Euclidis elementorum libri sex priores

graece et latine Tom 2 Complectens

Libr IV VI
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookstep.com/product/euclidis-elementorum-libri-sex-priores-graece-et-latine-
tom-2-complectens-libr-iv-vi/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Chrestomathia Historica Vol 1 Diodori Liber IV et major

pars libri V ac Pausaniae Liber IV

https://ebookstep.com/product/chrestomathia-historica-
vol-1-diodori-liber-iv-et-major-pars-libri-v-ac-pausaniae-liber-
iv/

Imperatoris Justiniani Institutionum libri IV Eduard

Schrader Editor

https://ebookstep.com/product/imperatoris-justiniani-
institutionum-libri-iv-eduard-schrader-editor/

Iulius Paulus Ad Neratium libri IV Gianni Santucci

https://ebookstep.com/product/iulius-paulus-ad-neratium-libri-iv-
gianni-santucci/

Politica Vol 2 Libri V VIII 1st Edition Aristotele

https://ebookstep.com/product/politica-vol-2-libri-v-viii-1st-
edition-aristotele/
Grammaire latine complète avec les exercices et leurs
corrigés 5th Edition Jean Larrasquet Matthieu Fecteau

https://ebookstep.com/product/grammaire-latine-complete-avec-les-
exercices-et-leurs-corriges-5th-edition-jean-larrasquet-matthieu-
fecteau/

Rodzina Monet Królewna Tom 2 Cz■■■ 2 1st Edition

Weronika Anna Marczak

https://ebookstep.com/product/rodzina-monet-krolewna-
tom-2-czesc-2-1st-edition-weronika-anna-marczak/

Rodzina Monet Królewna Tom 2 Cz■■■ 1 1st Edition

Weronika Marczak

https://ebookstep.com/product/rodzina-monet-krolewna-
tom-2-czesc-1-1st-edition-weronika-marczak/

Sex and the Greek Village ∆■µητρα Μανθε■κη

https://ebookstep.com/download/ebook-44983056/

La gauche en Amérique latine 1998 2012 Olivier Dabène

https://ebookstep.com/product/la-gauche-en-amerique-
latine-1998-2012-olivier-dabene/
 EUCLIDIS

ELEMENTA
GRAECE ET LATINE.

COMMENTARIO INSTIiUCTA

EDIDEHUNT

IO ANNES GUILELMUS CAMERER

EX

CAROLUS FRIDERIGUS HAUBER.

B E R O L I N I
S U M T I B U S G. R E I M E H r
MDCCCXXV.
 EUCLIDIS

ELEMENTORUM
L I B R I S E X P R I O R . E S

GRAECE ET LATINE

COMMENTARIO E SCRIPTIS VETERDM AC RECF.N-

TIOKDM MATHEMATICORUM ET PFLEJDERERI
MAXIME ILLUSTRATI.

ED1DIT

IOANNES G U I L E L M U S CAMERER
GYMNASII STUTTGAHDIAM KECTOli.

TOM. II. COMPLECTENS L!BR. IV—VI.

CUM VI, TABUL1S.

B E R O L I N I
S O M T I lì IJ S G. R E I M E R I
MDCCCXXV.
 E U C L I D I S

ELEMENTORUM

LIBRI SEX PRIORES.

Enclid. Element. P. II, A

 E T K A E I J O T

2 T 0 I X E I Q N
B I B A I O N T E T A P T O N.

"O P O I.

u.2yfiPa ev&vyQccfi/iov els cy^f.ta'£v&vyQaf.i/uovly-

ymaptoSai keyerai, otav ¿XUGTIJ TWV tov ¿yyoacpo-
/livov GyyfictTOS ytavimv t'xuoTqs TtXeVQus iov eis o
¡yyQarpiitti ixmrjiai.
p'. Syrjfia (ft o'fiotws neQi ay^fia nsQiyoaftoSai
'kLye.xai., OTKV EXUOTT] nltVQu iov ncQiyQuipojLiivov
inaafijs ywvias iov nsqi o TUQiyQUfpexai umrjTui.
y. 2yfjf.ia $s ¿v&vy(iapjuov ¿is v.vxlov iyyqd-
(f>iO&ai XcysTai 5 otuv exdovt] ywviu <vov iyyqafpo/xivov
¿'TITrj%tti tijs iov y.vzAov neQMptQsiccs-
d'. Ss (v&vyou/.t/iov nsQi uvxkov iftQi-
yQuqieaS-ai Mysiai, otav kxaatr, nlmou iov msqi-
yoacpo/iievov hpantrpai tijs tov xvzlov ii£Oi(ftQsias 1).
E. KVKIOS DK sis oyfif.m ¿¡iotas Myerat fyyqa-
(pEod-ai, otav rj tov v.vx/.ov neaicfjotia ¿¡tuavys nXtv-
QUS TOV els o ¿yyQucperai unr^iui 2).
1) Ita rectius omnino cum Cod. a. le^it Peyrardus. Prio-
res editiones h a b e b a n t : orav ixdary nltv^a irfi TOV XVXAOV nt-
picpspcias rov 7rsgiy(>a<pofiivov itfamrjzai.
2 ) S i vera s u n t , quae e R o b . Simson. ad I I I . D e f . 2. no-
t a r i m u s , hie legendum fuerit i f i n x ^ i a i .
 E U C L I D I S

E L E M E N T O R U M
L I B E R Q U A R T U S .

D E F I N I T I O N S S.

1. F j g u r a rectilínea in figura rectilínea inscribí dici-

t u r , quando unusquisque inscriptae figurae angulus
tarigít unumquodque latus eius, in qua inscribitur.
2. Figura autem similiter circa figuram circum-
scribi dicitur, quando unumquodque latus circumscri-
ptae tangit unumquemque angulum eius, circa quam
circumscribitur.
3. Figura vero rectilínea in circulo inscribi dici-
t u r , quando unusquisque angulus circumscriptae tangit
circuii circumferentiam.
4. Figura autein rectilínea circa circulum circum-
scribi dicitur, quando unumquodque latus circumscri-
pta« contingít circuii circumferentiam.
5. Circulus vero in figura similiter dicitur inscribí,
quando circuii circumferentia unumquodque latus eius,
in qua inscribitur contingít.

D E F I N.
Obs. Campanus habet tantum Unas primas lmius libci
deJìukioaes. At illae ipsaa nusquam adhibeatur. Hinc tlu-
4 ELEMENTORUM

g. Kv'/.Xos <U vuoi a y i j j i i a TTSQiyQarpia&ai Xfytrui,

OTUV t] tov KVK/.ou •jiiQKfiQtta éxaoTqs ywvias 10V
711-01 O TlFQiyftlilftTUt ¡ìlÌTTjTU.1.
Evitila sii Y.vvj.nv tvttQfió^sa&ut Xéyerai,
Utuv t« nÌQaza avrije erti rijs neQwpsQeias y tov
y.vy.Xov.

