Drilling Rig & Equipment

20DEC21 IW-IA-WO
 • DRILLING WELL CONTROL

• Instructor:

Memet Rachmat 0811-18-6933

20DEC21
IW-IA-WO
 Oilfield Life Cycle

Exploration Completions Abandonment

Drilling Production
 Course Content
1 : BASIC TERM, DEFINITION AND CALCULATION.

1 A : DRILLING FLUID.

2 : BARRIER, AND WELL VOLUME CALCULATION.

3 : SLOW CIRCULATING RATE (SCR), LEAK OFF TEST (LOT), AND MAASP.

4 : HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE REDUCTION& PRESSURE BALANCE IN THE WELL

5 : KICK AND SHUT IN PROCEDURE.

6 : SHUT IN DATA.

7 : GAS BEHAVIOR.

8 : WELL KILLING METHODS.

9 : PROBLEMS DURING KILLING OPERATIONS

4
10: SURFACE WELL CONTROL EQUIPMENT
 1.

BASIC TERM, DEFINITION AND CALCULATION

(ISTILAH DASAR, DEFINISI DAN PERHITUNGAN)

Well Control

Definition(s) / Definisi

Well control
“Well control” means the control of the movement of fluids into or
from a well (contrôle d’un puits).

“Pengendalian sumur” adalah mengendalikan pergerakan fluid

yang masuk dan yang keluar sumur.

Source: Canada Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Regulations, SOR/2009-315, February 2013. Regulations
Source: Drilling and Production Guidelines, The Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Board and Canada-
Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board, Canada, March 31, 2011. Regulatory Guidance
Source: Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production Regulations, SOR/2009-317, Canada, current to
May 31, 2012. Regulations
 Well Control Categories

Primary Control Secondary Control Tertiary Control

No Kick Kick Blow Out
No Fire
Fire
Controlled by MW Closed BOP Wild well control
(Ph) BHP = Ph + SIDP Relief well

Balance The Well is balance

No more Flow
Maintaining Minimize Kick
1. A good Well plan Bring the kick out from the well bore safely
2. A good Procedures
3. Knowing an Early
Detection for any Bring back to Primary Control
changes

Ideal, No extra cost

7
1
 KICK FUNDAMENTAL

PH PH ≥ PF PF
PH too low
FORMATION PRESSURE
PH becoming low
Sub Normal Normal Abnormal

8.33 ppg ---------- 8.9 ppg

0.433 psi/ft ---------- 0.465 psi/ft

Fresh Water Formation ----- Salt Water Formation

Hydrostatic Pressure

PH > PF : Over Balance • Transition Zone is the formation in which the pressure
PH = PF : Balance gradient begins to change from a normal gradient to a
PH < PF : Under Balance
subnormal gradient or, more usually, to an abnormal
gradient

9
 FLUID

1. FLUID is NOT SOLID, the fluid CAN BE FLOW

2. FLUID is always follow the shapes

3. U-TUBE:The fluid TENDS TO

REACH THE PRESSURE BALANCE
IN OPEN VESEL
U-Tube Analogy
 U-Tube Principle

The fluids tends to reach the pressure balance in open vessel

 Pump Slug USE FORMULA IADC #25, #26, or #27
DP : OD 5 in Contoh soal no:31:
ID 4.276 in Your current mud weight (MW) is 11.5 ppg. You were instructed to
Cap 0.0178 Bpf pump a 35 bbl slug weighing 13.5 ppg. Your Drill Pipe capacity is
0.0178 bbbls/ft. How many feet of dry pipe will you have after
6.1 bbls pumping?

342’ USE formula #27:

Level drop after pumping a slug (feet) =
[(Slug Weight : MW) – 1] x Slug Volume : DP Capacity
35 bbls
[ (13.5 : 11.5) – 1 ] x 35 : 0.0178 = 342 ft
1966’

USE formula #25 for calculating DRY volume = Additional mud

returned by slug (bbls) :

[ (13.5 : 11.5) – 1 ] x 35 = 6.087 bbls = 6.1 bbls

USE FORMULA #26 for calculating TOTAL MUD RETURNED BY
See Exercise No: 18, 31, 347 SLUG in bbls =

Total Mud returned by slug = [ (13.5 : 11.5) ] x 35 = 41.087 bbls = 41.1 bbls
41.1 bbls
FORMATION PRESSURE
Formation Pressure or Formation Fluid Pressure or Pore Pressure
is the pressure exerted by naturally occurring fluids which are
trapped in the pore spaces of the formation.

PF = Formation Pressure is divided into 3 categories:

Subnormal Pressure (Gradient < 0.433 psi/ft)
Normal Pressure (Gradient 0.433 – 0.465 psi/ft)
Abnormal Pressure (Gradient > 0.465 – 1.0 psi/ft)
FORMULA HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE:

• PRESSURE = POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH (PSI)

• PRESSURE = FORCE (in Pounds) PER UNIT AREA (Square Inch)

• HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE = 0.052 x MW x TVD DEPTH

• HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE = 0.052 x PPG x TVD FT

• PRESSURE GRADIENT= 0.052 x PPG

• HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE = PH
1 BBL = 5.615 CUFT.
1 BBL = 42 GALLONS

1 CUFT = 0.1781 BBL

= 7.48 GAL
Well DEPTH

Meassure Depth (MD)

vs
True Vertical Depth (TVD)

MEASURE DEPTH or MD well A

10,000 ft, while MD well B 11,650
ft, as well as the length of pipe to
make these wells.

TRUE VERTICAL DEPTH or TVD well A

same as TVD well B =10,000 ft

TVD = MD = Vertical Well (A)

TVD < MD = Directional Well (B)

Inclination < 3 degree called Vertical Well

 BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE ( = BHP )

• BHP When NOT CIRCULATING (=STATIC BHP) = 0.052 x MW x TVD DEPTH

• BHP While DRL or CIRC(=DYNAMIC BHP)= (0.052 x MW x TVD)+APL(=Ann Pressure Loss)

• BHP While Tripping in Hole = (0.052 x MW x TVD) + Surge Pressure

• BHP While Tripping Out of Hole = (0.052 x MW x TVD) – Swab Pressure

• BHP WHEN THE WELL IS SHUT IN:

TOTAL BHP IN DRILL STRING = SIDPP + PH MUD

TOTAL BHP IN ANNULUS = SICP + ( PH column of Mud + PH of Influx )

 1A

DRILLING FLUID
.
(FLUIDA PEMBORAN)
 DRILLING FLUIDS

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
FUNCTION OF DRILLING FLUIDS
1. Cutting Transport / hole cleaning
2. Suspend cuttings when circulating is stopped
3. Control pressures
4. Cooling & Lubricating
5. Wall support / well bore stability
6. Suspend equipment, buoyancy, casing
7. Transfer hydraulic energy / hydraulic
horsepower
8. Media for logging and wire line tool
 Mud Balance / Atmospheric Balance

gotri

• Mud Balance use to measure Fluid Density in ppg.

• Calibrated by water 8.33 ppg ( SG water = 1 )
• To calibrate adjustment ,
•there are stain less steel and brush in the gotri
• MW exceeded, loss circulation
• MW too light, Well Kick
Pressurized Mud Balance

23
Additive For Completion Fluid

1. Density: Chlorides (Cl) and Bromides (Br)

Control formation pressure by increasing density of
Sodium Chloride completion fluid
(NaCl)
3. Hydrometer (most accurate)

Calcium Chloride Hydrometer

(CaCl2) Reading, (SG)

2. Pressurized Mud Balance Hydrometer

Lid Rider
Level Glass

Balance Arm
Knife Edge Water in the jar
Fulcrum
Base
1. Conventional Mud Balance Hydrometer
MARSH FUNNEL

• Use to measure viscosity

Its qualitative measurement
unit in seconds

• Time is measured the fluid flow

as much as 1 quart (= 0.25 gals = 0.946
liter thru 3/16 inch ID x 2 inch

• Calibrated by fresh water will

take 26 second.
• Viscosity < 38 second, difficult to
transport drill cutting.

• Viscosity > 45 second will damage the

3/16”
pump because the viscous mud due by
solid.
VISCOMETER
• Use to measure Rheology fluid
parameter Plastic Viscosity (PV); Yield Point (YP)
and Gel Strength.

• Read RPM 300 and RPM 600

• PV = R600 – R300 centi poise, cp (Friction between solid and liquid )

• YP = R 300 - PV lbs/100ft2 (Friction among molecules in the liquid )

• Gel Strength or thickening or thyrotrophic measured

in10 seconds and 10 minutes after the fluid moving.

• Before cutting is presented ( New Mud ), PV/YP = 1

• Rule of Thumb : PV = 2 </= MW and PV/YP = 1.5 – 2

• Gel Strength 3/5 is okay

3/8 is not okay because progressive mean
the mud will becoming thick after pump
off, and difficult to break circulate.

• Viscosifier : Benex; Thinner : SAPP, Vibraco

FILTRATION LOSS

• Performed by 100 psi in 30 minutes.

• The result is , a filtrate measured by

glass measurement

• Beside Mud filtrate, also recovered mud cake

measured by 1/32 unit inch.

• Less filtrate, is a better mud, because less

formation damage, but more expensive mud,
$/ barrel will be increased

• Fluid loss between 15 – 20 cc is enough (<10$/bbl)

Fluid loss < 10 cc become expensive (>20$/bblnya).
HTHP Filtrate

• Closer to downhole
conditions
• 500 psi differential
• Temperature Jacket should
25F to 50 F above Reservoir
temperature
• F = 9/5C + 32
• Normal Temperature
Gradient is 15 F/1000 ft
(Source : Schlumberger)
• 30 minute test
• Report volume of filtrate
• Filter paper or ceramic disks
Drilling fluid

. Liquid drilling fluid is often called drilling mud.

The main categories of drilling fluids are :
1. water-based muds (which can be dispersed
and non-dispersed),
2. non-aqueous muds, usually called
oil-based mud.

