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l 187:9 \
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2 x + 2(2 x)( y) + ( y) − 28 x − 14 y + 48 = 0
√ √ 2 √ √
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2 x+ y−6 2 x+ y−8 = 0
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(15)(14) = 210

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302003 202000
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µc<BD/KBGF1B 2003 2003 2003 2003 187:9 2000 4000
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2002
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1998
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....
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....
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.
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.
. . .
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.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
B N A1 C
2¸ CN7 _ / ◦ BGF./Hj<>CL7>BD3 18?D/ _ <7 _ ; _ L- C _\
¸2CNJCL-L14?-; ∠BB1 C = ∠BC 81 ?D/ _ 1<C
7 _= C _ 14 7:9
; _ L- 90 B C 14B?D/ 1 _ C
<7 1_ ; _ -AC _
\ 8/ 7 _ /
C A C 1 A1 A B \ A 1 B1
∠B1 A·81/A
B =0 : /BG1F.BA
I ∠B /oCL3+<.= 7.12- _ <7 10=j=
2<∠ACC BE/<>a 1 Cz*1CBGF*?D/235H:/ _ BrBD<
1∠AA \g F./87
O O 4A1 B1 C1
∠AA1 O = ∠AA1 B1 − ∠OA1 B1
\ x
= ∠C1 A1 A − ∠C1 A1 O 0 = ∠O 0 A1 A

È
¸2CN7 _ / CL3M1?D/ _ BD187:¡-0/ z/2/¡B°a0?D<J m

OM A1 N
\
∠A1 M N = ∠OA1 M = ∠OA1 A = ∠O 0 A1 A
F./2?D/2am<?D/ 0\
·8/B M BGF.k/CNA
I./N 7>BD1/8O?35/ _ BDCN<7<>a
147:9 L\ F./87 CN3OBGF./pJC09.}WH:OA <>CN7>1B
<>a M N \ ·8/¡B L
I:/BGF./OCN7>BD/8?35/ _ BDCN<7<>a A
OA1 T\ .....
*
z
C G
B F ¸2CL7 _ / ............
... ... ....
0
M N k A1 O 0
.. ..... ......
OO
z /F1¡~/ M N
..
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B
...
OT : T O 0 = OL : LA1 = 1 : 1
... . ....
1
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F>=:3 0 147:9 H:183535/83
. ..
.. . ..
..
C
. ..
O
.. .... .... ....
BGF?D<>=j 2OT
FBGF./=JC0T9.}WOH:<> CN7>B<>a M N0 \
M
.... .
1 ..............
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... ....
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.......
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....
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187:9 OO
.. ..................... ....
¸2CNJCL-L14?-; H:18353
. .
. .. ...................... ....
..
.
.. ............... ... .............
T ....

. .. . .
....... .............. . . ........... ....
P Q RS
..
\0 /27 _ /
... .. ....
BGF?D<>=j2FBGF./MJC09.}WH:<>CN7>BÄ<>a
. .
.. ..............
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. . ....

. ...... . ..... .... . .
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0
.
<7 _ =:?E?D/27>B612B
... ..
O
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18?D/ _ OO
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187:9
. .
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...
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M N P Q RS
. ........ . ...... ..
BGF./JOCN9:}GHj<>CL7>B<>a 0\
.
.
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. .
OO B NA1 C
µc<4z$z/pBD=:?E7»BE<»3+<>-A=BDC0<7.3am<?¦H:?D<.I>-0/2JK3|<>a*BGF./ · ¿¿¿ ¹p12BGF./2JK1BDC _ 18-

¯ -;JKHCN149K<>a¹&<>-N9:<2~>1 8 ñ<?DJ ¡C ~/87 4 ³8´>³ , \
È È
É \ ·8/BBGF./KaN=:7 _ BDCN<7
3 I./ _ <7.3WCN9:}
F>C _ (FBGfF.(x) CN3 BE4?D=j/*am<?/+~/2?x;
2 2
→
/8?D/89 \ ñ4CN7:9BGF./c~>12-L=j/23 f :am<?z /*CN7:/8= 12-LCB−
=:x ; 2ax − a −
\ a |f (x)| ≤ 1
¤ F¥ ¤
x ∈ [0, 1]
. + : <> $. < :!A0 ' +9'13- '15 " / 0@A:!6 .3;0*5 '2:,A A : .A 3 - !02: '135 )'9-,.3 - ¡
)#
¦ ¦ .¦
0B02:!5 A ) 37% : )3 )A N ) 3 5 '9+ @AB' ) / AB' :!A 3 ' :!AB- '(0 > 5
)02:,AB+2..5" : ,' : ) 3 - -!. +B/ 01' .3 576 . '187: =<> 0@? :: ' 0 .A(- ¦
/6z*CL-A-rH.?D<8~/*BGF12B GB F./6~>18-A=j/83<>a am<?°zF>C _ FBGF./CN7:/8=:12-LCB;
|f (x)| ≤ 1
CN3 BE?=j/*am<?/+~/2?x; 41 ?D/cBGF.<3+/*3G= a_ FGB F1B
x ∈ [0, 1]
\ x
− 21 ≤ a ≤ 2
1
√
2

/cz*CA-L-:7:/4/89BGF./*am<>-A-0<4z*CL7:caN=:7 _ BDCN<7(~>18-A=j/83
\
f (0) = −a2 − 3
4
f (1) = −a2 − 2a + 1
4
f (a) = −2a2 − 3
4
¿a BGF./27
1 2 187:9KBGF./2?D/2am<?D/(CBMCL3
|a| > 21 |f (0)| = a2 + 43 > + 3
= 1
7:<B@BE?D=j/6BGF1B am<? 12-L- \ 2 4
|f (x)| ≤ 1 x ∈ [0, 1]
¿a 1 BGF./27 187:9
√ < a ≤ 1 a ∈ [0, 1]
2 2
3 1
2 3
|f (a)| = 2a2 + 4
> 2 2
√
2
+ 4
= 1.
F>=:3 < 7 _ /1418CL7 CAB@CN3M7:<B@BE?=j/6BGF12B am<?°18-A- \
|f (x)| ≤ 1 x ∈ [0, 1]
³
F./<7-;~>18-A=j/83@<>a ?D/8JO18CL7CN7: BD<*I:/ _ <7.3GC09./8?D/89*14?D/BGF.<35/o351BDCN3GaA;CL7:Mx \