I I P O T A 2 I 2 «.

Eis tov òo&ivrti kvy.Xov rij ò'o&eioy ev&eta, ftrj

f i ei Covi ovai] Tt]s tov y.vxlov ò'w./itTOov, 'iortv tv&tluv
ivi'.Qjuooat.
"Ectuì ò ò'o&tìs xvy./.os ò A B T , rj Se d'odsioa
tv It i l a fit] fi?. ¿Cot v xiji tov '/.vkXov ò'iafisTQOv '»] A'
ó'ei Ùì] dg tov A B T v.vvJkov t-ìj A ev&ticc ìa-ijv ev-
&tiav tvuo/ooaui.
"H'i&oì tov A B P y.vvlov SiàfieTQos V B F ' F i
fvlv ovv ìot] ìgtiv ìj B F Tij A , yeyovòg uv sii] to
¿..iiiuyfttv ivrjQfiooTai ydo tt's tòv A B V y.vxXov trj

bium videri possit, annoii serins adiectae fueriiu ad analogiam

seqnentium.

P R O P O S I T.IO I.
O b s . Quum punctum r in circumferentia pro lubitu
s i m i queat, patet, innumeris modis problema (solvi posse,
nisi nova adhuc determinano accedat. Eiusmodi determinatio
ea esse potest, si punctum F datum esse sumere velis. Ve-
rum , etiam hoc sumto, duplex tamen, quod et Commandi-
nus m o n u i t , solutio locuai liabebit : aeque enim ducta recta
FZ ad punctum Z , in quo circuii iterum sibi occurrunt, pro-
blema» satisfaciet, ac recta TA. Alia determinatio haec esso
poterit, ut recta circulo inscribenda vel i p s a , vel producta,
pèr datum punctum transeat, quod non sit in circuii circum-
ferentia; vel ut ilia parallela sit rectae positione datac. Et,
 UBER QUARTUS. 5

6. Circulus autem circa figurar» eircumscribi tli-

c i t u r , quando circuii circumferentia u n u m q u e m q u e an-
g u l u m ipsiu? , circa quam circumscribitur, tangit.
7. Recta in circulo aptari d i c i t u r , quando termini
eiua' i n circumferentia sunt circuii.

P R O P O S I T I O I. (Fig. 2 8 3 . )

In dato circulo datae r e c t a e , quae non maior sit

diametro c i r c u i i , aequalem rectam aptare.

S i t datus circulus AB F, data autem recta A noti

m a i o r circuii diaijier.ro, oportet igitur in circulo AB F
rectae A aequalem rectam aptare.

Ducatur circuii AB F diameter BF. Si quidem

igitur BF aequalis est A, factum erit propositum.
A p t a t a est eriim. in circulo ABF, BF rectae A ae-

si quidem illud postuletur, ut recta circulo dato inscribenda

per datum punctum transeat, problema unum ex iis est, quae
Pappo testante in Praefat. ad libr. VII. Collect. Math. Apol-
lonius in li bri y -nini vevatojv tractavit. ( C f . Apollonii l'ergaci
Inclinât. L i b r i duo ed. Horsley Oxon. 1770. et : Die Biicher
des Apollonius von Perga de Inclinationibus von Diesterweg
Berlin. 1823 Et particulate illud problema facile solvetti!'
sequentem in modum.
A n a l . Putà factum, et Fig. 284.' recta y l B , quae ae-
qualis sit rectae datae J diametro non maiori, insciipta sit
circulo dato ABZ, eaque ipsa aut producta per datum pun-
*um r trançeat, quod non sit in circuii dati circumferentia.
Et 1 ) quidem, si recta data sit aequalis diametro circuii, recta
circulo inscribenda erit diameter per datum punctum ducta.
Si Autem non fuerit diameter, erit ex hyp. minor dianretro,
6 ELEMEMT0RU1TT

A ev'&eia iar¡ r¡ BF. El <5'¿ ov f<eí£mv tativ r¡ B F

T?¿S A, ital XEIO&O) IF¡ A ÍGIJ rt FE, v.ul X¿VTQO) PHV

tu) F, áiacTijfiaTi de r t J FE XVXXOQ ytyfiáfp&w ó

AEZ, xal tne^evy&w r¡ FA.
'Enel ovv TÓ F arjf.ttiov XIVTOOV ¿OTI rov AEZ
xvxXov, icr¡ loTiv r¡ FA if¡ rE. 'AXXu %r¡ A >r¡
FE taxiv Xar¡' xal t¡ A CÍQU if¡ FA taxlv í'at¡.
Eis apa tov do&évra xvxXov TOV ABF, <vf¡ So-
$•£¡01] evfriia 2~), fi-rj /leí^ovi ovoy ir¡Q TOV kvV.IOV
SiafxéxQOV, i'üf] ¿vr¡o[iuGiai r¡ FA. "Onen ttiti noti¡aai.

II P 0 T A 2 I 2 p.

Eis tov So&ívxa xvxXov ti¡¡ do&évzt TQiyúvm iao-

ywviov Tgiywvov ¿yyocíihai.
"Emm ó áo&els xvxXos o ABF, <10 rVs ó'o&iv TQÍ-
ymvov TO AEZ' Sel óij sis tov ABF xvxXov viá
AEZ íQiyúvo) iooyujviov TQi'ywvov ¿yyQojpui.

1) Peyrardus cum Cod. a legit : « Si fiti'Ouv evzlv r^BT

t7>s J , xtio&oj. Nos restituimits Jectionem ed. O x o n .

2) Peyiaidus cum Cod. a. omittit verba fiy fisíCovi o'voy

T7/t TOV xvxXov SínfíÍTQi v et eovum loco ponit ry J: nos ista
v e r b a , quae neccssariam omnino determinationem continent,
restituimus.

adeoque extra centrum E transibit O I L 1 5 . ) . Demissa igitur

in earn e centro perpendicularis E& earn bisecabit ( I I I . 3 . ) ,
adeoque, ob datan» AB, data erit dimidia A&, adeoque data
e r i t , vel inveniri poterit in triangulo ad 0 , rectángulo A0E,
in 'quo etiam J¡A datur, recta EQ ( I . 4 7 . Cor. 2 0 . ) v e l di-
stautia , qua recta All a centro E abest, v e l , ut aliter dica-
mus, notum e r i t , in qua distantia a centro E situm esse de-
beat punctum Q, nempe in circulo cbnt.ro E, radio E9 de-
scripto. ( Q u o d ipsum brevius e H I , 15. Cor. derivari po-
terat.). Q u i circuí us si describatur, continget eum recta AB
 LIBER QUARTÙS. n

qualis. ßin minus, maiör est BT ipsa A, et pónatur

ipsi A aequalis TE (I. 3.)» et centro T, intelailo
vero TE, circulus describatur AEZ \Post. 3.) j et
iungatur TA.
Quoniam igitur punctum T centrum est circuii
AEZ, aequalis est TA ipsi TE. Sed TE ipsi /l
est aequalis ; et A igitur ipsi TA est aequalis.
In dato igitur circulo ABT, datae rectae, quae
non maior est diametro circuii, aequalis aptata est
TA. Ouod oportebat facere.