The main functions of drilling fluids include

providing hydrostatic pressure
to prevent formation fluids from entering
into the well bore, keeping the drill bit cool
and clean during drilling, carrying out drill
cuttings, and suspending the drill cuttings
while drilling is paused and when the
drilling assembly is brought in and out of
the hole.
The drilling fluid used for a particular job is
selected to avoid formation damage and
to limit corrosion.
 Drilling Mud Versus Completion Fluid

Drilling Mud Completion Fluid

o High viscosity in order to rid/clean o Typically clear fluids with low
the hole of cutting. viscosity
o Higher density to control o Low density to minimize fluid
formation pressure and wellbore losses and lost circulation
stability
o Have additives to prevent fluid o Has been filtered to remove
loss to the formation particles that can damage the
formation
 Completion fluid

Improve well productivity by reducing damage to

production zone.
Control formation pressure with density
Hole cleaning: debris and shale removal
Compatible with the formation fluids and rock
 Mineralogy
 Reservoir fluid chemistry
 Metallurgy and elastomers of down hole equipment
Non toxic
Low solid content
Non corrosive
Allow other well operations to be conducted
As packer fluids
 Packer Fluid
Packer fluids are fluids placed in
the annulus between production
tubing and casing.
Therefore, a good packer fluid
must be stable with time and
temperature
The fluid must also be able to be
pumped and must not harm packer
seals.

The purpose of packer fluid:

Provide required hydrostatic pressure
To prevent collapsing of casing and burst of the production string
Non-toxic and non-corrosive
Not solidify or settle out of suspension over long time periods
Not damage formation
 Brines Characteristics
Clear Brine Fluids (CBF) are highly
concentrated mixtures of inorganic salts,
usually chlorides and bromides
Come into contact with person’s skin absorb
water cause drying of the skin, in extreme
cases, can even cause burn like
reddening/memerah, and blistering/melepuh.
Saturation Point is the point where no additional salt will dissolve.
If more salt is added, it will not dissolve and fall to the bottom of the pit.
Crystallization Temperature. High concentrations of soluble salts at low
temperature formed solid
Temperature  will make density  due to thermal expansion
Pressure  will make density 
pH  will affect density 
 Density Correction
for Temperature and Pressure
Clear Brines Fluid Density Ranges
Temperature Correction:

CT = Average temperature correction, lb/ga

BHT = Bottomhole temperature, F
Surf = Surface temperature, F
A = Thermal expansion factor, lb/gal/100 F

Pressure Correction:

CP = Average pressure correction, lb/ga

BHPs = Safe bottomhole pressure, psi
A = Hydrostatic compression factor, lb/gal/100
psi
Continued...
2. Lost Circulation Pills: Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
to limit loss control
Continued...
3. Energized fluids: Nitrogen (N2) or carbon dioxide (CO2).
Hydraulic Fracturing, to achieve significantly more
hydrocarbon recovery than nonenergized approaches
 Fluid Selection Process
Input Step

TVD
Determine Equivalent
Fluid Density
BHP + Overbalance

BHT
Make Temperature
Mudline Temperatur
Correction
Ambient Temperatur

Casing Specification
Determine Volume
Requirement
Surface Equipment

Engineered Fluid System

(Compatibility issue / Corrosion concern /
Sensitive formation

Select Fluid
 2

BARRIER, AND WELL VOLUME CALCULATION

.
(RINTANGAN, DAN PERHITUNGAN VOLUME SUMUR)
 BARRIER = Penghalang = Penahan = Rintangan

1. Primary Barrier = Fluid Barrier = Hydrostatic Pressure = MW

2. Secondary Barrier = Mechanical Barrier = Equipment Barrier = BOP

3. Physical Barrier = Cement Plug, Bridge Plug

4. Procedural Barrier = Monitoring the well for gains or losses

5. Verification Barrier = Check Flow, Weight set confirmation (tagging)

6. Minimum number of Barrier = Two (2)

Hydrostatic Barrier is:

A column of fluid that exerts a greater pressure than the formation fluids

41
1. Question: What kind of well service
disaster / bencana could happen
caused by pressure?
Answer: Blow-Out
2. Question: What Causes Blow-Out?
Answer: Barrier failure (=Kegagalan penghalang)
3. Question: What is the equipment used to control a well from blow-out?
Answer: Barrier ( = Penghalang / Rintangan)
4. Question: What is Barrier?
Answer: Barrier is any device, fluid or substance that prevents flow
of wellbore fluids. (=Barrier adalah alat, fluida atau zat yang dapat
mencegah aliran fluida yang masuk kedalam sumur).

5. Question: What the requirement for component to be considered a

barrier ?
Answer: Component is pressure tested and verified / diperiksa
 Well Control Cycle

PRIMARY
PREVENTION

KILL WELL TAKE KICK

SHUT IN WELL
SECONDARY
 Barrier Theory

Minimum Barrier Requirements :

1. A minimum of two independent and tested barriers shall
be available at all times to prevent flow to the
environment.
2. The barriers should be tested in the direction of flow of
the well.
3. The barriers must be capable of being operated
independently of each other.
4. If one barrier fails it must be possible to put
compensatory measures into effect immediately. During
this phase, efforts to re-establish the barrier and return
the well to double barrier protection, are the only type of
work permitted.
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Well Barrier Elements (WBEs) ???

1. Fluid Barriers (Drilling fluids, Brine)
2. Casing and Cement
3. Drill string
4. Drilling, Wireline, Coil Tubing or Workover BOP’s
5. Wellhead
6. Deep set tubing plug
7. Production Packer
8. Stab-in Safety Valves
9. Completion String
10. Tubing Hanger
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

1. Primary Barrier :1st line of defense system

2. Secondary Barrier : 2nd line of defense system
3. Tertiary /Shearing Barrier : 3rd line of defense system when
1st & 2nd system failed or been compromised. Must have the
ability to shear pipe/line (used in emergencies)

Barrier Requirement : Worldwide petroleum industrial acceptance

o Drilling & Workover  Double Barriers Protection
o Well Intervention  Triple Barriers Protection
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Barrier Type Barrier Integrity

1. Mechanical Barrier Must be “Tested From Direction of Flow”
Closed through out operations & Must be
 Close Type
“Leak Tight”
 Closeable Type (BOP & Close when required & API leakage
Xmas Tree) criteria.
2. Hydrostatic Barrier (Drilling Must be diligently monitored for a period
mud, Cement spacer, of time to Ensure Thermal Expansion &
Brine, Water) Contraction Effects Have Ceased

If the density and level of the fluid are not

monitored, can the fluid be an effective barrier?
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Stuffing Box

Lubricator

BOP
MUD

Xmas Tree

Tubing
Casing

Mechanical Barrier DHSV

o Advantage: Reduces
formation potential damage Hydrostatic Barrier
& cost efficient. o Advantage: Working in dead well.
o Disadvantage: Working o Disadvantage: High potential of
under pressure. formation damage.
PACKER
WL PLUG
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Principles of Fluid barriers :

For a fluid to be suitable for use as a barrier, the following
conditions must be satisfied:
 Correct specification : Means that the fluid has the
correct specific gravity.
 Testing : Refers to monitoring the specifications when the
fluid is being weighed and pumped.
 Observation : Means that the well should be monitored for
a period in order to satisfy ourselves that the pumped fluid is
stabilizing it.
 Simply : we should select the correct kill fluid (weight and
specifications) to minimize formation overpressure & ensure
formation fluid compatibility
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Barrier should be tested for its integrity :
Low
Pressure

Inflow Test / Negative Test:

 Reducing the pressure on the upper Barrier
side of the barrier to detect any leaks.
 Bleed off the pressure above the plug High
 Monitor build-up pressure Pressure

High
Pressure
Pressure Test / Positive Pressure test:
 Increasing the pressure to a value higher
than the lower side of the barrier do detect Barrier

any leaks.
 Hold pressure from Both direction Low
Pressure
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Minimum Barrier Requirements

 A minimum of two independent and tested barriers shall be available at all times
to prevent flow to the environment.
 As far as possible the barriers should be tested in the direction of flow of the well.
 The barriers must be capable of being operated independently of each other.
 If one barrier fails it must be possible to put compensatory measures into effect
immediately. During this phase, efforts to re-establish the barrier and return the
well to double barrier protection, are the only type of work permitted.
 In principle, tested and approved barriers shall not have a leak rate greater than
0, before any work is conducted.
 The owner of the well may accept deviation of the test from this requirement in
certain circumstances.
 Double barrier principle : There is must always be two barrier elements
between the well and the external environment. One barrier element is a back-up
for the other.
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Documentation of leak and function testing of well barriers

o All well integrity tests shall be documented and accepted by an
authorized person.

The chart and the test documentation should contain:

o type of test,
o test pressure,
o test fluid,
o system or components tested,
o estimated volume of system pressurized,
o volume pumped and bled back,
o time and date.
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Cased Hole Well o “Pressure test” with mud or water

o “Inflow test” by displacing mud with sea water (washing)
Cement Plug o “Pressure test” to verify for the future leakages
X-mas Tree & o “Pressure test” by pumping
Well Head o “Inflow test ” to valves and connections with well
pressure
Production o “Pressure test” by pumping
Packer Without o “Inflow test ” to valves and connections with well
Perforation pressure
Production o “Pressure test” by pumping
Packer Without o “Inflow test ” to valves and connections with well
Perforation pressure
Production o Perforation: “Pressure test” from annulus
Packer With o Tubing Hanger: “Inflow/Pressure test”by pumping
from annulus and check for leakages
o Casing : “Pressure test”
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Well Barrier Envelope is as a combination of one or more Well

Barrier that together constitute a method of containment of fluids
within a well that prevents uncontrolled flow into another formation,
or, to escape at surface

Gas bottle with single valve Gas bottle with double valve
Secondary
Primary Primary Barrier
Barrier Barrier
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Example of Barrier Envelope :

PACKER/TUBING ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include : (?)
 Packer
 Tubing
 Tubing Accessories
 Tubing Hanger
 Xmas Tree
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Example of Barrier Envelope :

PRODUCTION CASING ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include : (?)
 Production Casing
 Side Outlets Valves
 Tubing Hanger
 Tubing Head
 Casing Head Housing
 Barrier

Classification Type Testing Envelope

Example of Barrier Envelope :

PACKER/TUBING/DHSV ENVELOPE
Barrier elements include : (?)
 Packer
 Tubing
 Tubing Accessories
 DHSV
 Summary

Classification Type Testing Envelope

 Primary  Fluid  Inflow Test / Negative Test
 Secondary  Mechanical  Pressure Test / Positive Test
 Tertiary

Upper Annular
Lower Annular
Blind Shear Ram
Casing Ram
Variable Bore
Ram Variable Bore Ram
Well Head
Conductor
Casing
Surface
Casing
Bore Hole
Intermediate
Casing
Drilling Mud

Production
Casing
Bottom Hole Pressure

Formation Pressure
 Downhole Barrier
o Plug  to seal / isolate the completion string at this location
o Sub Surface Safety Valve (SSSV)  CE (Module)

Plugs can be divided into three categories:

o Positive Plug  hold pressure from both directions
o Test Plug  hold pressure from above (standing valve)
o Pump Through Plug  hold pressure from below (check valve)

You should:
o Check that the pressure ratting is correct.
o Check that the plug is holding pressure after setting.

