Project Report

On
‘Automatic Load Sharing Transformer’

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Dharmender Kumar (87215208) Ms. Kusum Chaudhary

Farhan Anjum Taiyab (87215210) (Assistant Professor)

Harshit Raj (87215213)

Ravi Kishore (87215219)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

STATE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, NILOKHERI

(Affiliated to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra)
(Batch 2020 – 2024)
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Project report entitled "Automatic Load Sharing Transformer
"submitted to the Department of Electronics and Communication, SIET, Nilokheri in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering is a record of original work
done by me, under the guidance and supervision of Ms. Kusum Chaudhary and it has not
formed the basis for the award of any Degree/ Diploma or other similar title to any
candidate of any University.

Dated Signature of the Candidate

Dharmender Kumar (87215208)

Farhan Anjum Taiyab (87215210)
Harshit Raj (87215213)
Ravi Kishore (87215219)
 CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the work contained in the project report titled “Automatic Load
Sharing Transformer” by “Dharmender Kumar (87215208), Farhan Anjum Taiyab
(87215210), Harshit Raj (87215213), Ravi Kishore (87215219)” has been carried out
under my/our supervision and that this work has not been submitted/ presented
elsewhere for a degree.

Signature of Supervisor
Ms. Kusum Chaudhary
(Assistant Professor)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to all the people who have played a crucial
role in the research for this project, without their active cooperation the preparation of
this project could not have been completed within the specified time limit. We are also
thankful to our project guide Lecturer (Ms. Kusum Chaudhary) & H.O.D. (Mr. Sanjay
Charaya) who supported us throughout this project with utmost cooperation and
patience and for helping us in doing this Project.
 ABSTRACT

In modern power distribution systems, efficient load management is crucial to ensure the
reliability and stability of the electrical grid. An Automatic Load Sharing Transformer
(ALST) is designed to dynamically distribute electrical loads among multiple
transformers to optimize performance and prevent overloading. This paper presents the
design, implementation, and performance evaluation of an ALST system.

The ALST leverages real-time monitoring and control algorithms to balance loads based
on demand variations and transformer capacity. Key components of the system include
sensors for real-time data acquisition, microcontrollers for processing load information, and
actuators for adjusting load distribution. The system employs a hierarchical control strategy
where local controllers manage individual transformers, and a central controller oversees the
overall load distribution.

Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the ALST system significantly
improves load distribution efficiency, reduces the risk of transformer overload, and
extends the operational lifespan of the equipment. Additionally, the system enhances the
stability of the power grid by mitigating the effects of sudden load changes and enabling
seamless integration of renewable energy sources.

This innovative approach to load management in power distribution networks represents

a significant advancement in electrical engineering, providing a robust solution to the
challenges of modern energy demands and infrastructure constraints. Future work will focus
on refining control algorithms, integrating advanced communication protocols, and
expanding the system's applicability to a wider range of transformer configurations and grid
topologies.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 01 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 OVERVIEW 1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

1.3 OBJECTIVES 2

1.4 LIMITATIONS 3
1.5 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT 3

CHAPTER 02 5

LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 INTRODUCTION 5

2.2 AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF TRANSFORMER 5

2.3 RELATED STUDIES 6

2.4 LITERATURE SEARCH 8

2.5 RELATED PROJECTS 9

2.6 NOVELITY 11

2.7 Summary 11

CHAPTER 03 12

3.1 INTRODUCTION 12

3.2 EQUIPMENT USED 12

 3.1.3 LCD 17

3.2 SOFTWARE 18

3.3 SUMMARY 19

CHAPTER 04 20

4.1 DESIGN OF INVESTIGATION 20

4.2 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 22

4.3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS 28

4.4 SUMMARY 39

CHAPTER 05 40

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 40

5.1 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS 40

5.2 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE RESULTS 40

5.3 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 42

5.4 COMPARISON WITH INITIAL GOALS 42

5.5 LIMITATIONS 43

5.6 SUMMARY 43

CHAPTER 06 44

CONCLUSION 44

REFERENCES 45
CHAPTER 01

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

There are various terms utilized in power framework like load shedding, load sharing and so
on so first we need to differentiate between sharing of load and load shedding.

Load shedding is the procedure to cut off load from that particular area in which load demand
is greater than the supply.

Load sharing means to share load equally. If two transformers are connected, first (main)
transformer will meet the demand, normally. If the demand of load increases, then slave
(second) transformer gets connected in parallel to share the load equally. In power framework
it is called load sharing of transformer. [1]

Transformer is a static gadget which changes the voltage over power shifting from source to
load. It works whole day continually which makes it prominent from other electric devices. At
some instant, the load conditions of Transformer vary such as over load which cause
overheating and damage occur, which results in interruption of supply at consumer end.

The principle point is to deliver secure and reliable power supply. Hence, this is done by adding
another transformer in parallel to make the system secure and reliable. As transformer is the
main part of whole electric system, so due to extra load the efficiency of the system drops and
the secondary winding gets overheated. So, paralleling of transformer is the phenomena for
saving the master transformer from permanent damage. Once load on the master transformer
has been increased, above its rated capacity then slave (second) transformer connected in
parallel will operate automatically. In this way transformer will work efficiently and will
deliver uninterrupted supply. [2]

This project is made by using Arduino which compares the load, if load exceeds the prescribed
values, then Arduino sends signal to the control relay which makes slave transformer operate

1
in parallel, and connection is shown on LCD. After paralleling, the efficiency will increase and
the probability of harm is eliminated. This concept was previously studied by various
techniques such as microprocessors, GSM technology and by control relays also. We used
relays and Arduino (a type of micro-controller) for sharing of the load between two
transformers. The total number of transformers connected parallel depends upon the demand
of that particular area. Furthermore, we have to keep in mind that for such operation, we have
to keep in mind some basics like X/R ratio, KVA rating, Polarity etc. These all should remain
identical in all the transformers connected in parallel.

