ANIMAL ORGAN SYSTEMS

Living things organize their biological structures from basic

to more complex forms. At the fundamental level, atoms organize

themselves into molecules, molecules organize themselves into cells,

cells into tissues, and tissues into organs. Organ systems cooperate

with each other to form organ systems.

In this section, we shall discuss 12 animal organ systems, their

metabolic processes, structures, and functional relationships. Other

books list 10 or 11 organ systems. In this book we shall separate the

lymphatic system from the immune system. Other books take them

as one. We shall make the human organ systems the focal model of

Our disCussions.

Respiratory System

Circulatory system
 Coming from the lungs, oxygen is then absorbs by cell of the body. Among vertebrates,
blood absorbs oxygen that enters the lungs then flow through a network of arteries, veins and
capillaries that go to the body.
At the center of circulatory system is the HEART, a lump of muscle that beat constanly
while the animal is alive and pumps blood to different parts of the body. Blood is the internal
transport system that circulates oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. The circulatory
system also stabilizes the body’s internal pH level tem
  Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of thr body.
 Veins- carry oxygen- poor blood from the rest of the body to the heart

Nervous System

Nervous system acts like a SENSOR that DETECTS stimuli from within and from outside the body. It
processes these stimuli and sends its response to different organs.

Major parts
of the
Nervous
System


Central

nervous system- brain and spinal cord

 Peripheral nervous system – all small nerves branching out from the spinal cord which carry
signals to muscle and glans.

 Autonomic nervous system – regulates involuntary body functions such as DIGESTION,

HEARTBEAT, SWEATING, CHILLING, FLIGHT REPONSE TO DANGER.

Parts of the Autonomic Nervous System

 Sympathetic – prepares the body for intense, physical response which is
sometimes called fight-or- flight response
 Parasympathetic – Parts of nervous system that relaxes or slows down
many highly energetic function. Thus response is often called the rest-
and – digest response.

Nerves of Somatic Nervous System

 Afferent nerve (sensory nerves) – responsible for relying information to the brain
and spinal cord
 Efferent nerves ( motor nerves ) – responsible for sending out commands from the
central nervous system to the body to initiate muscle contraction