Test Plug Pump through Plug

Positive Plug
Question :
How a well integrity maintained during a completion / intervention
operation?
A.By using energency shut-down systems
B.Only two barrier are required
C.Only 1 barrier is required
D.Additional barrier are used to backup failed barriers yumy
Question :
What items are required for barrier (BOP) tested verification documents:
(Select 3 Answer)
A.Pressure Rating . yumy
B.Sign Off. yumy
C.Kick of Depth.
D.Fluid Weight / type yumy
E.Max BOP Hydraulic Pressure.
F.Deviation Survey.
Question :
Which of the following can be a mechanical barrier?
A.Brine
B.Drilling Fluid
C.Well Control method
D.A tubing plug yumy
Question :
A properly operating check valve should have equal pressure above
and below check valve?
A.True
B.False yumy
Question :
What is the primary function of bridge plug?
A.Test the tubing or casing
B.Isolate the wellbore yumy
C.Isolate the tubing from the casing
D.None of the above
 VOLUME REVIEW
Rectangular Volume ( Tank - Surface )

Length = 20 ft
Wide = 10 ft
Height = 8 ft
What is capacity of the tank in bbls ?

Capacity =

20 ft x 10 ft x 8 ft =1600 ft 3

or

1600 ft3 x 0.1781 bbls/ft3

8 ft
= 285 bbls
20 ft
10 ft
 VOLUME REVIEW

Rectangular Volume ( Tank - Surface )

Given : Length = 20 ft
Wide = 10 ft
Height = 8 ft

What is kick volume (gain) if the fluid level in the tank increased 4 inches ?
4
Kick Volume = 20 ft x 10 ft x ---- ft
12

= 67 ft 3 or 67 x 0.1781 bbls/ft3 = 12 bbls

8 ft
4 in

20 ft
10 ft
 VOLUME REVIEW -- FORMULA #3

Cylinder Volume – Surface & Well volume Archimedes Law :

Area = R2 = 3.14
D

Area = 0.785 x D2 inches2

Volume = (0.785 D2) x 12 in = 9.42 in3/ft

1 Ft 1 bbl = 9702 in3

1
1 in3 = ----------- = 0.00010312 bbls
9702

= (9.42 D2 ) x 0.00010312 bbls/in 3 bbls/ft

D2 = 0.0009714 x D2 bbls/ft
bbls/ft = -------------
1029.4 D2
= ------------- Bbls/ft
1029.4
CAPACITY & DISPLACEMENT

A : Drill pipe Capacity

B : Drill pipe Displacement
C : Annular Capacity

IDDP2
DP Capacity = ---------- Barrel per Feet ( = A )
1029.4

ODDP2 - IDDP2
DP Displacement = --------------------- Barrel per Feet ( = B )
1029.4
(=Metal Displacement)

OD2
Closed End Displacement = ---------- Barrel per feet
1029.4

IDCsg2 - ODDP2
Annular Capacity = --------------------- Barrel per Feet ( = C )
1029.4
 3

SLOW CIRCULATING RATE (SCR),

LEAK OFF TEST (LOT), AND MAASP.
 SPRP / Slow Pump Rate Pressure =
KRP / Kill Rate Pressure =
RRCP / Reduced Rated Circulating Pressure =
SCRP / Slow Circulating Rate Pressure =
DPL / DYNAMIC PRESSURE LOSS

A Reduce Rate Circulating Pressure Should Be Recorded

at different SCR.

1) WHY?
2) WHEN?
3) HOW? 68
 SCR – HOW?
1) Should Be Recorded With Bit Near Bottom.

2) Should Be Record At Different SCR.

20 to 50 SPM or 1 to 5 BPM

( ¼ ~ 1/3 Drilling Rate = 20, 30 and 40 spm)

3) Should Be Record For Each Pump.

4) Should Be Reduce Rate To Prevent Hole Washout.

5) Should Be Read On SWACO Super Choke Panel.

 Always Stand Pipe Gage Lower Than Pump Gage Due

To Surface Losses. 69
 SCR – WHEN?
1) At The Beginning Of Every Shift.

2) When The Mud Weight Is Changed.

3) When Mud Properties Is Changed.

4) When Bottom Hole Assembly Is Changed Or Bit Nozzle Change.

5) When Long Hole Section Is Drilled In a Shift (500 ft).

6) When The Efficiency Of The Mud Pump Change.

7) After Killed The Well Directly Before Start Drilling.

70
Good drilling practice require the SCRP be checked and recorded regularly by
the driller.
The SCRP must be recorded with Bit near bottom for each pump:
oAt the beginning of each shift or tour
oAfter a change in MW
oAfter change of bit nozzle size or BHA.
oAfter drilling a long section of hole (=500 ft) in a shift.
oAfter pump end repair.

SCRP should be recorded from the gauge that is to be used for well killing
operation which is on the DP pressure gauge on the driller’s remote choke
panel.

LOT:

• LOT is conducted to determine the pressure at which formation begins to

leak.
 SCR – WHY?
1) Allow Kick To Be Handle At Surface.
2) Size Of Choke And Choke Lines.
3) Reduce Over Loading The Mud Gas Separator.
4) Give The Rig Personnel Time To Prepare The Kill Mud
(Rig Mixing Capacity).
5) Pressure Changes On The Drill Pipe And Casing Can be Easily
Monitored Which Allow The Choke Operator To Make
adjustments (Delay Time is 1 second / 1000 ft depth)
6) Reduce The Total Pressure Required From The Mud Pumps
During Kill Operation.
7) Allowing Modifications To The Killing Procedures To Be Made.
8) Reduce The Pressure Exerted On The Formation (Due to APL).
72
• LOT (Leak Off Test) for Exploration wells

• FIT (Formation Integrity Test) for Development wells

LEAK OFF TEST = LOT = MAMW = Maximum Allowable Mud Weight
USE FORMULA# 17 IADC or MAMW = Frac Gradient : 0.052
 p.77
The most important FORMULA (for Kill Sheet calculation)
1. MAMW = Fracture Pressure Gradient ÷ 0.052
OR
MAMW = [Surface Leak Off ÷ 0.052 ÷ Shoe TVD] + MW Test

2. MAASP before Kick = [ MAMW – MW Current ] x 0.052 x Shoe TVD

3. Strokes To Bit = { (LDC x Cap DC) + (LHW x Cap HW) + [ (MD – LDC- LHW) x Cap DP ] } ÷ Pump Out Put

4. KMW = [ SIDPP ÷ 0.052 ÷ TVD ] + MW Original

5. ICP = SCRP + SIDP

6. FCP = SCRP x [ KMW ÷ OMW ]

7. MAASP After Kill = [ MAMW – KMW ] x 0.052 x Shoe TVD

8. Pressure Reduction = [ ICP – FCP ] ÷ 10 Psi/Step

Or
Pressure Reduction = { [ ICP – FCP ] ÷ Strokes Surface to Bit } x 100 Psi/100 stks

Note : MW Current=Current MW = Current Mud Weight = Original MW (OMW) = Present MW

LDC=Length of DC; Cap DC=Capacity DC; LHW= Length of Heavy Weight DP; MD=Measured Depth;
TVD= True Vertical Depth; (MD-LDC-LHW) = LDP = Length of DP.
 ROUND UP : ROUND DOWN

KMW  x.x ppg MAMW  X.X ppg. Pressure Reduction  X Psi/Step

10.73  10.8 ppg 11.76  11.7 ppg 21.6  21 psi/step

11.03  11.1 ppg 13.89  13.8 ppg 18.4  18 psi/ step

13.82  13.9 ppg 17.95  17.9 ppg 32.4  32 psi/step

12.96  13.0 ppg 15.19  15.1 ppg 46.1  46 psi/step

12.28  12.3 ppg 15.22  15.2 ppg 29.2  29 psi/100 stks
10.93  11.0 ppg 12.55  12.5 ppg

78
 PS = 700 psi
Test Formation Strength at 3000 ft

Depth MW MAASP Remarks

--------------------------------------------------------------

3000 9.2 700 Test Formation

strength to
BHP = 2135 psi
or
MAMW = 13.6 ppg

MW TEST = 9.2 ppg

SHOE at 3000 ft TVD

7000 9.5 MAASP = 0.052 x (13.6 - 9.5) x 3000

BHP = (0.052 x 9.2 x 3000) + 700 = 639 psi
= 1435 + 700
= 2135 psi

700
or MAMW = 9.2 + ---------------- 10,000 10 MAASP = 0.052 x (13.6 – 10) x 3000
= 561 psi
0.052 x 3000

= 9.2 + 4.49 11000 11 MAASP = 0.052 x (13.6 - 11) x 3000

= 405 psi
= 13.69  Round down to 13.6 ppg
5/24/2022 79
 Fluida (MW) Uncontrolled BHP decrease
Gas – 2.5 ppg Migration Expansion
Oil - 7 ppg Non Expansion BHP, SIDP, SICP increase
Fresh Water – 8.3 ppg
Salt Water - 8.9 ppg 1. Circulating Method : 1. Driller
Mixture - Depend on compositions 2. Wait & Weight
3. Concurrent Kill Methods
Fluid Gradient = 0.052 x MW psi/ft Controlled expansion
2. Non Circulating Method : 1. Volumetric
At certain TVD 2. Lubricate & Bleed
3. Bull Head
Hydrostatic Pressure,
PH = 0.052 x MW x TVD  ?  Formation Pressure, PF < Frac Pressure or Formation Strength

Static A Capacity B Displacement

C Annular volume Cause of Kick

2 MAMW, ppg ( Formula #22):
D while tripping
Bbl/ft = ------------
1029.4 ( Surf.Leak Off ÷ 0.052 ÷ Shoe ) + Test MW
B No APL
∆P pull dry = 0.052 x mw x --------- x L Ph decrease ( Fluid level drop)
Dinamic A+C Swab

BHP = Ph + P A+B Kick Sign while drilling MAASP Before Kick ( Formula #23)
∆P pull wet = 0.052 x mw x --------- x L
C
Drilling Break MAASP = ( MAMW - MW current ) x 0.052 x SHOE

