TECHNICAL PAPER
Compactability of crushed stone
basecourse material
By C J VAN DER MERWE (Member), C J SEMMELINK (Member) and C P MARAIS (Fellow)
Synopsis
The use of graded crushed stone as basecourse material is an economical
and reliable alternative to using bituminous materials. provided that the
crushed stone has adequate density. Density specifications of crushed stone
in terms of apparent density can sometimes lead to unrealistic requirements
being set that the contractor c.a nnot meet, because no indication of
compactabilitv is obtained with this test. This paper deals with a laboratory
investigation Into the factors that affect the compaction 0' crushed stone.
The influence of grading and the shape and texture of the aggregates on
compaclabllity was evaluated, and a method is given whereby the compact-
ability of crushed stone can be predicted. The influence of moisture content
was also investigated and it was found that the optimum mOisture content is
often at or near the saturation point.
Same vatting
Indien gebreekte kllp tot 'n genoegsame hoe dlgtheid verdlg word, is dit 'n
ekonomlese en betroubare materiaal om as alternatief vir bitumineuse
materiale In padkroonlae gebruik Ie word. Deur die digtheldspeslflkasies vir
gebreekte kllp op skynbare digtheid te baseer, kan onrealistiese vereisles
soms gestet word waaraan die kontrakteur nie kan voldoen nie, aangesien
daar geen aandulding van die kompakteerbaarheld van die maleriaal verkry
word met hlerdie toets nie. Hlerdie verhandeling handel oar 'n laboratorium-
ondersoek waarin die faktore ondersoek is wat 'n rol speel in die verdigting
Reproduced by Sabinet gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2011).
van gebreekte kllp. Die invloed van graderlng en van die vorm en tekstuur van
die aggregaat by verdigting is ondersoek en In metode word gegee waarvol-
gens die kompakteerbaarheid van gebreekte klip voorspel kan word. Die
uitwerking van voglnhoud is oak ondersoek en daar Is gevind dal die hoogste
digtheid verkry word wanneer die maleriaal versadig of naby versadiglngs--
punt Is.
.-
C J van der Merwe obtained a BSc Eng (Giv) degree at the University of
Pretoria in 1977, after which he joined the then National Institute for
Transport and Road Research (NITRR) of the CSIR. His two years '
national service were spent in the SA Air Force on construction and
rehabilitation of airfield pavements. At the Division of Roads and Trans-
port Technology (previously NITRR) he has worked on various projects
related to skid resistance, riding quality, compaction, rehabilitation,
construction techniques and subsurface drainage. He has also obtained
a BEng (Hons) (Civ) degree and an MEng (Civ) degree from the Univer-
sity of Pretoria. ' asphalt technology. Prior to his secondment to Abecol (Pty) Ltd, where
C J Semmelink matriculated at the Afrikaanse Hoor Seunskool in Pre-
toria in 1960 and completed the BSc Eng (Agric) degree at the University
This paper was submitted to independent referees for scrutiny prior to acceptance for publication.
DIE SIVIELE INGENIEUR in Suid·Afrika- November 1988
Introduction
Since the 1950s graded crushed stone has been widely used as a road
base material in South Africa . Experience and research have shown that
crushed-stone bases provide an economical and reliable alternative to
thick bituminous layers.
The term 'crushed stone' has been generally accepted in favour of the
earlier term 'crusher-run '. The density of crusher-run was specified in
terms of a laboratory compaction such as Mod. AASHTO o~ Proctor
density. The density of high-quality crushed stone is at present specified
in terms of apparent density (AD), wh ich is the mass per unit volume of
the particles without correction for internal voids. This method of specifi-
cation has the advantage of indicating absolute density or void content
and it overcomes the difficulties of compacting a non-plastic or semi-
plastic granular material with a Mod . AASHTO type of compaction in the
laboratory .
The Technical Recommendations for Highways (TRH) documents 1. 2
distinguish between three types of crushed-stone bases, namely G1 , G2
and G3. The densities of G2 and G3 bases are specified in terms of Mod.
AASHTO density and the density specification for the highest quality
base , Gl , is 86 per cent to 88 per cent of AD. The investigation reported
here was restricted to Gl materials.
In South Africa the performance of G 1 crushed-stone bases has been
investigated by means of heavy vehicle simulator (HVS) testing J.~ .5. &. The
HVS tests indicated that these layers, if adequately supported, can carry
at least 50 million equivalent 80 kN axles (E80s) without serious defor-
mation. These tests as well as laboratory investigations 7. 8 have also
shown that d~nsity is one of the most important factors contributing to the
of Pretoria in 1964. He continued with his studies on a part-time basis
and completed the esc Eng (Hons) (Giv) degree in 1967, the Msc Eng
(Civ) degree in 1975and the MBA degree in 1979, all at the University of
Pretoria. His practical experience has mainly been in the field of roads
with two consulting firms and the DMsion of National Roads (Depart-
ment of Transport). In 1969 he joined the staff of the Department of Civil
Engineering of the University of Pretoria. In 1974 he joined the then
NITRR, where he was involved in research on statistical approaches for
quality contrOl, the alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete, the viability of
labour-intensive construction techniques, seal designs and compaction.
C P Marais was educated in Durban. He graduated in civil engineering
atthe University of Natal in 1952 and was awarded a PhD (Eng) in 1981
by the same university. His career started with nine years of municipal
engineering in East London and Vereeniging, after which he joined the
then NITRR. He has had extensive experience in materials research,
published over 30 papers locally and overseas and has received four
SAlCE awards for technical papers presented. He is also on the Secre-
tariatlo the Civil Engineering Advisory Council (CEAC). He was awarded
the 1986 CAPSA award for outstanding achievements in the field of
he is Technical Manager of their R&D department, he was Assistant
Head of the Roads Branch and Head ot the Maintenance and Construc-
tion Group of the NITRR.
515
 350

