ARCHITECTURE STYLES

An architectural style is a set of characteristics and features that make a building or structure notable or historically identifiable. It is
a sub-class of style in the visual arts generally, and most styles in architecture relate closely to a wider contemporary artistic style.

1. Contemporary Architecture

Laayoune Technology School by El Kabbaj Kettani Siana Architects, Morocco

Contemporary architecture is the present style that uses modern elements and together forms a single structure. The defining
characteristic of contemporary architecture is its refusal to follow tradition and insistence on being unconventional. Few of its traits possess
curved lines, rounded forms, unconventional volumes, open floor plans and green roofs or living walls. Contemporary architecture dates back
to the second half of the 20th century.

Why Did It Start?

After World War II, when global collaboration increased exponentially, contemporary architecture originated as one of the art forms to
create structures integral to environments and value the sense of placelessness. Furthermore, it emphasizes sustainability, using recycled and
natural materials, and the eco-conscious water and temperature control systems seamlessly incorporated into the architecture.

Examples:

1. The Blue Planet, Copenhagen by 3XN

2. Central Library, Seattle by OMA

3. Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles by Frank Gehry

4. Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center, Baku by Zaha Hadid Architects

5. CCTV Headquarters, Beijing by OMA

6. The Shard, London, United Kingdom

7. Beijing National Stadium, Chaoyang, China

8. London City Hall, London, United Kingdom

9. World Trade Center Transportation Hub, New York, USA

10. Guggenheim Museum of Bilbao

 2. Victorian Architecture

Palace of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

Victorian architecture is a common term used for the architectural styles that emerged between 1830 and 1910: during the reign of
Queen Victoria. These architectural styles include Gothic revival, Queen Anne, Italianate, Romanesque, Second Empire, and stick and shingle
designs. The features of the Victorian architecture styles that serve as identification are multi-storey (commonly two or three), Church or
Cathedral finials, maximalist design and a small garden. Even though the reign of Queen Victoria started in 1837, the earliest traces of
Victorian architectural style emerged as early as 1830 or before.

Why Did It Start?

The Victorian era accounted for a substantial increase in wealth, followed by the second industrial revolution, through which the
middle-class population expanded. The architectural style worked as a solution to accommodate people from different regional and economic
backgrounds.

Examples:

1. The Royal Albert Hall in London, England

2. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India

3. Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne, Australia

4. The Painted Ladies in San Francisco, California

5. The Palace of Westminster in London, England

6. Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland

7. Cliveden House in Taplow, England

8. Carson Mansion in Eureka, California

9. Osborne House in East Cowes, England

10. John Rylands Library in Manchester, England

 3. Classical Architecture

Roman Temple Maison Carree

Classical architecture is the architectural style of ancient Greek and Rome. It can have features; such as a pediment, column, and
rectangular window and uses heavy materials like bricks, marble and concrete. The classical architectural period dates back to the 5th century
BCE in Greece and the 3rd century BC in Rome.

Why Did It Start?

The current movement of classical architecture is a result of the Italian Renaissance, during which architects worked to restore
classical Roman architecture, while the excavations in Pompeii (1738) promoted Greek architecture.

Examples:

1. Colosseum 70-80 A.D. - By Vespasian

2. The Pantheon 118-125 A.D. - By Apollodorus Of Damascus

3. Maison Carree 16-20 B.C. By Vitruvius

4. Arch Of Septimius Severus 203 A.D. - By An Unknown Architect

5. Temples Of Baalbek 9000 B.C. - By Antoninus Pius

6. The Library Of Celsus 114 C.E. - By Architect Vitruoya

7. The Parthenon 447-432 BCE - By Ictinus & Callicrates

8. Erechtheion 406 B.C. - By Mnesikles

9. Hephaisteion 460-450 B.C. - By The Hephaisteion Master

10. Temple Of Apollo 540 B.C. - Ictinus

 4. Vernacular Architecture

Artisan Workshop and Kujang Hall at Piyandeling

Vernacular architecture is a style that uses local knowledge and materials to construct housing that is useful to the population of an
area. It typically omits the use of professional architects. Vernacular architecture is distinct in every location and can follow the cultural values
of that area. It is also a technique that tends to evolve (faster than other styles) as builders learn from their experiences. The earliest trace of
Vernacular architecture belongs to the 17th century, while the term was first used in 1857 by Sir George Gilbert Scott.

Why Did It Start?

According to Rubenilson Brazão Teixeira, every vernacular architecture is traditional in the way it originates from specific ethnic
groups and is a result of a long process over time, always based on familiar forms established by previous generations. One of the other
reasons may also include the home conditions that architects found necessary for a region following which the architectural style started.

Examples:

1. Chettinad Houses | Houses of Tamil Nadu

2. The Brahmin houses of Ambur

3. Agricultural Houses

4. Potter’s House | Houses of Tamil Nadu

5. Syrian Christian Houses

6. The Calicut Houses

7. The Chikmagalur houses

8. Ilkal weaver’s house

9. Coastal Andhra Houses | Houses of Tamil Nadu

10. Bhawanti Houses

 5. Modern Architectural Styles

Glass House by Philip Johnson in USA

Modern architecture is an architectural design that uses a functional approach to buildings, uses newer materials (often) and
eliminates the dependency upon older techniques like Victorian architecture. A simple, open layout, increased comfort, minimalistic patterns
or lines, and windows or glass panels are characteristic features. Through modern architecture, architects were able to construct taller
buildings, now called skyscrapers. Modern architecture began in the 20th century and gained immense popularity after World War I.

Why Did It Start?

It is one of the architectural styles appointed after the global collaboration increased after World War I. Architects used it extensively
to provide housing to the increasing urban population, create innovative structures, provide comfort across every economic zone, and promote
social awareness of housing.