 P = APL  ECD = Formula # 16

(APL ÷0.052 ÷TVD) +OMW Check Flow MAASP After Kick ( Formula #24)
 P = SIDP  KMW = Formula # 17
MAASP = ( MAMW - KMW ) x0.052x SHOE
Flowing while pump off
(SIDP ÷0.052 ÷TVD) + OMW

Shut - in
80
 4

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE REDUCTION, AND PRESSURE BALANCE

IN THE WELL.
.
(BERKURANGNYA TEKANAN HYDROSTATIK, DAN TEKANAN
KESEIMBANGAN DI SUMUR)
 Pressure drop per foot tripping dry / wet
This is For IWCF
Pressure drop per foot tripping dry

Yang dicabut = B, Metal Displacement

Dicabut 1 ft = B x 1 = B ft
Yang turun di ( A + C ) = Casing Capacity – Metal Displacement

Metal Displacement
Pressure drop per foot tripping dry = MW x 0.052 x --------------------------------------------------- psi/ft or
Casing Capacity – Metal Displacement

MW x 0.052 x Metal Displacement

= --------------------------------------------------- ………. Formula # 20
Casing Capacity – Metal Displacement

Pressure drop per foot tripping wet

Yang dicabut = A + B, Closed End Displacement

Dicabut 1 ft = (A+B) x 1 ft = Closed End Displacement ft
Yang turun di C = Casing Capacity – Closed End Displacement

Closed End Displacement

Pressure drop per foot tripping wet = MW x 0.052 x ---------------------------------------------------------- psi/ft or
Casing Capacity – Closed End Displacement

MW x 0.052 x Closed End Displacement

= ----------------------------------------------------------- ………. Formula # 21
Casing Capacity – Closed End Displacement
 This is For IWCF
Length of pipe to pull dry / wet before over balance is lost

Length of pipe to pull dry before over balance is lost

Yang dicabut = B, Metal Displacement

Dicabut L ft = B x L ft
Yang turun di ( A + C ) = Casing Capacity – Metal Displacement

Metal Displacement x L
Over balance is lost = MW x 0.052 x --------------------------------------------------- or
Casing Capacity – Metal Displacement

Over balance x ( Casing Capacity - Metal Displacement )

L = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ………. Formula # 24
MW x 0.052 x Metal Displacement

Length of pipe to pull wet before over balance is lost

Yang dicabut = A + B, Closed End Displacement

Dicabut L ft = (A+B) x L ft = Closed End Displacement ft
Yang turun di C = Casing Capacity – Closed End Displacement

Closed End Displacement x L

Over balance is lost = MW x 0.052 x ---------------------------------------------------------- or
Casing Capacity – Closed End Displacement

Over Balance x (Casing Capacity - Closed End Displacement )

L = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ …… Formula # 25
MW x 0.052 x Closed End Displacement
 Fluid level drop due to pipe pulled out from the wel

Pull Dry (Cabut Kering) Pull Wet (Cabut basah)

Pull Volume
(Volume yang dicabut) B A+B

Fluid Drop at ?
(Penurunan fluida di ?) A+C C
C A C
C C
How far Fluid level drop ? B A+B
-------- --------

(Berapa jauh turunya ?) A+C C

What is the consequence due to fluid level drop ?

( Apa akibat dari penurunan fluid level ?)

Hydrostatic Pressure Drop

(Penurunan Hydrostatic level) = 0.052 x Mw x Fluid level drop Psi
 Fluid Gradient and Hydrostatic Pressure Problems
( Hydrostatic Pressure Problem )
10 stands = 920ft = L A
A = 0.02218 bpf
10 stands B = 0.00721 bpf
DP 5.5 “OD 4.778 “ID
C = 0.06679 bpf
B
A + B = 0.02939
C A + C = 0.08896
9.7 ppg

12 . Pull Wet 13. Pull Dry

Csg 10-3/4 OD
Vol Cabut = 920 x ( A+ B ) = 920 x B
9.950 ID
(Replaced) = 27 bbls = 6.6 bbls
Vol Turun = 27 / C = 6.6 / (A+C)
(FL Drop)
= 404 ft = 74 ft
Tek Berkurang = 0.052 x 9.7 x 404 = 0.052 x 9.7 x 74
(Press.Reduction) = 204 psi = 37 psi

Pull Stands 10 Stds 1 Std 3 Stds 10 Stds 1 Std < 5 Stds

V. Cabut 27 2.7 8.1 6.6 0.7 3.3

V. Turun 404 40 120 74 7.4 37
Tek.Turun 204 20 60 < 75 37 3.7 18
Bit size 9-5/8
 3. Drill Pipe Pressure
5. Surface
4. Casing Pressure Pressure
or
Annular Pressure

1. Hydrostatic Pressure 6. Shoe Pressure

(Fluid at rest  static)

PH = 0.052 x MW x TVD
2. Annular Pressure Loss ( Circulating)

ECD = Equivalent Circulating Density

= MW + (APL ÷ 0.052 ÷ TVD) ….

7. BHP = Bottom Hole Pressure

BHP = PH …………. Static
BHP Annulus = PH + APL .... Circulating
BHP Shut-in = PH + SIDP… Kick
TVD Well 86
Pump pressure increase if :

1. SPM

2. MW

3. Hole depth

4. Mud Viscosity

5. Area

6. Hole Size
 What Affects Pressure Loss

PSI PSI
30 SPM 50 SPM

88
 PSI PSI
30 SPM 30 SPM

10 ppg 15 ppg

89
PSI PSI

Hole Depth

90
 PSI PSI
50 SPM 50 SPM

91
 PSI PSI
50 SPM 50 SPM

Large nozzle Small nozzle

92
PSI PSI

Hole size

93
CIRCULATING PRESSURE AFFECTS, DUE TO PUMP SPEED AND MW
CHANGE:

Contoh soal : USE FORMULA:

P1 800 psi is recorded with 22 SPM. What will the approximate pressure be at 26
SPM?
P2 = P1 x (SPM2 : SPM1 ) 2
P2 = 800 x (26 : 22 ) 2

P2 = 1,117 psi

Contoh soal : USE FORMULA :

P1 800 psi is recorded with 12ppg. What will the approximate pressure be at 10
MW?
P2 = P1 x (MW2 : MW1 )

P2 = 800 x (10 : 12 )
P2 = 667 psi
Example : Equivalent Circulating Density, ECD.

Pressure losses includes:

P Surface Equipment including (std
pipe, rotary hose, swivel, kelly)

P Drill Pipe : 650 psi

P Drill Collar : 300 psi

P Bit ------------------------- : 1800 psi

P Ann. DC x Open hole : 50 psi

P Ann. DP x Open hole : 75 psi 250 psi

P Ann. DP x Casing : 125 psi

---------------------------------------------------
Circulating Pressure : 3000 psi
Pada 100 spm

250
ECD = 10 + -------------------
0.052 x 10,000

= 10.5 ppg
_________
 6

SHUT IN DATA

(DATA PENUTUPAN SUMUR)

 WELL CONTROL: Shut In Data

SHUT IN DATA

• After the kick is contained, the SIDPP and SICP can be read at the remote
choke control panel or directly from stand pipe and choke manifold gauges.

We use the Shut-in Data to determine the following:

• SIDPP: to determine PF and KMW and ICP
• SICP : to determine Kick gradient & Kick type for killing handling
purposes (combined with SIDPP, MW and pit gain)
 U-Tube Principle in application to calculate
Influx Density & Type of Flux Problems

SIDP =165 psi

Influx density ? What kind of influx ?

Cap Ann Hole x DC = 0.03011 bpf

SICP = 410 psi 23 bbls gain = 23 / 0.03011
= 764 ft influx di Annulus
MW 8.7 ppg
Gain 23 bbls
CSG 9-5/8”OD set 3200 ft MD/TVD

DP 5”OD 4.276”ID

DC 6-3/4”OD,2-1/2”ID 1390 ft

Bit 8-3/4
SIDPP + (0.052xMWx764) = SICP + (0.052xInflux Densityx764)
TD 7000 ft MD/TVD SICP – SIDP = 0.052 ( MW – Influx Density ) 764
410 – 165 = 0.052 ( 8.7 – Influx Density ) 764
245 = 39.7 ( 8.7 – Influx Density )
6.2 = 8.7 – Influx Density
Influx Density = 2.5 ppg ( Gas )
Surging
1. SURGE PRESSURES = Additional pressures exerted on
the well by the movement of the pipe in the hole.
 CAN CAUSE THE FORMATION TO FRACTURE
AND LOSS CIRCULATION.

2. SWAB PRESSURE = The Reduction in the hydrostatic

pressure which may occur at any point below the bit.
 CAN REDUCE THE BHP SUFFICIENTLY ALLOW
AN INFLUX TO FLOW INTO THE WELLBORE.
Swab and Surge Pressures may occur if:
• Mud Viscosity & gel strength is high.
• Pipe movement is fast
• Thick well cake / mud cake
• Annular clearance against BHA is small,
• Bit, reamer, or stabilizer is balled up.

Swab is indicated at surface while POH:

• Over pull
• No drop in mud level in annulus
• Rise in mud level in annulus when POH
 5

KICK AND SHUT IN PROCEDURE.

(KICK DAN PROSEDUR SHUT IN)

 WELL CONTROL

5. KICK AND SHUT-IN PROCEDURE

KICK:
A kick is defined as an unscheduled or unwanted entry of formation fluids
into the wellbore.

BLOW OUT:
A Blow out is defined as an uncontrolled flow of kick.

Condition of Kick to occur:

• PF > BHP.
• Reasonable level of permeability of that formation, at that drilling depth.
• That fluid can flow by its nature
 Kick – Gain – Influx – Blow out

It is an influx of formation
fluids into the well-bore.