P R O P O S I T I O II. (Fig. 285.)

In dato circulo inscribere triangulum aequiangulum
dato triangulo.
Sit datus circulus ABT, datum vero triangulum
AEZ; oportet in circulo ABT triangulo AEZ aequi-
angulum triangulum inscribere.

in © (III. 16.), adeoque tota extra eum posita erit. linde,

ut recta AB transire possit per gpunctum datum /*, necesse
est, ut punctum r non sit intra circulum centro E , radio
E®, descriptum. Quodsi non fuerit, problema reductum est
ad hoc: e puncto dato JT, quod non sit intra circulum datum,
ducere ad hunc circulum rectam, quae eum contitigau, i. e-
ad III. 17.
Compositio problematis itaque hue redit. Si recta data J
aequalis sit diametro circuii dati, ducatur per punctum datum
T diameter cuculi. (Punctum nempe T a centro E diversum
esse sumitur, quodsi non Toret, quaevis diameter pvoblemati
satisfaceret.). Sin autem recta data minor sit diametro circuii
dati, stimatili' in circumferentia circuii punctum quodcunqiie
B, et ex IV. 1. circulo inscribatur recta IIIi-J-, et, demisso
in Uli perpendiculo EI, centro E, radio El, describatur cir-
culus. Quodsi iam punctum datum T sit intra hunc circu-
8 ELEMENTORUM

"Hy&m toi ABT xvxXov tyanvopivi] t j HQ «ata

to A, xal avvEGiaTt» hquq ¡j,hv t i j AQ svdsia xal
T(ä nqos a v t i j atj/Loeiu %iä A ¿tij vno AEZ yoivict tat]
<t} vno QAP noos Sh %ij HA ev&sia xal im uqos
u v x f j a y f i e i u ) Tai A i f j vno }JZiAE ymvia iot] rj vnd
HAB, xal £ne£ev)[d-to rj BT.
'Enel ovv xvxXov rov ABT ¿(pdnzitai rig ¿vS-elu
ilj OA, xal ano r i j s xaxd TO A ¿narpijs els tov xv-
xXoV $iijx%ai ev&ela t] AT' t j aqa vno SAT iorj
I g t ) T f j iv T(» ivuXXd^ %ov xvxXov %/urj/iiaTi ytavU,
r y vno ABr. AXX' r j vno QAT i f ] vno AEZ
icvlv i'atj' xal rt vno ABT aQa ymvia r y vno AEZ
iaTiv iatj. Aid Tit awu örj xal y vno ATB ttj vno
ZAE toriv iat], xal Xoinij ctnu rt vno BAr Xomij
i r j vno EZA ¿OTir l a y iaoymviov aqa iotl TO ABT
TQiywvov i(f> AEZ TQiywvw, xal tyyeyQanvai eis tov
ylBT y.vxXov.

l u m , problema solvi neqnit. Si autem HK transeat per pun-

ctum r , factum eric, quod petebatnr. Sin minus ex puncto
T ducatur recta ArB circulum interiorem contingens (III.
17. vel III. 16. Cor.) eritque ilia —HK (Obs. 4. ad III. 18.)
Et patet ex III. 17. duas semper soluliones locum ha-
bere, excepto eo casu, quo punctum f est in circumferentia
civculi interioris, qui nou nisi unam solutionem admittit.
Notari meretur, ad facillimum hoc et simplicissimum problema
facile reduci posse alia magis composita v. c. problema, cir-
culo dato inscribendi triangulum , cuius duo latera parallela
sint duabus rectis positione da lis, ; et cuius tertium latus trans-
eat per datum punctum, vel generalius problema circulo dato
inscribendi Polygonum quodcunque, quod impavem laterum
namenim Iiabeai, ita , ut eins latera omnia , i uno excepto,
sint parallela vectia positione da l i s , reliquum autem latus
transeat per, punctum datum , vel otiam , ut omni polygoni
 LIBEK QÜARTUS. 9

Ducatur recta H& contingens circulum ABT ín

A ( I I I . 1 7 . ) , et constituatur ad rectam AO et ad p u n -
ctura in ea ángulo AEZ aequalis QAT (I. 23.);
rursus, ad rectam HA et ad punctum in ea A án-
g u l o ZAE aequalis HAB, et iungatur BT.

Quoniam igitur circulum ABT contingit aliquif

recta QA, a contactu autem ad A in circulo ducta est
recta AT, angulus OjIT aequalis est ángulo ABT
in alterno circuli segmento (III. 32.). Sed angulus
QAT ipsi AEZJ est aequalis; angulus igitur ABT
ipsi AEZ est aequalis. E x eadem ratione et angulus
ATB ipsi- ZAE est aequalis, et reliquus igitur BAT
r e l i q u o EZA est aequalis ( I . 32.). Trianguhmi igitur
ABT aequiangulum est triangulo AEZ, et inscriptum
est in circulo ABT.

latera transeant per puncta data, aliaque huius generis plura,

quod primum ostendit Annibale Giordano di Ottaiano ( M e -
morie di Fisica e di Math, della Società Italiana T . I V . ) , et
post eum eodem loco Malfatti. Cf. l'Huilier Elémens d'Ana-
lyse Géométrique et d'Analyse Algébraique j . 13.6. sqq. Klii-
gel. Wôrterb. T . I H . p. 155. Meier, Hirsch. Sanimi, geom.
A u f g . I. T h . j . 150. sqq. Carnot. Géom. de Position. Trans-
eamus iam ad aliud, de quo ante diximus, problema. Iii-
scribenda nempe sit circulo dato recta AB aeqiialis rectae datas
d, quae non maior esse ponitur, quam circuii diameter, ita,
ut recta AH simul parallela sit redae positione datae. Piae-
termisso eo casu, guo recta data J aequalis est diametro,
ostendetur, ut in problemate . precedente, rectam AB esse
contingentem circuii ex eodem centro cum cimilo dato de-
Scripti : cuius radii quadratum aequale sit differentiae quadrati
radii circuii dati, et quadrati dimidiae vectae J . Quum itaqus
 10 EL E DI E M T O R V M

jEis tov fio&tvTa uoa v.vzXov toj fio&¿VTt TQiyoivtp

iaoywviov TQiywVov iyyiyqanxui. "Otisq td'ei noiijaui.

11 P O T A S I S y.
ITtQi róv fio dtvta nv/J.ov tu» Ó'o&ívti TQiymvw

iaoywviov iQiyiovov ntruyocnliai.

"Eatw o fio&eig y.vxAos o ABE, to fie fio&ívzni-

ywvov to AEZ" fiel fi¡!¡ ne\ol tov ABE ihvyXov tú

AEZ Toiyaiviu iaoywviov TQt'ywvov aisQiyQciipat.