/cz*CA-L-:H:?D<2~/6BGF12B am<?°18a-A-j3W= _ F z/F1¡~/ am<?°18-A- \
µc<BD/BGF1B a |f (x)| ≤ 1
\Ó F./¾?14H:F`<>a x ∈ [0, 1]
CN3O1H:18?1I.<>-N1
2
z*CABGF(~/2?BD/Wò(1B f (x) = <(x Hj/27−CN7:a)
6=:H+ z14f?D9 (a)\o¿ B am<>-L-N<4z3 BGF12B°BGF./ f JK1Uò4CLJO=:J"187:9
JOCL7CNJ=:Jç~>12-L=j/23 a,<>fa (a) <7cBGF./CN7>BD/8?x~>12- _ 147*< _G_ =:?Ä<7-;ozF./8?D/ <?
<?:zF./2?D/ CAa f (x) \Ä F./2?D/2am<?D/ BGF./MJK1Uò4CLJO=:J»~>18-A=j/o<>x a = 0 <x 7 = 1
x = a a ∈ [0, 1]
_ 187¦< _E_ =:?<7- ;O1B@BGF./23+/*Hj<>CL7>BD3 \ |f (x)| [0, 1]
<7.3GC09./8?°147; 3W12BDCL3WaA;>CN7:6x \ F./87 3WCL7 _ / z/F1¡~/
a |a| ≤ 12
2 3

1 2 3 \
|f (0)| = a + 4
≤ 2
+ 4
= 1
¸2CN7 _ / z/F1~/
a ≥ − 21

1 − f (1) = a2 + 2a + 3
4
= a+ 3
2
a+ 1
2
≥ 0
147:9BGF./2?D/2am<?D/ \Ä] -N35< 3WCL7 _ / z/2/¡B
f (1) ≤ 1 − 52 < a < 1
2

f (1) − (−1) = −a2 − 2a + 5
4
= 5
2
+a 1
2
−a > 0
147:9BGF./2?D/2am<?D/ \ > F =:3 \
ñCL7.18-A-; AC a f (1) > −1147:9 3W 12|f j/83M≤
BDCL3W(1)| x 1 BGF./87
a ∈ [0, 1] a G
3 1
2 3 \
|f (a)| = 2a2 + 4
≤ 2 2
√
2
+ 4
= 1
/ _ <7 _ -L=j9./6BGF1B am<?°18-A- \
|f (x)| ≤ 1 x ∈ [0, 1]
\ ·8/B I./|1|7.1BD=:?18-M7=:J¦I./8?3W= _ F¾BGF1BBGF./7=:J¦I./8? 9CL3GBDCL7 _ B
2 F 183
9 C ~CL3+<?3n147:9|BGF./{7=:J¦I./8?
2
F 4
1 3 >
9 N
C E
3 D
B N
C 7 _
B >
9
C >
~ N
C 5
3
<
? 3 \ 2n
4
< z J K 8
1 28

7 p
;
9 CL3GBDCL7 _ B
9C ~CL3+<?3oF183BGF./*7=:J¦I./8? 3n2 \ 30

jz/3G=:35H:/ _ B@BGF1B@BGF>CN3M6nH.?D<.I-N/8J"F143M7:<3+<>-A=BDC0<7 \
. +(/01'2.3 <> ¡ '2:,A A :t¤ .A 3- !0 :'*3 5 ,) '1-!.3- )# 0B0 : 5AB)3 % : ¦
/Kz*CA-L-°H:?D<2~/¦BGF12B6BGF./3EBD1BE/2J¦/27>B<>a BGF./H.?D<.I-N/8J$CL3CN7 _ <?E?D/ _ B 183BGF./
4/ 9>CABD<?3W=:3WHj/ _ BE/89 \ ·8/B 9./87:<BD/BGF./7=:JKI:/2?<>aH:<3WCBDC~/9C ~CL3+<?3 <>aMBGF./
d(k)
Hj<3GCABDC ~/6CN7>BD/42/2? \
01 /6z*CL-A-Äk35F.<4z BGF12BBGF./2?D/CN37:<K7.12BD=:?12-Ä7=:J¦I./8? BGF12Bo3W12BDCL3Wj/83I.<BGF
8
1 :
7 9 @
\ >
F N
C °
3 *
z L
C A
-
- 5
3 .
F 4
<
z G
B
F 2
1 @
B G
B .
F
/ n
:
H D
? <.I>-0/2JCN3CN7 _ <?E?D/ _ B
2 2
d(2n
CLajBGF./9) C = ~CL3+28
<?3CL7BGd(3n
F./H.?D<.)I-N= 3018?D/?D/8=.CL?D/49BD<OI:/*Hj<3GCABDC ~/ \
/8J"
¸2=:H:H:<3+/ am<?BGF./H.=:?DHj<35/O<>a _ <7>BE?149C _ BDC0<7 BGF1BMBGF./7.12BD=:?12-7=:J¦I./8?
351BDCN3G/23 147:9 \ n
2 2
d(2n ) = 28 d(3n ) = 30
·8/B k
Q :
I
/ G
B F./H.?DCLJ¦/9./ _ <JKH:<3WCBDC0<7{<>a zF./2?D/BGF./(CN7>BD/42/2?3
n = pαi
i
n
4
i=1
14?D/CL7KCN7 _ ?D/2143GCN7:<?D9:/2? \¿ a CN3<.9:9 BGF./87 k
Q
pi n d(2n2 ) = 2 (2αi + 1) = 28
BGF12B°CL3 i=1