An uncontrolled exit of the

formation fluids at the surface
or underground

104
 Harms/kerugian Of Blow Out Of Control

 An Uncontrolled Well Can Cause any or All of the Followings:

1) Resources Waste
2) Damage and / or Loss of Equipment
3) Personal Injury and / or Loss of Life
4) Environment Pollution

105
 1. CAUSE OF KICK 1. Improper monitoring of pipe movement
2. Reduction of bottom hole pressure due to 1). Loss ECD with pump off,
2). Reduction in fluid level when pulling pipe and , 3). swabbing
3. Loss of Circulation
4. Abnormal pressure formation
5. Shallow gas sands
6. Drill stem testing
7. Contaminated Mud.
8. Cement Dehydration ;
9. Drilling into an adjacent well
10. Excessive drilling rate through a gas sand

2. 2.KICK DETECTION
4.. CHECK FLOW
1. Increase in ROP – Drilling Break (-) Well is observed while pump off
2. Increase in Cutting Size and Shape (-)
3. Increase Torque and Drag (-) The Well Flowing while pump off  KICK
4. Decrease in Shale Density (+)
5. Increase in Trip, Connection, and Background gas (-)
6. Increase in Temperature flow line return (-)
7. Decrease in D-exponent (+)
8. Increase salinity in a fresh water based mud 5. 5.SHUT – IN PROCEDURES
a. While Drilling
3. WARNING SIGN 1. Hard Shut-in
a. While Drilling 2. Soft Shut-in
1. Flow Rate Increase (+)
2. Pit Volume Increase (-) b. While Tripping
3. Pump Pressure Decrease/ Pump Stroke Increase (-) 1. Install FOSV
2. Install IBOP

b. While tripping : The well is taking less volume than calculated volume
• CAUSE OF KICK
1. Improper monitoring of pipe movement / Improper hole fill-up
on trips
2. Reduction of bottom hole pressure due to a). Loss ECD with
pump off, b). Reduction in fluid level when pulling pipe and ,
c). Swabbing, d) Insufficient MW
3. Loss of Circulation
4. Abnormal pressure formation
5. Shallow gas sands
6. DST;
7. Contaminated Mud
8. Cement Dehydration ;
9. Drilling into an adjacent well
10. Excessive drilling rate through a gas sand
• KICK DETECTION
1. Increase in ROP – Drilling Break (-)
2. Increase in Cutting Size and Shape (-)
3. Increase Torque and Drag (-)
4. Decrease in Shale Density (+)
5. Increase in Trip, Connection, and Background gas (-)
6. Increase in Temperature flow line return (-)
7. Decrease in D-exponent (+)
8. Increase salinity in a fresh water based mud

Note: Pump Pressure Decrease/ Stroke Increase due to:

- Wash-out, leaking
- loss circulation
- Pump efficiency
• WARNING SIGN?
• a. While Drilling:
1. Flow Rate Increase (+)
2. Pit Volume Increase (-)
3. Pump Pressure Decrease/ Stroke Increase (-)
• b. While tripping: The well is taking less volume than calculated volume

• CHECK FLOW :
Well is observed while pump off.
The Well Flowing while pump off  KICK

• SHUT IN WELL (procedure as follows)

• a. While Drilling
1. Hard Shut-in
2. Soft Shut-in
• b. While Tripping
1. Install FOSV
2. Install IBOP
2.8. Abnormal Pressure Warning Signs

1. Drilling break ( - )

2. Flow line (+)

3. Pit Level (-)

4. FLOW CHECK

Observe well
while pump stop  ( ++ )

If the well flowing while pump off

SHUT - IN

110
• A salt-water kick is circulated out using the Driller’s method. When will the
surface casing pressure be at its maximum value? ( Assume MW in hole is
greater than influx weight.). Answer: When the annular geometry causes
the influx to have the maximum height.

• A salt-water kick is circulated out using the Driller’s method. When will the
surface casing pressure be at its maximum value? ( Assume MW in hole is
less than influx weight.). Answer: When the annular geometry causes the
influx to have the minimum height.
 A
P1 P2
Q
• POROSITY is a ratio between
pore Volume of the rock
to a bulk volume
L
• The Porosity is 20 % meant
KA
here is 20 % pore volume in the
Darcy Law Q = ----- P rock
L
If Q = 1 cc/sec
A = 1 cm2
• Permeability is rock ability to flow the fluids
= 1 centipoises in the porous media, that is the pores
L = 1 cm of the rock must be connected, so the fluid
P = P1 – P2 =1 atmosphere can move between them.
Therefore Permeability K = 1 Darcy
 POROSITY = The percentage of void space in a formation.

PERMEABILITY = The ability of formation fluids to move through the rock

 Permeability
How long for shut in pressure
to stabilize?
700 700 FAST

PSI PSI

Pressure
HIGH LOW Time
PERMEABILITY PERMEABILITY SLOW

Pressure

Time
 SHUT – IN METHODS
SOFT SHUT – IN HARD SHUT – IN
----------------------- ------------------------
In normal operation ( Drilling )
In normal operation ( Drilling )
Choke position is open
Choke position is closed
To avoid
HAMERING effect
To Shut – in :
To Shut – in :
1. Close BOP
1. Open Choke line (HCR) 2. Open Choke line (HCR)
2. Close BOP 3. Read :
3. CLOSE CHOKE
4. Read : 1. SIDP
2. SICP
1. SIDP 3. Size of kick
2. SICP
3. Size of kick
 BHCP = PH + ∆ P ann

0.052 x ECD x TVD = 0.052 x MW x TVD + ∆P ann

ECD = MW + [ ∆P ann ÷ TVD ÷ 0.052]

Where :

ECD = Equivalent Circulating Density, ppg

∆P ann = Annular Pressure loss, psi

MW = Mud Weight, ppg

F#7 ECD = [ ∆Pann (psi) ÷ TVD (ft) ÷ 0.052 ] + MW (ppg)

 PH > PF : Over Balance  ∆P Positive

PH = PF : Balance  ∆P zero ( Balance)

PH < PF : Under Balance  ∆P Negative

PH = Hydrostatic Pressure

PF PF = Formation Pressure
 7

GAS BEHAVIOR
.
(PERILAKU GAS)
 WELL CONTROL

GAS BEHAVIOR

Gas in the well bore:

Gas is a compressible fluid and the volume it occupies depends on the
pressure imposed on it. If the pressure decreases, volume increases.
Boyle GAS law: P1V1 = P2V2

Behavior of the different types of influx

1. Gas Influx: Gas is a highly a compressible fluid, if it is not allowed to
expand it will bring a formation pressure to top and create excessive
pressures at all point in the wellbore.
2. Oil Influx: Oil is similar to gas, but has less compressibility.
3. Water influx: Pure salt water is incompressible so does not expand to any
appreciable extent as the pressure is reduced.
 FLUIDS
Fluids  Expansion
V2 > V1  P2 < P1

Gas  Lightest  Migration  P V = P V BHP decrease

1 1 2 2
Density
P is Bubble pressure

Liquid
 No Expansion
V2 = V1  P2 = P1
Oil
All pressure, Casing, Drill pipe and BHP increase
Water
Such as Salt water  The pressure is depend on
Geometric of the well bore.
Mixture

121
 BOYLE’S LAW
P1 X V1 = P2 X V2

P2 V2
P1 V1

122
 No gas expansion

5200psi – (0.052x10x7500ft)=1300psi surface pressure

5200psi + (0.052x10x2500ft)=6500psi bottom hole pressure

Uncontroled gas expansion
Controled gas expansion
 1. Gas migrate with uncontrolled expansion

At surface
P5 = 14. 7 psi atmosfera 14. 7 psi

10 ppg V5 = ? P1 x V1 = P 5 x V 5
5200 x 10 = 14. 7 x V 5
V5 = 3,537 bbls
x 0.158 m3/bbl
= 559 m3
P3 / 25 m2/rig floor
At 5000 = 22 meter height gas
V3=? PH = 2600 psi
on the rig floor.
P1 xV1=P3 xV3
5200 x 10 = 2600 x V 3
V 3 = 20 bbls
Summary

P2 At 7500 : Gas Depth P b V kick BHP SIDP/ SICP

PH = 3900 psi ----------------------------------------------------------------
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 10,000 5200 10 5200 ?
5200 x 10 = 3900 x V2 7,500 3900 13.3 ? ?
V2 = 13.3 bbls 5,000 2600 20 ? ?
2,500 1300 40 ? ?
0 14. 7 3537 ? ?
At 10,000
P1 P bubble (P1 )
=HP
=5,200 psi
126
 2. Gas migrate with non expansion
@Surface=0ftPH=0.052x10x0ft= 0psi
@5000ftPH=0.052x10x5000ft= 2,600psi
@7,500ftPH=0.052x10x7,500ft= 3,900psi
@10,000ftPH=0.052x10x10,000ft=5,200psi

At Surface : :
5000 : : Pb = 5200 psi
Pb = 5200 psi Ph = 0 psi
Ph = 2600 psi
SICP = 500 + 5200 = 5700 psi
 Delta = 5200 – 2600 SIDP = 300 + 5200 =5800 psi
= 2600 psi
SICP = 500 + 2600 = 3100 psi Pressure at casing shoe :
SIDP = 300 + 2600 =2900 psi 5200 + 3100 = 8300 or 32 ppg
 Underground Blow-out

7500 : : Summary
Pb = 5200 psi
Ph = 3900 psi

 Delta = 5200 – 3900

= 1300 psi
SICP = 500 + 1300 = 1800 psi
SIDP = 300 + 1300 =1600 psi

10,000 :
Bubble Pressure (Pb)
=HP 5200 psi to all directions
127
Abnormal Pressure more detail
 Abnormal Pressure Formation

Some of the causes for abnormal pressure:

1. Under compaction Shale Formation

2. Faulting
3. Artesian Effects
4. Gas Cap
5. Charge Sands
6. Salt Dome
a. Under compaction Shale Formation (is cause for most of the abnormal pressure zones ( Oil and gas
fields) worldwide.
A B
 NOTE : This well (if nogas cap was
Encountered) should have a
FP of 4680 psi (9,000 x 0.52 psi/ft)
Requiring a mud to balance of 10 ppg

Formation
10.9 ppg
Pressure
0.52 psi/ft 10.9 ppg

10 ppg
5200 psi
10 ppg

(5200 – 100 psi Gas Hyd)

5200 psi = PF of 5100 psi

In this example, the formation pressure from Well ‘A’ will communicate through the porous gas sand (Gas Cap) to Well ‘B’
This formation pressure will only be reduced by the Hydrostatic Pressure of the gas in the 1,000 ft of gas sands between the two wells
This means a higher than original FP will be encountered when Well ‘B’ drills into the gas cap, requiring an increase in mud weight from
Originally 10 ppg to 10.9 ppg..
 Gas Cap Effect
 In a Trapped Gas Reservoir the Highest Point of the Reservoir Usually
Has the Highest Pressure As gas is Less Dense than Formation Pressure

2,325psi - (5000 - 3000ft) x 0.1 psi/ft = 2,125 psi

Note: Gas Gradient = 0.1 psi/ft)
(Normal pressure)