In this venture, there are three main modules like sensing unit, control unit, Arduino (micro-
controller). The first unit which is sensing unit, senses the load demand and it sends signal to
the control unit. The second one is control unit; the main part is relay which operates according
to signal. The third one is micro-controller; the signal will be received and read by it, and it
will give control to relay to cut off the transformer or the parallel connection of transformer.
[3]

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In INDIA the electricity demand is increasing abruptly and also the whole system is moving
towards the electricity on the other hand. Due to overload, the transformer at the
substation/distribution gets overheated and interruption of supply occurs at the consumer end,
and overloading leads to permanent damage of transformer which are much expensive to install
new every time. To avoid this problem, we use the substitute of paralleling of transformer which
results in continuity of supply to the consumer, and safety of transformer from damage due to
overload.

1.3 OBJECTIVES
Following are some objectives of this project:

1.3.1 Maximum Electrical Efficiency

Generally, maximum efficiency is given by electrical transformer at full load. If we connect
more than one number of transformers in parallel, then we can run the master transformer to
meet the total demand for that respective time of demand and load. However, if load increases
in future, then we can switch load on the second transformer for fulfilling the demand. This is
how system is run at its maximum efficiency.

2
1.3.2 Increases availability of Electrical system
If two transformers are working parallel, then we can shut down any one of the transformer
for maintenance, without any interruption in overall power supply.

1.3.3 Maximizing Electrical System Flexibility

There is always some chance of increasing or decreasing electrical demand in future. So, if
demand increases, there must be a space to install a transformer in parallel which fulfills the
respective load demand at that time, because it is not economical to install a single transformer
of high rating, by predicting future demands.

Also if demand decreases in future, then we can remove the transformer running in parallel
and save the federal investment by returning it.

1.3.4 Making system Fully Automatic

Generally, the shifting of load from one transformer to other gets automatic with a very small
time delay. This is done by using Arduino and sensing relay. This process occurs by showing
“Parallel connection” on LED. [4]

1.4 LIMITATIONS

Following are some limitations of this project are as follows:

• We can’t use this project in that area where load increases exponentially and hence
damage of equipment occurs.

• In this project we have to keep in mind that X/R ratio, polarity, KVA rating and phase
sequence of all transformers connected in parallel should be identical. Otherwise, if
anyone of these conditions fails, then the whole project will fail to run. [5]

1.5 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

• The transformer shares load equally

• Risk of manual errors is eliminated

3
• The main transformer is prevented from the risk of damage due to any abnormality in
values of load and temperature
• The transformers are protected by fully automatic switching of them.
• Consumer is provided supply without any risk of intrusion.
The rest of thesis is prepared as follows: -
• Chapter 1 clearly describes about the introduction, overview and the breakdown of
whole thesis.
• Chapter 2 is about the literature review of technology.
• Chapter 3 introduces and discusses various frameworks from recreation and prospect
theory, used in this thesis.
• Chapter 4 introduces methodology and techniques used in implementation of this
hardware.
• Chapter 5 explains all the results and analysis of hardware model and implemented
model.
• Chapter 6 explains all the conclusion of the research.

4
CHAPTER 02

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Transformer is the backbone of the electric power transmission and distribution system. The
problem of overburden of load, varying voltage and overheating effects is normal problem. It
takes a plenty of time to repair it and it is also very costly. Our aim is to save the transformer
in overload/peak hours. Due to overload, efficiency gets reduced and secondary winding often
gets burnt due to overheating of coils. So, by sharing the load, and reducing the extra burden
from main transformer, it is protected. This is hereby done by doing parallel operation of
transformers. The aim of this project is to develop an automatic transformer distribution and
load sharing system. It will also have sensor to sense the temperature of transformer and share
the load. Parallel operation is used to reduce the extra load; the transformer is protected.

2.2 AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF TRANSFORMER

The fundamental goal of this venture is to make the framework stabilized. The analyzed
framework will give the purchaser a never interfering with supply and takes out the dread of
unexpected shutdowns of electricity. This ventures represents the security of transformer also,
in instance of overload. This venture additionally prompts the soundness as far as over flow
and over-warming as it incorporates sensors which alerts any overcurrent and over warmth
conditions on transformer saves the transformer from wearing out, as its very costly to supplant
transformers at such gigantic scales. In the following project, we found that if one transformer
gains load more than its capacity, the load sensing relay will sense the change and will generate
a command to microcontroller to switch the slave transformer on to share the burden of master
transformer. [6]

2.2.1 Parallel operation for load sharing

For parallel operation, the primary winding is connected to the source. The secondary winding
is connected to load. Various conditions must be fulfilled.

5
1. Should have equal voltage and turns ratio.
2. Should have equal percentage impedance.
3. Should have equal polarity.
4. Same phase sequence.

1) Same voltage and turn ratio.

If the voltage rating of primary and secondary would be different, large circulating
current will flow due to unequal emf induced.

2) Same percentage impedance

A different phase angle results due to a difference in ratio of respective reactance and
resistance. Power factors of two transformers will be then different. For connecting
single phase T/F’s in three phase banks, we should try to match the X/R ratios of the
three series impedance to keep the three phase output voltages balanced.

3) Same Polarity

Polarity of the T/F means the direction of induced emf in the secondary is same as
primary. If direction is different to other T/F at secondary side, then it is in opposite
polarity. If opposite polarity exist, then there will be circuiting current and produces a
short circuit.

4) Same Phase Sequence

The phase sequence or the order in which phases reach their maximum voltage must
be same for parallel transformer. [7]

2.3 RELATED STUDIES

In early days, the paralleling was done in generators and in some of substantial

6
 burden taking care of engines. at least two generator sets associated together on
paralleling bus so as to give capacity to regular loads. Load sharing in generator is
characterized as the relative division of the KW and KVAR absolute load between
numerous generator sets in a paralleled framework.