k
Y \
(2αi + 1) = 14
i=1

F>CL3MCL3CNJOHj<3W3WCNI-N/ 3WCL7 _ /cBGF./6-0/aLB 3WCN9:/6CL3o<.9:9O187:9BGF./*?DCN2FB3GC09./6CN3o/+~/27 \

J=:3GBÄI./o/+~/27 \Ä F./27
F./2?D/2am<?D/ k
Q
n d(2n2 ) = (2α1 +2) (2αi +1) = 28
01H.?D<.9= _ B°CN7:9./Wò4/89KI8;BGF.//8JOHBx;O3+/¡B°CL3o/4>=:18-.BE< B4 GF1B°CN3 i=2
1
k
Y \
(α1 + 1) (2αi + 1) = 14 = 2 × 7
i=2
¼o3WCL7:H:18?DCB; z/9./49>= _ /BGF1B/CABGF./2? 0187:9 <?
147:9 N 147:9 \cα¿ 7O +
1 BGF./1:?=3GB 14
_ 183+/ k = \M1G F./87
α1 + 1 = 2 2α2 + 1 = 7 ¿ 7(2BG F./63+/ _ <7:9 _ 183+/
k\ = n = 213 am<?@3+<JK/
2 26
n = 2p3
<.9:9{H.?DCLJ¦/ \×
d(3n ) = d(3
CLa BGF.p/27
¿ a 2 ) = 2BGF.×
p 6= 3
/27 27 6= 30
d(3n2 ) = d(22 × 3 ×\*p 6
¿ 7)/81 =_ F 3_ × 1435/ 2 ×z/7 F6=
1¡~30
/1
4
?1493C _ BDC0<7 \ d(3n ) = d(2 × 3 ) = 3 × 8 6= 30
2 7
_ <p7>BE=
mI /6z*CA-L-r35F.<4z BGF12B BGF./2?D/CN37:<K7.12BD=:?12-Ä7=:J¦I./8? BGF12BM3W12BDCL3Wj/83I.<BGF
8
1 :
7 9 @
\ >
F N
C °
3 *
z L
C A
-
- 5
3 .
F 4
<
z G
B
F 2
1 @
B G
B .
F
/ n:
H D
? <.I>-0/2JCN3CN7 _ <?E?D/ _ B
2 2
d(2n
CLajBGF./9) C = ~CL3+14
<?3CL7BGd(3nF./H.?D<.)I-N= 1518?D/7:<B°?D/4>=.CN?D/89BD<OI:/*Hj<3GCABDC ~/ \
/8J"
¸2=:H:H:<3+/ am<?BGF./H.=:?DHj<35/O<>a _ <7>BE?149C _ BDC0<7 BGF1BMBGF./7.12BD=:?12-7=:J¦I./8?
351BDCN3G/23 147:9 \»¿ a CN3<.9.9 BGF./27¾BGF./ _ <7:9>CABDCN<n 7
d(2n2 ) = 14 d(3n2 ) = 15 n
(2αi + 1) = 7 4
-N/8149.3 BE< Q k BGF12B°CL3 am<?°3+<JK/<.9:9OH.?DCLJ¦/
d(2n2 ) = 14 n = p3
7=:J¦I./8? \&¿ a
p 6=
z/{F1~/
i=1
2 4 CLa p = 3 z/{F1¡~/
2
p 3
\¿ 7K/81 _ F _ 183+/z d(3n
/F1~)/= 1 _ 2<7>× BE?179>C 6=
_ BDCN<15 7 \
d(3n ) = 8 6= 15
F./2?D/2am<?D/ JO=:3EBI.//+~/87 \c F./27¦BGF./ _ <7:9>CABDCN<7 -0/2193BD<
n d(2n2 ) = 14
(2αi + 1) = 7 4
Qk BGF12BMCN3 \ µc<4z
(α1 + 1) n = 26 d(3n2 ) = 2 × 13 6= 15
zF>C _ FCN3M1 _ <7>BE?19>C _ BDCN<7 \
i=2
Ë \K] -A-BGF./¦7.1BD=:?18-@7=:J¦I./8?3a0?D<J BD< 18?D/¦18?E?187:2/4918?GI>CABE?18?DCA-;|18-N<7:O1

_ NC ? _ -N/ \g F./63W=:J<>a/+~/8?x;BGF?D/4/ _ <7.351/ _ =BDC 100
~/2- ;14?D?147:2/897=:JKI:/2?3CN3 _ 12- _ =.-L12BD/49 \
,:?D<8~/°BGF12BjBGF./8?D/M/Wò8CN3EBjB½z<3W= _ Fc3W=:JO3 z*CBGFBGF./o9>C Ä/8?D/27 _ /oI./B½z/8/87BGF./8JÓI:/CN7:
?D/81BE/2?@BGF147 \
¡ t¤
. +(/01'2.3 <> '2:,A A : .A 3- !0 :'*3 5 ,) '1-!.3- )# 0B0 : 5AB)3 % : ¦
2
ñCL?3GB <JCAB 187:9Â9>C~>C09./18-A- BGF./?D/8JO18CL7CN7:7=:JKI:/2?3CL7>BE< H:12CN?z*CN35/

9CL3 x<>CL7>B ?D<> =:H:3o<>a:1BGF?D/8/ _ <7.3+/ _ =BDC~/*7=:JKI:/2?3M18-N<7:BGF./ _ CL? _ -0/ \ F.33
/BE
< B18-:3W=:J
<>a BGF./23+/ ?D<>=:H:3CN3 100
P 187:9BGF./{1¡~/8?142/{3W=:J CL3 5049 \
33 i = 5049 = 153
33
¿ B am<>-A-0<4z3°BGF1B@BGF./8?D/*CL3Mi=212B°-N/8183GB <7:/*3W=:J 351¡; 3W= _ F(BGF12B \
µc<4z <JCAB 147:9¦9C ~CN9:/18-A-jBGF./ ?D/2JK12S
CN7 CL7:7=:J¦I./8?S3CL≥
7>BE153
< H:12CN?z*CN35/
9CL3 x<>CL7>B ?D<> =:H:3o<>a:100
BGF?D/8/ _ <7.3+/ _ =BDC~/*7=:JKI:/2?3M18-N<7:BGF./ _ CL? _ -0/ \ F.33 /BE<B18-:3W=:J
<>a BGF./23+/ ?D<>=:H:3CN3 P
99 187:9BGF./{1¡~/8?142/{3W=:J CL3 4950 \
33 i = 4950 = 150
33
¿ B am<>-A-0<4z3°BGF1B@BGF./8?D/*CL3Mi=1
12B°-N/8183GB <7:/*3W=:J 351¡; 0 3W= _ F(BGF1B 0 \
F./27 4
1 :
7
9
z
/ 8
1 D
?
/ .
9
< :
7 / \ S S ≤ 150
S − S0 ≥ 3

\ ñCL7:9O12-L-.BGF./*aN=:7 _ BDCN<7.3 zF>C _ F3W12BDCL3WaA;(BGF./*?D/2-L12BDCN<7

→ ( f :

x · f (x) = bxc · f {x} + {x} · f bxc , ∀ x ∈ e
zF./8?D/ 147:9 9./87:<BD/BGF./¾CL7>BE/8?18-H:18?BO147:9à0?1 _ BDC0<7.12-H:18?BaN=:7 _ BDC0<7.3
?D/83WHj/ _ BDb·c
C~/- ; \ {·}

