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 # lnit 04 #

FLUID- DYNAMICS
Mathur X)
x Comtet to bebe coyeMed -

Denoity pand pAessUE ina feutd.

element of futd amd Cts
Cont nuty equalion and vAcOsttyConsehwation
atheam-lined motion
Roiseutle'
Analoqy
A cq for
b<w.
ftow of iqutd thxough bibe
Tate of liquid louw Ibkouh cappilaxies
Nauiea
Stoke's eq ENCA, hasallel
Reyrotd's mumber,

Fluid Dynamica
lquids + Gases
only ldeal Liquido & Gase.
whih ne pete ctly mol'lel goro viscosit)
lnd od IncempkLAsi ble (zero Compknibliky)
obeysBoylea f Chandes' laus
flow Liquid (fluid) wa de fiied aa de
volume of that acros
a lnit time. (o t dia change)
ps anled by lettea.
 A
Autd in co mpsi le.
velocity v (pop to sedtion Aavnd B).

time fron AtoB’t.

Volumme= Cylindecal sec AB 9 AB e xa
=Vt X a.

volume ale of flow f t'qutd X

t

velocity of
o/ liqu'd x orea of cos sec of tube.
Sometime, rale cf floo of liquid also xpresed in tems of
mas lowlng os amy edion n nit time.
mass rale of flo o.
Thws
mass xale of floto of iquid s mass pea nit tone
flotain
vel. of tiquid x arta of cross sec. x denaity
density of
of liguid
liq

* SteamLimed motiom Askanmline may be defined

the to whidh at en paint
the diaedion of flos of the
fuid at that point, for it may
(a.)
be sbuight in
in or cued ace fo
btuam lin
lateral phesahe it
thsosghaut o aiffeNent
No tw0 Ateannline eves Y0A4 eauh-other.
 Stseamtline liqutd flows alaoly and sta dily ove
horizontat awyace.

*
Viscasity
The layca. in Con toct with fxel dwnface
the velo city ofothe. Layers Increases with Aotance feuom
faed Awtace the gkeae the. istam a of ayer
Asan fized Asfate quealtu
the
moving faoteot

b loclty distrtbut on Cwe

a atatght Line Inclined
to the faad houiyental sxtace.
Lamingr flouo.

The to layers hus tend to destrey the matfon

as though. thene weHe a backwand dragginq foce
acting tanquntiällyoVeCOned backuand
daaq in In
ouoide relalive
layera destnoyd
Ceses
Thin. vitue
Belative mohio
ppoaea
betce
Laternal frlt of tigutt
 Coeffiuont of viaaaity
Alewtonshowed actling tanguatialy
v(aCOLs foce.
amy Liquta dilectly prapoztlonadto
o

Aunface A, veloity V and inveuatly pruotional

to -diafane atatbnary layen.
FaA
dle of foau a opþoal ite to that of elo city).

Av
So,

Comatamt depending
dependinq upon
apo Natwne of liguid
amd called

let dr {weloclty radient) So

This it Neotorn'a lao of

v(A CoUs floe atheamlinu motion

Caf ficitnt viconiky a L¡utd. ay bebo

defined tangelial. foxce
nit auas maintain helatie
beteem
velaity
 Dimenafanof
A. dvl dz

foce -FL-).

dim of n MLT

dynes cm sec Pose)

Junbulent flou i Flutd. parti'cla do mct thace

definite Cunvea apace and mation
Chaot'c
(Irajectoes usualiy intch act)

Kinda af fluid flao i

Fluid vlo city iAA quntity that can Aummaige vdla city eclel

Steady floo i
at

to dnaty
Constant M tÉ me
kin a
 Jhotational flou i- 7x-o
Aituatlon. Cam be ezbsAed. aa the
qradient scalac fundtion.

where. (alled velo aity pote nhial.

