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ENGLISH HOME LANGUAGE JHB SOUTH DISTRICT -SSIP MATERIAL

MAY 2024 COMPRHENSION, SUMMARY, VISUAL

Material consists of 14 pages. LITERACY AND TEXTUAL EDITING

CANDIDATES NEED TO BE MINDFUL OF: COMPREHENSION (30 MARKS)

• Mark allocation. (2 marks) means 1 idea with detail while 3 marks means 2 ideas
with some detail for one of these ideas. Critically discuss (4 marks) – show an
analysis of the question, provide your main argument (talk about it in detail –
discuss) and present points for or against the idea(s), or state whether the idea(s)
or subject(s) being discussed is valuable or relevant.
• Questioning verbs: Explain, Justify, Discuss, Comment and Critically Comment/
Critically discuss are frequently used.
• Questions which focus on diction, tone or style need to be based upon relevant
quotations from the resource which are explained in the context of the passage.
Generic answers receive a single mark if any.
• The jargon of English must be known, such as diction, tone, style, image etc.
These underpin quite a few questions throughout the examination paper.
QUESTION WORDS MEANING
Types of Comprehension texts
Informative Comprehension Provides the reader with facts, ideas, vocabulary and stated information.
Inferential Comprehension The reader has to infer meaning from the facts and information received or
found in a text.
Evaluative Comprehension The reader is required to have a deeper understanding of the topic or
event. It involves analysing and weighing an event or an author’s
intent, opinion, language, and style of presentation.
Appreciative Comprehension The reader is expected to go beyond merely decoding the text or audio and
making sense of it. It also involves giving reactions and thoughts about
material or events based on a deeper understanding of the situation or text.
“Tongue-in-cheek” A text where the writer appears to be funny, but also intends to be serious.
Eg. The writer appears to be a huge fan of the restaurant, although I suspect
it was said tongue in cheeck.
Juxtapose – if this word is used in a Place together for contrasting effect (Compare two things closely together:
question, this is what it means. What is similar and what is different).
Headline of an article The heading which is usually in BOLD print.
Byline of an article A line of text accompanying the article, could sometimes be in italics. The
reader obtains basic information about the story.
Account for Give reasons for; explain (note: give an account of; describe.
Discuss Investigate or examine by argument; debate; give reason for and against;
examine the implications of the topic.
Explain Make plain and clear; give reasons for.

Asides (A remark made by the writer
with the intention of it being “heard”
(seen) by the reader. A form of
parenthesis- an afterthought. Usually
in brackets, where the writer talks to
himself.
Irony/Paradox (Identify and
explain in context of the passage)
Example: Suggest reasons for the writer's inclusion of the aside, 'you heard
me' Memo: The aside engages the reader personally/creates a
conversational tone. It alerts the reader to a shocking revelation about the
power that machines will
wield over human beings. The writer wants to convince the reader that a
potentially fatal situation could arise.
Something contrary to expectation. Contradictory statement. Eg. “All
animals are equal, but some are more equal than others” – famous line in
the Novel, Animal Farm by George Orwell. It is a paradox because
something cannot be more equal than another.
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English HL Paper 1 Resource – June 2024
Argue Put the case for or against a view or idea giving evidence for your
claims/reasons for or against; attempt to influence the reader to accept your
view.
Writer’s tone? Refers to the mood implied by an author's word choice and the way that the
text can make a reader feel. The tone an author uses in a piece
of writing can evoke any number of emotions and perspectives. Can be
negative or positive.
Writer’s attitude? Writers express their attitudes through their word choices, sentence
structures, and figurative language. ... Writers' attitudes tend to fall into
two broad categories: formal and objective or informal and subjective. Can
be negative or positive.

