NOTES FOR PROGRAMMING

FUNDAMENTAL
Teacher- Prof.Dr. Yasir Arfat Malkani
Made By: Waseem Qadir (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE) SU
Computer: Computer is an electronic machine, which accept input data, process it and
produce output results according to the given list of instructions. (i.e Program)

Program: is a list of as sequence of instructions that are given to the computer to solve any
particular problem.

Computer Programming: The Science and art of writing instructions for the computer.
OR The Science and art of writing program.

COMPUTER SYSTEM

Software Hardware

Application System
Programming
Software. Software.
Language.
MS word.
MS Excel OS Utilities
MS PowerPoint. UNIX. Disc Manager
Typing Tuter. LINUX. Antivirus Software
WINDOWS. Drivers
MC OS
ETC
 Programming Language

Machine, Assembly
High Level.
Binary
Mov Ax, 5
Forton, Cobol,
11100011 Add Ax, 3 Java,
Python,C#,C
10011101 Assembler
Pascal, B etc
11010111
Compiler, Interpreter

Translater

Assembler Interpreter
Compiler

DEVELOPMENT OF C LANGUAGE
MULTICS ( Multiplexed Information and computing Service ) is a p0werful operating
system and it has some license issues and its very hard the scientist initiate a project that aimed to
make simple, powerful , user-friendly and easy to learn operating system .

UNIX operating system at AT&T Bell lab

Ken Thompson developed B language at AT&T bell lab) USA (1970)

(1972).
UNIX Karnel is converted from assembly to a high level language,(i.e.-C LANGUAGE )

WHY TO LEARN C LANGUAGE AS FIRST PROGRAMMING

LANGUAGE.

= Symple Syntax

= Easy to learn

=Most of modern language ( Such as C++, C#, Java etc ) follow the format of C language.

= Allow system level programming

ROAD MAP TO LEARN A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Step to learn Human Language Step to Learn a Programming language

1) Language Alphabate set. 1) Learn language character set

2) Create words from alphabets.

2) Constant, variables, Keywords or reserved
words.

Create sentences by combining word in proper

order. (I.e Apply grammar). 3) Write indtructions by combining Constants,
Variables and keywords in proper order.

3) Write paragraph and essays.

4) Develop Program / Software.

STRUCTURE OF C PROGRAMS
void main ( ) Int main ( )

{ {

// C instruction // C instruction

} }

FIRST C PROGRAM

void main ( ) C uses Compiler.

{ C is a case sensitive Language which means

it differentiates between small and capital
printf (“HELLOW WORLD”); latters.

} Example: A and a are two different letters

/symbols for
Output is given bellow

HELLOW WORLD
DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
UNIVERSITY OF SINDH