IDENTIFICATION
MIX A - •
300 MIX 8-a
AASHTO - . MIX C - 0 T-99
ROAD TEST GRADING - • T-180
'"
III
u 250

.'"
0
....
200
C)
z
.'"
OJ

.z
III lao
•
0'"
..
"- 100
:::i
u
G,
ao

0
65 70 75 ao a5 B6 88 90
DENSITY AS PERCENTAGE OF APPARENT DENSITY Fig 1 ; Influence 01 density on CBRB

strength and performance of crushed-stone bases. The increase in shear less materials'o. These materials have the ability to disperse excess
strength of crushed stone, in terms of California bearing ratio (CSR), with water as the density increases and the void space decreases. Before the
increasing density is shown in Fig 1. excess water is expelled it acts as a lubricant between the particles, thus
Density -specification '.in terms of both apparent density and Mod.
AASHTO has certain disadvantages. A specification in terms of AD gives
2600
no indication of the cornpactability of the aggregate since it is not based SATURATION LINE
(0% AIR VOIOS)
on laboratory compaction. This can in some instances lead to unrealisti-
Reproduced by Sabinet gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2011).

cally high density requirements that the contractor cannot meet. Mod.
AASHTO compaction, on the other hand, can result in very low and/or
variable densities because crushed stone (non-plastic) is usually not
adequately compacted by this type of compaction. Low control densities
will inevitably lead to low field densities, resulting in low shear strength
and poor performance.
For these reasons it is difficult to predict the field energy requirement or 2500
compactability of crushed ·stone material offhand. In this study some
factors affecting the compactability of crushed stone were investigated.
These include the moisture content, the grading and the geometric
characteristics of the aggregate (ie shape and texture).
Four types of aggregate, namely Pretoria quartzite, Newcastle do-
lerite, Marikana norite and Halfway House granite, were investigated.
Various gradings were made up and 5 kg samples were compacted in the
laboratory on a vibrating table compactor.