Mood The mood of a passage/ piece of writing is the feeling the reader gets from
the writing when reading the piece.
Prevailing mood in paragraph/ The general atmosphere or emotional complexion—in short, the array
passage? of feelings the work evokes in the reader. Every aspect of a piece of writing
can influence its mood, from the setting and the imagery to the author's
word choice and tone.
Can be negative or positive.
In your view…? Provide your opinion on the matter at hand in the question, based on the
comprehension text.
Critically discuss You must go beyond the text whenever you see “Critically discuss” – read
between the lines. The key word here is ‘CRITICAL’ Level 5 –
HEAD/HEART – Evaluation. You are not merely identifying … BUT
making an evaluation on it.
How does the writer develop Look at how an argument I developed. The writer starts with one idea and
his/her argument/ claim…? then expands to convince the reader.
Stylistic devices (techniques) in writing - comprehensions
‘Style’ questions – Deals with purpose of the passage and HOW writer communicates these ideas/ impressions/
attitudes. The writer may use: literary devices that the writer uses to create a ‘feel’ for his work or to convey his
message Firstly, when answering a ‘style’ question ask – What is the writer’s message? Aim? Intention? Secondly,
look at one or more of the following literary devices and see how it links to the writer’s message: See notes below.
Use of statistics/ numbers/ direct speech
Adds credibility, validity, authenticity provokes an emotional response to convince, manipulate, persuade
Use of personal pronouns
Involves/engages the reader personally (colloquial language, informal)
Diction (word choice)
provokes an emotional response (emotive words)
short paragraphs or single sentence/ single sentence paragraph
Emphasises / highlights the writer’s point / message evokes a response adds impact
Quoting experts in the field/Use of celebrity endorsement
Adds credibility, validity, authenticity to a statement.
Sentence structures
Know the rules around use of different types of sentences: Simple, Complex, Compound-complex sentences (See
grammar rules).

Figures of speech
Emphasises / highlights (the writer’s message) engages the reader Eg. Metaphor/ Simile/ Exaggeration etc.
Use of punctuation
Emphasis – see grammar rules for use of different punctuation marks.
“Words in Quotation marks” / Air Quotes”

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Are often used to express satire, sarcasm, irony or euphemism. However, in writing, we do not see the hand
gestures and use quotation marks.
Rhetorical questions/ repetition
Provokes an emotional response encourages thinking / an opinion emphasises / highlights the writer’s point
about… to convince, manipulate, persuade/ involve reader directly.
Ellipsis
Represents a pause/ focuses reader’s attention on omission/ Shows silence in a test/ part of a quote has been
omitted. express hesitation, changes of mood, suspense, or thoughts trailing off. Writers also use ellipses to
indicate a pause or wavering. Eg. Really…I don’t understand.
Use of asides – Writer talking to audience so by the way
Usually, the aim is to emphasis a point the writer is making. Look at the aside in the context of the
article/passage/text.

Comparing Text A & B: Text B Refer to both texts in your answer and scoffold your repsonse. Look at the
usually a visual (picture/ cartoon/ paaragraph that you must focus on in your answer.
graphs/ charts)
Read your June Exam P1, 2022/ November Exam P1 (2022) and answer for practise.

THE SECRET TO SUMMARISING A TEXT PERFECTLY: [10 MARKS]

This section involves much reading. There is nothing stopping you from leaving this section for
last as you may end up spending too much time on it and then neglect other sections where you
may score quick marks.

Basic guidelines for learners:

✓ Teach them how to highlight the instructions (What exactly to summarise?).
✓ Label ‘Rough Work/ Draft Summary’. – Always draw a line through your draft.
✓ Label ‘Final Summary’. honest.
✓ Remind them that it must be a SINGLE paragraph.
✓ Ensure that they should include a CORRECT word count.
 Read the article carefully and highlight or mark the main ideas.
 Try to reflect on what author is trying to communicate and evidence used.
 You would need to restate thesis given by the author in your own words. Do note that it
should be precise and on-point.
 You need to write only one or two sentences for each of the section. It would be a
summary of each section but not in too many words.
 Now you need to re-read article and check whether it is in sync with your summary.
 You must review write-up and confirm whether you have covered the main points or not.
Always use a logical structure.
 Ensure you have answered the instruction in the summary. Does each point (fact)
answer the question on the instruction?
 Ignore trivial information.
 Substitute phrases for one word – We watched tv while the sun was setting – at sunset
(dusk).
 Simplify sentences.
 Rewrite direct speech into Indirect/ reported Speech.
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English HL Paper 1 Resource – June 2024
 Check the text for correctness and clarity. Do a grammar check before finalising.

 Write a fluent paragraph. Your final summary should be in paragraph-form AND NOT in
bullets or point-form, neither in sentences numbered 1-7.
For practise: Read your summary from your June 2023 Exams and test your proficiency
in reading the entire text, highlighting and summarising salient fact, eventually writing your
paragraph summary. Time yourself! Remember: You only have 2 hours for the entire
Question Paper and only. You may not spend more than 30 minutes (even 20) on this
section.

ADVERTISING: [10 MARKS]

Common Errors and Misconceptions -Diagnostic Report 2018
 PURPOSE  Why do advertisements exist?
 INTENTION (besides wanting to sell something does it also try to shock or make
you feel hungry)
 TO WHAT BASIC HUMAN NEEDS DOES IT APPEAL – ACCORDING TO
PYSCHOLOGIST, ABARAHAM MASLOW WHO IDENTIFIED OUR NEEDS IN A
PYRAMID KNOWS AS A HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.