Examples:

1. The Fallingwater House / Frank Lloyd Wright, Mill Run, Pennsylvania, USA, 1935

2. Glass House / Philip Johnson, New Canaan, Connecticut, USA, 1949

3. Villa Savoye / Le Corbusier, Paris, France, 1931

4. The Guggenheim Museum / Frank Lloyd Wright, New York, USA, 1959

5. Barcelona Pavilion / Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe, Barcelona, Spain, 1929

6. David S. Ingalls Skating Rink in New Haven (Eero Saarinen, Connecticut, USA)

7. Villa Dirickz / Marcel Leborgne, Brussels, Belgium, 1933

8. Isokon Building in London / Wells Coates, London, UK, 1934

9. Neue National Galerie / Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe, Berlin, Germany, 1968

10. The Cité Radieuse / Le Corbusier, Marseille, France, 1952

 6. Gothic Architectural Styles

Chartres Cathedral, France

Gothic architecture (pointed architecture) style is a distinguished type of masonry building with cavernous (cave-like) spaces, a
pointed roof for extended height, a flying buttress, and precise use of stained glass windows and tracery to provide the utmost natural light. It
was a part of the Gothic (art) period partly responsible for the flourishing of western and central Europe during the Middle Ages. Further, the
three Gothic architectural styles are Early Gothic, High Gothic and late Gothic. The early Gothic architecture features a coherent styling of the
previously mentioned characteristics. High Gothic architecture (Rayonnant and Decorated) is an evolved form, mainly found in England, and
it features highly decorated geometric patterns on the structures. Lastly, the late Gothic architectural style (Flamboyant and Perpendicular)
evolved even more decorative and exhibited a reduced wall space and a continuous expanse of glass and tracery. Gothic architecture
succeeded the Romanesque architect style and commonly existed between the mid-12th-century and 16th century in some parts of Germany.
Precise timeframes for the different gothic architecture types are:

Early Gothic: 1120 to 1200,

High Gothic: 1200 to 1280, and
Late Gothic: 1280 to 1500.
Why Did It Start?

In simpler terms, Gothic Builders revolutionized the building by decreasing the pressure created by the heavier and taller roof on
supporting walls. They did it by directing this weight along the ribs of the ceiling, to the flying buttress (a semi-arch) and then down vertical
supports (piers) to the ground. They also increased the interior natural light exposure by using windows and tracery.

Examples:

1. The Cologne Cathedral

2. The Milan Cathedral

3. Notre Dame, Paris

4. The Saint Denis Basilica

5. The Chartres Cathedral

6. Saint Vitus Cathedral, Prague

7. Town Hall, Brussels

8. The Westminster Palace, London

9. Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence

10. The Canterbury Cathedral

 7. Georgian Architecture

Nostell Priory

Georgian architecture is a design that originated under King Georges I-IV from 1714 to 1830. This architectural style has a pleasing
symmetry revived during the Renaissance (Greek and Roman architecture). It introduced classical architecture to smaller spaces, and by the
end of its period, it replaced vernacular architecture in almost all middle-class homes and public buildings. The characteristic features of
Georgian architecture are the use of brick or stone, absence of exterior decorations, absolute symmetry, higher ceilings, painted window
shutters, multi-storey buildings with a half-storey (for staff), grand entrances, similar-looking windows on each level, etc. As mentioned
before, Georgian architecture existed between 1714 to 1830, under the reign of King Georges I to IV.

Why Did It Start?

The architectural style came into existence to provide a sense of space and natural light that was missing in the previous forms.

Examples:

1. Houghton Hall (Norfolk, England)

2. Marble Hill House (Twickenham, United Kingdom)

3. Strawberry Hill House (Twickenham, United Kingdom)

4. The Moffatt-Ladd House (Portsmouth, New Hampshire)

5. Kedleston Hall (Kedleston, Derbyshire)

6. Jeremiah Lee House (Marblehead, United States)

7. Cronkhill, Shropshire

8. Assembly Rooms, York

9. No 13, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London

10. St Michael’s Church, Great Witley, Worcestershire

 8. Art Deco Architectural Style

Art Deco Building

Art Deco was a short-lived era that inspired fashion, homewares, arts and architecture. Art deco architecture used to appear sleek but
not minimal. The influence of creativity among architects and designers made them build relatively simple structures having freshness,
elegance, sophistication and wealth. One of the events responsible for this influence was Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et
Industriels Modernes. The characteristics of Art Deco architecture are materials such as decorative glass, terracotta, steel, etc., contrasting
colours, geometric and fine details, and construction of Parapets and spires. It started in the 1920s in Paris but made its official debut at
Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes in 1925.

Why Did It Start?

The purpose of the art deco movement (including architecture) was to infuse functionality with creativity or arts.

Examples:

1. Chrysler Building, New York City

2. Majorelle Garden, Morocco

3. Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles

4. Palais de Chaillot, Paris

5. The Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels

6. Empire State Building, New York City

7. Fair Park, Dallas

8. Eastern Columbia Building, Los Angeles

9. Palais de la Mediterranée, Nice

10. Paramount Theater, Oakland, CA

 9. Renaissance Architectural Styles

San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, Italy

Renaissance architecture is a classical style that originated in Italy and superseded Gothic architecture. Responsible for the
construction of various treasured monuments, Renaissance architects adopted classical elements to produce modern structures suitable for
cities and the new generation.The people of Renaissance, independent of their métier, were innovators and should not be classified under
Successors or Predecessors. Its characteristics include classical elements like rectangular columns, beams, ashlar masonry, symmetrical
notions and a layout that allows light and air. Renaissance had three different architectural styles- Early Renaissance, High Renaissance, and
Mannerism. The Early Renaissance brought classicism to architecture, followed by the High Renaissance intensifying it, and lastly,
Mannerism introduced creativity and decorations to this classicism. Renaissance architectural styles existed for around 200 years, from 1400
to 1600. The specific time frames for different architectural kinds under it are:

Early Renaissance: 1400 onwards,

High Renaissance: 1500 onwards, and
Mannerism: 1520-30 onwards.
Why Did It Start?

Renaissance architects believed Gothic architecture was ‘northern’ that ‘corrupted’ Italian traditions, and to oppose the same, they
started reviving classicism while experimenting with modern techniques and creating inventions.