The effect of the moisture content

Fig 2 shows a typical moisture content- dry density curve obtained. In
addition to the normal convex curve with an optimum moisture content
(OMC). the curve also has a concave portion with a 'pessimum' moisture
content (PMC). This phenomenon is fairly common in granular, cohe-
sionfess materials and can be attributed to negative pore water pres-
sures9 • The forming of pore water menisci between soil particles at their
contact points causes an increase in effective stress owing to the surface
tension of the pore fluid. The 'pessimum' moisture content occurs when
all the menisci are fully developed. Beyond this point, flattening of the
menisci reduces the pressure differential across the surface, whereupon
lubrication and double water layers contribute to higher densities. This is
the beginning of the normal convex portion of the curve.
The OMC on this particular curve was obtained near the saturation
(zero air voids) line. With some samples it was obtained at the saturation
line. The moisture content in Fig 2 is the percentage added (by mass)
before compaction. The moisture content obtained by oven-drying after 2200 " - - - - - - - - " - - - - - - - - " - - - - - - - - " - - - - - - - - " - - - - - - - - "
o 2 4 6 8 10
compaction was usually well below the saturation level, indicating that a PERCENTAGE MOISTURE ADDEO BEFORE COMPACTION
certain amount of water was lost during compaction.
An OMC value at or near saturation is a property unique to cohesion- Fig 2: Typical moisture density curve

516 DIE SIVIELE INGENIEUR in Suid-Afrika- November 1988

 contributing to higher densities.
Field compaction of G1 material is often carried out at or near sat-
uration. Although this can lead to the segregation of fine particles and
special care is needed, the laboratory investigation described above
indicated the value of compacting at these higher moisture contents.
The effect of the grading
The Talbot formula 11 for quantifying particle size distribution is:
p ~ (dID)n
where P = percentage passing a sieve with opening d, 0 = maximum
stone size and n = a constant
Gradings conforming to this formula are continuously graded and
normally result in high densities. The grading specification envelope for a
G1 material, according to TRH142, is shown in Fig 3. This envelope
consists of two Talbot curves with n = 0,33 and n = 0,50.
Fig 4 shows a typical curve of Talbot values against maximum appa-
rent density obtained in this investigation. An optimum value of n that
resulted in maximum dry density was obtained. This value varied from
0,30 for dolerite to 0,40 for norite. The lowest density obtained for any
Talbot grading was 83,3 per cent of apparent density (%AD), indicating
that all Talbot gradings have a fairly high degree of compactability.
Unfortunately very few gradings, if any, are true Talbot gradings. A
grading may meet the specification and yet be irregular or gap-graded, as
illustrated in Fig 3. Such a material will be difficult to compact. In this
investigation a total of62 different gradings were compacted, 30 of which
met the grading specification shown in Fig 3 and 32 falling outside the
grading envelope. Approximately two-thirds of the gradings that met the
grading specification resulted in densities above the average density
obtained for all gradirigs. Of those that did not meet the grading specifica-
tion, about two-thirds resulted in below-average densities. This indicates
that gradings falling within the specification envelope generally gave
higher densities, but did not guarantee high densities.
In an attempt to obtain a parameter that will'predict compactability,
various methods were used to quantify particle size distribution. A rea-
sonable correlation was obtained between maximum density and unifor-
mity coefficient (U), where
u ~ d60ld1O
where d60 and d1 0 are the particle sizes at 60 per cent and 10 per cent of
the cumulative particle size distribution.
The uniformity coefficient gives an indication of the particle size distri-
bution. Higher values for U indicate a distribution over a wider range of
particle sizes.

100

90

80

70

"0;z
..
V>
"-
60

"'"..
I-
50
Reproduced by Sabinet gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2011).