 Our need to be popular; our need to look/ smell good; our need to satisfy
hunger/thirst/ to be accepted.
 What is the purpose of this message? To inform? Entertain? Make money?
Persuade? Convince? Creative Expression?

FOCUS ON:
TARGET MARKET
 Who is the advertisement meant/made for (and how do you know)?
 Who is it aiming at (appealing to) – be specific:

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 Age (How old) , Gender (Male, Female, Gay, Non-Binary) , Ethnicity (Race),
Personality (Organised vs Chaotic personality types etc.), Interests, Lifestyle
(Income level/Location), Stereotypes (Ignorant view of people) and Prejudice
(Dislike/ Distrust/ Bigoted), Nerds (Overtly smart people) , Businessmen
(Entrepreneurs) , Working Women (Entrepreneurs), Cool teenagers (Woke
youngsters).

WRITTEN TEXT/COPY
The copy (the writing): Look at any writing on the advert.
 What sort of language is it using?
o Brand names, key words, slogans, captions, repetition of product name
o Use of personal pronouns like “I” and “you”
o Catchy – simple and easy to remember
o Rhetorical questions

 How informative/persuasive is the text?

o Emotive words are words that appeal to emotions can influence opinions and
influence decisions (manipulative) – they are easy to detect because they
give the reader an immediate emotional response.
 ‘warm’, ‘gentle’, fragrant’, ‘whisper’, ‘kiss’, ‘love’.
 These words are emotive because they make us feel something, in
this case something good. They have certain connotations, the
things readers associate with these words are all favourable.
 ‘old’, ‘stale’, penniless’, ‘ache’, ‘cold’, ‘winter’, ‘stench’.
 These words all produce feelings that are distasteful/offensive/“ugly”.
 What are the key words?
 What is the slogan (Saying associated with the brand “Just do it) / logo (Like the Nike
tick) – Do they match?
 Typography has to do with [type size, type style, font]
o Punctuation like exclamation marks, question marks or ellipsis.
- Layout o Sizes o Placement o White space o Highlight/emphasise.
- Do not forget AIDA-principle: A (Attention-grabbing) I (Interest) D (Desire) and A
(Action – getting you into the store to buy the product or click to order online)
 STYLE: The advertiser can opt to be direct (crude) or subtle (circuimvent – take a
long route to get to the point).
 Manipulation:The advertiser may use certain emotive words to convince you that
you need/ must have their product. Eg. A perfume company may pose the question:
Do you really not wish to smell good?
 Indoctrination: Almost similar (manipulative in nature). The truth is distorted to
teach a person to accept a set of beliefs uncritically (without question). Eg. Coke
making you believe they are selling you “happiness”. Or Red Bull making you
believe they are selling you “Energy”.
 Celebrity endorsement: Companies like Puma using an athlete like Usian Bolt
from Jamaica to sell their running shoes “in the belief that … you will look dope” or
“the shoes will make you run faster just like Usain Bolt. Celebrities legitimise a
product, irrespective of the cost of the product to the consumer.
 FONT: Look at BOLD FONT / FONT TYPE (Appropriate for audience) or
 Italics - to attract the reader’s attention, engage the reader on the product or to
highlight a particular aspect of that product.

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 RHYME: To trigger memory, you will never forget the product, even long after it is
gone, This was an advertisement for Roto-Rooter Drain Company.
 Eg. “If your drain or plumbing’s being naughty
Call 333 4040” (Note here, naughty and forty rhyme - )
 REPETITION: To drive home a point, help consumer remember, eg. MARS bars
(chocolate adverts used to say): A Mars a day helps you work, rest and play.
 ALLITERATION/ ASSONANCE/ ONOMATOPOEIA: For memory, Kellogg’s Rice
Crispies advert used to read: “It’s time for snack, crackle, pop” - The noise made
by the cereal when milk is added to it.
 VISUAL & VERBAL: Look at the pictures and the words. Are they supporting each
other in terms of the claims made by the advertiser. Eg. If a toothpaste claims to
make teeth white, shiny and bright…Is it supported by a picture of someone who
bears such teeth?

*Now, refer to your 2022 June Exam P1/ 2022 November Exam P1 and answer the
question/s on the advert.