Examples:

1. St Peter’s Basilica

2. Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore

3. Basilica of Santa Maria Novella

4. Tempietto del Bramante

5. Palazzo Pitti

6. Palazzo Vecchio

7. Basilica of San Lorenzo

8. Ospedale degli Innocenti

9. Biblioteca Marciana

10. Basilica of Sant’Andrea, Mantua

 10. Deconstructivism Architectural Styles

Zaha Hadid Antwerp Port House

Deconstructivism architecture is a style that uses no norms of architecture and aims to achieve infinite possibilities by playing with
forms and volume. Any architectural style that fuses non-rectilinear shapes and creates a unique structure ordinarily using materials like wood,
concrete, steel and masonry is a type of Deconstructivism architecture. Even though it exists to explore newer concepts, deconstructivism
retains functionality to greater heights. Russian constructivists presented the earlier drawings during World War I, but the official reference did
not exist before the 1980s when French philosopher Jacques Derrida termed it.

Why Did It Start?

The idea of Deconstructivist architectural styles began with a series of drawings aimed at breaking the classical architectural norms.
The style fuses Russian Constructivism and Modernism while incorporating bits of Post-modernism, expressionism and cubism.

Examples:

1. London Aquatics Centre

2. Art Gallery of Ontario

3. Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health

4. Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao

5. The Dancing House

6. Daniel Libeskind’s Jewish Museum

7. Parc de la Villette

8. UFA - Cinema Center

9. Vitra Fire Station

10. Walt Disney Concert Hall

 11. Byzantine Architecture

Hagia Irene or Aya İrini Kilisesi in Istanbul, Turkey

Byzantine architecture comprises the architectural styles of the Byzantine Empire. It continued Roman traditions while incorporating
new features, commonly improved fortification walls and domed churches. Under this architectural style, interiors were more crucial than
exteriors, and function was highlighted more than form, with Christianity acting as an influence. Some of its features include better urban
planning with paved pathways, bricks, a much thicker layer of mortar, the use of marble, decorative frames (interiors with fine silk and wall
hangings) and a dome over four supporting arches. Further, in the 6th century, houses were built using wood, mud and stone (by wealthy
homeowners). It existed between the 4th century and 15th centuries throughout the Roman empire.

Why Did it Start?

As mentioned before, Byzantine architecture gave importance to Christianity but also valued function over form, which was absent in
previous architecture.

Examples:

1. Hagia Sophia

2. Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo

3. Basilica of San Vitale

4. Hippodrome of Constantinople

5. Hagia Irene

6. Hosios Loukas

7. Daphni Monastery

8. Angelokastro

9. Church of Saint Catherine (Thessaloniki)

10. Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)

 12. Brutalist Architecture

Power Building, Singapore

Brutalism in architecture is a post-modernist movement that marked the rejection of the eclectic and hedonistic trends; found in
contemporary architecture of the 20th-century. It is an expressive yet basic form that comprised several construction projects post-war. The
architect style can be distinguished by its block-like nature, use of concrete or bricks (exposed to naked eyes), a utilitarian feel, small windows
and modular elements. One of the early projects that came into notice was Le Corbusier’s work from the late 1940s with the Unité
d’Habitation in Marseilles. However, the term came into existence in 1953 when Alison Smithson described one of the projects, “as the first
exponent of the new brutalism” in England. Further, in 1955, architectural historian Reyner Banham’s review of Alison and Peter Smithson’s
school at Hunstanton in Norfolk established the movement.

Why Did It Start?

As the demand for housing and urban planning increased after the second world war, a socialist ideology solved a significant portion
of the problem through low-cost, functional, and simple buildings that we now call Brutalism in architecture. Besides consuming less time (in
construction), they also seemed to evoke emotions in the designers.

Examples:

1. Cité Radieuse, Marseille

2. The Breuer Building, New York City

3. Habitat 67, Montréal

4. Boston City Hall, Boston

5. Trellick Tower, London

6. Buffalo City Court Building, Buffalo

7. Western City Gate, Belgrade

8. The Barbican, London

9. SESC Pompéia, São Paulo

10. Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Lima

 13. Neoclassical Architecture

Lincoln Memorial

Neoclassicism is a classical architectural style commonly found in buildings of the 18th and early 19th centuries. The movement
distinguished itself by a purer adaption of Classical Greek and Roman architecture instead of using only parts like Renaissance and Baroque
architecture. The architect style has features like simplicity (minimum decorations), geometric garden landscapes, flat or domed roofs, tall
columns (Doric or Ionic) as support and vast scale. The style was most prevalent in the United States and Europe, with British architects using
it for almost every project in the 1800s. Neoclassical architecture is of three types- Temple-style buildings, Palladian buildings, and Classical
block buildings, each designed for its purpose. The architectural movement started in 1750 in Rome and flourished in the 18th and early 19th
centuries. Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture played a crucial role in
providing a theory and establishing it.

Why Did It Start?

While the Renaissance and Baroque architecture already showcased the revival of Classical, Roman and Greek architecture,
Neoclassicism in architecture aimed to remove Baroque excesses and Rococo ornamentation and introduce Classical architecture at its purest
while fulfilling modern demands of living. Additionally, the discovery of archaeological ruins in Pompeii (late 16th century) and Herculaneum
(17th century) inspired architects to study ancient building styles of Rome and Greece and consequently implement them on new projects.
Neoclassicism continues to inspire various buildings of the 21st century, and architects use New Neoclassical Architecture or New
Neoclassicism as a term.