. + : & z ¤
¦ U¤
) # 0B02!: 5A ) 37% : : ,' : )01)' +9+2: - -!. B+ / 01' .3 ¦ ¡ ~ ¤
<> '2% ?7:+ ) 0*),'9+ + : 5 . / :!35 AB)3 % : ) 3 ' :!A A: .A 3- !0 :'*3 5 )'9-,.3 -
F./35<>-L=BDCN<7.3M18?D/6BGF./ _ <7.3EBD187>B°aN=:7 _ BDC0<7.3 \
] 7; _ <7.3EBD187>BaN=:7 _ BDCN<7(351BDCN3G/23BGF./c¡C~/27(?D/2-L12BDCN<7 3WCL7 _ / \
<7~/2?3+/-; _ <7.3WCN9:/2?16aN=:7 _ BDCN<7 am<?gzF>C _ FBGF./BGF./*¡C ~ /87?D/-N1xBDC0<=7bxc F.<>-09+3 {x}
187:9
-0/¡B \ ¸2=jI.3EBDCABD=BDCL7:c14714?EfICBE?14?x;7:<7:}DW/8?D<CN7>BD/42/2? am<? CN7BGF./*¡ C ~/87
C = f (0)
?D/2-L12BDCN<7 z/2/B \ k /27 _ / x \

¸2CNJCL-L14?-; am<?M18-A- kf (k) = k · C +
z/F1¡~/ 0 · f (k) = k · C f (k) = C \
F>=:3 \ x ∈ (0, 1) xf (x) = 0 · f (x) + x · f (0) = C · x
µc
f (x) = C
<4z -N/B I:/e187 18?GI>CABE?18?x;Ó7:<7:}EW/2?D<Ó?D/218-7=:J¦I./8? \ ¯ I.35/8?x~>CN7:¶BGF1B
187:9 x z/2/B
bxc ∈ {x} ∈ [0, 1)

xf (x) = bxc · C + {x} · C = C · bxc + {x} = C·x
147:9 am<>-A-0<4z3 \°¿ 7 _ <7 _ -L=:3GC0<7 \
am<?°18-A-j?D/812-j7=:J¦I./8?3
f (x) = C f (x) = C x
\ ñ4CN7:91`Hj<>- ;.7:<JCN12-<>a9:/8?D/4/ z*CBGFç?D/812- _ .
< / _ C0/27>BD3|3W= _ F»BGF12B/81 _ F
<>a^CAB3 ?D<.<B3CN3 /4>=:18-`BE<ÀBGF./ 35=:318?D/$<>a<7:/ D? <.<B<>a»BGF./ j H <>- ;.7:<JCN12-
\
y¤ ¤ ¤
3 2
P (X) = X + 9X + 9X + 9
. + : <> ,:!)3 +1) / :*H3 AB' :/5 :,)/3 :!5 AB)3 % : ' % ? : + )01)' +9+2:!5 . / :!35
AB)3

¦ ¤ F¥ U¤
% : . < :,A0 ' +9'13- '15" / 0@A:!6 .3;0*5 )3 ' :!A A: . A 3- !0 :'*3 5 )9' -,.3 -
) # 0B20 :!5A ) 37% : : ,' : )10 )' +9+2: - -!. +B/ 01' .3 - ¦ ¡
·8/B I./MBGF./ _ <JKH-0/Gò ?D<.<BD3@<>a \Ä / _ 187(<.IBD12CN7cBGF./?D/8=.CL?D/49
Hj<>- ;.7:<JCNu12- v w
I8; B½z<JK/BGF.<.93 P (X)
. +(/01'2.3 k \ ¸2CN7 _ /
u + v + w = −9 uv + vw + wu = 9
187:9
uvw = −9
u + v + w = (u + v + w) − 2(uv + vw + wu) = 63
2 2 2 2
u v + v 2 w 2 + w 2 u2 = (uv + vw + wu)2 − 2uvw(u + v + w) = −81

2 2
\
u2 v 2 w 2 = (uvw)2 = 81
F>=:3 GB F./*?D/4>=.CN?D/89KH:<>-;7:<JOCL18-:CL3

\
Q(X) = (X − u2 )(X − v 2 )(X − w 2 ) = X 3 − 63X 2 − 81X − 81
. +(/01'2.3 kk \ F./H:<>-;7:<JOCL18-
Q(X) = (X − u2 )(X − v 2 )(X − w 2 )
3W12BDCL3Wj/83
Q(X 2 ) = (X 2 − u2 )(X 2 − v 2 )(X 2 − w 2 )

= (X − u)(X − v)(X − w)(X + u)(X + v)(X + w)

= P (X) · −P (−X)
\
= (X 3 + 9X)2 − (9X 2 + 9)2 = X 6 − 63X 4 − 81X 2 − 81
/27 _ / \
Q(X) = X 3 − 63X 2 − 81X − 81

\ ,:?D<8~/cBGF12B°am<?°18-A-j3GBE?C _ BD- ;Hj<3GCABDC ~/*7=:JKI:/2?3 147:9 BGF./*CL7:/4>=:18-ACABx;

a b c
(a + b + x)−1 + (b + c + x)−1 + (c + a + x)−1 ≤ x−1

F.<>-093 z F./2?D/ √ \

m¤ ¦
3
x = abc
. +(/01'2.3 <> ' % ? : + ) 0*),'9+ + : 5 . / :!35 AB)3 % :
·8/B −1 −1 −1
\Ä] 7K/2143;
_ 12- _ =.-L12BDCN<(a
7(;+
CN/2-Nb9.+
3 x) + (b + c + x) + (c + a + x) = N/D
N = 3x2 + 4x(a + b + c) + a2 + b2 + c2 + 3(ab + bc + ca)

D = x3 + 2x2 (a + b + c) + x a2 + b2 + c2 + 3(ab + bc + ca)
\
+ a2 b + ab2 + b2 c + bc2 + c2 a + ca2 + 2abc
¯ I.35/8?x~>CN7:BGF12B
a2 b + ab2 + b2 c + bc2 + c2 a + ca2 = (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca) − 3abc

147:9 z/F1~/
x3 = abc

D = 2x2 (a + b + c) + x a2 + b2 + c2 + 3(ab + bc + ca)
\
+ (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)
/27 _ / \
D − xN = (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) − 2x2 − 3x3
º;BGF./ ] ¹|´±¹ ¿ 7:/8=:12-LCB; z/{F1¡~/ √ 187:9
3
a + b + c ≥ 3 abc = 3x
√
\ >
F :
= 3
3
ab + bc + ca ≥ 3 a2 b2 c2 = 3x2
2 2 3 \
D − xN ≥ 3x(3x − 2x ) − 3x = 0
¿ B am<>-A-0<4z3°BGF1B N 1 143M?D/8=.CL?D/49 \