CARTOONS: [10 MARKS]

 According to the Diagnostic Report, the deficiency of knowledge of subject terminology
prevented candidates from gaining marks as many candidates did not understand the term
‘facial expression’.
 Candidates lacked understanding of what was a ‘verbal’ clue.
 The open-ended question was problematic for the candidates. This was exacerbated by the
lack of understanding of the word ‘humorous’
FOCUS ON:
 Refer to the mark allocation and write your answers based on the number of marks e.g. 2
separate points for 2 marks and 3 points for 3 marks.
 Revise words used to describe tone (Tone refers to an author’s use of
words and writing style to convey his or her attitude towards a topic), words other
than happy or sad. Google “ a tone scale in English”. What the reader feels =
mood.
 Facial expressions-describe mood/feelings  Body Language  Font size and
Punctuation:

META-LANGUAGE OF VISUAL LITERACY: CARTOONS

 Cartoon and a cartoon strip: A cartoon is a single frame, whereas a cartoon strip
is a series of frames. Thought bubble and a speech bubble: The thought bubble
contains the thoughts of the character and is usually in the form of a cloud. Speech
bubble is more defined and contains dialogue.
 Setting: Where is the cartoon’s action taking place? What are the visual clues that
suggest the setting of the cartoon? Are the characters referring to the setting
directly or indirectly?
 Characters:
 Types: Madam & Eve (South African satirical humour), Calvin & Hobbs (Tiger &
boy – philosophical), Blondie (Husband & wife), Snoopy (is a loyal, imaginative,

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and good-natured beagle who is prone to imagining fantasy lives, ) Charlie Brown
(a "lovable loser") and Dilbert (known for its satirical office humour).
 Caricatures: A picture or description of someone that exaggerates particular
characteristics to make them appear funny or silly.
 Stereotyping: o Facial expressions: Study the eyes, eyebrows and mouth to see
what are the emotions that are being portrayed.
 Action:
 Action lines: These are the lines or stripes that represent the movement of the
character or objects.
 Sound imitation: The words that illustrate sounds or noises. Eg. A bee flying by,
captured by the sound… (bzzzzzz) - onomatopoeia.
 Words (verbal cues): What is being said? How is it being said? What visual clues
are given that some words are said louder or softer? What does it say about
attitude?
 Visual cues (pictures): What pictures/ people are in each frame. Look at
characters and their body language.
 Body Language: This is a visual cue. What is a character’s body language
revealing about his/her mood.
 Important vocabulary:
 Satire: Using humour, irony or exaggeration to criticise a person or a group and
make them appear funny or silly so that other people will see their faults.
 Irony: Using words that are the opposite of what is really meant, often to be
humorous.
 Puns: Using a word or a phrase that has two meanings in an amusing way. Eg.

What do you call a sandwich made of wordplay? Answer – A pun-ini 😂/ This

vacuum sucks/ make like a tree and leave.
 Sarcasm: Intentional mocking / inflicting pain by deriding, taunting, mocking or
ridiculing with the intent of changing inappropriate or unacceptable behaviour. Eg. A
cartoon where a metro cop is asking a driver for “cooldrink money” as a bribe to
avoid handing out a fine. The cartoonist will mock this behaviour as a way to
show displeasure of such unacceptable behaviour.
 Twisted puns: Meaning of a word is twisted for humorous effect, Eg, One Turkey
saying to another before Christmas; Only two more “chopping” days left to
Christmas. The word shopping is twisted to apply ‘chopping, meaning that they will
have two days left to live before their heads are “chopped” off and people do

“shopping” for Turkey for the Christmas dinner table. 😂

 Anti-Climax: Emotional intensity declines from a high to a low point. Eg. In the
clichéd joke: Why did the chicken cross the road? You expect a difficult answer, yet
it is so simple, almost disappointing; Answer: To get to the other side.
 Strategic positions of frames: Why is a frame first or last? Sometimes placed in a
particular position to give it prominence/ focus the reader’s attention on an aspect.
 Frames: Why blank? Why is a character alone? Why no speech? Why speech only
and no character? Examine all in the context of entire cartoon.