(Abnormal pressure)

(2,000 ft)

135
e. Charged Sand
 8

WELL KILLING METHODS

(METODA MEMATIKAN SUMUR)

Drilling & Workover

Well Killing Methods

Drilling : 6 Methods
Workover : 4 Methods
Drilling : 6 Methods
 Metode Sirkulasi Well Control Methods
1. Driller Method : Metode 2 kali sirkulasi
Sirkulasi #1 dengan OMW untuk mengeluarkan gas
dengan menahan Drill Pipe press. = SIDP + SPR
Sirkulasi #2 dengan KMW untuk mematikan sumur
SIDP
KMW = OMW + ----------------
0.052 x TVD
Dimulai dengan Initial Circulating Pressure,:
ICP = SIDP + SPR di surface hingga ke bit
pada Final Circulating Pressure, FCP
KMW
FCP = ------- x SPR
OMW
Sirkulasi dilanjutkan dari bit kembali ke surface dengan
DP press.ditahan pada FCP hingga MWout = MWin = KMW
2. Wait & Weight Method : Metode satu kali sirkulasi
Sirkulasi dengan KMW
untuk mengeluarkan gas dan sekaligus mematikan sumur
Dimulai dengan Initial Circulating Pressure
ICP = SIDP + SPR di surface hingga ke bit
pada Final Circulating Pressure
KMW
FCP = ------- x SPR …………… di bit
OMW
Sirkulasi dilanjutkan dari bit kembali ke surface dengan
DP press. ditahan pada FCP hingga MWout = MWin = KMW
3. Concurent Method : Metode lebih dari dua kali sirkulasi
Sirkulasi dengan OMW hingga KMW secara bertahap
untuk mengeluarkan gas dan sekaligus mematikan sumur
5/24/2022
Metode Non -Sirkulasi
1. Volumetric Method :
Membawa gas ke permukaan (Control Expansion)
1. Hitung capacity dalam Barrel per foot (Bpf)
1
2. Hitung Feet per barrel (Fpb)-nya = --------
Bpf
3. Hitung psi /bbl :
 P = 0.052 x MW x fpb psi/bbl
4. Dimulai dengan membiarkan pressure naik,
lalu di bleed off pressure-nya sesuai dengan jumlah barrel
yang ditampung ditangki ukur, ulangi hingga gas berada di
permukaan
2. Bleed & Lubricate Method :
Menukar gas yang sudah berada di permukaan dengan
lumpur berat
Bila density gas dianggap 2.5 ppg, maka
setiap barrel yang di lubricate (dipompakan), lalu
di bleed pressure-nya sebesar :
 P = 0.052 x (MW lumpur berat – 2.5 ) x fpb psi/bbl
Lakukan prosess lubricate & bleed ini hingga sumur mati
3. Bull Head Method :
Mengembailakn fluida formasi ke formasi TANPA merusak
formasi :
ICP = Frac pressure - Tek.”Hydrstatic” Gas rata-rata
FCP = Frac pressure - Tek. Hydrostatic KMW
142
 Kill Well Methods

• The Pipe in the Well

• Circulating • Circulate out the kick solutions
Methods • Driller Method
• Wait and Weight method
• Concurrent Method

• Non • The cases, it will not be possible to circulate

• The string can be off-bottom
Circulating • Circulation is lost
• The string is plugged
Methods
• Simple
Well Diagram
• DRILLER’S METHODS
• WELL CONTROL METHODS

• Circulation method /Metoda Sirkulasi:

1. Driller Method : Two circulations methods / Metode 2

kali sirkulasi

• Sirkulasi #1 dengan OMW untuk mengeluarkan gas / to

make gas out
dengan menahan Drill Pipe pressure = SIDPP + SPR

• Sirkulasi #2 dengan KMW untuk mematikan sumur / to kill

well
Surface to bit  keep Casing Pressure constant
Bit to Surface  Keep DP Pressure Constant
 FIRST
CIRCULATION
 FIRST
CIRCULATION
 FIRST
CIRCULATION
 SECOND
CIRCULATION
 SECOND
CIRCULATION
 SECOND
CIRCULATION
 FIRST
CIRCULATION

SECOND
CIRCULATION
Driller’s Method
SIDPP
psi
0

Mud Pump
SICP
psi
0

1st Circulation

2nd Circulation

155
 CHART
DRILLER’S
METHOD
 Driller Method #1 Circulation with OMW to circulate out kick

470

SPR 15 spm @ 100 psi

370
SIDP 370 psi

15 spm

#2nd Circulation with KMW to kill the well

470

115

5/24/2022 4800
157
• WAIT AND WEIGHT METHODS
• WELL CONTROL METHODS
• Circulation Method / Metoda Sirkulasi:
2. Wait & Weight Method : One Circulation method / Metode satu kali
sirkulasi
Sirkulasi dengan KMW to make gas out and to kill well / untuk
mengeluarkan gas dan sekaligus mematikan sumur
Dimulai dengan Initial Circulating Pressure
• ICP = SIDP + SPR di surface hingga ke bit pada Final
Circulating Pressure

KMW
• FCP = ------- x SPR
OMW

Sirkulasi dilanjutkan dari bit kembali ke surface dengan DP pressure

ditahan pada FCP hingga MWout = MWin = KMW
162
 CHART
WEIGHT & WAIT
METHOD

Drill Pipe Pressure

Casing Pressure
 Langkah – langkah yang harus dilakukan setelah sumur mati
Steps to do after the well killed
MW out = MW in = KMW
1. Shut in, amati DP dan Csg Pressure selama 30 menit
Shut in, observe DP and Csg Pressure for 30 minutes

2. Apabila tidak ada kenaikan pressure, buka choke untuk menghindari adanya
pressure trap sebelum membuka annular atau pipe ram
If there is no pressure increase, open choke to avoid trap pressure before ram is opened

3. Buka Annular atau Pipe ram

Open Annular or pipe ram

4. Tutup HCR di choke line

Close HCR on choke line

5. Circulate full rate , sweep hivis

6. Wiper trip to casing shoe

7. Back to bottom

8. SPR

9. Hitung ulang MASP dengan lumpur baru

Recalculate MASP with new mud weight

10 Lanjutkan Drilling
Continue Drilling
 1. DC cap. = 0.00388 bpf
Drilling Problem example 2. Cap DP = 0.01084 bpf
3. Ann DCxOH = 0.02040 bpf
SIDP 370 psi SPR 15 spm @ 100 psi 4. Ann DPxOH = 0.02240 bpf
Surface Volume 2 bbl 5. Ann DPxCSG = 0.02383 bpf

1. Vol Drill string ? 2. Vol Ann ?

0.127 bps DC = 420 x 0.00388 = 1.6 bbl DPxCSG = 3500 x 0.02383 = 83.4 bbl
DP = 4380 x 0.01084 = 47.5 bbl DPxOH = 880 x 0.0224 = 19.7 bbl
Surface Volume = 2 bbl + DCxOH = 420 x 0.0204 = 8.6 bbl +
Total Vol DS = 51.1 bbl Total Ann Vol = 111.7 bbl
Or (Surface to Bit) = 402 stroke Or (Bit to Surface) = 880 stroke

1190
10 ppg
3. MAMW = 9.4 + ----------------- = 9.4 + 6.5 = 15.9 ppg (Round down)
0.052 x 3500
MAASP = 0.052 x (15.9 – 10) x 3500 = 1080 psi ….. MAASP @ 10 ppg
LOT 1190 psi
MW test 9.4 ppg 5. Initial Circulating Pressure
Shoe Depth 3500 ft
370 ICP = 370 + 100 = 470 psi
4”DP 4. KMW = 10 + -------------------
4380 ft 0.052 x 4800 6. Final Circulating Pressure
= 10 + 1.48
= 11.5 ppg (Round up) 11.5
4-1/4” DC FCP = ------- x 100 = 115 psi
420 ft. 10
Hole 6-1/4 “
4800 ft
5/24/2022 165
 500
ICP 470

400

300

200
FCP
100 115

Stroke 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 402

Pressure 470 435 400 365 330 295 260 225 190 155 115
5/24/2022 166
 Choke Pressure vs Barrel of mud pumped
For Driller’s, Wait & Weight and Concurrent Methods

Driller’s Method

Casing
Pressure

SIDPP if pump is
Shut down during
SICP
Driller’s method
SIDP
Wait & Weight Method
Concurrent Method

Barrels of mud pumped

• CONCURENT METHODS
• WELL CONTROL METHODS

• Circulation method / Metoda Sirkulasi:

3. Concurent Method : More than two circulations / Metode

lebih dari dua kali sirkulasi

Circulation with OMW to KMW gradually to make gas out

and kill the well / Sirkulasi dengan OMW hingga KMW
secara bertahap untuk mengeluarkan gas dan sekaligus
mematikan sumur
• VOLUMETRIC METHODS
• WELL CONTROL METHODS
• Non Circulation method / Metoda Non–Sirkulasi:
1. Volumetric Method : Bring gas to surface / Membawa gas ke
permukaan (Control Expansion)
1. Calculate /Hitung capacity dalam Barrel per foot (Bpf)
1
2. Calculate/Hitung Feet per barrel (Fpb)-nya = --------
Bpf
3. Calculate / Hitung psi /bbl :

 P = 0.052 x MW x fpb psi/bbl

4. Let pressure increase then bleed off pressure in accordance with the
volume collected in tank / Dimulai dengan membiarkan pressure naik,
lalu di bleed off pressure-nya sesuai dengan jumlah barrel yang
ditampung ditangki ukur, ulangi hingga gas berada di permukaan
. .
• BLEED & LUBRICATE METHODS
• WELL CONTROL METHODS
• Non Circulation method / Metoda Non–Sirkulasi:

• 2. Bleed & Lubricate Method : Change the gas that

already at surface with the kill mud weight / Menukar
gas yang sudah berada di permukaan dengan lumpur
berat.
If density gas is assumed 2.5 ppg, so, every barrel pumped ,
then bleed off the pressure as follows: / Bila density gas
dianggap 2.5 ppg, maka setiap barrel yang di lubricate
(dipompakan), lalu di bleed pressure-nya sebesar :

•  P = 0.052 x (MW lumpur berat – 2.5 ) x fpb psi/bbl

Do process lubricate & bleed until the well is dead.

Lakukan proses lubricate & bleed ini hingga sumur mati.