Examples:

1. The White House

2. Buckingham Palace

3. University of Virginia’s Rotunda

4. The Academy of Athens

5. The United States Capitol Building

6. El Capitolio

7. Le Petit Trianon

8. Northern Italy: Villa Tittoni Traversi

9. Sydney Town Hall

10. Shrine of Remembrance

 14. Gothic Revival Architectural Styles

Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk in Ostend, Belgium

Gothic revival is a term first used in England in the mid-19th century for buildings that contained middle ages style and embraced
Neo-Gothic elements. One of the aims of the architectural movement was to compete with Neo-classicism and revive Gothic spirits in
architecture, including that in houses and public places. The structures of this era used to be picturesque and represent heavy romanticism that
is said to draw inspiration from literature and paintings. However, the taste essentially developed through the publication of Richard Hurd’s
Letters on Chivalry and Romance (1762) and Thomas Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765). The architectural movement
comprises two phases, the earliest one being an era of conservatism and the other one being the originality of architects (while keeping the
values intact). As a result, it was sometimes hard to distinguish between Gothic and Gothic revival in the early phases, but the common
characteristics found in the latter are the use of stone, glass, iron, and steel and intricate details, large windows, pointed arches, verticle lines
and buttresses. According to Thomas Wharton, poet and critic, a group of antiquaries began working on the Gothic Revival in the late 17th
century. However, it was only in 1730 when the era officially commenced, gained momentum after the 1750s, and towards the end of the 18th
century, took on the picturesque objective completely. The era officially ended in 1930.

Why Did It Start?

Essentially an outcome of the Romantic revolution, the Gothic Revival originated in response to the growing literary interest in
medieval times that contained Gothic tales and romanticism. Furthermore, the industrial revolution played a crucial role in promoting it. At the
time, a sentiment toward old values developed that inspired many to incorporate Gothic values in their daily life, importantly, architecture.

Examples:

1. Palace of Westminster – London, England, UK

2. Hungarian Parliament Building – Budapest, Hungary

3. New Town Hall – Munich, Germany

4. St Patrick’s Cathedral – New York City, New York, United States

5. Canadian Parliament Building – Ottowa, Ontario, Canada

6. Brussels City Museum – Brussels, Belgium

7. Las Lajas Sanctuary – Ipiales, Colombia

8. Washington National Cathedral – Washington DC, United States

9. Rossio Station – Lisbon, Portugal

10. Vienna City Hall – Vienna, Austria

 15. Romanesque Architecture

Glees Germany

An architectural style that spread in the non-Byzantine countries and succeeded Roman architecture, Romanesque architecture
evolved in the Gothic style in the 12th century and is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture in England. Essentially it is the fusion of
Roman, Carolingian and Ottonian, Byzantine, and local Germanic traditions and is popularly distinguished by semicircular arches, thick walls,
small windows, large towers, and simplicity compared to the Gothic period. Furthermore, unlike Roman and Gothic styles, Romanesque
architecture (similar to Byzantine architecture) employed walls, or sections of walls called piers, as load-bearing elements.Architects of that
time used bricks, limestone, granite, and flint in various regions in conjunction with a thick-bedded mortar to create a picturesque form
(another characteristic) that would also come in handy to contribute to progress and education. Churches were the most prevalent buildings
built under this style. Although there is no definite timeframe for the starting of this architectural movement, critics propose that it ranged
from the 6th century to the 11th century. However, the term (coined by Charles de Gerville in the early 19th century) is strictly used from the
late 10th century to the 12th century.

Why Did It Start?

Monasticism and Political influence were among the crucial reasons why Romanesque architecture originated.

Examples:

1. Leaning Tower of Pisa and Pisa Cathedral

2. Florence Baptistery

3. Durham Cathedral

4. Basilica di Sant’Ambrogio

5. Cluny Abbey

6. Speyer Cathedral

7. Abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos

8. Basilica of Saint-Sernin

9. Maria Laach Abbey

10. Sant Climent de Taüll

 16. Bauhaus Architectural Style

Avraham Soskin House, 12 Lilienblum Street by Zeev Rechter, 1933

In order to recover from the disastrous World War I, Walter Gropius (1883-1969) set up a German school named Staatliches Bauhaus
in 1919, an institution that reproduced Bauhaus as an architectural movement carrying similar values. It was one of the most popular changes
in the design world, promoting buildings of both functional and attractive. Bauhaus architectural styles leveraged asymmetry over symmetry
and used modern materials like steel, glass and concrete. Some of the easy-to-spot characteristics of this style are flat roofs, simple colour
palettes and smooth facades. It is also an integral part of history as it was one of the progressive ideas shut down by Nazis labelling the
concept un-German. However, it survived only because Walter Gropius and his supporters moved out of Germany and popularized the idea in
Western Europe, the United States, Canada and Israel. In Walter’s words, Bauhaus is, “the ultimate aim of all artistic activity” and that “the
ultimate, if distant, aim of the Bauhaus is the unified work of art.” Bauhaus architecture came into existence in 1919 alongside the
establishment of the Staatliches Bauhaus school in the city of Weimer and shuttered officially in 1933. Though, after World War II, architects
and designers started valuing the philosophies of the movement that made Moholy-Nagy establish the New Bauhaus in Chicago in 1937.

Why Did It Start?

One of the problems that arose due to World War I was the housing crisis; Bauhaus started with an aim to resolve those as well as introduce art
and creativity to the world of architecture and design.

Examples:

1. Seagram Building in New York

2. Villa Tugendhat in Brno, Czech Republic

3. Farnsworth House in Chicago

4. Bauhaus Studio Building in Dessau, Germany

5. Gropius House in Massachusetts

6. White City of Tel Aviv, Israel

7. Isokon Flats in London

8. Meisterhäuser

9. Haus am Horn

10. Fagus Factory

 17. International Architecture Style

Seagram building, Park Avenue

International architecture arose in the United States and Europe in the early 20th century. These structures closely resembled the
modernist theory and are often termed rationalist architecture. Their characteristics include rectilinear forms that are light, void of decorations,
and simple in appearance. These buildings optimally use glass and steel for their purpose, and one may not easily spot the use of concrete.
International architecture is the favorite of Americans as, through it, they were able to construct skyscrapers and use them as a tool to
showcase their power and wealth. International architecture came into existence in the 1920s in Western Europe by architects like Le
Corbusier, Walter Gropius, and Mies van der Rohe. The idea, however, gained popularity in the 1930s in America and the first time the style
got a name was in 1932 by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson in their essay titled The International Style: Architecture Since 1922.
Later the essay was featured in a catalogue for an architectural exhibition held at MoMA.