¡ t¤ ¦
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187:9 ?D/235H:/ _ BDBC C ~/2- ; 18?D/ AB B14/27`3G= _ FpBGF12B ABC
D√ E \ F./`3GBE?12 0C 2FB{-LCL7:/83 187:9 CDCL7>:BE/2DB ?3+/ _ B{=CN7^BE
BGF./`:Hj<>EA CL7>B =\
( 5 + 1)/2 AD CE O
F./¶Hj<>CL7>BD3 147:9 14?D/&CL7>BE/2?DCN<?¦Hj<>CL7>BD3<>a*BGF./¶35/4JK/87>B3 187:9
M
?D/83WHj/ _ BDC~/-; 3W= _ F¦BGF12B N 147:9 \ F./OH:18?18-A-0/-gBD<{BGF./
OD OC
3GBE?12C02FB-LCL7:/ M N k BC
9.?1¡z7(BGF?D<>=j2FBGF./6Hj<>CL7>B AN = 2 OM
CN7>BD/8?35/ _ B3°BGF./635/4JK/87>B CL7
BGF./cH:<>CN7>B \ AC ,:?D<2 ~/oBGF12BÄBGF./cF18-Aam}G-ACN7:/ CL3OBGF. /cICL3+/ _ BE?DC ò*<>a>BGF./147:¡-N/ M C \
P AP M AN

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+3 F.<4zBGF12B@BGF./ _ <7:9>CABDCN<7 _ 147.7:<BI:/6BE?=j/CAajBGF./<BGF./8? _ < 7:9CBDC0<7.3
AN = 2OM
14?D/cBE?D=j/ \
¸2CN7 _ / √ z/
2/B CD : DB √ = ( 5√ + 1) : 2 \ º;
B
¹&/87:CD
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/ 14?D/(¡C ~/87OBGF1B 187:9 18?D/Hj<>CL7>BD3<7BGF./(35/4JK/87>B3 187:9
?D/83WHj/ _ BDC~/-; 3W= _ FBGF1B M N \ ·8/¡B I./OBGF./KHj<>CL7>B*<7 OD 3G= _ FOC BGF1B
\M F./27 M N k DC K OA
\ ¸2CL7 _ /
KN
z /3+/8k/AC BGF12B OK : OA \ ¸2=CL7 ON
_/ : OC = OM : OD OA = OD
◦
147:9 OK = OM ∠KM N = ∠ADC > ∠ABC \( F./8=?D/am<60
◦ z/OF1~/ ?D/
∠KN M = ∠ACD \ ¸2CL7 =_ / 60 ∠KM N > ∠KN M
KN > KM = 2OM
∠AKN = 180◦ − ∠DAC > 180◦ − ∠BAC = 120◦
CAB°am<>-A-0<4z3°BGF12B \ F./2?D/2am<?D/ \
AN
F>=:3 CB°CL3M7:<B@>
BE?D=jKN
/cBGF12B AN\ > 2OM
AN = 2OM
µc<4zÁz/ÂBD=:?E7BE<Ó35<>-L=BDCN<7.3|BD<ÓH:?D<.I>-0/2JK3p<>a(BGF./ · ¿¿¿ ¹p12BGF./2JK1BDC _ 18-

¯ -;JKHCN149K<>a¹&<>-N9:<2~>1 4 ´ ñ><?EJO3 ¡C ~/87 4 >³ ¡´³ \
È È È
É \ ±?147:9>a012BGF./2?o9>CN3EBE?DCNI=BD/83 3Ez/8/B3o14JK<7: ?187:9 _ F>CA-09?D/87¦18?E?187:2/49K18-N<7:
1 _ CN? _ -N / O:?3GB(<>ao18-A-oF./|¡C~/2n 3O<7:/3Dz/4/¡B*BE<p3+n<JK/|?187:9 _ F>CA-09 BGF./87ÂF./|¡C ~/83
<7:/O3Ez/8/BoBD<¦BGF./O7:/Wò2Bc?147:9 _ F>CL-N9 BGF./87|<7:/O3Ez/8/B354CLH:HCN7:< 7:/K?187:9 _ F>CA-09
BGF./87p<7:/K3Ez/8/B6354CLH:HCN7:B½z<?187: 9 _ F>CA-09?D/87¾147:93+<|<7 \ F./{9>CN3EBE?DCNI=BDCN<7CL3
/Wò4/ _ =BE/89KCN7OBGF./3518J¦/(9>CN?D/ _ BDC0<7 \ ñ><?°zF1B°~>12-L=j/23c<>a 9:<./23c/+~/2?x;{?187:9 _ F>CA-09
n
2/B 13Ez/8/B
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<4z7.38 ¶0¸8H:?CN7: ¹p18CL7 @/2?3WCN<7 \ ] 3+<>-A=BDC0<È 7`14H.Hj/214?3¦CL7 @3;02:,A 3)01'2.3 ),+
) 0@?7:!6 )01'2%(- N . /A 3) 6 :!3;0 . N . 3 - 5 /:!-,01' .3 - ) 3 -,. +(/01'2.3-
'
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§
¹p12BGF./2JK1BDC _ 3 >7.?DC _ FJ¦/2 7>B ] =:3EBE?18-ACN1 \

\ ·8/¡BBGF./¾7=:JKI:/2? ∗ I./¾¡C~/27 \ óM/87:<BD/¾I8; BGF./35/B<>a18-A-?D/218-

7=:J¦I./8?3 BGF./8∈?D/(/Wò8CN3EBD3o1(:7CABD/3+/8=j/27 _ /
am<?°zF>C _ Fn M z*CBGF
x 3G= _ F(BGF12B (ap ) p = 1 . . . n
ap ∈ {0 1} p = 1 . . . n
−1 −2 −n \
x = 2 · a1 + 2 · a2 + · · · + 2 · an
01 óM/BD/8?DJOCL7:/°BGF./3+/¡B 187:96H.?D<8~/°BGF1Bjam<?r/+~/2?x;c7=:J¦I./8? BGF./8?D/M/Gò4CL3GB3