Z
'"u 40
'""-'"
DIFFICULT
30 TO COMPACT

20

10

i
Fig 3: Grading envelope for Gl 0,075 0,150 0,250 0,425 0,850 2,00 4,75 6,7 9,5 13,2 19,0 26,5 37,5
~ material (Talbot curves) ~ ) . SIEVE SIZE (mm)

87

..:.' G, x
a6
"•. as
~" .
~

>-
l- "X
V>
Z

"!z'" x

:.'"'""-
.
"
"x.."
" 80L-____________L -__________________ ~ __________________ ~

Fig 4: Maximum apparent densities 0,25 0,33 0,50

of Talbot gradlngs (dolerHe) TALBOT n VALUE

DIE SIVIELE INGENIEUR In Suld·Afrlka-November 1988 517

 AD= 70,88(U)O.03~
97 ,2=0,504

c;
,>!"
~
>-

"''0>-"
Z

Z
"''" •
.."
«
~
,."
X 75
o GRAOINGS WITH FINES >12,0%
"
~
(NOT INCLUDED IN REGRESSION LINE)
x OTHER GRAOINGS

72L-----~ ______________________________L______________________
Fig 5: Maximum apparent density
10 100 against uniformity coefficient
UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT (u) (dolerite)

97

86~-----.----------------------~~--------~'--------------
Reproduced by Sabinet gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2011).

95

x
x
x

~
x
>-
'" 80
z x
~ x

75
8 TALBOT GRADINGS

)I. OTHER GRAOINGS

72L___ ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ ____-L____-L____-L____-L____-L____-L____ ~

2 • 6 9 10 12 I. 16 19 20 22 Fig T: Influence of percentage fines

PERCENTAGE PASSING 0,075 mm SIEVE on density (dolerite)

518 DIE SIVIELE INGENIEUR in Suid-Afrika - November 1988

 Fig 5 shows a typical relation obtained in this investigation between 150 ,---,----r-,-,---,---,--.,-,--,----,--,IOO _
~
maximum density and uniformity coefficient for one particular aggregate.
The one grading with a high U value that gave a low density had more
'"
STANDARD AASIHO
I~ - BLOW COMPACTION
MAXIM"", DENStTY
STANDARD AASHTO
15- BLOw COMPACTtON
~
U
146 5 - BLOW COMPACTION 5 - BLOW COMPACTION eo
than 12 per cent fines « 0,075 mm), which is the maximum allowable !?
according to the grading envelope (Fig 3). The other two gradings with
~
, ~
~
high percentage fines were Talbot gradings, and these gave high den- 142 60 ~
z
sities. ~
~
~
~
The influence of the percentage fines on density has been investi- ~
z "e ", 40w

------ .. -_............
~
gated12 and is illustrated in Fig 6. These results show an optimum amount w
.',
-. ----: --
a ~
of fines (between eight per cent and 10 pe~ cent) where maximum density ~ Z
..... '" ,
--
~ 134 20 ~
is obtained. Also shown in Fig 6 is the optimum percentage fines for a
~
maximum shear strength (in terms of CSR), which is approximately two ~

per cent lower than for maximum density. In attempting to adjust a "0 ~~---'---"----':---':---':--L--'::_--'-:---"'''"--' 0 ~
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 u
grading in order to obtain higher density. care should be taken not to
PERCENTAGE PASSING 0,075 mm
decrease the shear strength by allowing too high a fines content.
The influence of fines on maximum density as determined in this Fig 6: Influence of percentage fines on density and CBR (after Yoder and
investigation is shown in Fig 7. Although a curve with an optimum value Witzak)
was obtained for the Talbot gradings, no relation was obtained for other
gradings.
The investigation of the grading of crushed stone showed that no
single parameter can adequately predict compactability. However, a
combination of the Talbot value, the uniformity coefficient and the per- PACKING -_~-I\.,
centage fines will give a reasonable indication of expected maximum dry VOLUME
MEMBRANE
density.

