LINUX, PYTHON & C++ CODING



The Complete

Coding Manual
Essential programming guides & projects

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 The Complete

& Python
Manual
Unleash the power of Python and C++
Having a basic knowledge of programming can open many different
doors for the newcomer to explore. You can gain a better understanding
of how hardware and software work together, how your computer or
device functions and how incredible open-world gaming environments are
converted from ones and zeros to what’s on your monitor or TV.
Technology is everywhere and it’s all connected through programming.
Your TV, microwave, in-car entertainment and the Internet itself are all
reliant on good programming to make them work the way you want them
to. Within these pages are the building blocks to help you take your first
steps into the world of programming. We’ve taken two of the most
powerful and versatile programming languages available, Python and C++
and broken them down into bite-sized tutorials and guides to help you
learn how they work, and how to make them work for you.

www.pclpublications.com
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6 Say Hello to Python

8 Why Python?
10 Equipment You Will Need
12 Getting to Know Python
14 How to Set Up Python in Windows
16 How to Set Up Python on a Mac
18 How to Set Up Python in Linux 56 Date and Time
58 Opening Files
60 Writing to Files
20 Getting Started with Python 62 Exceptions
64 Python Graphics
22 Starting Python for the First Time
24 Your First Code
26 Saving and Executing Your Code
66 Using Modules
28 Executing Code from the Command Line
30 Numbers and Expressions 68 Calendar Module
32 Using Comments 70 OS Module
34 Working with Variables 72 Random Module
36 User Input 74 Tkinter Module
38 Creating Functions 76 Pygame Module
40 Conditions and Loops 80 Create Your Own Modules
42 Python Modules

86 Say Hello to C++

44 Working with Data
84 Why C++?
46 Lists 86 Equipment Needed
48 Tuples 88 How to Set Up C++ in Windows
50 Dictionaries 90 How to Set Up C++ on a Mac
52 Splitting and Joining Strings 92 How to Set Up C++ in Linux
54 Formatting Strings 94 Other C++ IDEs to Install

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96 C++ Fundamentals 124 Loops and Decision Making

98 Your First C++ Program 126 While Loop

100 Structure of a C++ Program 128 For Loop
102 Compile and Execute 130 Do… While Loop
104 Using Comments 132 If Statement
106 Variables 134 If… Else Statement
108 Data Types
110 Strings
112 C++ Maths
136 Working with Code

138 Common Coding Mistakes

114 C++ Input/Output
140 Beginner Python Mistakes
116 User Interaction 142 Beginner C++ Mistakes
118 Character Literals 144 Where Next?
120 'HƬQLQJ&RQVWDQWV
122 File Input/Output

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 Index

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 Say Hello to Python

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8 Why Python?
10 Equipment You Will Need
12 Getting to Know Python
14 How to Set Up Python in Windows
16 How to Set Up Python on a Mac
18 How to Set Up Python in Linux

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PYTHON POWER
Ever since the earliest home computers were available, enthusiasts, users and professionals have toiled away until the wee
hours, slaving over an overheating heap of circuitry to create something akin to magic.

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C++ is usually reserved for more complex

programs, operating systems, games and so on.

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Java is a powerful language
that’s used in web pages,
set-top boxes, TVs and
even cars.
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BASIC was once the starter language that early
8-bit home computer users learned.
Python is a more modern take on BASIC, it’s easy to learn
and makes for an ideal beginner’s programming language.
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WHAT WE’RE USING

Thankfully, Python is a multi-platform programming language available for Windows, macOS, Linux, Raspberry Pi and more. If
you have one of those systems, then you can easily start using Python.

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TIME AND PATIENCE

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platform. Its main operating system, Raspbian, comes preinstalled with the latest Python along with many Modules and extras.

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Python 3 ¦ Linux
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look at how Python came about and how it relates to other languages.

PYTHON PROGRAMMING RECIPES

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PYTHON 3 VS PYTHON 2
In a typical computing scenario, Python is complicated somewhat by the existence of two active versions of the language:
Python 2 and Python 3.
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INSTALLING PYTHON 3.X

Microsoft Windows doesn’t come with Python preinstalled as standard, so you’re going to have to install it yourself manually.
Thankfully, it’s an easy process to follow.

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EDITING CODE
You will eventually reach a point where you have to move on from inputting single lines of code into the Shell. Instead, the
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Using the code we created in the previous tutorial, the one we named hello.py, let’s see how you can run code that was made
in the GUI at the command line level.

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IT’S ALL MATHS, MAN

You can get some really impressive results with the mathematical powers of Python; as with most, if not all, programming
languages, maths is the driving force behind the code.

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#COMMENTS!
Programmers use a method of keeping their code readable by commenting on certain sections. If a variable is used, the
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VARIOUS VARIABLES
You’ll be working with the Python 3 IDLE Shell in this tutorial. If you haven’t already, open Python 3 or close down the previous
IDLE Shell to clear up any old code.

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USER FRIENDLY
The type of input you want from the user will depend greatly on the type of program you’re coding. For example, a game may
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FUNKY FUNCTIONS
A function is a command that you enter into Python to do something. It’s a little piece of self-contained code that takes data,
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across some excellent examples in the future; you can also create your own with the def command.