. .
. . .
.
• BULL HEAD METHODS
• WELL CONTROL METHODS

• Non Circulation method / Metoda Non–Sirkulasi:

3. Bull Head Method : Return the formation fluid to the

formation without breakdown the formation /
Mengembalikan fluida formasi ke formasi TANPA
merusak formasi :

• ICP = Frac pressure - Tek.”Hydrostatic” Gas rata-rata

• FCP = Frac pressure - Tek. Hydrostatic KMW
 .
Bull heading method:

1. If drill string far off bottom. Or if no pipe in the hole. Or if

stripping operation is not possible.
2. If influx containing H2S.
3. If influx is very large  excessive surface pressure.
4. If circulating the kick out could result in excessive gas rates
through the well control system and not possible to handle
safely.
5. If there is a low pressure rating of pumping equipment,
wellhead and casing shoe test.
 Horizontal Well

77. When killing a well with a horizontal section using the Wait and Weight Method,
What will happen if you use a vertical kill sheet to circulate out the kick ?

Answer : You will be applying too much pressure to the well.

182
Workover

Well Killing Methods

Workover : 4 Methods
Workover / Well Intervention Killing Methods

1. Bullhead
The Most preferable method in case of Emergency.
2. Forward Circulation
Minimize formation damage.
3. Reverse Circulation
Best Planned kill method
4. Lubricate & Bleed
Last resort Alternative method.
 Bullhead
 Pump kill fluid thru tubing and squeeze
influx into formation.

Advantages:
☺ Quick & easy methods especially in smaller tubing.
☺ No Hydrocarbons brought to surface.
☺ Lower cost & easy to perform with less personal.
☺ No casing pressure increase

Disadvantages:
◙ Scales or contaminants in the tubing are pumped into formations.
◙ Low formation pressures may be exceeded causing accidental
fractures.
◙ Gas may slip up the tubing if the pump rate is not sufficient for larger
tubing size.
 Bullhead Procedure:
Factors affecting the feasibility of bullheading
IN
o Resevoir permeability: Permeability  takes time 
o Surface pressure rating as BOP, wellhead, casing,
etc will limit the maximum allowable pumping. OUT
o Type of influx. Gas influx will migrate and it will
increase surface pressure. However, liquid influx
(oil or water) will not cause increasing in surface
pressure because it will not migrate
o It might require breaking the formation in order to
successfully bullheading the well.

It shall only be used under the following circumstances:

SSD
Large influx which may result in excessive volume of gas or
excessive pressure at surface if circulated out. Packer
Influx is likely to contain high concentration of H2S.
Pipe is off bottom and cannot be stripped in.
No pipe in the hole
 Bulhead Calculation

Shut In Tubing
Pressure
2800 psi
Well Data:
o Formation fracture gradient : 0.645 psi/ft
o Formation pressure gradient : 0.445 psi/ft
o Shut in tubing pressure : 2,800 psi
o Production casing : 7” OD, 6.366” ID, 0.0371 bbl/ft cap.
o Production tubing : 3.5” OD, 3.068” ID, 0.0087 bbl/ft cap.
o Pump output : 0.1 bbl/stk
o SCR@30 spm = 400 psi

Packer
@10,300 End of Tubing
TVD/MD @10,500 TVD/MD
Top Perf.
@11,000 TVD/MD Bottom Perf.
@11,500 TVD/MD
Production Csg
@12,000 TVD/MD
 1. Calculation (Kill Sheet)
Bullhead Step:  SITP : 2,800 psi
 Pf=FP = Pressure Gradient x Top Perforation TVD
6,000
= 0.445 x 11,000 = 4,895 psi
Max. Initial Surface
Pressure  FFP = Fracture Gradient x Top Perforation TVD
5,000
5,000 psi = 0.645 x 11,000 = 7,095 psi
 HP = FP – SITP = 4,895 – 2,800 = 2,095 psi
Pressure (Psi)

4,000
SITP Max. End Tbg Pressure
2,800 2,304 psi  Fluid Density
3,000
psi

2,000
Max. Press @top of perforation
2,175 psi  KFD
1,000

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400

Surface to End of Tbg stroke
914 strokes  Max. Initial Surface Pressure = FFP – HP
Surface to Top of Perforation stroke
1,285 strokes = 7,095 – 2,095 = 5,000 psi
Strokes Pumped
 Surface to EOT
Legend :  Max. End Tbg Press = FFP – HP@KFD – HP@EOT to TOP
SITP = Shut In Tubing Pressure, psi = 7,095 – 0.052x8.6x10,500 – 0.052x3.66x(11,000 – 10,500)
FP = Formation Pressure, psi = 2,304 psi
HP = Hydrostatic Pressure, psi  Max. Pressure KFD @ TOP = FFP – HP@KFD at TOP
FFP= Fracture Formation Pressure, psi = 7,095 – 0.052 x 8.6 x 11,000 = 2,175 psi
MAMD = Maximum Allowable Mud Density, ppg
HP = Hydrostatic Pressure, psi  Surface to TOP
KFD = Kill Fluid Density, ppg
EOT = End Of Tubing, strokes
TOP = Top Of Perforation, strokes
 Bullhead Step: 1. Calculation (Kill Sheet)
2. Tubing Calculation
6,000
Max. Initial Surface  Working Burst (Assuming downgrading 80%)
Pressure Working Burst Tubing Published Burst x 80%
5,000
5,000 psi
 Max. Initial Tubing Pressure
(Working Burst – Formation Press) + SITP
Pressure (Psi)

4,000
SITP Max. End Tbg Pressure
2,800 2,304 psi  Max. Final Tubing Pressure
psi
3,000
Working Burst – 0.052xKMWxPerf Depth
2,000
Max. Press @top of perforation
2,175 psi
1,000

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400

Surface to End of Tbg stroke
914 strokes
Surface to Top of Perforation stroke
1,285 strokes
Strokes Pumped
 Bullhead Step: 1. Calculation (Kill Sheet)
2. Tubing Calculation
6,000
Max. Initial Surface 3. Establish injection pressure at a
Pressure Working Burst Tubing
5,000
5,000 psi slow rate. Keep pump rate constant
and plot the injection pressure
Pressure (Psi)

4,000
SITP Pumping Pressure Max. End Tbg Pressure versus the volume.
2,800 2,304 psi
psi
3,000  ICP = SCR + SITP = 400 + 2800 = 3200 psi

2,000  FCP
Max. Press @top of perforation
2,175 psi  Pressure Drop per one – tenth strokes
1,000

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400

Surface to End of Tbg stroke
914 strokes  Stroke pe step
Surface to Top of Perforation stroke
1,285 strokes Strok Pressure
Strokes Pumped e
0 3,200
128 2,974
257 2,748
386 2,522
514 2,296
643 2,070
771 1,844
900 1,618
1,028 1,392
1,157 1,166
 Bullhead Step:
6,000
Max. Initial Surface
Pressure Working Burst Tubing
5,000
5,000 psi
Pressure (Psi)

4,000
SITP Pumping Pressure Max. End Tbg Pressure
2,800 2,304 psi
3,000
psi

2,000
Max. Press @top of perforation
2,175 psi
1,000
1. Calculation (Kill Sheet)
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 2. Tubing Calculation
Surface to End of Tbg stroke
914 strokes 3. Establish injection pressure at a slow
Surface to Top of Perforation stroke
1,285 strokes rate. Keep pump rate constant and
Strokes Pumped plot the injection pressure versus the
volume.
4. Injection pressure shall not exceed
MAASP. If injection pressure
continues to increase, stop pumping
and observe. A decrease in pressure
indicates that bullheading is
successful. (The pumping rate
selected shall be greater than the
migration rate).
Question :
What factors affect maximum allowable surface pressure?
A. Pop off valve, trip tank capacity, and wellhead rating
B. Wellhead rating, pump line and return lines, and pop off valve
C. Tubing burst and collapse rating, casing burst and collapse,
and return manifold m
D. Tubing burst and collapsey rating, return manifold, and
temperature

Question :
What factor affect maximum allowable surface pressure?
A.Crane height
B.Accumulator bottle capacity
C.Trip tank capacity
D.Tubing burst and collapse ratings 
Question : m
What factor affect maximum allowable surface
y pressure?
A.Trip tank capacity
B.Accumulator bottle capacity
C.Temperature
D.Wellhead rating 
 Question :
The stack configuration is 5000 psi working pressure. The
wellhead pressure during a test is 4860 psi. The well needs to
be killed using bullheading method. The formation is tight. Is the
stack pressure rating sufficient?
m bull heading can’t be performed with this stack pressure
A.The
rating
y
B.The stack is sufficient within 10% overpressure limit
C.The stack is sufficient within 5000 psi working pressure
D.The stack pressure rating is irrelevant for the situation
Question :
A live well is to be killed by bull heading. Which of these factors limit
the maximum allowable surface pressure? (Select Three)
A. Completion size.
B. Maximum pump speed.
C. SIWHP.
D.m
Maximum safe working pressure of the surface equipment.
E.m
Completion
y burst limits.
F. DHSV
y operating pressure.
G.m
Possible formation fracture.
 Foward Circulation

 Pump down kill fluids through IN

Tubing & returns up the
Annulus
OUT
Disadvantage
o Large Volume pumped (Tubing + Annulus).
o High surface Pressure.
o Influx will be beneath completion fluid.
o Less safe as hydrocarbons will be brought to
surface through hanger spool outlets.
o Slow pump speed. SSD
o No advantage over reverse circulation Packer
WL Plug
 Reverse Circulation

 Pump kill fluids through casing &

return thru the tubing OUT IN

Advantages:
o Small volume pumped (Tubing)
o Low surface pressure
o Influx will not enter Annulus.
o Fast and PLANNED.
o Can Kill all wells ( if the mechanical condition
of the tubing and casing is appropriate).
SSD
o Formation may be protected from damage
Packer
WL Plug
Disadvantages:
 Slower than Bull heading method
 Reverse Circulation
Well Control Kill Data:
o Tubing : 3-1/2 size, 10.3 lbs/ft, 0.0083 bbls/ft
o Casing : 7 size, 29 lbs/ft, 0.0371 bbls/ft
o Capaciti between tubing and casing : 0.0252 bbls/ft
o Transition from gas to oil inside tubing : 4000 ft (gas cap)
o Sliding Sleeve : 7450 ft (in open position)
o Permanent packer : 7500 ft
o Top perforation : 7700 ft
o Formation pressure : 3740 ft
o Closed in tubing head pressure (THP) : 1965 psi
o Closed in casing head pressure (CHP) : 0 psi
o Brine in annulus : 0.49 psi/ft
o Oil in tubing : 0.35 psi/ft
o Gas in tubing : 0.12 psi/ft
o Kill fluid : 0.52 psi/ft (by reverse circulation)
Reverse Circulation
 Reverse Circulation -22 psi