1=: 7CN=j/*:7CABD/35/4>=j/87 M
_/ z*CABGF(BGF./*J¦/27>xBDC0∈
<7:M/89OH.?D<Hj/2?Bx; \
(ap ) p = 1 . . . n
mI ñ4CN7:9¦BGF./(aN=:7 _ BDC0<7 3G= _ F¦BGF1BoCLa CL3BGF./3+/8=j/27 _ /O9:/j7:/89
1I. <8~/I8;(BGF./7=:JKI:/2? f :BGF. M /87 → (ap )
x
\
f (x) = 2−1 · 2000a1 + 2−2 · 2000a2 + · · · + 2−n · 2000an ∀x ∈ M
: ' 0 .A(-8\ ¡ ¤
. +(/01'2.3 <> ' :!A A: .A 3 - !02: '135 )'9-,.3 - ) # 0B02:!5 AB)3 % : 56 . '98;: <> 0@? :
01 ·8/B n \@ F./27 _ <7.3WCL3GB3<>ar18-A-?D/812-r7=:JKI:/2?3
I:/*?D/8M
BGF12B _ 41 7K
0
H.?D/8=
35/87>BD2/49xCN7BGF.∈
:x /6amM
<?EJ M0 y
y = an + 2an−1 + · · · + 2n−1 a1
zF./8?D/ am<? \ F./{14I:<2~/{?D/8H.?D/835/87>B12BDCN<7¾am<?
CN3*3WCLJKHa-;{p BG∈
F./¦{0 181}
I>CN7. ?x;/GòH.p147.= 3GC0<71 <>2a .\O
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=:3 187:y9
y M 0
= {0 1 . . . 2 n
− 1}
BGF./8?D/am<?D/ 0 \ F./=:7C0>=j/87:/2353<>aBGF./O?D/2H:?D/23+/27>BD1BDC0<7
−n
am<?°/81 _ F M =am<>-A2-0<4z3@ y a0?D: <yJÃ∈ BGF.M/c=:7C0>=j/87:/2353M<>a.BGF./*I>CN7.18?x;O/GòH.147.3GC0<7<>a/81 _ F
x∈M
0\
y∈M
mI ·8/B \ ·8/B \

Px = 2−1 a1 + 2−2 a2 + · · · + 2−n an ∈ M I = {p | ap 6= 0}
F./27 −p \ ¿ B°am<>-A-0<4z3°BGF12B
x= 2
p∈I
X n
X X \
2−p = 2−p − 2−p = 1 − 2−n − x
p6∈I p=1 p∈I
/9./49>= _ /6BGF1B
X 2000 X 1
f (x) = + = 2000x + 1 − 2−n − x
2p 2p
p∈I p6∈I
\
= 1999x + 1 − 2−n
\ ñCL7:9O12-L-.BGF./*CL7>BE/82/8?~>18-A=j/83o<>a am<?zF>C _ F(BGF.//4>=:12BDCN<7
m

m2 x − 13 x − 12
=
1999 2000
F143 9CL3GBDCL7 _ B ?D/218-j3+<>-A=BDC0<7.3M 9:/27:<BE/23BGF./6CN7>BD/4?12-H:18?B°aN=:7 _ BDCN<7 \
1999 b·c
4
¡ t¤
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z?D2000k
CBBE/27|18+
3 12
k k = m2 k +
m k + 12m2 − 13 4 BGF12B°CL3 zF./8?D/
2
f (k) = 0
1999
\

2 m2 k + 12m2 − 13
f (k) = (m − 1)k +
1999
2¸ =:H:H:<3+/BGF12B 2
\ ¸2CL7 _ / CN3°BGF./63W=:J<>aj147CL7 _ ?D/8183WCL7:aN=:7 _ BDC0<7187:9
17:<7:}W9:/ _ ?D/8183WCL7:caN=:m 7 _ BDCN>
<7K1<7 BGF.f/6aN=:7 _ BDCN<7 CN3 CL7 _ ?D/8183WCL7:6<7 \ ¿ B@am<>-A-0<4z3
BGF12B°BGF.//4>=:12BDCN<7 F143o1BJ¦<3EB<7:/35f<>-L=BDCN<7 \@ F./8?D/am<?D/ CL3o7:<B1
3+<>-A=BDC0<7O<>ajBGF./H.?D<.fI(k) -N/8J = \ 0 m
¿a BGF./27OBGF./(¡C~/27{/8=:1BDC0<7¦I:/ _ <JK/83 x − 12 zF>C _ F¦9.<./83
m = 0 −1 =
7:<BF1~/ 3+<>-A=BDC0<7.3 \ F>=:3 CL3M7:-A=BDC0<7O<>aj2000BGF./H.?D<.I-N/8J \
1999 m=0
ñCL7.18-A-; 3W=:H.Hj<35/KBGF1B \ F./27 j
k−1
k 187:9|BGF./
2
m = 1 f (k) = = 0
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F>=:3f (k)BGF./=9:/203WCL?D/49~>18-A=j/83o<>a k =18?D1/ 2 . . . 141999 7:9 \
m m=1 m = −1
\ ,:?D<2~/ BGF1B¶BGF./ 7=:J¦I./8? mn+1 + nn+1 W3 12BDCL3Wj/83ÂBGF./ ?D/2-L12BDCN<7
a =
n am<? 7:<7:}DW/8?D<7.12BD=:?12-7=:J¦I./8?3
m m + nn 41 7:9 \
¡ t¤
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\¯ 7*BGF./3GC09./83 187:9 <>aBGF.//4>=.CL-L12BD/8?12-BE?CN187:¡-0/ BGF./Hj<>CL7>BD3
147:9 /83WHj/ _ AC
?DBC BDC~/-; 14AB ?D/ _ <7.3WCN9:/2?D/49¾3G= _ FBGF12B ABC
M N P \ ñ4CN 7:9{12-L-BGF./~>18-A=j/83 am<? zF>C _AP FOBGF.:/ P
_ CN? B_ -N/=z*CBM
BGFKBGF./ :
M C =
9CL14JK/BD/8? CN : N A = λ λ
_ <2~/8?3BGF./¦BE?CN187:¡-0/I:<>=:7:9./49¶I8;BGF./3EBE?18CN2FB-ACN7:/23
147:9 \ AC
¿ 7BGF./ _ 183+/{<>a _ <7 _ =:?D?D/87>B3EBE?18CN2FB6-LCL7:/83 BGF./{JK/87>BDCN<7:/4AM 9|BE?CN 18BN
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CP
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187:9
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.
BN?D/83WHj/ _ CP CP AM X Y
.. . . ..
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∠P CA = ∠M AB = ∠N BC
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∠AXB = ∠BY C = ∠CZA = 120◦
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?D/83WHj/ _ BDC~/-; \ ¸2CN7 _ / 4OAB z/OF 4OBC
1¡~/ Γ1 Γ2
147:9 ∠AOB =
\° F./8?D/am<?D/ ∠BOC = 120 ◦