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English HL Paper 1 Resource – June 2024
Question 4: UNDERSTANDING OTHER ASPECTSOF THE MEDIA
Study (TEXT E) and answer the set questions.
The opinion of some men on female abuse…
*Now for practise, refer to your November 2022 Final Exam P1/ 2022 June Exam P1
and answer the questions in the test on the cartoon.
GRAMMAR RULES: RULES CAN BE STUDIED
WHAT TO KNOW?
ASPECTS
1.Spelling rules – these are some
basic ones. However, there are many
other rules. Reading a lot does help
as you encounter words in their
natural form.
2. Replace colloquial words (Words
used in everyday conversation which
have become common place) with
formal register (Formal, recognised
English).
3. Punctuation: Colon, semi-colon,
parenthesis, question marks, inverted
commas, apostrophe, hyphen… etc.
(Know reasons for usage-study)
4. Active vs. Passive Voice
5. Direct and reported speech.
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[10]
Explain the visual. Your answer:
What does the “zip” as a mouth indicate?
___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
[10 MARKS]
You may be asked to identify the rule or apply it.
RULES
Eg. The i- written before -e, accept after the letter c: eg. Believe vs.
receive (Though there are exceptions to the rule) eg. Sufficient,
foreign.
Alot is a common misspelling of a lot. A lot should always be
spelled as two words.
Know the difference between: (Their – a group of people/ things),
(There – a place).
Know difference between homophones - weight and wait as they
mean different things). U always follows q – Queen, Quantity.
Words with silent letters: Know (Information/ knowledge) vs. now
(Immediately), Knife and psychologist, etc. Wholesale vs a hole in
the ground
It is cool to dress well. It is acceptable to dress well.
Referring to civvies. It is civilian clothing (civilian wear).
Identify and provide purpose. Eg.
The full stop after g- (Abbreviation)
Grief-stricken. Here the hyphen is sued to form compound word.
Identify subject, verb, object. ID tense. Apply rules.
Underline pronouns, adverbs of time, ID tense and apply changes
 Grade 10,11& 12 (D.11)
English HL Paper 1 Resource – June 2024
6. Critical Language Awareness:
Malapropisms, Tautology/
Redundancy/
Metonymy/Euphemisms/Exaggeration
(Hyperbole), etc.
7. Sentence types:
Simple/Compound, Complex, and
Compound-Complex and ambiguous
8. Sentences (double meaning)
8. Parts of speech: Nouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, gerunds, split
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rules.
Identify, know their meanings, be able to identify and correct (some)
if instructed.
Metonymy The substitution of the name of an attribute or
adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example
Suits for business executives/ lawyers, or the turf
for horse racing or ‘a cuppa’ (for reference to
tea/coffee).
Synecdoche a figure of speech in which a part is made to
represent the whole or vice versa, as in England
lost by six wickets (meaning ‘the English cricket
team’). Or ’The bench made a ruling on the case’
in reference to judges or “The men in blue” in
reference to the police.
Litotes A phrase that uses negation to create an
affirmative understatement. For example, “That
wasn't half bad” uses negative phrasing to
indicate that something was actually very good.
Simple Sentence / Independent Clause
1.The dog ran.
A sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject
and predicate.
Dependent clause (Subordinate clauses)
Cannot stand alone even if it contains a subject and a verb.
Dependent clauses do not express complete thoughts so they are
considered incomplete sentences or fragments.
Eg. When the dog barked.
Compound sentence
2.The dog barked and chased the cat.
A sentence with more than one subject or predicate. Usually
joined by a coordinating conjunction.
Complex sentence
3.After the dog ran, he ate popcorn and he drank a big soda.
A sentence containing an independent and dependent
(subordinate clause) or clauses.
These sentences are often linked by subordinating
conjunctions.
Compound-complex sentence
4.Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the
latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed it very much.
Combines a compound sentence and a complex sentence. These
sentences contain two or more independent clauses and one or
more dependent clauses.
Know your parts of speech of words (in context) TYPES:
Word in context: Example Part of speech How?
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infinitive…etc I sit on Peter’s table. Noun(s) Proper
Category to which a word is assigned Nous –
in accordance with its syntactic Names of
functions. In English the main parts People,
places etc
of speech are noun, pronoun,
written in
adjective, determiner, verb, adverb,
capital
preposition, conjunction, and letters.
interjection. Common
nouns –
names of
items.
Nouns: Naming words which have How do we identify a noun?
singular (one) and plural (many) 1)We can place A/ An in front of a noun
form. Examples of nouns in use:
A/ The (articles) is used with singular nouns,
where “A” is unspecific and “the” is more
specific. A table (could be any table), whereas:
the table in the corner is dirty (refers to a
specific table)
1.A dog (A is usually used with nouns which
start with a consonant. D - is a consonant). U
is an exception to the rule, as we say: A
unicorn, NOT an unicorn.
2.An orange (An is usually used with nouns
which start with a vowel. O – is a vowel (a,e, I,
o, u) An apple, an iron, an elephant, etc.
Singular and plural forms of nouns
Noun Noun
(singular) (Plural)
witch witches
loaf loaves
goose geese
Fungus (Latin) Fungi (Latin)
Nucleus (Latin) Nuclei (Latin)
woman women
sheep sheep
Fish (same Many fish
species, eg.
Only goldfish)
If referring to
different In Marine Biology we study different kinds of fishes.
species
(A mixture of
goldfish and
other types, eg.
Sardines, tuna
The boy is 1. Tall-taller- tallest. Adjective(s) Describes a
noun. Has
2.BAD - worse- the worst degrees of
3. DIFFICULT – more difficult comparison
(adjective(s): -
– most difficult
positive
4. far – farther (further) – degree,
(furthest) the furthest comparative
degree and
5. superlative
degree)..
I sing. Verb(s) A word that