Ratattonal flao i
(Voxttcty).
# Equation of Conti nui ty of flow #t.

fundaometal. cqualiom of floe and a a ápecial Cas

Consyation Jaw
of matteh, fo an in compesible flaid.

i fuid caues distanaa ds, and ds a dt.

at two Cnda p, and p
donaities of at A and B.
flud
infiikaimal we haue,
-Amall tube
Heda, and da, Mas of futd ent suins flow -tube at
with tla ci He V, Md A pe
dt
- da,. Pi
and.
of fluid leaving flow tube. at endB pe
unit tlme da,.ds p
t

naM o fluid entein whole ACC A pes seC

mas of fluidLaving whole.

Q

Stae the fluid n tompsebl.

amd also thene s
AOUrCe sink tabatwsom
Aectiomo A and Cons of ma Her

Yate of {lot atA at of flole at B.

called equalèn of continity aud tats

that the
quautity sLond
Aame
laaving th other end

V2
 -0
The diffeuenlial dt

The inlegal fonm at

whexe,

flutd denoity elocity fetd.

Euitial velocity Reymold's mumbe i

Liquid does mot caed a panl'ular miting.

value called ouiti cal velocity

Rynatda deived diset expalssi'on. tthatsays.

ouittal elo city gluen by
pr formula.
Mi cofficent of vitity
Reynolds number.

Sinte
dimenoiono -
puting
Ki cootunt (no dimenaiona).
[L1] [MLI-MLL.
-a-3btc T4
By Pounci pe of Homo genity -
atb=0 ’() .
cii).
 Qdd (i) and ii)
then amd

Hena.
pr

Hence, Cuitical vlocity of a liguid o :

di ectly proponlional to viacosity
Inuesaely denoity
radi us of teb

for jexfectly mobile invia cid liquid o

they

xSiqnifi tane of Reynold's nunibes

The significant fact about it ie that it ie called a
oiticat Vautabl Qnd that ita Value detemines
the paocA taking- plac. inaidea cylindwuical
tulse duning the
In ax of motion of
bodés thoug h vio Co ws meda,
Mo. leads tolaw of sim |auty.
h ahap of Ateamlinexa and
dinuction. moliom of a body at amuy paint a
mdlnw
Rugnald' qaenke dipudo upon
value
 4 fule'a cquation ofMatlon 2
Alewton 'a 2nd law lo fuid ftuid.
ápplicatiek
fulen'o equation slsdy low of
ideal Liqutt (of am. idtal fluid) olong
acemtine.
Qnd
danaity mouing ftutde.
Douluatia) i in presene of Govity)
Jwben dferena
moton othewie not
dsdt wo peus at
d
CHOKS - cedion dA
dA amd dA

foxce s a Jsult of chunge in preSAUe

Presure X aLea Presure fore
Avea J
009z dz
-dP dA.
ds

ang sia b k popendicular to diectin of steanlbe to it wil

do (-ve ).

Alel

- u d dA - dP AA- pdA dzg

 city and welo nifoem
law. onalirotabi
flow. CousCous VeVA
A non
flow. nuoeo conti seay
B
fluid.comphessible in
cquation. Bemaullia cauatia Culer
Can
atÉonal viacaUA,, nLonpstosibe,
mon
like
cqualion ations odude
ulex'sdlek Camal We
One
denaity
pasliele's chan city velo
grauity, Conneca
mot'on of
cqualiow Euley
0 -vdv 9dz+ +4Y
diff helglt dz
-Vdv d
ds
dvvg.pdA dAdzp?dA- -dP
dt ds
ds dv
dt ma Fnet
Laud secamd Alewtona Aply
Jnegrate fuley equaton of motion ’
+
fudu

(veutical kalgut)
P +
2

2
Bernoull' equalion.
fraajtationat
stati pALAMIU bynanie premure

haiyental Lquid
ite Atatic
Amaine a comataut
 oblem - An dal fauid.
tust cyli ndanical. CHOLAcion
hadiua.
tube's tuoy-Aeclion aea
where coy- deetional

sclutien toNcept eqution continuity

LXDX0.0) 2X10 x V
0.005 m]s.
Conaidming caeof
P
Acc to Brnaulli'd eayatiom

fncompsolol fud
amd, Thu no auittimal change i pont 1.aud point 2.
Becaue of
Aym metny

R-Red plv'-v).