-AC0/23<7BGF./JCN7:<? 18? _ ∠AXB =
<>a ∠AOB 187:9
3o<7C
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Y BOC Γ2
¿a ~>18?DCN/83(<7BGF./¦ 3WCN9:/ a0?D<J BE< BGF./87 J¦<2~/83(<7BGF./{18? _
M
a0?D<J BE< 187:9CAa BC
~>18?DCN/83<7BGBF./K3GC0C 9./ a0?DX <J BD< BGF./87
BOA
J¦<2~/83o<7BGF.B /18? _ A a0?D<J N BD< \ CA C A Y
BOC C B
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BGF./JCN7:<λ?g= 14? _ 1 <>a X 14Y7: 9 -LCNZ
/83°<76BGF./JCN7:<?g14O? _ λ < 1 \°¿
<>a a X BGF./87
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X µc<4zz/ _ <7.3GC09./8?cBGF./ _ 183+/ AO Γ Y BO Γ2
1 \Â¿ 7BGF>CL3
1
_ 183+/Kz/9./87:<BD/ 147:9 λ
I8; = 2 147:9
?D/235H:/ _ BDC ~/2- ; \ M N X M 0 N0
X0 ·8/B I./&BGF./Â3+/ _ <7:9»CN7>BD/8?35/ _ BDCN<7<>a
B
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.
...
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187:9 \
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∠CT N0 = ∠CT B = ∠CAB = 60◦

. . ... .... ... ..
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.
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N
. .
∠AT N0 = ∠CT N0 4
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AT : T C = AN0 : N0 C = 1 : λ = 2 : 1 T
zF>C _ FCNJOH.-AC0/23 BGF1B \
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\(IQDR5AUCLY5NC

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det(αI + βAB + γBA) = det(αI + γAB + βBA)
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a b e f
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c d g h
187:9 \
P = αI + βAB + γBA Q = αI + γAB + βBA
F./27¦I8;K9>CN?D/ _ BmF>=:JO147 _ <JOH.=B12BDCN<7.3 z /F1~/

det(P ) − det(Q)
= (α + βa + γe)(α + βd + γh) − (βb + γf )(βc + γg)
− (α + γa + βe)(α + γd + βh) + (γb + βf )(γc + βg)
= α(β − γ)(a + d − e − h) + (β 2 − γ 2 )(ad − bc + f g − eh)

= α(β − γ) tr(AB) − tr(BA) + (β 2 − γ 2 ) det(AB) − det(BA)
\
k½k \
= 0
. +(/01'2.3 <> m¤
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- ;.7: <JCN12- γ = 0
det(C) = det(D) γ 6= 0
\
P (x) = det(xAB + γBA) − det(xBA + γAB)
/?D/219>CL- ;*3+/8/MBGF1B \ ¸2CL7 _ / F183@9:/8?D/4/1BgJ¦<3EB
B½z<K147:9{F183oBGF?D/8/9PCL3G(0) BDCL7 _ = BM?DP
<.<(γ)B3 = CABJOP=:(−γ)
3EBI./= BGF.0/W/2?D<KH:<>P-;7:<JOCL18- \6¿ Bam<>-A-0<4z3
BGF12B am<? 12-L- \
det(C)
µc<4z >ò = det(D)
147:9 \ µc<BD/BGF1γB β, \ /87 _ /
147:9
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β 1 _ BD/8?CN3E=
BDC _ tr(D)
H:<>-;7:= <JO(β CL7 _ /cBGF./+;KF1~/6BGF./
CL18- +3Wγ)tr(AB)
C 3518J¦/c9.D /BD/8?DJOCL7.147>B147:9*BGF./3518J¦/MBE?1 _ / \g F12BgCN3 \
CABGF z/<.I>B18CL7BGF./?D/8=.CL?D/49O?D/83G=.-AB \ det(xI − C) = det(xI − D)
x = −α
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In n×n
   
1 1 −1 1 1 −1 \
147:9
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2 1 1 1 1 1
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147:9 \ det(I3 +2A3 B3 +B3 A3 ) = 352
det(I
ñ<? 3 + A B
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9:/27:<BE/23BGF.n/ > 3 An = On−3 W/8⊕
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7 O a0?Dn−3 F./BI314 3GC _ H.?D<HjO
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/27 _ /

det(In + 2An Bn + Bn An ) = det(In−3 ⊕ (I3 + 2A3 B3 + B3 A3 ))
= det(In−3 ) det(I3 + 2A3 B3 + B3 A3 )
= 352
È

147:9
det(In + An Bn + 2Bn An ) = det(In−3 ⊕ (I3 + A3 B3 + 2B3 A3 ))

= det(In−3 ) det(I3 + A3 B3 + 2B3 A3 )
\
= 348
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, <C<= , 0 0
det(αI + βAB + γBA) = α2 + α(β + γ)tr(AB) + (β 2 + γ 2 ) det(AB)
&
+ βγ (tr(AB))2 − tr(A2 B 2 )
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n
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N J(V Pk a ≥ Pk b FGD5IWAN aY k = 1 T 2 T . . . T n − 1 e YAJ 9WA ?NO^ CLY5NC S
j=1 j=1
& 4 'L j=1

) . NJ(j=1 ;F
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A 9 I PjCQA
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j=1 j=1
; F ST
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6/$+9), " $ 6 4O6]+G'3O/.B4+3 $7:2Q$O6*)- $ 4L) $ 7 + 5" %$ ! 7 $+G )94(
e YA NJ(M ` A?2P9J[CLYAb\(IQDh ` A ! N IQAbN J(M `9A?2P*JUNbCXI P9NJ(M ` A PSCLYD H5C3`9D5?d?/D F
MAJ(AI N`jPjC,^ T 9WAWN?d?LH !#AUCLY5NOC A ≥ B ≥ C AWV5P*?LCQP*J(M HP9ABC ?dYZCLYAaQN ?dA 9WYAIQAfCLYA
CXIQP*N J(M `9AbP*?Dh CQH(?dA A > π/2 F IQD"! CLYA;aQN ?dA 9WYAIQAbPSC3P*?/J(D5J(KdDh CQH(?BA A ≤ π/2
; J#h(D CLY aXN?BA? 9WA 9fP*`j`H(?dAUCLYAfF N aQC=CLY5NOC=CLYAfF9H(J(aQCQP9D5J P9?;aXD5J(aXN R5A
D5JZCLYAfP9J CQAI,R NT ` [0, π/2] f (x) = cos x
È
ñCL?3GB°3W=:H.Hj<35/6BGF1B \ F./27
A ≤ π/2
π π π \

π π
, , 0 (A, B, C) , ,
2 2 3 3 3
] H:H-;>CN7:BGF./¹p1 x<?DCG12BDCN<7 ¿ 7:/8=:12-LCB; z/F1¡~/

\
π π
2 cos + cos 0 ≤ cos A + cos B + cos C ≤ 3 cos
2 3
z /<.I>B18CL7BGF./?D/4>=.CN?D/89CN7:/8=:12-LCBDC0/23 \
¸2CNJOH.-ACLaA;>CN7:
µc<4z 3G =::
H H:<3+/cBGF1B \ F./27
A > π/2
\
π−A π−A
(π − A, 0) (B, C) ,
2 2
] H:H-;>CN7:BGF./¹p1 x<?DCG12BDCN<7 ¿ 7:/8=:12-LCB; z/F1¡~/