2.3.1 Paralleling of generators

A programmed burden appropriating contraption for generators is of straightforward
development and consumes a little space and can naturally convey stacks equitably on
particular motors upon parallel burden task of generators of various limits and give
work sparing of activity. The programmed burden appropriating device for generators
contains a majority of motors for driving a majority of generators associated in parallel
to a typical burden, a majority of fuel infusion siphons and a majority of burden
circulating units for dispersing yields relating to the heap to the motors. For all typical
generator applications, there is more than one generator working in parallel to supply
the power requested by the heaps. An extraordinary case of this circumstance is the
U.S. control lattice, in which truly a great many generators share the heap on the
framework. Several generators can supply a greater burden than one machine
independent from anyone else. Having numerous generators expands the unwavering
quality of the power framework, since the disappointment of anybody of them doesn't
make an all-out power misfortune the heap. Having numerous generators working in
parallel enables at least one of them to be evacuated for shutdown and preventive
upkeep. [8][9][10]

2.3.2 Paralleling of motors

It involves in design of system consists of multiple asynchronous motors, each of
which is equipped with separate drive, all are acting in parallel on a load, via a
common rack and pinion transmission. As the load on engines are required to be
high, and transmissions exceptionally solid, we might want to actualize a load
sharing strategy to ensure the engines share the load adequately. As we might want
to stay away from complex concentrated frameworks, and potentially ace/slave’s
structures, we pondered something like hang control that is parallel load sharing of
motor.
7
2.4 LITERATURE SEARCH
The point of this task is to build up a programmed transformer dispersion and burden
sharing framework. It will likewise have sensor to detect the temperature of transformer
and offer the load. Parallel activity is accustomed to decreasing the additional heap, the
transformer can be ensured. A considerable lot of the scientists in ongoing past
concentrated on the compelling burden sharing the status of framework and subsequently
to tackle the issue of voltage breakdown. In such manner, voltage dependability list of
every transmission line turns into a valuable proportion of intensity framework
observing. The record could distinguish when transformer is from its place of
breakdown. Execution files to anticipate closeness to voltage strength limit have been a
changeless worry of specialists and power framework administrators, as these records can
be utilized to programmed load conveyance and sharing. Distributions on the subject
significant to voltage security and its improvement are excessively various and so just
those significant productions which are legitimately identified with this work have been
alluded furthermore, exhibited in this proposition. [12] Dissemination transformers are a
significant piece of intensity framework which circulates capacity to the low-voltage
clients legitimately, and its activity condition is significant for the whole dissemination
organize activity. In any case, their life is altogether decreased on the off chance that they
are exposed to over-burdening and over temperature bringing about unforeseen
disappointments and loss of supply to an enormous number of clients along these lines
affecting framework unwavering quality. Assurance against flaw in power frameworks is
extremely fundamental and imperative for its solid execution. Along these lines to shield
the transformers from over-burdens and over temperature, the idea of burden sharing has
been proposed, wherein, programmed burden sharing happens at whatever point the
evaluated conditions are surpassed. From designing what's more, monetary outlook, the
most ideal conditions for a power supply is accomplished when the power factor is near
solidarity. Thus so as to accomplish expanded voltage levels on the heap and diminished
electric service charges, a temperature observing and power factor remedy circuit is
likewise included. So as to lessen movable scope of voltage and make every module's
voltage balance rapidly, a center voltage-programming programmed load-sharing system
is exhibited. Recreation results demonstrate that the proposed burden sharing control
strategy can accomplish better dynamic current-sharing and burden sharing characters, and
can work well inside the huge flexible burden run. A few examinations proposed restorative
8
 model or preventive model for burden shedding consolidating dynamic investigation to
build stacking. Another system has been created for ideal burden shedding dependent on
Hopfield neural system model for improvement. Least Eigen worth was utilized as pointer.
An edge estimation of this marker could be expected for a particular framework. Crisis
burden shedding was required if this worth fell underneath the edge esteem. [13]

2.5 RELATED PROJECTS

2.5.1 Automatic load sharing of Transformer using

MICROCONTROLLER

In this project, we noted that when load on the main transformer is increased then the relay
senses change and the microcontroller operates. The slave transformer operates in parallel and
share the load. The work on “Automatic Load Sharing Using Parallel Operation” is designed,
tested and demonstrated using parallel operation to share load, with help of relays. The
transformer is protected from damage. [14]

Figure 2.1: ALS USING MICROCONTRLLER

9
2.5.2 Automatic load sharing of a transformer using GSM technique

This project is about building up a framework that can bolster one of the other slave
transformer supplies with the assistance of existing fundamental transformer. The
undertaking essentially comprises of Arm7 LPC 2148 which produce beats at its
yield. ARM7 has inbuilt streak EPROM. LPC 2148 Microcontroller Based Energy
saver with RTC which uses LPC2148 microcontroller as its mind. Information stays
in the memory even after power reset, as the memory guarantees perusing of the
most recent spared settings by the miniaturized scale
controller. Port 0 and Port 1 is utilized for creating six heartbeat yield. This controller
consistently checks for live state of both principle just as slave transformers associated
with it.
The mains power supply stage is ventured down by transformer to convey 12V, 500
mA, which is corrected by diode and separated by capacitor to create the working
voltage for the operational speaker. The voltage at rearranging pin of operational
enhancer is taken from the voltage divider circuit.

In this project uses regulated 12V, 500mA power supply. The 7805 three terminal
voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used
to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer. [16][17]

Figure 1.2: ALS USING GSM

10
2.6 NOVELITY

Load sharing is an essential in avoiding overloading and stability problems on systems. In

this project we used a new technology than formerly used ones. Here ARDUINO is used.
Arduino is a platform used in building electronics projects. Arduino consists of both a
physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece
of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer,
used to write and upload computer code to the physical board. the Arduino can be used
as the brains behind almost any electronics project. The ARDUINO is so programmed
that it senses the over-load condition of the master transformer and generates a command
to control circuit for connecting slave transformer. [18]

2.7 Summary

In this chapter we explained the literature overview of the research and all of related
technologies and related schemes of this research. We highlighted the influence of this
research and assignment, and in the subsequent chapter we will be able to explain
hardware and technologies we used in operation of this project.