A < A
 amncheasin
hoigontal flow,
velority | s d aaccDmpauinud by

Benmaulli'a puineiplei-

inease im
aimultuneusly the derease
luld.
Po

) wo boala flo aling| movínq

mear eath - othes
Po

Because of kle diffehe m n velo tiia of boats, Hhey w

expeienu
wis lango Cleser P)

VPuate
Vtwr bal). has snL
hotaliom, (ue)
V -w
lowe sheamlineA
dfcie trajetry ae aiffucnt
 Tooi colli' Theotem

( veloity of eff tux 3

Bernoulli'a equelion just natde aad
utaide

V' 2gh
V

with in chease duplh. apud of fous al exit oill be

gatu.
6
The veloity
equal to that whih a body attains M
falling from
Navien- loke's Equatiom t
The equ aliona cosiste of a im - depemdet
Coutinuity equation Comseation
deptndent Censewatien momnn
amd Tina cup tndent

Conider on nfinik ornally mall mem o liguid

clement Oides
elmnt
inguened folla uin foran
 E
Theshta foce actimg
om thL clememt

dy
X CoDrdnates
Sx p.d dy. dz. H
pt dz

Alonnal Rokces cue to

-

X-disction ’
dy dz
Cross sec.

Gcauity o budy fee

-

body.
d'uctiome.
Then acng on panallelopipeat in duclioA
dinedio. B p dudy dz
madd
Jmli foesi
acting on flald nas alang
mass X acceleatun
p de dy de du
dt
Shuay foe'
Compomnte shea foxe peu nit mas.
As Newton's AecOnd lao o moion,
Su mm atie of or) acting in
dihection equals the jnntia foras
that dlnection kuouting
along X- diedi on

9-3 dx dy dz t Bx p dz dy dz tSp du dy dz p dx dy dz dy

dx dydz
dt

dt

imiloslg,
dv
dt

and,
dl

Values Sz Sy and Sz

The Aiaistome (alha) fora acting e fae AEHD -

 pdxdydz
dzdy. p.du oftainel
by ç mes unit Auslstane
peu sacar The
dz. dy
biy
qie aaiatoX panalle fore vacOU total Hae Hemle,
3 dzdydx e
Qhe AEAB and DH4c
ading
and EfeH hesultant The
Y’ AB()
dz
e ABCO FF.GH
a Similasly
acl fonce eslsane C0mpoenle
of X the
te
A)agdzt
de. dydr
t
BEGC and
AEHD faces he he
and, 2w

dt
P4 dl

dw - Sz
P dt

futing above equalion

dt

tquatien Called Famdamuntl Nauity tuete' cyn.

Poieulle's equation fo a liuid flowing iu
capilliany tube
V-dy

Jet s Canaide a
tube AB capi ltiauy
V=D and
Now wt haue to
calcuulat

tube AB. capiliany

Theneko, conade
and th Chmes dz'..
So, the locitynadi'eatlbe da

Acc to Ne wtonk
-

law of viscotus fare

F nAdy
dz

Hene
F n2nxL) dv
d

(i).
da

led the tube.

f= PA F Px z (2).
p

equalingo and

dua du

inkqatingbothada

-L[dx
21l
C3).
2
2n2
 at

-P 2
2n (A)
(4).

4n
V=

4 ne

V= P
4ne ulocity
Tn ode to Calculate tu foieuille'a fomula.
fonmula let
Conotdeu the
hos thicknes 'dz' hauing Imnel adiusz amd

so that tae
pe Acond

n? n -x) da.
2n2
 Thoe fo tu
tabe

,2)

Ve

Poiseuille'a foumula or iquid

sapilias ube

Inscules cambinah'om, ate of

equal..

Sinu
4

T,4

8n t
 4
difftrena
Aame
pusaurethehemaina the parallel. In
fubeai capilliany uo
tcomlinaliw
of "fanallel
Ref
P V
+Re Ri
usiatance. Liquid V