202 psi 1,965 psi

683 psi

Volume Pumped (bbls)

Well Control Kill Graph

 Reverse Circulation
1,965 psi

Question Gas - 0.12 psi/ft

1.What is the bottom hole pressure at the

sliding sleeve?
Answer
4000
BHP = HPoil + HPgas + SIWP
BHP = HPoil + HPgas + SIWP Brine - 0.49 psi/ft
BHP = 0.35 x 3450 + 0.12 x 4000 + 1965
BHP = 3652.5 psi 3450
Oil - 0.35 psi/ft

SSD
 Reverse Circulation
202 psi

Question
2.After 62 bbls of kill fluid have pumped, the
tubing head pressure stabilise at 202 psi.
This pressure remain unchanged until we
have pumped 188 bbls (point E).
Why does the pressure stabilize at 202 psi?
KMW - 0.52 psi/ft
7450
Answer
Brine - 0.49 psi/ft
a.The gas coming out of the tubing is not
expanding anymore
b.The oil is coming out of the well and the
choke opening remains unchange
. c.The tubing is filled with original completion
brine and the hydrostatic head remains
unchanged
d.The fluid level in the tubing has dropped
below surface
 Reverse Circulation
Question
3.What is the total volume of the annulus
between wellhead and sliding sleeve?
Answer
Volume = 0.0252 x 7450
Volume = 187.74 bbls Annulus capacity
7450
0.0252 bbls/ft

SSD
 Reverse Circulation
150 psi

Question
4.If the tubing head pressure between
point c and point D is kept at 150 psi
instead of 202 psi, the well will be under
balanced. Ture of False
a. True
b. False . 7450

Answer Brine - 0.49 psi/ft

FP = 3,740
HPtbg = 0.35x250 + 0.49x7450 + 150
HPtbg = 3,888 psi 250
Oil - 0.35 psi/ft

HPtbg > FP (Overbalance)

 Reverse Circulation
1,965 psi

Question Gas - 0.12 psi/ft

5.At what point does the new kill mud fill part
of the annulus and all of the gas has just
displaced out of the tubing string
4000
a. Point A
b. Point B .
Brine - 0.49 psi/ft
c. Point C
d. Point D 3450
e. Point E Oil - 0.35 psi/ft
f. Point F
SSD
 Lubricate & Bleed
Bled off valve
 Pump a small amount of kill fluid
& bleed a small amount of gas
while keeping constant BHP Alternate
cycling in & out
until well is dead.

Advantages:
o The only method that can be used in certain
circumstances.
o It is the Alternative method of Bull Heading.

Disadvantages: SSD
 Very slow Packer
 Requires higher surface pressure than
circulating methods.
 Pressures equalization across tubing is
difficult to achieve.
 • The Kick Tolerance

FRACTURE PRESSURE IN THE WELL:

• The Fracture Pressure of the formation is the total pressure at which the formation will
break down, thus allowing fluid to escape from the well bore into the surrounding formation.

SAFETY MARGIN AFTER WELL SHUT IN = MAASP – SICP.

KICK TOLERANCE:
• The Kick Tolerance is the definded term, relating to the ability of the well bore to allow well
control operations, without fracture or loss circulation below shoe.

• In another term The Kick Tolerance is defined as a measurement of the volume of kick
that can be safely shut in and to be circulated out of the well without losses in the weak
formation zone or an underground blow out.

• The Kick Tolerance is the maximum volume of influx for a given kick
intensity that can be taken at a given depth and circulated out without
exceeding fracture pressure.
• There are two important factors used for determining
the kick tolerance
• • Kick Intensity – It is the different between the
maximum anticipated formation pressure and planned
mud weight. For example, the planned mud weight is
13.0 ppg and the possible kick pressure is 13.5 ppg.
Therefore, the kick intensity is 0.5 ppg (13.5 – 13.0).
• A zero kick intensity (swabbed kick scenario) should be
used for a know area where you have less uncertainty
about an overpressure zone.
• • Kick Volume – It is a gas influx entering into the
wellbore from the formation. Gas kick is always used for
well control calculation because it is the worst case
scenario. The kick volume should be realistic figure which
personal can detect the influx on the rig. In a larger hole, it
allows bigger influx volume than a small hole.
 Kick Tolerance Window (IADC)

The rig team has just calculated Kick Tolerance for a range of kick intensities,
And the operational Kick Tolerance Window is provided below.

From the graph below, determine the maximum volume of gas that can be
Swabbed into the well (0.2 ppg Kick Intensity), shut-in and circulated out without
Breaking down the shoe.

a. 22 bbls
b. 14 bbls
c. 25 bbls

Answer is (b) = 14 bbls.

207
 Kick Tolerance Window (IADC)
A rig crew shut in on a 2.5 ppg kick with 20 bbls gain. Using the kick
Tolerance window below, can the crew successfully shut in and circulate
the kick out of the well without fracturing the well’s weak point ?

Answer : No

208
 9

PROBLEMS DURING KILLING OPERATIONS

.
(MASALAH2 DALAM OPERASI MEMATIKAN SUMUR)
 Bad Practices
Procedures Correct Action Wrong Action Effect On BHP

Bring Pump Up To Speed Constant CSG Press. Constant DP Press. Decrease

Increase Pump Speed Constant CSG Press. Constant DP Press. Decrease

Decrease Pump Speed Constant CSG Press. Constant DP Press. Increase

1st Circ. Driller’s Constant DP Press. (ICP) Constant CSG Press. Decrease

2 nd Circ. KMW To Bit Constant CSG Press. Constant DP Press. Increase

2 nd Circ. KMW To Surface Constant DP Press. (FCP) Constant CSG Press. Increase

W&W KMW To Bit DP Press Drop (ICP–FCP) Constant DP Press. Increase

W&W KMW To Surface Constant DP Press.(FCP) Constant CSG Press. Gas out BHP

Volumetric Method Constant DP Pressure. Constant CSG Press. Decrease

210
 Common Well Control Problems
Problem SIDPP SICP BHP Observation Solution

Loss Of Decrease In Pit

Circulation Level

Choke Wash-Out Continually Shut-In and Change

Close the choke Choke

Choke Plugging Continually Shut-in and Change

Open the choke Choke
Nozzle Wash-Out

String Wash-Out Stop Pumping Use

Volumetric Method till
Influx is above Washout
Then Resume Pumping
Nozzle Plugging

211
Stripping

212
 Stripping

The Primary Objective of the Stripping Operation Will be

Maintain Constant BHP.

Pressure Control Is Based On a Volume Balanced.

Since It’s Necessary to Install an Inside BOP Before

Stripping Total Displacement Must be considered (Closed End
Displacement)

If Too Much Mud Is Bled Off While Stripping Back to

Bottom the Bottom-Hole Pressure Will Decrease.

If Too Little Mud Is Bled Off While Stripping Back to

Bottom the Bottom-Hole Pressure Will Increase.

213
 214
Stripping
Non Return
Valve
psi

psi

Casing Pressure Rises as

You Strip Into Bubble

Mud Required to Fill The Drill String

= Pipe Capacity x Length
Mud Should Be Bleed Off From Annulus
Volume to Bleed
= (Pipe Capacity + Metal Displacement) x Length
= Closed End Displacement
 Hydrates
o Hydrates are a solid, frozen mixture of water and gas.

 Natural Gas Hydrates Are Ice Like Crystals Composed Of Water And
Natural Gas Molecules.

Free Water

Natural Gas

Reduced Temp

Increased Pressure 215

 HYDRATES
o Crystallization is the point in which the fluid starts to freeze
o Crystallization reduces the density and ability to be pumped efficiently.
o Hydrates are a solid, frozen mixture of water and gas.

 Presence of free water

 Presence of light gas molecules
 Relatively high pressure
 Relatively low temperature
o Risk: hydrate plug slips & gas
above it, the plug may blow up
o In the subsea environment,
hydrates can plug kill and choke
lines or prevent the functioning of
BOP with deep cold water

Removing Hydrates
 Reduce pressure
 Raise temperature
 Use inhibitor (glycol, methanol or salt).
 HYDRATE FORMATION

 Hydrates are frozen compounds made

up of gas and water. They have the
physical appearance of dirty ice.
Hydrates occur when certain gasses
are present, with water in between a
critical range of temperatures and
pressures.
 Hydrates may occur:
 Downstream of the choke (very low
temperatures due to adiabatic cooling
across the choke).
 Upstream of the choke (high
pressures and low temperatures e.g.
Deepwater BOP or choke lines).
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 HYDRATE FORMATION

 Hydrates can build up and plug off parts of the system including:
- Choke and kill lines.
- In or below BOPs.
- Chokes and gas handling equipment.
- Around the string.
- In ram cavities.
- In well head and LMRP connectors
- In the choke and kill manifold

Inhibition of Hydrates
 Injection of methanol melts hydrates.

 Methanol is also an anti bacterial agent mixed with BOP fluid. It is A

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE ( = ZAT BERBAHAYA )

 Glycol injection is designed to prevent the formation of hydrates.

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 THE IMPORTANT MATTERS (HAL-HAL YANG PENTING)
• WELL DATA: MAMW, MAASP, STB, KMW, ICP, FCP, MAASP AFTER, PRESS/STEP, PRESS/100 STROKES.
• Permeability (....move through the rock), Porosity (%, ratio)
• Press vs SPM, & Press vs MW
• Driller’s , Wait & Weight methods Volumetric, Bleed & Lubricate
• Horizontal well
• Kick Tolerance
• Drilling with float, pump slow 5 spm  make / bikin table
• LOT ; FIT
• Stripping in, closed end displacement
• Weep hole
• Slug weight, MW, Dry bbl, Dry feet, Total –> trip tank

• Vol trip tank when POH / RIH

• Swab / Surge
• Cement plug 500 feet
• PH Pressure Hydrostatic
• Abnormal Pressure: Fault, Gas cap, Artesian, Charged sand, salt dome
• MD, TVD
• FOSV, IBOP
• Diverter
• APL
• Lag time
• Start up procedure keep casing constant
• Choke plugged / washout
• Bit plugged /washout
• Positive pressure test / negative pressure test
• Barrier Fluid mud / Equipment BOP
End