Why Did It Start?

Three of the most crucial factors that contributed to the growth of this style were: the cost-effectiveness of construction, the use of
industrial materials like concrete, glass and steel, and the increasing dissatisfaction among architects towards historical buildings with
unneeded decorations.

Examples:

1. Seagram Building

2. Villa Savoye

3. Willis Tower

4. Barcelona Pavilion

5. McGraw Hill Building

6. Glaspaleis

7. Place de Ville (Tower C)

8. Van Nelle Factory

9. Fagus Factory
10. United Nations Building

18. Islamic Architecture

Taj Mahal

Islamic architecture is the practice of building traditions of the Islamic population through fine details and ornamentation as well as
using structural features that abides by the religion. The buildings associated with it are commonly Mosque and Madrasahs, but it may include
fortresses, tombs, schools, public baths etc. Initially, the architectural style took cues from Christian structures, especially the domes,
columnar arches, and mosaics. But upon its spread to Asia, Chinese and Mughal architectural styles contributed widely to its evolution. While
the importance of studying Islamic architectural style surged in the last two centuries in various countries, mainly situated in the west, the
birth of this style dates back to the first half of the 7th century.

Why Did It Start?

The primary purpose of Islamic buildings were to establish structures where Islam population can carry their religious traditions,
namely the Mosque.

Examples:

1. Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse, Kashan, Iran

2. Chefchaouen, Morocco

3. Montaza Palace, Alexandria, Egypt

4. Burj Al Arab, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

5. Jameh Mosque of Isfahān, Isfahān, Iran

6. Hassan II Mosque, Casablanca, Morocco

7. The Alhambra, Andalusia, Spain

8. Nasir Al-Mulk Mosque, Shiraz, Iran

9. Selimiye Mosque, Edirne, Turkey

10. Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Abu Dhabi, UAE

 19. Expressionist Architecture

Guggenheim Museum

Back in the 19th century, Expressionism was at its peak due to its goal of portraying the inner spiritual values of oneself and
expressing emotional reactions to the modern era. Understand that the painting styles got nurtured further to be in the interest of architects.
But why? I will let you know in the same section after the introduction. Let me first throw some light on it. It rejected the technical aspects
and the industrial age, where the structures were conditioned on features like utility, construction and economics. Instead, the architects tried
showcasing the political and societal upbringings through the artistic touch. It brought the romance of naturalistic decorative structures and
emphasized literature and philosophy. It started in the early 20th century in 1905, up until the 1930s.

Why Did It Start?

Primarily started in Germany and Netherlands, the focus of Expressionist architects was to cope with the industrial age and portray it
through expressing emotions and this age. After World War 1, the communal and physical destruction caused an anti-industrial feeling that
ultimately gave a thought that industry excelled in utter demolition. It is the reason behind their concept of fraternity and community, well-
depicted in this architecture.

Examples:

1. Centennial Hall – Wroclaw, Poland

2. Sydney Opera House – Sydney, Australia

3. Het Schip – Amsterdam, Netherlands

4. Borsigturm – Berlin, Germany

5. Paula Modersohn-Becker Museum – Bremen, Germany

6. Hallgrímskirkja – Reykjavík, Iceland

7. Yoyogi National Gymnasium – Tokyo, Japan

8. Lotus Temple – Dehli, India

9. Anzeiger-Hochhaus – Hannover, Germany

10. Auditorio de Tenerife – Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

 20. Medieval Architecture

Bodiam castle

After the Roman empire fell, Europe pushed its limit to revive its artistic abilities. Since Medieval architecture is based on Roman
architecture, different parts of Europe portrayed modern architectural elements. Hence when we read about European medieval architecture,
there come buildings with sacred and spiritual sections with a purpose. Christianity and Catholicism rapidly spread across Europe, leading to
the dilation of cathedral layers in Roman Architectural styles, and the addition of brightly coloured glass windows to romanticize the building
interiors. Different styles of medieval architecture started in different eras. For example, Romanesque architecture lasted from 1066 to 1200
and Gothic came into existence from 1200 to 1500. Similarly, the English Cathedrals date between 1040 and 1540.

Why Did It Start?

It mainly came into existence; due to secular and sacred reasons since it holds importance in the spreading of Churches and
Christianity.

Examples:

1. Princely Abbey of Corvey (822 – 885) in North Rhine-Westphalia

2. Rouen Cathedral (1030 – 1506) in Rouen

3. Lessay Abbey (1064 – 1178) in Lessay

4. Conisbrough Castle (1170s/1180s) in Conisbrough

5. Wells Cathedral (1175 – 1490) in Wells

6. St John the Evangelist, Escomb, Durham

7. Westminster Abbey

8. Prague, Czech Republic

9. Tallinn, Estonia

10. Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris, France

 21. Greek Revival Architecture

The Virginia State Capitol

One of the famous architectural styles for private and public buildings, which included philosophy, arts and democracy. We will learn
more about why it started after learning what makes them unique. The expensive marble look through whitewashing homes, bold or plain
mouldings, sharp gable style roofing and unadorned friezes are a few characteristics of greek revival homes. They are modelled after the
famous Greek temples of the older era. Classical Greek architecture dates to the fifth century, but the revival spread across Britain and USA,
when most builders acted like an architect. It started in America and Britain in the 1830s till the 60s. It reached a higher standard but began to
fade out; after the civil war broke out, and the gothic style started spreading in the late 1800s.

Why Did It Start?

The 1800s period was to establish American democracy and so the archaeologists dug deep in search of the ancient life of the Greek
isles as they depicted philosophy and democracy. During that time, the American architects travelled to Greece and took inspiration, forming
the Greek Revival Homes.