The effect of the geometric characteristics of the aggregate

The relation between the uniformity coefficient and the maximum dry
density obtained for the different aggregates is shown in Fig 8. The fact VOLUME
that there is a difference in sensitivity to grading can be attributed to the OF VOl os -~--t---;f-----<f-...
( Vsr)
J
varying geometriC characteristics (ie shape and texture) of the aggre-
gates, sometimes referred to as the harshness of the stone. The relation
obtained for dolerite was markedly different from those of the other
AGGREGATE
aggregates and the higher degree of angularity of this material could be PARTICLE
observed visually, (Man = W
Volume = Vap)
The influence of geometriC characteristics was evaluated by determin-
ing the 'specific rugosity'13 of the aggregates. PACKING
VOLUME
Fig 9 shows the volume occupied by a single aggregate particle in a OF PARTICLE
(Vp)
mass of single-sized particles. This volume is defined as the packing
Reproduced by Sabinet gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2011).

volume of the particles (Vp). This ,Volume includes the solids, as well as
the microsurface voids and the macrosurface voids, ie the surface dips
and valleys. Since the particles in a loose state touch each other at the
peaks of the surface roughness, the packing volume is the total volume
occupied by a particle. It can be visualized as the volume obtained when
a membrane (packing volume membrane) is stretched tightly over the Fig 9: Illustration of packing volume in Single-sized grains
particle.

95

75 L-________ ~ __________________ ~~ _____________________________'

Fig 8: RelationShip between unifor~
10 100 1000 mit)' coefficient and density
UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT (U) for different aggregates

DIE SIVIELE INGENIEUR in Suid-Afrika-November 1988 519

 The following definitions apply to a ~ingle aggregate particle (refer to
Fig 9): •• LEGENO

W = mass of the particle XII· O,~O

Vp = packing volume .11-0,40

611·0,33
Vap = volume of aggregatealone (apparent relative volume,
o 11·0,29
Melhod B14, TMH1") •
Vsr = total voids between the packing volume membrane and the
aggregate
.7 G,

Therefore Vp = Vap + VSf

;;
Then Gap = J¥ = apparent density
•~
Gp = ...w =
Vp
Vap

packing relative density •;;•

I!I•
..
Specific rugosity (Srv) is defined as the amount of voids (Vsr) expressed •wz
:•
as a percentage of the packing volume (Vp):

Srv ~ 100'l¥ ••
Vp
• .,
~
•x
~

••
By subsliluling: Srv 100(1 _ Gp )
Gap

The apparent density (Gap) of the aggregate is determined by means

o!the slandard lesl (Tesl Melhod B14, TMHl ").
As regards the packing relative density (Gp), it has been determined 84
experimentallyl3 that when different types of single-sized aggregates are
compacted by means of the same compaction procedure, the total pack-
ing volume of the aggregates (LVp) will be equal after compaction.
Therefore, for any two aggregates of single size (aggregates 1 and 2):
:EW1 :EW2
:EVp ~ Gp1 ~ Gp2

where LWis the total mass of the aggregates after compaction.

I. ,0
"
,. ,4
"
,. Z7

By compacting the- two aggregates in an identical way, Gp2 can be

determined if Gp1 is known. Fig 10: Rela1lon between maximum densities, grading and geometric
Reproduced by Sabinet gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2011).

If aggregate 1 is a smooth, spherical 'aggregate' (glass beads, mar- characteristics 01 aggregates