π−A
cos(π − A) + cos 0 ≤ cos B + cos C ≤ 2 cos
2
<? A \

− cos A + 1 ≤ cos B + cos C ≤ 2 sin
2
F./27
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2
ñCL7.18-A-; z/*7:<BE/cBGF12B 3 I:/ _ 12=:3+/

A
cos A + 2 sin ≤
2 2

A 3 A A 3
cos A + 2 sin − = 1 − 2 sin2 + 2 sin −
2 2 2 2 2
1
2
A \
= − 1 − 2 sin ≤ 0
) "1)J:L'# - 8 ? <C< ",0 ? , #0 L" " /C'I$ 53K# +
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\(IQDR5AUCLY5NC 4ABC
9

4abc < a2 + b 2 + c 2 a cos A + b cos B + c cos C ≤ abc
2
6/$+9), " $[.O W
, ;4! 7 B+ 4O6_ d7 * 7;:

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9P ? N aXH5CQA T 9WA !H(?LCbY5NOR5A K > 0 A C S hAUCLYA N IQANWNJ(V R CLYAWaXP*IQaXH!&I N V5PjH(?D F
A 9fP*`j`(H(?BACLYAfFGD `j` D 9fP*J(M,9WA`j` K J(D 9 J D5IbAN ? ^KXCQDK\IQDR5AUF N aQC ?

4ABC
(a2 + b2 + c2 )(16S 2 ) = K + 8(abc)2 T
X
a cos A =
2S
T
# $#% & # R
4SR = abc T

a2 + b2 + c2 ≤ 9R2

È
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BGF./ _ CN? _ =:J _ /27>BE?D/147:9 BGF./<?½BGF.< OH
2
=<>9R
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2
− (a2\ + b2 + c2 ) O
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E È¡E E K > 0
X 2S
(a2 + b2 + c2 ) a cos A = (a2 + b2 + c2 ) ·
$ R
(a2 + b2 + c2 )(16S 2 )
=
8SR
K + 8(abc)2 K
= = + 4abc > 4abc
2abc 2abc
zF>C _ FH:?D<2~/83 BGF./*-N/2aLBG}WF147:9CL7:/4>=:18-ACABx; \

¼o3WCL7:cCN7:/8=:12-LCB;OL 147:9K/8=:1BDC0<7.3o 147:9Ox³ z/2/¡B
ÈU G
X 2S 9 9
(a2 + b2 + c2 ) a cos A ≤ 9R2 · = (4SR) = (abc)
$ R 2 2
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P (B)
L
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N C A
0 < P (A) < 1
NJ(V 0 < P (B) < 1 AOC
2[P (A ∩ B) − P (A)P (B)]
K =
P (A) + P (B) − 2P (A)P (B)
0 YD 9 CLY5NC |K| < 1 T N J(VP*J CXAIX\IQAOC8CLYAR N`*HA K = 0
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A \IQDR5ACLY5NC
I P*I ?LC T J(D CXACLY5NC |K| ≤ 1

P (A) + P (B) − 2P (A)P (B) = P (A) 1 − P (B) + P (B) 1 − P (A)
> 0

È
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P (A ∩ B) ≤ P (A) P (A ∩ B) ≤ P (B)
2P (A ∩ B) ≤ P (A) + P (B)
147:9 ma <>-L-N<4z3 \
K ≤ /?D1/2JK18?GBGF12B F.<>-N9.3CAa147:9<7-;6CLa \
F>CL3< _E_ =:?3 am<? /Wò818JKHK -0/ =CLa 1 zF./8?D/ P (A) = P (B) 147:9 = P (A ∩ B)\
µc<4z z/*35F.<4zBGF1B B = A ∪zN F>C _ F18J¦<>=:A7>B∩3BDN
< =∅ P (N ) = 0
K ≥ −1
\ x
P (A) + P (B) + 2P (A ∩ B) ≥ 4P (A)P (B)
.>=:12BDCN<7Kx _ /2?B18CL7-;OF.<>-093MCAa P (A) + P (B) ≤ 1 3GCN7 _ / CL7BGF12B _ 1435/
2
P (A) + P (B) + 2P (A ∩ B) ≥ P (A) + P (B) ≥ P (A) + P (B)
\
≥ 4P (A)P (B)
µc<4z 3G=:H:H:<3+/6BGF12B \ F./87K12B -N/8183GB<7:/<>a 147:9
CL3?D/81BE/2?jBGF187 1 35P1¡; (A) + P (B) \ 8
· >
¡
/ B 1 8
1 :
7 9 P (A)
P (B) P (A) > 21 P (A) = 21 +h P (B) = 12 +k
zF./8?D/ 1 187:9 1 \ F./87
2
0<h< 2
|k| < 2
P (A ∩ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∪ B) = 1 + h + k − P (A ∪ B)
≥ h+k
147:9
\
4P (A)P (B) = 1 + 2(h + k) + 4hk
F>=:3 m z*CL-A-.am<>-A-0<4zçCAa \ F>CN3 CL3 _ /2?B18CL7-;BE?=j/6CAa 3WCL7 _ /
h + k − 4hk ≥ 0 k ≤ 0
187:9 °
\ ¿ a BGF./27 √ 187:9
−4hk ≥ 0 h + k = P (A) + P (B) − 1 > 0 k > 0 hk ≤ 12
√ √ √ \
h + k − 4hk ≥ 2 hk − 4hk = 2 hk(1 − 2 hk) ≥ 0
µ <BD/BGF1B
c zF./27 147:9 187:9cBGF1B
zF./87 K = −1 P (A) = P (B) = 21
ABGF12BCN3 zF./27 A∩B 187:9 = ∅ 18 ?D/CN7:9./8H:/8K7:9.= /87>0B
/+~/87>B3 \ P (A ∩ B) = P (A)P (B) A B

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a 9BG=
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_ CN? _ -N/ 9:/¡BE/2?EJ2θ =
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OH
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2 n

π
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m+1 m
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m = 1 2 3 . . .
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n
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2
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AC BD
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1 π−β
= sin α + sin β + sin(π − α) + 2 sin
2 2
1 β
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2 2
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1

β
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F>=:(0,
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√
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CRUXv 30 N 8

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