' E% fí e filiad-m v¡ EZ tip' éy.áveoa t a ./.ifQt] v. aid

T« H, Q arpíela, v.ai s í X r ¡ < p t o v ABE y.vzkov

Ksvtqov to K, y.ai fiifyS-u cog é'Tvyev ev&ela y KB,
xai ovveotÚto) tiqos %r¡ K B ev&eía nal toj tiqos

uv<if¡ G7¡/biela> tú K Ttj phv vnó AEH ymvía iar¡ <r¡

imó B K A , if¡ fie v j i o AZO i'at] r¡ vnó B K E , v.ai

fiia tu)V A , B , E Gr¡{ÁEÍ(av ijy-d-woav (rpantóii-svai

tov ABT xvy.lov ai A AM, MBN, NEA.

KaV tnei í'fiámovTui tov ABE v.vvj.ov ai A M ,

MN, NA y.azu tc¡ A, B, E , ano fie tov K xívtqov

ijií id A, B', E or¡/.isla im^tvyvv ¡xavaí eiaiv al

K A , K B , KE' ¿Q&aí aoa eiaiv c¡l iiqoq toís A ,

1) Verba: ano Sé tov K kívtqov tul ra A, B, JT, quae

cum Cod. a. omittit Peyrardus, ex antiq. ed. restituimus,
quod magia determinate exptiraunt, rectas ex centro ductas
esse.

hie circulus eodem ac ante modo describí possit, problema

N reditad i d , de quo Obs. 5. ad III, 17. diximtis. Aliam et
faciliorem liuius problematis eolutionem tradunt Commandi-
nus et ex eo Clavius. Nempe ducta diámetro rectae positione
datae parallela , abscindantur in ea e centro ex utraque parte
segmenta aequalia dimidiae rectae J , atque ex liorum extre-
mitatibns erigantur ad diametrum perpendicula, quae inter se
comprehendent segmenta .circuli, quorum singulae chordae
 LIBER QUARTU5. 11

In dato igitur circulo triangulum dato triangulo

aequiangulum descriptum est. Quod oportebat facere.

P R O P O S I T I O III. (Fig. 286.)

Circa datum circulum dato triai)gulo aequiangulum
triangulum circumscribere.
Sit datus circulus ABF, datum autem triangulum
d E Z ' , oportet circa ABF circulum triangulo AETJ
aequiangulum triangulum circumscribere.
Producatur EZ ex utraque parte ad H, O puncta,
et sumatur centrum K circuii ylBF (III. 1 . ) , et du-
catur utcunque recta KB, et constiluatur ad KB re.
ctam et ad punctum in ea K angulo JEH aequalis
BKA, angulo vero /JZO aequalis BKF (I. 23.) et
per puncta A, B, F ducantur recta e AAM, MBJS,
NFA circulum ABF contingentes.

Et quoniam contingunt circulum ABT rectae AM,

MN, NA in punctis A, B, J", ex centro K autem
ad puncta A, B, F ductae sunt KA, KB, KF,
recti sunt anguli ad puncta A, B, F (III. 18.). Et
pro^ositum efficienf. Caeterum (ope III. 2 0 . ) ad lioe pro-
blema facile reducitùr i l l u d : circulo dato inscribere triaii 'ii-
l u m , cuius singula latera parallela sint rectis positione dati»,
quae ojnnes se intersecant.

P R O P O S I T I O II.
O b s . In hoc quoque problem ate punctum A in circum-
fereatia pro lubitu s i i m i , aut datum esse, a ut nova aliqua
alia conditio accedere potest. Praeterea, eti^ni si punctum A
datum sit, triangulum circolo inscnbendum sex diversis mo-
llis in circulo poni poterit. Nempe angulus 0A f cuilibet an-
guloram E, J , Z aequalis fieri potest, quo ipso iam ties
12 E L E M E N T (FU U S I

B , r orjfielois yoviai. Kai ènei rov AMBKTSTQK-

nXevQov ai t éaaaQsg ywviai Tt.iQaaiv ¿Qd-alg ìoai eia i r ,
(ne idoneo xal eig dito rqiymva diametral TO AMBK,
xal eia tv ¿Q&cù ai vnò MAK, KBM ywviar '/.omac-
ci oa ai vnò AKB, AMB ò'voir ¿tì&als ìoai eloiv.
JSiòl db xal ai vnò AEH, AEZ ò'voiv òg&aìs iocu-
ai C!QU vnò AKB, AMB rais vnò AEH, AEZ hai
etolv, OJV rj vnò AKB irj vnò AEH ioTÌvi'oy ).oinrt
aQa i] vnò AMB Xoinij ti] vnò AEZ èorlv lot].
'Ofioiiag ò'rj ò'siydeaerai ori xal vnò ANM trj vnò
AZE totip tot]' xal lomrj ciga 1] vnò MAN loinjj
iij vnò EAZ iorlv ÌO?J. 'IooymviQV aqa ROTI YO

AMN rfìlymvov AEZ rqiymvm, xal neQiyéyqantai

neql ròv ABT xvtikov.
IISQI IQV ' fìo&tvza doa xvxXov tot do&évri TQI-
yuivuì looydìviov vqiymvov neoiyéyoantai. Oweo tÒei
noiffitti'

II P O T A 2 I 2 f .

Els TO So&iv toiytjjvov y.vvAov èyyQaipai.

"EOTIO TO J'O &ìv toiyoivov tò ABT m dei Sij eìs TO
ABT iQÌymvov xvxXov ¿yyQuipui.

modi trianguli constltuendi efficiuntur. D e i n d e , cuicunque

angulorum E, J , Z angulum QAF aequalem facias, duo ìe-
Jiqui adhuc snguli locum inter se mutare possuut, quo itaque
sex omnino modi prodeunt. Magnitudo tamen laterum tri-
anguli semper eadem e s t , quamvis variali possit eorum po-
sitio. Facile etiam p a t e t , reduci hoc problema posse (ut a
Borellio factum est) ad Prop. UT. 34, adeoque etiam ad al-
terarti, quae ibi aliata est, solutionem, vel eam quoque, qttam
tum habuimns, conditionem admittere.
Cor. Nominatim itaque circulo dato triangulum aequi-
 L t EE n Q U A R T O 9. 13

quoniam quadrilateri AMBK quatuor arguii qiiutuof

rectis aequales sunt (1. 3 2 . ) , quippe in duo triangula
dividitur AMBK, et sunt recti anguli MAKi KBMi
reliqui igitur AKB, AMB duobus rectis aequale9
s u n t ; sunt autem et AEH, AEZ duobus rectis ae-
quales (I. 1 3 . ) ; anguli igitur AKB, AMB angulis
AEH, AEZ aequales sunt, quorum AKB ipsi AEH
est aequalis ; reliquus igitur A MB reliquo JEZ est
aequalis. Similiter ostendetur et angulum ANM ipsi
AZE esse aequalem ; et reliquus igitur MAS reliquo
EAZ est aequalis. Triangulum igitur AMN aequi-
angulum est triangulo AEZ><et circumscribitur circum
ABT circulum.