bles, elc) Ihen
Vsr = 0 and
Gp1 ~ Gap1 (apparenldensity)
The aggregates and glass beads were compacted in an identical way
by means of a pouring test l3, in which the dry material was poured from a
fixed height into a container.
The 'specific rugosity' theory only applies to single-sized aggregates.
The pouring test and calculation of specific rugosity was therefore car-
ried out for each size fraction and a weial1ted average value was deter-
mined for each grading.
Fig 10 shows the influence of specific rugosity (Srv) on the maximum
apparent densities obtained for Talbot gradings. It is evident that high
values of Srv (more angUlar, harsher aggregates) resulted in lower
densities with certain Talbot gradings (Talbot gradings where n = 0,25
and where n ~ 0,40). Aggregates with low Srv values resulted in high
densities with all Talbot gradings.
Fig 11 shows the minimum uniformity coefficient required to obtain 86
per cent of apparent density for different values of specific rugosity. This
figure was derived from Fig 5 and other similar figures obtained for the
other aggregates (different values of Srv). Cut-off paints at U = 150 and
U = 40 have been introduced in Fig 11 to guard against unacceptable
fines content.
II should be noted that, although higher densities can be obtained with

I!IO

!z 100

g
W
90
w
o
u
>
~
~

~ 00
~

z
j 401-------./

Rg 11: Maximum uniformity coeffl-

21,7 22 clentto obllin 86 per cent of
19 20
" SPECIFIC RuGOSITY (%
"
Srvl
26 Z7
apparent density (eg. If
$tv = 21,7 then U ~90)

520 DIE SIVIELE INGENIEUR in Suid-Afrika-November 1988

 smooth and less angular aggregates, the shear strength obtained with
angular aggregates will be higher than that of smooth aggregates at the PEOPLE
same density owing to better particle interlock. A certain degree of angu-
larity is therefore needed and smooth, pebble-like aggregates cannot
possibly be used as crushed stone.
The method of predicting compactability using the specific rugosity test
as described above was published earlier 15 and was subsequently eval-
NewSAACE
uated, on a limited scale, for field application. The work was done in
conjunction with the TPA Roads Department. The test was performed in President
the laboratory on crushed stone obtained from a construction site and
the results indicated that the material would be difficult to compact. The
actual field compaction verified this, in that considerable effort was Mr Steyn Laubscher, managing
needed to obtain the specified field density. director and chief executive officer
This investigation also illustrated certain limitations of the method. The of Watson Edwards Inc, has been
test is not well suited to routine use owing to the special equipment elected president of the South Afri-
needed and the tedious task of sieving the aggregate into fractions. can Association of Consulting
Furthermore, the amount of compactive effort needed to obtain the Engineers for the forthcoming
required field density cannot be determined using the test. year. He succeeds Mr Hennie
Despite these limitations, the test can provide useful information where Lemmer, who remains executive
problem materials are encountered and if the extent of the contract is director of the Association.
such that the extra cost of testing is warranted. Steyn Laubscher was born in
Wynberg, Cape Town, in 1943 and
Conclusions matriculated from Pretoria Boys'
High School in 1960. He obtained
1. The optimum moisture content of G1 crushed stone in the laboratory,
a BSc (Mech Eng) cum laude. in
using a vibrating table compactor, is often at or near saturation.
1964 and a BSc (Mech Eng)
2. A reasonable prediction of the compactability of crushed stone can be
Honours in 1968 from the University of Pretoria. He was registered by the
made by an evaluation of the Talbot values, the uniformity coefficient
South African Council for Professional Engineers as a professional
and the percentage fines.
engineer in 1969.
3. The effect of grading on obtainable densities is more pronounced with
After graduation, Mr Laubscher joined Watson, Edwards, Van der
harsh, angular aggregates.
Spuy & Partners in Pretoria as a junior engineer, progressing to senior
design engineer. In 1969 he was transferred to Cape Town to undertake
Acknowledgement
The work described in this paper was carried out at the Division of Roads and the design and supervision of a number of electrical and mechanical
Transport Technology, CSIR, and is published with the permission of the Division projects that led to the establishment of his firm's branch in the Western
Director. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the contributions by the TPA Cape. He was appointed an associate in the partnership in 1970 and a
Roads Department. partner in 1973. He was appointed managing director and chief executive
officer of Watson Edwards Inc on the firm's incorporation in 1984.
Reproduced by Sabinet gateway under licence granted by the Publisher (dated 2011).