Information stays in the memory even after power reset, as the memory guarantees
perusing of the most recent spared settings by the miniaturized scale controller. Port
0 and Port 1 is utilized for creating six heartbeat yiel

11
CHAPTER 03

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

3.1 INTRODUCTION

As we have mentioned that transformer is the main component of the electric power system
and it works 24/7 a day. When load increases then transformer gets heated and damage occur
and it takes a long time in repairing. In this experiment, we added a transformer in parallel to
share the load of master transformer equally and the efficiency gets increases.

In this project we added transformer to know the effect of extra load on transformer and we
will see what changes occur to the output voltage.

3.2 EQUIPMENT USED

The equipment used in implementation of this project are listed below

• Arduino UNO R3
• Relays
• Step Down Transformer
• Temperature Sensor
• Temperature Sensing Probe
• Capacitors
• 220 AC Input
• Bridge Rectifier
• Diodes
• DC Loads
• Push Button
• LCD

12
3.2.1 Arduino UNO R3

The Arduino is a microcontroller based 14 digital input output pins and 6 analogue inputs,
USB connecting and a reset button. it is used to control the automatic operation this
project. It is used as main component of the project as it connects with a relay to connect
the slave transformer in parallel.

The Arduino used in the experiment as shown in below figure.

Figure 2.1: ARDUINO

3.2.2 Relay

Relay is an electrically operated, a electromechanical switch comparted of

electromagnet, an armature a spring and a set of electrical contacts. A wire is wrapped
around a soft iron core (solenoid). When current flows from the solenoid then there is a
magnetic field around this. This means that relay is energized and tripping circuit is
normally closed. When there is abnormal condition, it means there is a large current, then
contacts will get open and relay gets de-energises . . . and in this way circuit will be
saved. It is mostly used in tripping circuit.

In our project, we connect relay for transformer tripping. When transformer gets
overloaded or overheated then relay will add second (slave) transformer in parallel (delay
time of 3-4 seconds) to share the load equally. [19]

13
 Figure 3.2: CONTROL RELAY

The working diagram of the relay is given below

Figure 3.3: RELAY CIRCUITARY

3.2.3 Step down Transformer

As we mention that transformer is the main part in whole electrical system because it
works 24/7 in a day. There are two types of transformer: Step up and Step down. In
step down transformer there are large number of turns on primary side and less
number of turns on secondary side, high voltage on primary side and low current on
primary side. We use step down transformer used in this project because we want 12V
from 220V AC.

14
 The step down transformer used in this implementation is shown below

Figure 3.4: STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

3.2.4 Temperature Sensor

It is a device used for temperature measurement through electrical signal. It collects

data from different things and convert that data into an understandable form for
observer. In this project temperature sensor will detect the temperature of master
transformer and send signal to relay to trip the transformer from severe damage due to
overheating.

Figure 3.5: TEMPERATURE SENSOR

15
3.2.5 Temperature Sensing Probe

Temperature sensing probe is a type of temperature sensor; it is used to measure the temperature by being
placed onto the surface of any device. This probe will sense the hotness of device and
temperature sensor will show the degree of hotness. In this experiment, we placed the
temperature sensing probe on the surface of master transformer to sense the temperature.

Figure 3.6: TEMPERATURE SENSING PROBE

3.1.1 Capacitors
This is the component which has the capacity to store the energy in the form of electric charge.
This is also called small rechargeable battery. There are different types of capacitors i.e., from
very small to large power factor correction capacitors, but they all do same things. In its basic
form, it consists of two conducting metallic plates, which are parallel to each other and are
separated by an insulating material such as air.

Figure 3.7: CAPACITOR

16
3.1.2 Bridge Rectifier

A diode bridge rectifier is a device for converting alternating current (AC) into direct
current (DC). The diode is the heart of the bridge rectifier. AC has the positive and
negative charges through, so diode will send the electric charge in which diode are
directed. We will get DC which has little bumpy and uneven output. To get smooth
signal, we most diode bridges uses capacitor which acts like a tiny battery. When
power is pulsing up capacitor will absorb the surge and delivers the smooth signal.
When power drops back, capacitor will release some charge and deliver the smooth
output. In this project we use the bridge rectifier after step down transformer to get the
smooth DC. The bridge rectifier used in this project is shown below. [20]

Figure 3.8: BRIDGE RECTIFIER

3.1.3 LCD

It is used to show the results of project. We used 16*2 LCD to display the results of
“TRANSFORMER ADDED IN PARALLEL". The LCD is connected with Arduino
with the help of I2C module. The LCD we implemented in this venture is shown
below.

Figure 3.9: LCD

17
3.2 SOFTWARE

For the implementation of this project, we used Arduino. It is connected with LCD to
display results. The coding done in Arduino for automatic operation and to display
results on LCD is given below.

3.2.1 CODING

18
3.3 SUMMARY

In this chapter we wrote in detail the tools and techniques of this project and the
programming done in Arduino to display the results on LCD and to make the system
automatically. We explained each and every tool in the way used here in our prototype.

19
CHAPTER 04

METHODOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT

Every country depends upon electricity for its development. Normally, the load control
systems were operated manually. That formerly used techniques are tried to overcome in this
project by using automatic load sharing mechanism. The main aim of the project is to save the
transformer from failing or permanent damage, when in overload state.

The transformer is a device that works most significantly in electric power framework.at
various occasions, the load on the transformer varies outside the ordinary working limits which
leads to overburden and reduces the transformer life span. The issues of overvoltage and
overload are common in transformers.in result of such abnormalities, the intrusion of supply
occurs and efficiency of system drops. The main purpose of this project is to secure the
transformer from permanent damage in overburden condition.

In today’s world, almost all the appliances work on 3 phase supply of WAPDA directly. We are
developing a system in which the main transformer supports the second one. The system
basically consists of ARDUINO as its fundamental part. ARDUINO controls and generates
signals to control relays in case of any abnormality in normal values. The ARDUINO keeps on
checking the live conditions of transformer. [21] There are three control relays, connected to
transformers, load and temperature sensors respectively. The bridge rectifier circuit is used to
convert AC supply to DC. The live status of transformers is represented on LCD.