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English HL Paper 1 Resource – June 2024
He is singing. shows an action,
state or an
event is called a
verb.
She played the piano. Regular/ Add -d or -
Irregular Verb ed to the
end of a
verb
Transitive Verb Transitive/ A verb is
We liked the match. transitive when
What was liked? The match Intransitive Verb the action of
Intransitive Verb: the verb
I was sleeping. passes from
the subject to
the direct
object.
Intransitive
verbs don't
need an object
to make sense
– they have
meaning on
their own.
He lives downstairs. (Place) Adverbs
He walks slowly. (Manner) An adverb is a word that can modify or
describe a verb, adjective, another adverb,
I will eat later. (Time) or entire sentence. Adverbs can be used to
He judges fairly. (Degree) show manner (how something happens),
degree (to what extent), place (where), and
time (when)
1.COORDINATIING Conjunctions Conjunctions
are parts of
Mnemonic/ Acronym: speech that
FANBOY (For/ connect words,
phrases,
And/Nor/But/Or/Yet)
clauses, or
2.CORRELATIVE: sentences.
Both/And…Whether/Or… There are
three kinds of
Either/Or…Neither/Nor conjunctions:
3.SUBORDINATING: coordinating,
After/ although/ wherever/ paired, and
subordinating.
whereas/ as long as/ as much
as.

Examples of prepositions are Prepositions A preposition is

a word or
words like "in," "at," "on," "of," group of words
and "to." Eg. Used in a used before a
noun, pronoun,
sentence.
or noun phrase
She is related to the Prince. to show
direction, time,
place, location,
spatial
relationships,
or to introduce
an object.
Interjections usually stand alone INTERJECTIONS Interjections
are words
and are often punctuated with intended to
an exclamation point. Eg. express

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English HL Paper 1 Resource – June 2024
Oh! Wow! My goodness! different levels
of emotion or
surprise, and
are usually
seen as
independent
grammatically
from the main
sentence.
TYPES PRONOUNS PRONOUNS A pronoun is a
word that
Personal I, he, she, us refers to either
Demonstrative This, that, the people
talking (“I” or
those, these “you”) or
Interrogtive How, Who. someone or
Which, what, something that
is being talked
Where? about (like
Indefinite Few, some, “she”, “it”,
“them”, and
all, everyone “this”). Gender
Distributive Each, either, pronouns
neither (he/she/they/z
e etc.)
Possessive Mine, yours, specifically
his, hers refer to the
person you are
Reciprocal Each other, referring to
one another
Relative Whom,
whomever,
that, what
Reflexive Himself,
Itself,
ourselves
9. Suffixes (after- added to the end of WORD SUFFIX CHANGE
a word): They are added to the end of loud loudly From adjective to adverb
a word then changes the part of act actor From verb to noun
speech of a word. toxic toxicity From noun to adjective
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
10. Prefixes (Added before - Anti- against Anti-terrorist
beginning fo a word): Their meanings pro In favour Pro-searches
and how they change words. re again reuse
sub under Sub-marine
11. Comma splice In English grammar, a comma splice or comma fault is the use of a
comma to join two independent clauses. For example: It is nearly
half past five, we cannot reach town before dark. The comma
splice is sometimes used in literary writing to convey a particular
mood of informality.
12.The Apostrophe Used to indicate contraction (omission)
- Isn’t (is not) – Contraction, NOT to make a word shorter.
That is an abbreviation.
and possession (ownership)
- Jesus’ disciples (The disciples belong to Jesus)
- Its with no apostrophe (possessive case) showing owner –