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TRUE CONDITIONS
Keeping conditions simple to begin with makes learning to program a more enjoyable experience. Let’s start then by checking
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MASTERING MODULES
Think of modules as an extension that’s imported into your Python code to enhance and extend its capabilities. There are
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 Index

44 ZZZSFOSXEOLFDWLRQVFRP
 Working with Data

Data is everything. With it you can

display, control, add, remove, create
and manipulate Python to your every
demand. Over these coming pages we
look at how you can create lists, tuples,
dictionaries and multi-dimensional lists;
and see how to use them to forge exciting
and useful programs.
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WORKING WITH LISTS

Lists are extremely handy in Python. A list can be strings, integers and also variables. You can even include functions in lists,
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THE IMMUTABLE TUPLE

Reasons for having tuples vary depending on what the program is intended to do. Normally, a tuple is reserved for something
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Since Python 3, string formatting has become a much neater process, using the .format function combined with curly brackets.
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66 ZZZSFOSXEOLFDWLRQVFRP
 Using Modules

A Python module is simply a Python-

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necessary code for classes, functions
and global variables. You can bind
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modules to add a little something
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fantastic code.

68 Calendar Module
70 OS Module
72 Random Module
74 Tkinter Module
76 Pygame Module
80 Create Your Own Modules

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WORKING WITH DATES

The calendar module is built into Python 3. However, if for some reason it’s not installed you can add it using pip install
calendar as a Windows administrator or sudo pip install calendar for Linux and macOS.

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RANDOM NUMBERS
There are numerous functions within the random module, which when applied can create some interesting and very useful
Python programs.

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GETTING GUI
Tkinter is easy to use but there’s a lot more you can do with it. Let’s start by seeing how it works and getting some code into it.
Before long you will discover just how powerful this module really is.

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82 ZZZSFOSXEOLFDWLRQVFRP
 Say Hello to C++

C++ is a high level programming language

that’s used in a multitude of technologies.
Everything from your favourite mobile
app, console and PC game to entire
operating systems, all are developed
using C++ and a collection of software
development kits and custom libraries.
C++ is the driving force behind most
of what you use on a daily basis, which
makes it a complex and extraordinarily
powerful language to get to grips with.
In this section, we look at how to install a
C++ IDE and compiler on your computer.

84 Why C++?
86 Equipment Needed
88 How to Set Up C++ in Windows
90 How to Set Up C++ on a Mac
92 How to Set Up C++ in Linux
94 Other C++ IDEs to Install

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C EVERYTHING
Due to how complex the language can be, and its power and performance, C++ is often used to develop games, programs,
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96 ZZZSFOSXEOLFDWLRQVFRP
 C++ Fundamentals

Within this section you can begin to

understand the structure of C++ code
and how to compile and execute that
code. These are the fundamentals of C++,
which teach you the basics such as using
comments, variables, data types, strings
and how to use C++ mathematics.
These are the building blocks of a C++
program. With them, you can form your
own code, produce an output to the
screen and store and retrieve data.

98 Your First C++ Program

100 Structure of a C++ Program
102 Compile and Execute
104 Using Comments
106 Variables
108 Data Types
110 Strings
112 C++ Maths

ZZZSFOSXEOLFDWLRQVFRP 97
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this dates back to 1968 using a language called BCPL.

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#INCLUDE <C++ STRUCTURE>

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from one language to the next, but you will start to see how the code works.

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GREETINGS FROM C++

Compiling and executing C++ code from Code::Blocks is extraordinarily easy; just a matter of clicking an icon and seeing the
result. Here’s how it’s done.

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114 ZZZSFOSXEOLFDWLRQVFRP
 C++ Input/Output

There’s a satisfying feeling when you

program code that asks the user for
input, then uses that input to produce
something that the user can see. Even if
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and displaying a personal welcome
message, it’s a big leap forward.
User interaction, character literals,
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output are all covered in the following
pages. All of which help you to understand
how a C++ program works better.

116 User Interaction

118 Character Literals
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HELLO, DAVE
You have already used cout, the standard output stream, throughout our code. Now you’re going to be using cin, the standard
input stream, to prompt a user response.

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When used in something like a cout statement, character literals are also called Escape Sequence Codes. They allow you to
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A HANDY CHART
There are numerous character literals, or escape sequence codes, to choose from. We therefore thought it would be good for
you to have a handy chart available, for those times when you need to insert a code.

ESCAPE SEQUENCE CODE CHARACTER

\\ Backslash

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\” Double Quote (Speech Marks)

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\a Alert/Alarm

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\uxxxx Unicode (UTF-8)

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ifstream. Here’s how they work.

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ZZZSFOSXEOLFDWLRQVFRP 123
 Index

Loops and
Decision Making

124 ZZZSFOSXEOLFDWLRQVFRP
 Loops and Decision Making

Loops and repetition are one of the most

important factors of any programming
language. Good use of a loop creates a
program that does exactly what you want
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events within the code, your program will
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It’s this understanding of choice that
elevates your skills as a programmer and
makes for much better code.

126 While Loop

128 For Loop
130 Do… While Loop
132 If Statement
134 If… Else Statement

ZZZSFOSXEOLFDWLRQVFRP 125
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While loops are one of the most popular form of C++ code looping. They repeatedly run the code contained within the loop
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LOOPY LOOPS
The initialise stage of a for loop is executed only once and this sets the point reference for the loop. The condition is evaluated
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DO LOOPS
The good thing about a do… while loop is that it’s guaranteed to run through at least once. It’s structure is: do, followed by
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IF ONLY
If uses a Boolean expression within its statement. If the Boolean expression is true, the code within the statement is executed.
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IF YES, ELSE NO
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