Circa datum igitur circulum dato triangulo aequi-

angulum triangulum circumscriptum est. Q u o d opor-
tebat facere.

P R O P O S I T I O IV. ( F i g . 287.)
In dato triangulo circulum inscribe«;.
Sit datum triangulum AFB', oportet in triangulo
ABT circulum inscribere.

angulum, adeoque (I. 6.) aequilaterum inscribetui' ope I 1.

quod ipsum fieri posse in IV. 16. sumitur.

P R O P O S I T I O nr.
O b s . Similes hie observations locum liabeut ac in p r e -
cedente. Nempe punctum B pro lubitu, we t tv/s, in cir-
cumferentia sumi aut etiaxn duiam esse, aut qiiacuiique alia
ratione determinali potest. Deinde etiam determinato puncto
B sex vai'iis modis tl'ianguli AM.N situs variari potest, quam-
vis magnitudo lateium non varietim Praeterea iure quidem
14 ELEMENTOBUM

'J'iTii^GÏÏomav ai vitò ABF, ATB yio v lui âiya

raïs BA, FA evfrétais, y. ai avft/ïaXXtTwaav aXXqlais
itazù t o A ar/iiïd^, v.ui ijy&oiuav ¿nò rov A kit làg
AB, BF, FA tv&ilaç xddtTot ai AE, AZ, AH.
Kià ¿7rei ici] imïv 'ij v-:i o ABA y tov la t j ; vtto
AB F, ¿oïl '/• al ¿çd-y rj imo BEA òoth] r ij vu à
BZA ïaij, âvo ô'ij Toiyoïvd tort, rd EBA, ZBA, r as
âvo yiaviag iute <)'vai ywviats îcas t'yovta, xai filciv
nXsvoùv ft iû TiXtVQii ÏGtjv, %i]v vnotsivovcav vnó
¡liav imp ioo)v ywvimv, v.oivi]v uvtûv d)v BA, vai
r as /.ùindç do a nXtvoclg raïs /.o iti al s nXevçaïs ïdag
t^ovaiv ÏGtj tloa i] A E iìj AZ. Aid tu avrà ò')] xai
ìj AH ry AZ tortv ïgï]. yli rçag ciou tv&tîui ai
AE, AZ, AH ïoat ù)J.i'j"/Mis siaiv o doa xiviço) %w
A, xai òuiGiì'tfta%i évi riâv AE, AZ, AH xvxlos
ynucpouivos ïjitt Xai âtcl toîv Xoinwv ayfisiwv, xai
((pdipnui toiv AB, BFr, FA evd-smv,. ô'td ro oç-
•&ds that ids tiqÒs tots E, Z, H atj/nslots yrnvius-
El ydç 'tenil avrdg j total rj âtafiitQto tov xvxXov
nçog ôçOdg ù;c azoas uyo/iivy tvroç ninrovoa tov
xvxXov, onto utonov tdeiyjhj' ovx uqu o xtvTQta A,
ó'iaGTi'/utzi ài évi Ttûv AE, AZ, AH yçarpôfievos

observât Austin., demonstrtïi oportere, contingentes AM,

BN, TA inter se convenire, quod facillimum est, ducta V.
c. recta AB, quae turn, quum anguli KAM, KBN recti sinty
summam an»ulorum
D MAB ,' MBA duobus rectis minorem et-

lìciet, linde res coiisequitur ope 11. axiom, vel I. Post. 5.,
•veruni eandem demonstrationem iam dederat Tacquet. De-
niqiie notandum Peletarium et Borellium aliam adhuc huius
pi'oblematis solutionem exhibeie, in q u a , ope praecedentis
ptopositionis primum cuculo triangulum dato aequiangulum
inscribitui', et deinde ope problem» in Obs, 5. ad I H . 17.
 LIBER {DARIUS. 15

Secentnr ABV, ATB anguli bifariam a rectis BA,

FA (I. 9.)> et conveniant infer se in puncto A, et
ducantur a J ad AB, BF, TA rectae perpendicula-
res AE, AZ, AH (I. 12.).
E t quoniam aequalis est angulas ABA ángulo AB jTf
est autem et rectus BEA recto BZA aequalis; duo
igitur sunt triangula EBA, ZBA, duos ángulos duo-
bus angulis aequales habentia, et u n u m latus uni la-
teri aequale, et utrique commune BA, quod uni ae-
qualium angulorum subtenditur ; ergo et reliqua latera
reliquis lateribus aequalia habebunt (I. 26.) ; aequalis
igitur AE ipsi AZ. E x eadem ratione et AH ipsi
AZ est aequalis. T r e s igitur rectae AE, AZ, AH
aequales inter se sunt ; ergo centro A , et intervallo
una ipsarum AE, AZ, AH circulus descriptus transi-
bit et p e r reliqua puncta, et continget AB, BT, FA
rectas, propterea quod recti sunt ad E, Z, H puncta
anguli. Si enim secet ipsas, recta diametro circuii ad
rectos ángulos ab extremitate ducta intra ipsum cadet
circulum, quod absurdum ostensum est (III. 16.) ;
circulus igitur centro A, intervallo autem una ipsa-
r u m AE, AZ, AH descriptus non secat rectas AB,

rectae inscripti huius trianguli latevibits paiallelae circulum

contingentes ducuntur. Caeteium de simili problemate gene-
raliore vide infra ad IV. Obs. 2.

P R O P O S I T I O IV.
O b s . 1. Analysis huius pi'oblematis ita instituí potest.
Quum centrum circuii esse debeat ex III. 17. Obs» 1. in recta,
quae angulum ABT bifariam dividit, dividat eum bifariam
recta BJ, eiitque in BJ centrum circuii ( v e l , ut aliter geo-
metimum more dicamus, erit recia BJ locus cantri circuii
16 EIEMENTORUM

JOJY.A0S ri/tVei rdgAB. BT, TA iv&eiac tfpuipireu

tig a uvrwv xai tarai xvxkog ¿yytyoufi/nvos tts ró
ABT tfjiyi-ovor. 'Eyyeygùcp&w w$ ZEH
Eie « 0 « TO ito&lv TQl'yiOVOV to ABT v.vkXqs ¿y-
yìyQimim o EZH. Onttj iòti noiffiia.

Il P O T A 2 I 2 ¿.
IIeoi to óo&tv TQiymrov xvxlov mQiyQailiai.
"Emo) to òo&tv tQtywvov to ABT' Sal dq srepi
to So&iv tQi'ywvov to ABT xvxlov nsQiygcluiai.
TsTfirjO&woav ai AB, AT evdtìtu ùiyu xurd rd
J , E arhaeia, xul ihiò t w v A, E u^/lìsudv rais AB,
AT ngòs òoftàs rjy&wauv ai AZ, ZE• ovfineuovv*
rat St ìj-Toi ivrog rov ABT roiyuivov, rt ini rys BT
iti-Vila's, rt tY.ròs rijs BT.