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 Grade 10,11& 12 (D.11)
English HL Paper 1 Resource – June 2024
13. Misrelated participle
14.Tautology
(Redundancy)
15.Malapropism
16.Articles: Two types. They precede
nouns and are used in undefined
expressions.
17.Countable (can be counted in
number) and uncountable nouns
(cannot be counted).
18.Concord
The word concord is derived from the Latin for agreement. The grand rule of subject-verb concord is that a
singular subject takes a singular verb, and a plural subject takes a plural verb, eg.
SENTENCE
These are values inculcated in
young people, so that they can
grow with it.
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12
eg. The dog wagged its tail)
When Participle is not correctly attached / related with Subject,
then this error is known as Dangling or Unattached or Unrelated
or Misrelated Participle.
Sleeping in my room, a nurse came to check my temperature.
Subject missing with Its participle: (correction) While I was sleeping
in my room, a nurse came to check temperature.
The saying of the same thing twice over in different words, generally
considered to be a fault of style (e.g. they arrived one after the other
in succession). Or reverse backwards.
The mistaken use of a word in place of a similar sounding one, often
with an amusing effect: Eg. Jhb has many electrical votes…
instead of electoral votes.
Non-specific
A/An is used with countable singular nouns.Those beginning with a
consonant start with A, eg. A dog, A bomb, A piano. Nouns
starting with vowels (A, E, I, O, U) have “an” as tag: An owl in the
tree, An orange to be eaten, An Impala running, An Elephant’s
trunk
Specified objects: We use: The, eg.
Yesterday I saw a movie. The movie was good, but the acting
was terrible.
Much and many:
The difference between many and much is that many is used for
countable and plural nouns, whereas much is used for uncountable
and singular nouns. Eg. Many solutions to the Maths problem. Too
much sugar in my tea.
Less vs. Fewer
When deciding between “fewer” vs. “less,” remember that the word
“fewer” describes countable items and “less” describes uncountable
items. Eg. Fewer dishes to wash. I have less time to study. ask
yourself,
Percentages: “What is this a percentage of? Is it countable?”
I see you have eaten less than ten percent of your mashed
potatoes.
As determined as the speaker in this sentence might be, it would
not be possible for him or her to enumerate the uneaten percentage
of potatoes. Therefore, we use the word less.
CORRRECT/ INCORRECT WHY?
INCORRECT Mismatch between values (plural)
and (it). It must be plural.
 Grade 10,11& 12 (D.11)
English HL Paper 1 Resource – June 2024
These are values inculcated in
young people, so that they can
grow with them.
The dogs lick their bowls. (CORRECT) /The dogs lick its bowls. (INCORRECT)
Is my problems bothering you? (INCORRECT) / Are my problems bothering you?
19.Gerund
20.Split infinitive rule
21.Spoonerism – named after the
Oxford don and ordained minister
William Archibald Spooner, who
reputedly did this.
22.Register
23.Colloquialism
24.Jargon
25.Slang
(NOT pronounced as an Afrikaans
snake)
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13
CORRECT Values is plural, thus “them” refers
to plural.
Words which look like verbs but act like nouns ending in -ing.
Example(s):
I love reading./ Playing is fun.
An infinitive consists of the word to and the simple form of a verb
(e.g. to go and to read). “To suddenly go” and “to quickly read” are
examples of split infinitives because the adverbs (suddenly and
quickly) split (or break up) the infinitives to go and to read. We fix it
by adding and verb between to and the verb, eg. to boldly go,
instead of to go boldly…to casually run…to run casually…, to
harshly push…, instead of to push harshly.
An example is saying "The Lord is a shoving leopard" instead of
"The Lord is a loving shepherd." While spoonerisms are commonly
heard as slips of the tongue, and getting one's words in a tangle,
they can also be used intentionally as a play on words.
Register is defined as the level of formality in language that's
determined by the context in which it is spoken or written. It can be
formal (Acceptable standard English), eg. A psychologist giving a
talk to university students may say: “Teenagers often show
sign of deviant behaviour” or informal (Use of slang,
contractions, and vernacular grammar is all common in this
conversational style language, and people may also use expletives
or off-colour language in some settings). Example: A parent at a
braai may say to other parents: “These freakin’ kids are
naughty.”
Commonly used words used in everyday communication within a
certain group. Eg. “ya’ll”/ “gonna”/ “wanna” / “aint”/ “to go nuts” –
going crazy.
Jargon is mostly technical terms used by people in a particular
profession; people outside those professions typically don’t use
those words in everyday speech. Eg. In the teaching field,
terminology used such as : Annual Teaching plan (ATP), SBA
(School Based Assessment). In the medical field terminology such
as: acute (sudden intense flair-up) angina. Aneurysm (intense
swelling of an artery). Tech field; Computer has 64GB of RAM.
Unique words, expressions (and even cliches) spoken in specific
social groups (like teenagers).
SLANG WORD MEANING
dope To describe something really good
chill out Relax, calm down, or be easy-going.
Moola/ Money
dough/
bucks/ching
woke Socially conscious, culturally aware
 Grade 10,11& 12 (D.11)
English HL Paper 1 Resource – June 2024
26.Ambiguity
27. Clichè
28. Verbosity
29.Pun(s)/
Word Play/
Double meaning
30.Morphology – Word building skills:
Comprises the science of how words
are formed using Prefixes and Suffixes
and adding them to root words.
31.Polysemy
32.Semantics – Meanings of words in
context
33.Idiomatic expressions - these can
be studied but have to be known in
context. It does help to read many
14
YOLO You only live once
When the meaning of a word, phrase, or sentence is uncertain.
There could be more than one meaning. ... However, sometimes
ambiguity is used deliberately to add humour to a text. Examples of
Ambiguity: Sarah gave a bath to her dog wearing a pink t-shirt.
Expressions that were once new and fresh but due to overuse over
many years have become hackneyed ... For instance, the phrase
“as red as a rose” or “in the nick of time”, “I solemnly swear”.
The quality or state of being verbose. The use of more words than
are necessary to say something. Eg. A divine, white swan is
gently, swiftly swimming in the pond. Speaker could have just
said: A swan is swimming in the pond.
A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact
that there are words which sound alike but have different meanings.
Examples:
Double This man is very “hot”. In this context “hot”
meaning could mean “attractive” or “a rising temperature”.
Homophonic Reading while sunbathing makes you well-red.
Pun
Homographic Always trust a glue salesman. They tend to
puns stick to their word.
Compound Jungle animals are very fair. Cheetahs are
puns always spotted.
Twisted pun Letters/ words twisted to suit the joke, eg. A
American advert showing a Turkey x3 days
before Thanksgiving Holiday, below is written:
x3 Chopping days to Christmas. Should be
shopping but twisted (S changed to a C) to
suggest Turkey will be killed “chopped “to
become Christmas lunch “When doing
shopping”.
Root word: patient (adjective)
Prefix added: impatient (im- means not)
Suffix added: patiently (changes the adjective to an adverb)
When ONE word can mean many different things. Eg. “get” can
mean: "procure," "become," or "understand" or “move”
Synonyms, Antonyms, Connotation (emotional attachments to a
word), Denotation (Literal meaning), Homophones (Polysemy – One
word can mean different things, eg.) “bright light and bright girl,
Homonyms (Address - to speak to / location)
Neologisms - new words formed as part of new technology/
developments, eg. Covidiot (Formed during COVI-19 to describe a
person who is an idiot during covid-19, eg. Someone not wearing a
mask an exposing others).
Are a type of informal language (metaphoric) that have a meaning
different from the meaning of the words in the expression. Here's
an example of an idiomatic expression: Hold your tongue. Does