Here in this chapter, we will write in detail about the methodologies we adopted in designing
of our project. Here, we are going to explain the complete design of prototype. We will discuss
both the electric circuit and the hardware. The end to end connections are also explained kin
this chapter.

4.1 DESIGN OF INVESTIGATION

In this section, we will investigate the design of hardware. The hardware of this project consists
of two transformers and an ARDUINO as main part. The picture of complete hardware set is
given in figure 4.1.

The two transformers are connected in parallel. The master transformer is placed overhead and
slave transformer is connected on hardboard for clarity. The ARDUINO is connected in the
circuit which is programmed at certain prescribed commands for values of voltage and

20
temperature. When values vary these prescribed limits, the ARDUINO sends signals to control
relays which sense the signal and energizes relay coil, thereby connecting standby transformer.

The outcomes of the project are uninterrupted power supply, with improved efficiency of
overall system.

The efficiency is calculated by using formulae

ῃ=𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 x 100%.
𝑉𝑖𝑛

And voltage regulation is calculated using equation

VR=𝑉𝑛𝑙−𝑉𝑓𝑙 x 100%
𝑉𝑓𝑙

But we used the multi-meter for ease of measurements. [22]

Figure 4.1: PROTOTYPE OF RESEARCH

21
4.2 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
Prototype analysis

In the prototype analysis, we firstly had to make a rough model for checking and examining
that either the implementation on large scale will work or not. And either this project will be
helpful in future or not.

Research Phase
In this research phase, we had to study all related technologies, researches and projects related to
this work and check their pros and cons. We used qualitative analysis as our main scheme of
study. In such an analysis we use subjective judgement based on non-quantifibale information,
and do not focus the numbers and values. It deals with intangible, inexact concerns that do not
belong to mathematical concerns. We studied different research papers about “AUTOMATIC
LOAD SHARING OF TRANSFORMERS”. Some of the papers we kept under study are

[1] Automatic Transformer Load Sharing System Using GSM Modem published in
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 6, Issue 6, June 2017

Website:www.ijareeie.com
https://www.ijareeie.com/upload/2017/june/103_sayali%20conf%20paper_PAAR.pdf

[2] Automatic Load Sharing of Transformers using Microcontroller published in

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering (A High Impact Factor, Monthly, Peer Reviewed Journal) Vol. 7, Issue 5, May
2018

Website:www.ijareeie.com
http://www.ijareeie.com/upload/2018/may/8_Automatic.pdf

[3] Automatic Load Sharing of Transformers published in IJSRD - International Journal for
Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 12, 2015

http://www.ijsrd.com/articles/IJSRDV2I12400.pdf

22
[4] An Intelligent Method for Load Sharing of Transformers with Temperature Monitoring and
Automatic Power Factor Correction published in International Journal of Engineering Sciences
& Research Technology (IJESRT)

http://www.ijesrt.com/issues%20pdf%20file/Archives-2015/March-
2015/63_AN%20INTELLIGENT%20METHOD%20FOR%20LOAD%20SHARING%20OF
%20TRANSFORMERS%20WITH%20TEMPERATURE%20MONITORING%20ANDAUT
OMATIC%20CORRECTION%20OF%20POWER%20FACTOR.pdf

[5] Automatic Transformer Distribution and Load Sharing Using Microcontroller published in
International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development Volume 5, Issue 05,
May -2018

http://ijaerd.com/papers/finished_papers/Automatic_Transformer_Distribution_and_Load_Sh
aring_Using_Microcontroller-IJAERDV05I0528939.pdf
After a lot of study and research work and keeping in mind the basic structure, our next step
was to propose a complete design.

4.2.1 Basic Design

The figure 18 shows the image of the prototype. The basic design consists of

• Microcontroller(Arduino)

• Transformer

• Relays

• Temperature sensor

• Bridge rectifier

• Capacitors

• Lcd

• Diodes etc.
Only one transformer is working under normal load. The master transformer is connected to
the 220V AC power supply coming from WAPDA. This is a 220/12 V AC transformer which
steps down 220V AC to 12V AC. As the connected loads we are using here work on DC input,
so we used a bridge rectifier circuit to convert 12V AC into 12V DC. Each transformer is

23
connected to control relay, and load are having connection on secondary of transformers. The
slave transformer is connected in parallel with primary transformer. For parallel connection,
the primaries of both transformers are connected to same supply, and secondaries to common
load. The electrical representation of paralleling circuit of two transformers is shown in figure
4.2.

Figure 4.2: PARALLEL CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMER

The master transformer is 24-volt system, which supplies 2 loads, 12 volts each at their full
regulation. When 3rd load is added, the master transformer comes in overload state. Its visual
representation can be seen by the reduction in glow of bulbs. We added a time delay of 3-4
seconds for making the effect clear. After this time delay, the slave transformer is connected
and now the transformers share load equally and the glow in increased. The voltage regulation
improvement can be visually seen by the difference in glow of load bulbs. The LCD shows that
the load is increased and transformer is added.

The Arduino has 14 digital and 6 analogue pins. The analogue pin 1 is connected to sense
voltage drop. Pins 4 and 5 are connected to LCD. The I2C module connected in LCD converts
the lcd from 16 pin to 14 pin system. The output is taken from pin 8 and ground pin. These two
pins extend their connection to relays, thus relay senses voltage drop and sends signal to control
mechanism for adding the transformer. The two power supply pins are also connected to LCD.