1) Vciba ; 'Eyye/gatp&io vh ZEH, quae in edti. Oxon. te

Basil, omissa sunt, recte omniuo e Cod. a restituii Peyrardus.
P.iriter certe in Prop. 5. 9. 13. 14. ad finem similia verba ad-
iecta legimus. E a d e m tamen ad iineni Prop. 6. desunt.

describendi). Eodem m o d o , quum id centrum esse debeat

in r e c t a , quae angulum ATB bifariam d i v i d i t , dividat eum
bifariam recta r j , eritque in recta l ' J centrum circuii. Erit
itaque in cpncursu, utriusque rectae. Rectas autem BJy TJ
necessario c o n c u r r e r e , facile pater. Q u u m enim anguli ABT
ATB simili minores sint d u o b u s rectis ( I . 17.), multo magia
anguli JBr, jrB simul ( q u i p p e dimidii priorura) minores
crune duobus r e c t i s , adeoque rectae BJ, Td convenient ( A x .
11. vel I . Post. 5.).
O b s . 2. C o r . 1. Q u u m e d a m rectab AB, AH circulum
c o n t i n g a n t , recta quoque A H , quae angulum R A T bifariam
d i v i d i t , in eodem puncto A,' centro circuii, conveniet ( I I I .
17. O b s . 1.). Itaque tres rectae, quae anguloé trianguli ali-
cuius bifariam s e c a n t , in eodem intra ipsum puncto conve-
 LIBER QBARTUS. 17

B T , TA'% contingit igituv i p s a s , et erit citcultis de-

s c r i p t u s in t r i a n g u l o ABT (IV. Def. 5.). Inscribatur
ut ZHE>
In dato igitur triangulo ABT cifculus inscrlptus
est EZH> Q u o d oportebat facers.

P R O P O S I T I O V. (Fig. 290.)

Circa datum' triangulum circulum eircumscribere.

. Sit datum triangulum A B T ; oportet circa datum
t r i a n g u l u m ABT circulum circuniscribere.
Seceritur ABt AT r e c t a e b i f a r i a m in J , E pun-
ctis ( I . 1 0 . ) , e t p u n c t i s A, E i p s i s AB, AT ad re-
c t o s a n g u l o s d u c a n t u r AZi, ZE (I. 11.). Convenient
autem vel intra triangulum ABT, vel in recta BJ~>
vel extra BT.

niunt. E t v i c e v e r s a : R e c t a , quae ex p u n c t o J , in q u o con->

v e n i u n t r e c t a e , quae duos a n g u l o s B et r t r i a n g u l i bisecant,
ad tertium angulurti ducituv, liunc q u o q u e bisecat ( O b s . 2 .
ad X. 26. Cas. 5.). Cf. Pileiderer., e cuius annotationibua
partim maniisciipLis, ctiam in lioc l i b r o p l u l a hausiftius,
Scliol. in V I . E l e n i . P . I . J j . 41. 4 2 . Caeterum i p s a m pro-
positionem IV. 4. E u c l i d e s ex a b s u r d o demonstrat, Hob.
Sirnson. paulo bievius directe, Neqiid v e r o cum Mattliias
(Auszug aus R o b . Simsons U e b e r s e t z t m g ) d i x e i i m , verba «»
yu(j ttfitZ avrae tt. r . /.. usque ad finem demonstrationis m a -
nifesto ouosuni esse additamentum. Ad indirectam demonstra-
tioneni ornnino necessaiia sunt.
O b s . 3. C o r . 2 . E t , quae a p u n c t o , i n q u o ties rectae
conveniunt , quae a n g u l o s alicuius trianguli b i s e c a n t , a d la-
tera eius trianguli d e m i t t u n l u r , sunt inter se aequalia.
O b s . 4 . C o r. 3. Et, qunm sit AE—AII, et TZ—TH
(HI. 17. O b s . 5 . ) , erit itaque BZ+BE, v e l , q u o d eodem
l-edit, 2 B E excessus, q u o s u i d i m d u o r u m laterum BA, BT
Euclid. Element, P. II. B
18 ELEWENTORUM

HvfiTTimiriOGC'.v ovv TTQOTSQOV ¿VTÓS xaru ró Z ,

nal kte&vy&wouv ai Z B , Z F , Z A . Kul tnti 'inr¡
¿mi)' y A A xf¡ B/1, xoivtj di -A al Tiptíg oo&us i) J Z '
(iiiais liga t¡ A Z ¡iútset ri¡ Z B ¿mtv tarr 'Ojtioíws
ó'ij ÜÍ-ÍÍO/IÍV ort '/.ai tj F Z rr¡ A Z ¿orír ioi¡, olere
nal •>) Z B if¡ Z r ¿orí)' iaij• ai TQEIS aQu ai 7JA ,
Z B , Z r í'oai dXX^Xaii; íiolv. ' O a o a YJVTQO) tw Z ,
<)'tac)vr<uuTi Si éri TMV Z A , Z B Z F xv/.Xos you~
I/ ófiivog 7 , ' j t í VMI d'ai rtñv Xotviwv Gi¡fieíoiv, xai s'ciai
«foiytyoo.fi/itvus o y.vxXos siegl to A B F TQÍyowov.
JleQiyQurpta&o) wg o A B F .
'AXXd ó'ij ai A Z , E Z Gvfinimízwouv ¿al ii¡s
B F iv&iiug "Aala to Z , vis ¿"/ti tnl %i¡s ó'evríQtis
y.v.zayQUff'i^, * « i ¿•TrtCtvyS-u) t] A Z . 'Oponas ty
So/ííj' ¿>Tt TÓ Z arhi(siov '/.¿VTQOV LATÍ TOV TIÍQI to
A B F rQtyowov 'Ji£<jtyQtí(fOfitvov xvxXov.
'Allá di) ai A Z , E Z 0VFI7TINTITÜ)GC(V ¿«TOS TOV
A B F tQiyiivov, y.ard ró Z núXiv, ws t'yjt tnl rijs
rorros zarayoufi's, xcii ¿:ie£evyd-oiaav al A Z , B Z ,
r Z . Kut tu i i náXiv 'íar¡ ¿oiip r¡ A/1 rf¡ /IB, y.otvtf

superat tertium A T , q u o ipso p r o p i u s determinan».' I. 20.