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 Grade 10,11& 12 (D.11)
English HL Paper 1 Resource – June 2024
texts, either newspaper, online texts,
books to get to know as many as
possible.
34. Memes
15
not literally mean to hold your tongue, rather to not say anything
even though you might want to or be expected to, because it is
the wrong time to say it.
An Internet meme, more commonly known simply as a meme (/miːm/
MEEM), is a type of idea, behaviour, or style (meme) that is spread via
the Internet, often through social media platforms and especially for
humorous purposes. Eg. South African are having “fun” with ESKOM
since days are dark and friends are few….

35.OTHER You Borrow From someone, and you Lend To someone.

May is asking Permission and CAN is ability.
36. Abbreviations:
 (eg. Exempli gratia - Latin) – A way in which to shorten/ abbreviate a word. (w.r.t. – with regards
to)
 Initialism: (AI- Artificial Intelligence)/ (SQ – Seasonal Quotation – usually on a menu) / (ChatGPT
- generative pre-trained transformer).
 Acronym (expressed as a word: PIN - Personal Identity Number)/ (SARS – South African
Revenue Service)/ UNISA (University of South Africa).
 Contractions (Dr – doctor) / Mr/ Mr. – Mister)
37. Anagram: An anagram is a word or phrase formed by rearranging the letters of a different word or phrase,
typically using all the original letters exactly once. For example, the word anagram itself can be rearranged into
nag a ram, as well as the word binary into brainy and the word adobe into abode. A word that is same back to
front – SPAR – RAPS). This is not necessarily a type of abbreviation.
38. Palindrome: A word, phrase, or sequence that reads the same backwards as forwards, e.g. Madam or
wow/ deed/ radar.

 Now, refer to your District Gr12 June Exam P1 (2023) to Test your knowledge of
English HL P1.

 Please aim to obtain at least 45 marks (as average) or an improved

(50+).

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