24
The software used to do programming in Arduino UNO R3 is IDE (Integrated Development
Environment). When IDE is installed on computer, we connect the ARDUINO board with
computer using USB cable. Arduino is programmed using the Arduino programming language,
which is based on the wiring connections. The overall pin configuration of Arduino is shown
in figure 4.3. [23]

Figure 4.3: ARDUINO PIN CONFIGURATION

The normal temperature of master transformer is almost 31-32°C at normal load, which goes
on increasing with increase in load and also when system is continuously on. As the load
reaches its threshold value for our designed system, the temperature keeps on rising and the
whole system trips at 40°C with the help of control relays. The power cuts off and the whole
system undergoes intrusion of supply, saving the risk of permanent damage to equipment. The
different values of temperature readings taken from the hardware are shown in the figure 4.4.
[24]

25
Figure 4.4: TEMPERATURE READINGS

26
4.2.2 Electric Circuit

he diagram for showing the electrical connections is shown in the figure below:

Figure 4.5: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

27
 4.3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

The whole implementation of our project is done on hardware, so in this

section, we will explain the design and equipment used in our hardware and their
functionalities.

4.3.1 Details about hardware

Here in this section, we will explain the use of the equipment in our hardware.
Following are the equipment used in the prototype

• Arduino UNO R3

• Relays

• Step Down Transformer

• Temperature Sensor

• Temperature Sensing Probe

• Capacitors

• 220 AC Input

• Bridge Rectifier

• Diodes

• DC Loads

• Push Button

• LCD

28
4.3.1.1 ARDUINO UNO R3

Arduino is a microcontroller, a platform for making electrical projects. It is

broadly used by designers. It consists of digital and analogue pins, USB
connecting port and a reset button. In our project, all the automation is provided by
Arduino. The analogue pin 1 is connected to sense voltage drop. Pins 4 and 5 are
connected to LCD. The output is taken from pin 8 and ground pin. These two pins
extend their connection to relays, thus relay senses voltage drop and sends signal
to control mechanism for adding the transformer. The pin configuration is already
shown in figure 4.1.

The main functions of pins are shown below. [25] [26]

Table 4.1: Pin configuration of ARDUINO

Pin Pin Name Details

Category

Power Vin, 3.3V, Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when

5V, GND using an external power source.

5V: Regulated power supply

used to power microcontroller
and other components on the
board.

3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by

on-board voltage regulator.
Maximum current draw is 50mA.

GND: ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.

29
 Analog A0 – A5 o provide analog input in the range of 0-5V
Pins

Input/Out Digital Pins Can be used as input or output

put Pins 0 - 13 pins.

Serial 0(Rx), Used to receive and transmit TTL

1(Tx) serial data.

External 2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.

Interrupts

PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output.

SPI 10 (SS), 11 Used for SPI communication.

(MOSI), 12
(MISO) and
13 (SCK)

Inbuilt 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.

LED

TWI A4 (SDA), Used for TWI communication.

A5 (SCA)

AREF AREF o provide reference voltage for input voltage.

4.3.1.2 TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a device which transfers the electrical energy between circuits by

phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Transformer works on principle of
mutual induction. It changes voltage from one level to another level. The
transformer could be a step up or a step down. Here we are using two 220/12V
AC transformers. The specifications are as shown below.

Table 4.2: Transformer specifications

30
 HARDWARE CHARACTERSTICS
TYPE STEP DOWN
INPUT VOLTAGE 220 V
OUTPUT VOLATGE 12 V
EFFICIENCY 80% (APROX.)

4.3.1.3 RELAYS

Relays are electrical components which are basically electrically operated

switches, and are needed where it is important to control values in a circuit, or
several circuits. It allows low power circuits to operate in high current application
circuits. Here in our project, three control relay circuits are connected. One with
transformer, second with temperature sensor and third with the load. The principle
function of these relays is to send a signal for energizing relay coils and attach the
transformer, or receive signal from temperature sensor and trip the circuit.

Table 4.3: Relay characteristics

HARDWARE NAME RELAY

TYPE Electromagnetic
INPUT VOLTAGE 12 Volts DC
PURPOSE automation
RELAY 1 Temperature sensing relay
RELAY 2 Transformer protection relay
RELAY 3 Load sensing relay

4.3.1.4 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

It is a device used for temperature measurement through electrical signal. It
collects data from the circuit in analogue form and convert that data into an
understandable form for observer. In this project temperature sensor will detect
the temperature of master transformer and send signal to relay to trip the
transformer from severe damage due to overheating.

31
 4.3.1.5 TEMPERATURE SENSING PROBE
Temperature sensing probe is a type of physical temperature sensor; it is used to
measure the temperature by being placed onto the surface of any device. This
probe will sense the hotness of device and temperature sensor will show the degree
of hotness. In this experiment, we placed the temperature sensing probe on the
surface of master transformer to sense the temperature.

4.3.1.6 CAPACITORS
This is the component which has the capacity to store the energy in the form of
electric charge. This is also called small rechargeable battery. There are different
types of capacitors i.e., from very small to large power factor correction capacitors,
but they all do same things. In its basic form, it consists of two conducting metallic
plates, which are parallel to each other and are separated by an insulating material
such as air.

In this circuit, capacitors are used to rectify power converted into DC through bridge
rectifier circuit.

Table 4.4 Capacitor characteristics

Hardware Type Capacitor

Operating Voltage 16 V DC

Purpose of use Smoothing DC output

4.3.1.7 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A diode bridge rectifier is a device for converting alternating current (AC) into direct
current (DC). The diode is the heart of the bridge rectifier. AC has the positive and
negative charges through, so diode will send the electric charge in which diode are
directed. We will get DC which has little bumpy and uneven output. To get smooth
signal, we most diode bridges uses capacitor which acts like a tiny battery.

32
4.3.1.8 LCD

It is used to show the results of project. We used 16*2 LCD to display the results of
“TRANSFORMER ADDED IN PARALLEL". The LCD is connected with Arduino
with the help of I2C module.

Table 4.5: LCD characteristics

Hardware Type LCD

I2C Enabled
Operating voltage 5V DC
Purpose of use Displaying results

The images of all the other above mentioned equipment are shown in chapter 3.

4.3.2 Details about Software

The only software used in our project is IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
which is the software in which programming of Arduino is done. After installing
Arduino IDE on computer, we connect Arduino with USB cable. Then we opened
tools>boards>Arduino>Genuino Uno, and choose the correct port by going to option
tools>port. The commands used to burn Arduino are given below.