H a n c o b s s i ' v a l i o n e m C l a v i u s ad I o a n n , B a p t i s t a m B e n e d i c t u m
refert.
O b s. 5. Facile p a t e t , eadem r a t i o n e s o l v í p r o b l e m a g e -
«eraüus, quo . iubetur ciiculus describí, q u i cotitíngat tres
rectas p o s i t i o n e d a t a s , q u a e n o n o m n e s tres í n t e r se s u n t p a -
rallelae. Eiunt e n í m v e l a) ( F i g . 288.) d u a e r e c t a t ' u m p o s i -
t i o n e d a t a r u m AB, T J parallelae , et s e c a b u n t u r a tertis AT
iu p u n c t i s A, T , et t u m e o d e m m o d o o s t e n d e t u r , si a n g u l i
r A B , ATJ b i f a r i a m s e c e n t u r r e c ' i s T E , AE, has rectas i n
ptmcto aliquo E convenire, et demissa e x E in rectas p e r -
pendicula E Z , E@, EII cese i n t e r se a e q u a l i a , a d e o q u e c i r -
 LIBER QUARTU9. 19

Conveniant igitur primuin intu's in Zt et iungan.

tur ZB, ZT, ZA. Et quoniam AA aequalis est
SA, communis autem et ad rectos ángulos AZ; basis
igitur AZ basi Zìi est aequalis ( I . 4.). Similiter
ostendemus et rectam TZ rectae AZ esse aequalem,
quare et ZB aequalis est ZT\ tres igitur ZA, ZB,
ZT aequales inter se sunt. Ergo circulus centro Zt
intervallo autem una ipsarum ZA* ZB, ZT descri-
ptus transibit et p e r r e l i q u a puncta, et erit, circulus
circumscriptus (IV. Def. 6.) circa ABF triangulum.
Circumscribatur ut AB P.
Sed AZ, EZ conveniant in recta BF in Z > ut
in secunda figura, et iungatur AZ. Similiter osten-
demus punctnm Z centrum esse circuii circa ABI1
triangulum circumscripta

Sed AZ, EZ conveniant extra triangulum ABT,

rursus in Z, ut in tertia figura, et iungantur AZ,
BZ, TZ. E t quoniam rursus A A aequalis est AB,
communis autem et ad rectos ángulos AZ', basis igi-

culum centro E, ifdio EZ descriptum tres rectas in Z, 0,

H contingere. Et eodem modo edam e x altera rectao AT
parte invenietur circulus, qui piopositum efficiet. Al iter,
ducto ad utramque rectarum parallel arum perpendículo quo-
cunque ZH, coque in E bifariam diviso, ac per E ducta
recta Et parallela rectis AB, T j , ostendetur, in hac paral-
lela esse centra describtndoruni circulorum. íVel (Fig- 289.)
b) nulla rectarum positione datarum parallela erit alteri.
Omnes igitur tres AB, BP, AT Inter se convenient , vel
triangulum ABT efficient, adeoque problema idem erit, quod
nostrum I V . 'I. et invenietur centrum J circuii intra triangu-
lum describendi, qui tres rectas AB, BT, Ar contingat.
20. EJLEMENTOltllftl

JÌ y.at 71QÒQ ¿Q&de 1} AZ' »/?«'&/£ c'ÌQa rj AZ (¡doti

it] ZB iorlv iaij. 'Ofioiios fit] ò'i/'io/itv cu zcù rj
Zr tf) ZA iativ tut], (¡¡eie stai f; ZB Tt] ZF ioriv
ict], o tip« nuXtv xtvroi') tw Z, ÒiuGTfj/tuxi ó'h ivi
imv ZA, ZB, ZF xvxkos yQcupó/i-evos ijèsi xu't ótu
tì5V Xoi'jiMV oi/fielwv, xui tarai ntotyocMfo/itvog ns()l
•io ABI 1 iQ/'yiovor. Kai yeyodfpd-w wg ABT.
HtQÌ TO òo&iv itoci TQÌyuwov XVKXOS ntQtytyQa-
Tirai. "OnsQ tósi notfjoai.

J1 O P I 2 M A.
Kui (pavsoòv on, ore fihv tviòs tov TQiywvov
ninni TO KtvtQov tov y.vxXov , y vnò BAT ywvla,
tv /usinovi %j.vr]{M%i tov ij/uxvxXiov rvyyuvovocc, iXdr-
toiv ìotÌì> oQ&iji;' ove (Té ini tijs BT tv &ti us to xt'r-
%aov nini si, y vnò BAI' ymvia tv rjfuy.vxXiui tv-
yydvovaa ¿Qfrtj iariv ots óh TO' vJvxqov tov y.vy.Xov
ixTÒe TQiymvov y r / W e t 1 ) , ij vnò BAT, ìv éXùxTovi

1) Ita sane rectius Peyrardus ex Cod. a liabet, quam v u l -

gata lectio : '¿Tav ixrùt Tifi HI' evfrtiasrò kìvtqov nhtxu. Cae-
teium iam Gregorius in versione latina veram lectioaem ex-
press«.

Facile autem p a t e t , eodem modo intra spalia KBTQ, AB AN,

MTAO describi posse circulos, qui rectas AB, Br, AT extra
triangulum ABr contingent. Nolumus huic p r o b l e m a » , quod
unum ex iis e s t , quae Apollonius in libris de Tactioiiibus
tractavit, plenius evolvendo insistere. Flura scitu digna, quae
ad illud p e r t i n e n t , et ex hac constructione derivati potsunt,
congessit Pileiderev. ebene Trigonometrie Tiib. 1602. Ita v .
„ , AB+AT-bBr
c. facile p a t e t , esse A s — A r i = . 9 , pai'lter ac in
„ ,, AR-b/ir-BF ,
Obs. 1. vidimus 'esse A B ' ' ' ^ > e t angulum aBo
esse rectum etc.
 LIBER QUARTUS. 21

tur AZ basi ZB est aequalis (I. 4.). Similiter osten-

demus et ZT aequalem ess? ZA, quare et ZB ae-
qualis est ZT; ergo rursus circulus centro Z, inter-
vállo autem una ipsarum ZA, ZB, ZT descriptus
transibit per reliqua puncta, et erit circa triangulum
ABT circumscriptus. Describatur igitu'r ut ABT.

Circa datum igitur triangulum circulus circumscri-

ptus est. Quod oportcbit facere.

C O R O L L A R I U M .
Et manifestum est, quod si centrum circuii intra
triangulum cadit, angulus BAT, in segmento maiore
quam semicirculo positus, minor sit recto ; si au-
tem centrum in rectam BT cadit, angulus BAT, in
semicirculo positus, rectus sit ; si vero centrum cir-
cuii extra triangulum cadit, angulus BAT, in seg-
mento' minore quam semicirculo, maior sit recto.