Examples:

1. U.S. Treasury Building

2. The Thomas Anson Residence

3. The British Museum

4. The Grange, Northington

5. Brandenburg Gate

6. Fitzwilliam Museum

7. La Grange Terrace, La Fayette Place

8. Madewood Plantation House

9. Federal Hall

10. Brooklyn Borough Hall

 22. Baroque Architecture

St. Peter’s Basilica

Baroque architecture is found throughout Europe and Latin America, however, speculating notable differences. The Spanish language
understands the term baroque differently than Italian does. The first one stands for an irregular pearl, whereas the other derives its meaning
from a pedantic and contorted argument. Hence, the characteristics of the architecture go with the sense of the word. It includes mannerisms
and frescos designs like the Adam painting by Michelangelo. Its architectural plan had an oval and dynamic shape where the spaces favour the
heightening of motion. There is dramatic and contrasting lighting with illusory and vividly painted ceilings from the bright colours. It
originated in the late 16th century in some regions of Italy and reached Germany and South America until the beginning of the 18th century.

Why Did It Start?

It began to give a way of relaxed and vibrant mood to the people. Take a reference from the incident in the Vatican city; there were
issues with the protestant reformation in the late 16th century. In response to growing opposition, the Catholic Church leaders strategized to
maintain their hold on congregants at the Council of Trent. Hence they turned away from the Gothic and brought a makeover of the Church
through this style.

Examples:

1. San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome

2. St. Peter's Square, Vatican

3. Les Invalides, Paris

4. Palace of Versailles, Versailles

5. Karlskirche, Vienna

6. Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna

7. St Paul's Cathedral, London

8. Winter Palace, Saint Petersburg

9. Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia

10. Zacatecas Cathedral, Zacatecas

 23. Beaux-Art Architecture

Palais Garnier

Beaux- Art architecture is named after a famous and legendary school in Paris, Ecole des Beaux-Arts. Buildings of this type feature
symmetry and proportions influenced by Roman and Greek classicism with more French and Italian Renaissance and Baroque architectural
styles. It is also sometimes referred to as Academic Classicism, American Renaissance or Beaux- Arts Classicism. By the time it entered
America, the institutions’ buildings and government properties already adapted to it. It emerged as a dominant style of architecture in America
during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This style became popular in Chicago mainly because it was chosen for the World’s Columbian
Exposition in 1893.

Why Did It Start?

It evolved from the neo-classicism architecture of the 1700s and 1800s. In response to a less-strict and formal designs compared to
neo-classicism styles to introduce the inspiration from Renaissance and middle ages, the development of Beaux-Arts architecture took place.

Examples:

1. National School of Fine Arts (l’Écolenationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts)

2. Palais Garnier

3. Rmn Grand Palais

4. San Francisco City Hall

5. Vanderbilt Marble House

6. New York Public Library, Main Branch

7. Grand Central Terminal, New York

8. Surrogate’s Courthouse

9. Musée d’Orsay

10. Thomas Jefferson Building

 24. Italianate Architecture

Osborne House, Isle of Wight, England, 1845 to 1851

It is a highly popularized variety of construction techniques which started during the 19th century. It had principles that opposed the
precision and symmetry of Neoclassical design. Inspired by the brick farmhouses dotting north Italy, these cottages looked royal. The
bungalow of this era often has a sense of Medieval and Italian Renaissance. Typically Italianate house consists of 2 floors with towers and
cupolas. You can identify one by its wide projecting cornices, heavy-richly ornamented windows and doorways. Additionally, they have wide
projecting cornices with heavy brackets and richly ornamented windows, porches, and doorways. Most American examples of Italianate mix
details derived from both informal rural models and formal renaissance townhouses. The first Italianate bungalow was built by the British
architect John Nash in England in 1802. However, Italianate architecture has a time range of 1840–1885.

Why Did It Start?

Heavily influenced by the Picturesque movement of the 19th century, it conforms more closely to nature through gardens, meadows
and beauty of landscape beauty. After the Civil war, many structures were demolished, resulting in gained popularity in California.

Examples:

1. St. Peter’s Basilica

2. The Colosseum

3. The cities of Beirut and Sidon

4. Rue Gouraud

5. Brandwood

6. Newport and Covington

7. The Gross Point Lighthouse in Evanston, Illinois.

8. Albury Station

9. Dunedin and Wellington

10. Government House, the official residence of the Governor of Victoria in Melbourne
 25. Federal Architecture

The Capitol, United States

The federal architecture style dominated American landscape architecture. It was a progressive European idea about architecture
which changed the taste of America. Federal refers to the period in American history when the federal system of governance developed, so all
the buildings developed during this time readily incorporated European styling variations. There are many characteristics of the Federal
architectural kind, like the symmetrical form, elliptical fanlight over the front door, flat lintels over windows and decorative mouldings. The
Federal style, also habitually referred to as the Adam style has a timeline of 1780-1820.

Why Did It Start?

In addition to the independence struggle, the Americans were heavily influenced by Robert Adam, one of Britain’s most famous
architects, which led them to adopt ancient Greek and Roman forms, which in addition lent them Federal Architecture.

Examples:

1. The Oval Office at The White House

2. The University of Virginia

3. Otis House Museum

4. The Davenport House

5. Elfreth's Alley in Philadelphia,

6. The Massachusetts State House

7. The Hamilton House

8. Decatur House (1819) in the capitol city

9. Tudor Place (1815)

10. Octagon House in Washington, D.C. (1799)

 26. Neo-Futurism Architecture

Heydar Aliyev Center by Zaha Hadid Architects

It evolved out of high-tech architecture, mixing and developing the same themes and ideas. It rethinks the aesthetics of the urban
areas combined with functionality. When you learn more about it, it follows an idealistic approach to the future instead of a sceptical style of
post-modernism. Some of the architectural projects by Zaha Hadid belong to this style. The main characteristics of Neo-Futurism kind are the
connection to human emotion following urban design, eco-sustainability and regulated use of new materials and technology. Its origins date
back to the mid-20th century during the 1960s and 1970s from the architects Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen. However, it was revitalised in
2007 after a publication named The Neo-Futuristic City Manifesto.