#define

voltpin A0

float detect =

0, volt; int

Relay = 8;

bool f

= false;

long

temp;

33
#include <LCD.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

//I2C pins declaration

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 2, 1, 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3,

POSITIVE); float getvolt(void);

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(Relay,

OUTPUT);

lcd.begin(16, 2); //Defining 16 columns and 2 rows of

lcd display lcd.backlight();//To Power ON the back

light //

delay(2000);

//lcd.backlight();// To Power OFF the back light

void loop()

lcd.clear();

volt =

getvolt

(); if

(volt <

3)

{
34
 if (f)

temp

millis()

;f=

false;

} else

if (!f)

digitalWrite(Relay,

LOW); lcd.setCursor(0,

0); lcd.print("Parallel

Trans.");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Operation");

delay(1000);

f = true;

temp = millis();

if (millis() - temp >= 10000)

35
{

digitalWrite(Relay, HIGH);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0); //Defining positon to write from first row,first

column. lcd.print ("transformer added");//you can write 16

characters per line. delay(1000)

float getvolt(void) {

detect=analogRead(volt

pin);

detect=(detect*5)/1023;

serial.print(detect);

serial.println("v");

return detect;

36
4.3.3 Details about Control

In the prototype, one transformer is operating to feed the load and other transformer
is connected in parallel and is at standby state. The load’s maximum value limit is
prescribed by the user. When the load demand increases, like in peak hours, the
demand will exceed the reference value. Microcontroller will give control signal to
energize relay coil. The standby transformer will be connected parallel then, and
will share the load equally. The connection of parallel transformer will be
confirmed on LCD. The power supply gives 220 volts AC to transformer. It steps
down it into 12 Volts AC. The connected load will operate on 12 volts DC. A bridge
rectifier is used to convert 12 volts AC into 12 volts DC, because our load will
work on DC.

Three resistive loads are connected to transformer secondary. Under normal

conditions, a manual switch is used to give supply to master transformer initially. The
transformer relay will be initially latched. On receiving a signal from microcontroller
(Arduino) the relay will become open. the Arduino is so programmed that when the
transformer is overloaded, it senses the voltage drop, and sends signal to control relay.
The load cannot be operated if the manual switch is closed. Whenever the load
reaches normal value, the transformers are switched automatically. Thus
disconnecting the slave transformer. [27]

37
4.3.4 Block diagram

Figure 4.6: BLOCK DIAGRAM

38
4.4 SUMMARY

In this chapter, we discussed the methods used in making of the hardware and the
procedures done in hardware and software of discussion. We generated a small scale
model of our proposed aim, and we achieved the objectives. Our goal to improve
voltage regulation and to perform parallel operation of transformers for load sharing
totally automatic is achieved.

In this chapter, we outlined the methods used in developing both the hardware and
software components of our project, successfully creating a small-scale model of our
proposed system. The primary objectives of improving voltage regulation and
automating the parallel operation of transformers for load sharing were achieved. We
detailed the construction of the hardware, the integration of electronic components, and
the programming of control logic to manage voltage levels and load distribution. The
performance tests confirmed the system's effectiveness, demonstrating stability and
efficiency. Overall, the project met its goals, offering a reliable solution for transformer
load

39
CHAPTER 05

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

After the successful work on paralleling of transformer, we are ready to describe the
results and analysis of this project and also the outcomes of this project.

5.1 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS

First we know difference between load sharing and load shedding. Load sharing is the
sharing of load through parallel action of transformer and load shedding is the cut off
supply in that particular area where demand is greater than supply (ref). At some point
temperature of main transformer increases and supply will be cut off by the relay
system.

In whole power system there is a chance of increasing load, so we must have provision
of adding extra transformer in parallel which will share the load in time of need. In this
way consumer will get uninterruptable power supply. Also the fear of damage of
transformer gets decreases because it will become an automatic system.

5.2 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE RESULTS

5.2.1 Hardware Results

From continuous work, we are able to get hardware of project on domestic scale. The
work is done on smaller scale to prove the results of the research. The equipment,
connections and the tools and techniques are already described. The ratings of
equipment is given in table 5.1. The image of the prototype is given in figure 5.1.
40
 Figure 5.1: PICTURE OF PROTOTYPE

The equipment’s used in this project is shown in table below with their rating and details.

Table 5.1 Hardware details of demo model

Hardware name Automatic Load Sharing of Transformer

Using Parallel Action

Input Voltage 220 VAC

Transformer Stepdown from 20 to 12 VAC

Bridge Rectifier 12VAC TO 12VDC

Protection Type Relay

Relay Type Electromechanical

Voltage Rating of Capacitors 16 VDC

Arduino UNO R3 at mega 328p

41
5.3 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

Now in this topic we will discuss the objective of this project, hardware results, we
have collected from analysis of different studies. The findings are listed below

• To fully automate the system

• To increase the voltage regulation
• To increase the proficiency of the system
• To deliver uninterruptable power supply
• To increase the electrical system availability
• To increase the electrical system flexibility
• To protect the transformer from overloading and overheating

The initial condition was that main transformer was delivering load at normal
temperature. When load on the main transformer increases, the voltage decrease and the
temperature of the main transformer also increases, then relay will sense through
Arduino and add slave (second) transformer in parallel to share the load equally. When
temperature of the master (main) transformer increases, temperature sensing probe will
sense the temperature and temperature sensing relay will trip the whole circuit by
automatically cutting off the supply. When load shared by two transformers equally,
voltage regulation increases and the proficiency also increases. [28}

5.4 COMPARISON WITH INITIAL GOALS

After the successful implementation of this project, we are comparing the results with
initial goals of this venture. We have come up with the following results that was
mentioned in chapter 1 as objectives. All are listed below

• Increase the voltage regulation.

• Increase the efficiency of power system.
• Uninterruptable power supply.
• Increase the electric system availability.

42
• Increase the electric system flexibility.
• To protect the transformer from damaging due to overheating and overloading.