References Mr Laubscher has specialized in mechanical and utility services for

1. Division of Roads and Transport Technology. Structural design of interurban commercial, industrial and institutional buildings in the fields of air condi-
and rural road pavements. TRH4, Pretoria, CSIR, 1985. tioning, fire services, plumbing systems and lift installations. Among the
2. Division of Roads and Transport Technology. Guidelines for road construction major projects he has been involved with in Cape Town are the BP
materials. TRH14, Pretoria, CSIR, 1985. Centre, the SA Reserve Bank, the Cape Town Centre and Wooltru.
3. Maree, J H. Aspekte van die ontwerp en gedrag van padplaveisels met korrel- Mr Laubscher is a former chairman of the Cape Town branch of the
materiaalkroonlae. DEng thesis, University of Pretoria, May 1982. South African Association of Consulting Engineers and also serves on its
4. Marais, G P, Maree, J H, and Kleyn, E G. The impact of HVS testing on national council. He is also a member of the South African Institute
Transvaal pavement design. Proceedings of the Annual Transportation Con-
of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning and an associate member of
vention, Pretoria, 1982.
the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
5. Maree, J H, Freeme, C R, van Zyl, N J W, and Savage, P F. The permanent
deformation of pavements with untreated crushed stone bases as measured in
Engineers. 0
heavy vehicle simulator tes~. Proceedings of the 11th ARRB Conference,
, Melbourne, Australia, 1982.
6. Maree, J H, van Zyl, N J W, ant( Fre~me, C R. The effective moduli and stress-
dependence of pavement materials in some heavy vehicle simulator tests.
TRB, Washington DC, 1982. . Chairman: Urban
7. Maree, J H. Ontwerpparameters vir k/ipslag in plaveisels. MEng thesis, Univer-
sity of Pretoria, October 1978. , Engineering Division
8. National Crushed Stone Association. Flexible pavement design guide for
highways. Washington DC, 1972.
9. Pike, D C. Compactability of graded aggregates. Vol I: Standard laboratory
tests. Transport and Road Research Laboratory Report LR 447, Crowthorne,
Peter Kleynhans was born in
Berkshire, 1972. Johannesburg and attended Park-
10. Roston, J P, Roberts, F L, and Faron, W. Density standards for field compac· town Boys High School. In 1968
tion of granular bases and subbases. National Co-operative Highway Re- he graduated from the University
search Program Report 172, Washington DC, 1976. of the Witwatersrand with a BSc
11. Talbot, A N, and Richart, F E. The strength of concrete: Its relation to the (Eng) degree, followed in 1974 by
cement, aggregates and water. Exper Stat Bull, No 137, University of illinois. a post-graduate diploma in Town
1923.
Planning. Following an initial
12. Yoder, E J, and Witczak, M W. Principles of pavement design. New York,
period with a contractor and a con-
Wiley, 1975.
13. Ishai, I, and Tons, E. Concept and test method for a unified characterization of sultant, he joined Randfontein Mu-
the geometric irregularity of aggregate particles. Journal of Testing and Evalua- nicipality. Thereafter he spent time
tion, Vol 5, No 1, Jan 1977, pp3-15. overseas working for a firm of con-
14. Division of Roads and Transport Technology. Standard methods of testing sulting engineers and studied new
road construction materials. TMH1, Pretoria, CSIR, 1979. town developments. In 1977 he
15. Van der Merwe, C J, Kleyn, E G, and Savage, P F. Compactability of crushed joined Stewart Sviridov & Oliver,
stone road basecourse material - a laboratory study. Proceedings of the
becoming a partner in 1986. He headed the firm's urban and rural devel-
Annual Transportation Convention, Pretoria, 1985.
opment section before opening an office for the firm in Pretoria. 0

DIE SIVIELE INGENIEUR in Suid-Afrika- November 1988 521