Why Did It Start?

The chief reason for its existence is to achieve the practicality and aesthetics of fast-developing cities. Deviating from typical and
usual rectangular or square buildings, it brings together the emotions of humans in the departed urban life. Additionally, the easy-flowing
architecture, instead of a rigid structure, also emphasises sustainability.

Examples:

1. The Haydar Aliyev Centre was designed by Zaha Hadid

2. Riverside Museum

3. Samuel Beckett Bridge

4. Aero Hive

5. Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

6. Evolution Tower

7. The Selfridges Building

8. Burj Khalifa

9. Liège-Guillemins Railway Station

10. Turning Torso

 27. Colonial Architecture

Hotel Taj, Mumbai

In colonial architecture, architectural styles from a mother country are incorporated into buildings of settlements or colonies far from
their origins. If we go and check the characteristics of an American colonial home, they have three pillars: simplicity, symmetry, and
rectangular shapes. In addition, two stories are always the norm, and the staircase is always positioned in the centre. Hence, the staircase is a
prominent feature of most designs and is usually made from wood. The European settlers on North American soil incorporated architectural
styles from their native countries during the 1700s. Colonial architecture encompasses Georgian Colonial, Spanish Colonial, German
Colonial, French Colonial, Dutch Colonial, Federal, and Cape Cod styles.

Why Did It Start?

The original intention of this style was to replicate the English colonists’ way of life. However, in the end, those who chose this style
wanted to emulate the rich people who built the original homes.

Examples:

1. Victoria Memorial, Kolkata, India (1906-1921)

2. The San Francisco de Asis Church, New Mexico, USA (1772-1816)

3. The Governor's Palace, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA (1706-1722)

4. The Cathedral of Santa Maria la Menor, Dominican Republic (1514-1541)

5. The St. Paul's Cathedral, London, UK (1675-1708)

6. The City Hall, Cape Town, South Africa (1905-1908)

7. The Palacio de los Capitanes Generales, Cuba

8. The Wat Phra Kaew, Thailand (1782-1784)

9. The CASA Rosada, Argentina (1873-1898)

10. The Fort Jesus, Kenya (1593-1596)

 28. Futurist Architecture

Perspective drawing of La Città Nuova by Sant’Elia, 1914

The epitome of futurist architecture is Italy, where it was motivated by anti-historians and focused on dynamism, movement and
urgency. The Futurist architects knew about its foundation artistic movement, Futurism, through poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and several
other writers and artists. It further emphasized the machine age or technological changes of the new century. The use of technology like glass
elevators, sleek lines and metal components in the building is one of the characteristics. Movement and Natural elements usage is preferred.
Futurist architecture developed in the early 20th century. In 1912, Antonio SantElia and Mario Chiattone pioneered to design the of futuristic
architecture, which illustrated Marinetti’s call for a new beauty centred around speed and energy.

Why Did It Start?

Futurism Architecture was an attempt to reject historical architecture and revolutionise the society with modern means. It was also
considered a viable option for meeting the demands of the population while maintaining sustainability.

Examples:

1. The Geisel Library at the University of California in San Diego, United States

2. The Line in Saudi Arabia

3. The Goetheanum (Domach, Switzerland)

4. Visual Arts Building (Iowa City, United States)

5. Salerno Maritime Terminal (Salerno, Italy)

6. Morpheus Hotel (Macau, China)

7. DUO (Bugis, Singapore)

8. Lingotto factory in Turin, Italy

9. Rethinking the Future by TAT Atelier

10. AI-Generated Biophilic Skyscrapers by Manas Bhatia

29. Indo-Saracenic Architecture

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station, Mumbai

Indo-Saracenic architecture is a movement by the British in India that drew elements from Indo-Islamic and Indian architecture, also
referred to as Indo-Gothic architecture. The chief characteristics of this type of architecture are dome structures, pointed arches, vaulted roofs,
towers, and harims. It started in the late 19th century, especially after the revolt of 1857 when the East India Company supremacy went to the
British government.

Why Did It Start?

During the freedom struggle of India against the Britishers, the government tried to manipulate and show their supremacy by
modifying the architectural styles of the public buildings. Hence, they infused gothic style with Indian and Islamic architecture to give this
kind of form.

Examples:

1. The Gateway of India

2. The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in Mumbai

3. Southern Railway Headquarters, Chennai

4. Mysore Palace

5. Victoria Public Hall in Chennai

6. Senate House (University of Madras)

7. Mumbai GPO, reminiscent of the Gol Gumbaz

8. Khalsa College, Amritsar

9. Daly College, Indore

10. Chepauk Palace, Chennai

 30. Sustainable Architecture

CopenHill, Denmark

Sustainable architecture is a practice in architecture to reduce the negative impact on the environment over the long haul. To
implement it correctly, architects use a dedicated approach that comprises structural efficiency, energy resources, wastewater treatment, and
greenery. Though efficient, sustainable architecture does not implement natural resources in their originality like Biophilic architecture and is
slowly losing its identity with architects inventing newer ideas in the latter space. Sustainable architecture gained value in the late 1980s when
Kansas City architect Bob Berkebile attempted to convince the American Institute of Architects to push more to save the planet. Though the
architect initially failed to convince the board directors, he was backed by young and upcoming architects who helped him find and chair the
AIA Committee on the Environment. Since then, various certificates have been introduced to support the cause. Sustainable design evolved
considerably from the 1960 introduction of the phrase, “Reduce, reuse, recycle.”

Why Did It Start?

The worsening climatic conditions, the energy crisis of the 1970s, and the rise of Sustainable development were a wake-up call for
the architectural industry to do more to support the cause.