5.5 LIMITATIONS

As we know that nothing is complete in this world. Everything has some limitations.
When we started, we also have some limitation, and if we work on it in future, then
we may be able to overcome some of its limitations. The limitations of this project are
mentioned below.

• We cannot use this project to the renewable sources because the supply coming from
that source is changing abruptly.
• We can’t use this project for the area where load increases exponentially.
• While implementing this project some of the important terms of transformer i.e., KVA
rating of transformer, X/R ratio, phase sequence and polarity should remain identical
while performing this experiment.

5.6 SUMMARY

After the continuous work of months, here in this chapter we are able to summarize all
the details, results and analysis of this experiment. We have performed this demo
project on a very small scale to represent our idea and achieved our goals successfully.
We can now verify that it will be very useful for power system.

43
CHAPTER 06

CONCLUSION

This projects aids in using the power supply intelligently in peak load hours. The transformers
are connected and disconnected automatically, and hence the burden is divided by automatic
sensing of overload, and the transformer’s safety increases. There is no need to operate both
the transformers at off peak hours. The “Automatic Load Sharing” unit is successfully
designed, tested and demonstrated on a smaller scale.

This technology gives the un-interrupted power supply to consumers. Any risk of blackout due
to overload is eliminated in that particular distribution network. The voltage drops due to
overload are overcome in this project.

An interrupted power supply with improved voltage regulation and the danger of permanent
damage of transformer is eliminated. Furthermore, the temperature control mechanism gives
benefit of shutting the complete supply in case of overheating due to overload.

Neither uninterrupted supply, nor repeated damages to transformers are feasible. Interruption
at every peak hour will lead to disturbance in life of consumers and damage of transformer is
not favourable as its replacement is very costly.

So this project eliminates both these problems from electric power system and makes the
system reliable and secure.

We hereby conclude that we successfully eliminated the risk of damage of transformer from
system with improved voltage regulation, and prevention from damage through overheating.

44
REFERENCES

[1] T. Venkata Sai Kalyani, V. Sunil Kumar, Ch.Srinivasn Assistant Professor,

Department of EEE, St.Martin’s Engg. College, Hyderabad, TS, India.

[2] Gupta, M. Kothari, P. Kalani, P. Goyal, P. Kambar, S. Singh Assistant

Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, SKIT MNG, JAGATPURA,
JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN

[3] Hassan Abniki, H. Afsharirad, A. Mohseni, F. Khoshkhati, Has-san

Monsef, Pourya Sahmsi Effective On-line Parameters for Transformer
Monitoring and Protection‟, on Northern American Power Symposium,
(NAPS), September 2010.

[4] Available at

http://www.ijareeie.com/upload/2018/may/8_Automatic.pdf

[5] ABB Power Management - Systems (Process Automation). [online]

Available at:
http://www.abb.com/industries/db0003db004061/55fb5220e70254e7c1257356006d
725f.as px?tabKey=7

[96 Ambalkar, A. Bhoyar, N., Badarkhe, V. and Bathe, V. (2015). Automatic load
sharing of transformers. International Journal for Scientific Research and
Development, [online].

[7] Available at

http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/newyork/Archive%20Docs/CumminsPowerSeminar_Basics%20o
f%20Paralleling%20169.pdf

[8] Stevenson, W.D. Elements of power system analysis.

[9] Hassan Abniki, H. Afsharirad, A. Mohseni, F. Khoshkhati, Has-san

Monsef, Pourya Sahmsi Effective On-line Parameters for Transformer
Monitoring and Protection‟, on Northern American Power Symposium

45
(NAPS), September 2010

[10] C. ScottThode ‘Distributed Substation Control System with PC Based Local

Control’, on Advanced in Power System Control, Operation and Management
vol. 2, pp 536-541, December 2003.

[11] Tong Xiaoyang, Wu Guanging, Zhang Guangehun, Tan Yong-dong, A

Transformer Online Monitoring and Diagnosis Em-bedded System Based on
TCP/IP and Pub/Sub New Technology‟, on Properties and Applications of
Dielectric Materials, vol 1, June2009.

[12] T. Venkata Sai Kalyani1, V. Sunil Kumar 2, Ch. Srinivas3 Assistant

Professor, Department of EEE, St. Martin’s Engg. College, Hyderabad, TS, India1
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE, St. Martin’s Engg. College, Hyderabad, TS, India2, 3

[13] S.R. Balan, P. Sivanesan, R. Ramprakash, B. Ananthakannan and K.

MithinSubash, “GSM Based Automatic Substation LoadShedding and Sharing
Using Programmable Switching Control”, Journal of Selected Areas in
Microelectronics, Volume 6, Issue 2, 2014.

[14] Ashish R. Ambalkar, Nitesh M. Bhoyar, Vivek V. Badarkhe and Vivek B.

Bathe, “Automatic Load Sharing of Transformers”, International Journal for
Scientific Research & Development, Volume 2, Issue 12, pp. 739-741,2015.

[15] SuxiangQian, Hongsheng Hu, Design of Temperature Moni-toring System

for Oil- Immersed Power Transformers based on MCU‟, on International
Conference on Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation (ICEMI), May
2016.

46
 [16] Available at

https://www.galco.com/comp/prod/r

elay.htm

[17] Available at

https://www.elprocus.com/bridge-rectifier-circuit-theory-with-working-operation/

[18] ] K.Y.C. Cheung, Large – scale Energy Storage IES2, 2003 Imperial College London.

[19] MIT Press, Magnetic circuits and transformers, John Wiley and Sons

[20] Available at https://components101.com/microcontrollers/arduino-uno

[21] Available at https://www.elprocus.com/temperature-sensors-types-working-operation/

[22] Available at https://components101.com/microcontrollers/arduino-uno

[23] Available at http://www.ijsrd.com/articles/IJSRDV2I12400.pdf

[24] Sayali R. Tirpude, Dr. Harikumar Naidu, Pratik Ghutke Dept. of Electrical
Engg, TGPCE, Nagpur, India HOD, Dept. of Electrical Engg, TGPCE, Nagpur,
India Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engg, TGPCE, Nagpur, Ind

47
48