flow Rate with Ideal Gas
ṁ= 𝑐𝑝(𝑇2−𝑇1)

𝑄= ṁ × υ Volume Flow Rate

ṁ
𝑄= ρ

𝑚2υ2 Velocity at Inlet 2

𝑉2 = 𝐴2

ṁυ2 Exit Area

𝐴2 = 𝑉2 Find specific volume from
superheated tables using p/T &
h.
𝑚1−𝑚2 Time Rate of Change
𝑡= ṁ
ρ𝑉
𝑡= ṁ

1 (−𝑊 )𝑐𝑣
𝑅𝑇1 Inlet Area with Ideal Gas
𝐴1 = 𝑉1
[ 𝑐 (𝑇 −𝑇 )
]( 𝑝1
) Equation
𝑝 2 1

Mass Rate Balance

∑ 𝑚𝑖 − ∑ 𝑚𝑒
𝑖 𝑒

∑ 𝑚𝑖 = ∑ 𝑚𝑒 At steady state
𝑖 𝑒
 𝑊 = 𝑊𝑐𝑣 + (𝑝𝑒𝐴𝑒 )𝑉𝑒 − (𝑝𝑖𝐴𝑖)𝑉𝑖 Work
e=terms evaluated at exit e
𝑊 = 𝑊𝑐𝑣 + 𝑚𝑒(𝑝𝑒υ𝑒 ) − 𝑚𝑖(𝑝𝑖υ𝑖 ) i= terms evaluated at inlet and
exit

𝑉1 −𝑉2
2 2
Energy rate balance for one-inlet,
0 = 𝑄𝑐𝑣 − 𝑊𝑐𝑣 + 𝑚[(ℎ1 − ℎ2) + 2
+ 𝑔(𝑧1 − 𝑧2)] one-exit control volumes at
steady state

2 2
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑒
0 = 𝑄𝑐𝑣 − 𝑊𝑐𝑣 + 𝑚𝑖(ℎ𝑖 + 2
+ 𝑔𝑧𝑖) − 𝑚𝑒(ℎ𝑒 + 2
+ 𝑔𝑧𝑒) Energy Rate Balance at
Steady State
2 2
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑒
𝑄𝑐𝑣 + 𝑚𝑖(ℎ𝑖 + 2
+ 𝑔𝑧𝑖) = 𝑊𝑐𝑣 + 𝑚𝑒(ℎ𝑒 + 2
+ 𝑔𝑧𝑒)

𝑉1 −𝑉2
2 2
Nozzle & Diffuser
0 = [(ℎ1 − ℎ2) + 2
]

2
𝑉1 −𝑉2
2
Heat Transfer in Turbine
𝑄𝑐𝑣 = 𝑊𝑐𝑣 + 𝑚[ℎ1 − ℎ2) + 2
]
2 2
𝑉1 −𝑉2
𝑊𝑐𝑣 = 𝑄𝑐𝑣 + 𝑚[ℎ1 − ℎ2) + 2
] Power in Turbine
2
𝑉1 −𝑉2
2
Power in Compressor/Pump
𝑊𝑐𝑣 = 𝑄𝑐𝑣 + 𝑚[(ℎ1 − ℎ2) + 2
] 𝑊𝑐𝑣 is negative

2 2
𝑉1 −𝑉2
0 = (ℎ1 − ℎ2) + 2 Throttling Process
ℎ1 = ℎ2 (𝑝2 < 𝑝1)

𝑉𝑐𝑣(𝑡)
𝑚𝑐𝑣(𝑡) = υ(𝑡) Control Volume comprised of different phases
𝑈𝑐𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑚𝑐𝑣(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡) at time t

𝑄𝑐𝑣 = ∆𝑈𝑐𝑣 − ℎ𝑒∆𝑚𝑐𝑣

𝑄𝑐𝑣 = (𝑚2𝑢2 − 𝑚1𝑢1) − ℎ𝑒(𝑚2 − 𝑚1) Heat Transfer

𝑊𝑐𝑣 = ℎ𝑖∆𝑚𝑐𝑣 − ∆𝑈𝑐𝑣 Work