Examples:

1. Sanko Headquarter, Istanbul, Turkey

2. Beitou Public Library, Taipei, Taiwan

3. Bullitt Center, Seattle, Washington, U.S.

4. Manitoba Hydro Place, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

5. Museum of Tomorrow, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

6. Vertical Forest, Milan, Italy

7. Pixel Building, Melbourne, Australia

8. Floating School, Lagos, Nigeria

9. Gardens by the Bay, Singapore

10. One Angel Square, Co-operative Group HQ, Manchester, UK

 31. Hawaiian Architecture

Liljestrand House

A dedicated architectural style of the Islands of Hawaii, Hawaiian architecture dates not long ago, and the old architects, Poe
kuhikuhi pu’uone, made culturally rich structures of the period. Suitable for the climatic conditions of the island, these architects developed
heiau (temples) open like heaven and Hale (Homes) that were hatched huts with raised stone foundations. The characteristics of this
architectural style varied throughout its different periods, with one showcasing the Italianate style in its significant buildings. However, three
of the common features are overhanging eaves, a verandah, and plenty of windows. The modern architecture of Hawaii retains these features
and site planning for given reasons and adapts to the modernist approach to great innovative extents. The first settlement of Hawaiian islands
began 1500 years ago, with no inhabitants except birds, bats, and sea creatures. The ancient architectural style has no specific timeframe until
1778, when British Captain James Cook arrived on the islands and opened the routes for trade. Following this, a masterpiece of commercial
architecture, the Port of Honolulu, was constructed in 1816, changing the history of architecture in Hawaii forever.

Why Did It Start?

Hawaiian architectural style originated to serve the island’s climatic conditions that didn’t allow Vernacular architecture to exist.

Examples:

1. The Hale Lana House by Olson Kundig

2. A house with angular roofs by Dekleva Gregorič Arhitekti

3. The Kahua Kuili house by Walker Warner Architects

4. Sustainable, off-grid house by LifeEdited

5. Hale Nukumoi by Walker Warner Architects

6. The Kuono house

7. Waimea Village, 1778

8. Ali’iolani Hale

9. luna lilo Mausoleum,

10. Kapuaiwa Hale

 32. Rococo Architecture

Würzberg Residence, Germany

The last stage of the French Baroque and the art of the first half of the 18th century is usually termed Rococo. Primarily a style of
interiors and decorative art, the ornamental style flourished in France, followed by Germany and Austria. The interiors of Rococo followed a
comfortable approach rejecting the massive Baroque forms and decorative panels on the main wall, with padduga (spherical surface above the
cornice of the room). Further, mirrors and large windows created a sense of spaciousness, and Stucco (high-quality plaster) was used to create
ornamental designs that included flower garlands and bouquets, leaves, numerous cupids, etc. Further, architects started using delicate
whitened pastel tones, small furniture, and Chinese decorations. As pretentious as the interiors of the Rococo were, the exteriors remained
simple, with little architectural practicability, as seen in Würzburg Residence. Rococo buildings had supporting parts flowing smoothly into
each other with fancy curving on the roof, facade, and cornices. Decorative sculptures further added an ornamental feeling to the lavish
buildings of Rococo. The Rococo architectural style started when Louis XV wished for the rearrangements of Versailles Palace and hired
Ange-Jacques Gabriel, who rejected using Baroque forms, and the Rococo Style emerged. These changes were done after 1715 when the reign
of the “Sun King” ended.

Why Did It Start?

During the reign of Louis XV, the treasury was empty and lacked funds for large-scale projects. Following this, the decoration of
interiors acquired significant attention. Additionally, as the new court atmosphere had already changed to being frivolous, Rococo replaced
Baroque and discovered a comfortable state rather than lavish.

Examples:

1. Catherine Palace – St. Petersburg, Russia

2. Würzburg Residenz – Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany

3. Schloss Nymphenburg – Munich, Bavaria, Germany

4. Queluz National Palace – Quelez, Portugal

5. Asam Church – Munich, Bavaria, Germany

6. Linderhof Palace – Ettal, Bavaria, Germany

7. Zwiefalten Abbey – Zwiefalten, Germany

8. Helbling House – Innsbruck, Austria

9. Munich Residenz – Munich, Bavaria, Germany

10. Hôtel de Soubise – Paris, France

 33. Eclectic Architecture

Palais Garnier, Paris

Following Classicism, the Eclectic architecture style made its way in the 1820s to 1830s when architects found solutions of hiding a
modern design or layout with an exterior that resembled genuine Historical architecture. Eclectic Architecture had two notable directions: in
the first case, interiors and exteriors (both) adopted the Historical style. The second option, however, was a mixture of styles and decorative
details. For example, the facades of a house are decorated in Renaissance style with Baroque elements, and the interiors have Gothic or
Rococo style. Further, Eclecticism in architecture brought several styles back in the form of Gothic Revival, Renaissance Revival, Byzantine
Revival, Baroque Revival, etc., and the era of learning Middle Ages and their values became crucial. Architects started applying a scientific
basis to the restoration and the new projects with the use of metals like iron and cast iron supporting them in the cause. Eclectic Buildings,
taking the example of the Building of Parliament of London between 1834-68, showed asymmetric composition with several high prismatic
towers creating a Gothic silhouette and the interiors having the same English Gothic style. However, this styling was matched with a
functional organization: planning, structure, and the building equipment of the latest requirements. There are cases like the Opera House in
Paris with different styles for Interiors and Exteriors, Venetian Renaissance on the outside, and Baroque and Rococo inside. Eclectic
architecture dates back to the end of the 30s of the 19th century.

Why Did It Start?

Eclecticism in architecture started with the fall of Classicism, which at the time was regarded as a dry movement lacking emotions.
Following this, architects found a diverse and flexible architecture type suitable for every type of building, and Eclecticism was the result.

Examples:

1. Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Church, Paris, France

2. Royal Pavillion in Brghton

3. Barcelona Port Authority Building

4. Basílica de Jesús de Medinaceli

5. Berlin-Nikolassee Station

6. Brussels Stock Exchange

7. Casino de Madrid

8. Castres Municipal Theater

9. Chantilly Castle

10. Palacio de Cibeles