F R O P O S I T I O V.
O b s . 1. Rob. Simson. putat, demonstrationem huius
proposition» ab aliquo vitiatam ease, non enim ostenderc,
rectas, quae latera triangnli bifariam et ad ángulos rectos se-
cant , inter se convenire, et inepte dividere pvopositionem in
tres casus, cura una eademque demonstrado omnibus inser-
viat, ut iam Campanus observant. Et illud quidem, rectas,
quae ex J et E ad ángulos rectos laleribus ducuntui y ínter
se convenire, facile, ut est apud Campanum, probatur; ducta
recta à E , unde res eodom modo ex Ax. 11. vel I. Post. 5.
patet, ac in IV. 3. de rectis circulum contingentibus. Quod
autem rectae /'Z, EZ nec in unam line.im coincidere possint,
inde patet, quod «i id fieret, rectae AB, Ar forent inter se
parallelao (I. 28.), quod est -contra hypotliesin. Rob. Simson.
rectas éZ, EZ convenire inde prob.it, quod si non convelli-
22 E L E M E N T O R UBI

T/Litj/nan xov yfiittvxXíoy %vyyávovaa, /nei£wv totìv

¿ Q & T ¡ S ' S I G L E X A Ì OTCCV ¿XÚTTWV ¿ Q D Y S rvy/javì] 1}
8ido}t¿vr¡ yiovtci, Í V T O S tQiywvov
tOV av/INEAOVWAI

tú JZ, EZJ' ¿xav Sh ¿Q&ij, ini itjs BF' ocav ós

F I A ' ^ W V ¿ Q F R T J S , SXTÒS VOV A TQiywvov 1).
B R

Il P O T A 2 I 2 V.
Eìs tòv ó'o&tvra uvxXov ittQctywvov tyyQutyat.
"JEoria 0 SoS-tle xvx'/.os 0 ABTA del 8r¡ tig tòv
ABFJ avxXov tetoúywvov tyyoáiput.
"fjy 'hiiaav xov ABTJ wvxXov ctvo dia/isiQoi TVQÒS

¿nfràs àXXrjXais ai AT, BA xal lne£evy&<a cú. AB,

BF, FJ, AA.

1) 'Exroe roti AlìF XQiyvivov ex coniectura, quam iam

versiones Campani, C l a y i i , Oregorii, Rob. Simsonis aliorum-
que habent, posuimus pro vulgata omnium editionum (in
Paris, ex sphalmate typographic!) est tvxòt pro íxto's) ¿XTOS
T7/S lì F.

rent paiat'elae forent ; at si parallelae forent dZ, EZ , paral-

lelae quoque forent AB , AI', qui iis sunt ad ángulos rectos.
Hanc de monstri tionem reprehendit Matlhias Auszug aus Rob.
Sims. Uebersetzung et Austin. t quod propositio i l l a , recta»,
quae perpendiculares tint ad duas p a i a l l e l a s , ipsas edam pa-
ral lelas esse, non praecedat. Facillime tamen res ad I. 28. re-
duciiur. Caeterum poterat quoque Analysis addi simili l a -
ttone ac in IV. 4. facile deducenda e x III. 1. Cor. 1.
.OJbs. 2. C o r . 2. Quum centrum circuii describendi esse
debeat (III. 1. Cor. 1.) in recia J7i, quae rectam AB bifa-
riam et ad ángulos rectos secai, paiiterque in recta E Z , quae
lactam A T bifariam et ad ángulos rectos secat, et denique
eodem modo in recta, quae rectam BF bifariam et ad ángulos
rectos seeat, patet, h o c , quod ultimo loco diximus , perpen-
diculum cum duobus reliquis in uno eodemque pun.to con-
Venire debere.
 LIBER Q UARTU5. 23

Quare et si d a t u s a n g u l u s m i n o r e s t r e c t o , intra t r i -
angulum convenient J Z , E Z ; si autem rectus, in
B F ; si v e r o m a i o r r e c t o , extra triarigulura A B F .

P R O P O S T T I O VI. (Fig. 291.)

In dato circulo quadratimi inscribere.

S i t d a t u s c i r c u l u s vlBTA; opoif.et in circulo ABF/1
quadratum inscribere.
Ducantur circuii A B F A duae diametri A T , B A
ad r e c t o s a n g n l o s i n t e r s e ( I . i l . ) , et i u n g a n t u r AB,
B r , F A , A A.

O b s. 3. C o r . 3. Et q u a e ab h o c c o m m u n i t r i u m p e r -
p e n d i c u l o r i i m conclusi» ad angiilos t r i a n g o l i A , B , r ducun-
t u r rectae ZA, ZB, ZI' aequdles sunt. Casu itaque iìgnrae
secundae ( F i g . 290. b . ) q u o a n g u l u s B A r rectus est, cen-
t r u m Z circuii circumscribendi facillime i n v e n i t u r , bisecando
t a n t u m l a t u s recto a n g u l o o p p o s i t u m . Cf. I I I . 31. C o r . 2.
O b s. 4. Eodem modo p e r tria p u n c t a , q u a e lion in ea-
d e m recta s u n t , c i r c u l u s d e s c r i b e t u r .
O b s . 5. Corollavii 1 . , q u o d in ¿¡racco textu ì e g i n n , pars
prior non est apud C a m p a m i m , n e q n e o m n i n o ex liac c o n -
struction« consequitur, seù p a t e t ex I I I . 31. Pars posterior
consequitur e x conversa III. 51. v i d . O b s . ad I I I . 31. In
parte posteriore corollari! piaeterea, ut Rob. Simson. n o t a t ,
senno est d e a n g u l o dato, q u u m t a m e n p r o p o s i t i o n i h i l ha-
b e a t , nec h a b e r e possit de a n g u l o d a t o a t q u e liinc ille c o -
rollariurn h o c m a n i f e s t e vitiatum esse c o n c l u d i t . Austin, id
o m n i n o e x h o c l o c o e l i m i n a n d u m osse p u t a t .

P R O P'O S I T I O VI.
Obs. A sexta i n d e h u i u s l i b r i p r o p o s i t i o n e E u c l i d e s n o n
nisi de fìgiiris q u i b u s d a m r e g t i l a r i b u s t r a c l a t , et de his iis,
24 ELEMENTORUM

K(ù ènei ì'AY iaiiv BE %R¡ EA, xévrQOV yùn

TO E, y.nivrj ÙH zcù TCQOS OQ&DS r¡ E A' fíáots ft(><¿
i¡ AB fiúaet r f ¡ AJ tar¡ mxiv. Aid W UVTU ¿hj nal
¿•/.ui-úju TÚÍV BT, TA ¿XUTSQU %olv BA, AA íar¡
ÍQTIV iaònXevQov ÁGA IMI TO ABVA Ttioú:r/fvoov.
Atyto ó'?) on xal oo ihiywviov. 'Enel yd o i¡ BA ev~
•d-tia ó'iiíuztoós iati %av ABTA xvxXov, r¡ /nzvxXiov
«()« ioti TO BAA• Òq&ì] (i'ou ?j imo BAA yoivr'a.
Aid TU a vid ó?) nal ¿y.oniy rüv vnò ABT, BTA,
RAA ÒQOTJ t o w ¿Q-froyuivtov CIGA ¿ari TO AB FA
re%oúnXev<}ov. 'Eiteiyjh] ò'h «al iaònXevQov TSTQLI-
ywvov clga tativ. Kai tyyèyQamai ti¿ tòv dofiivra
ABTA xvxXov.
Eis « C « SO&LVTU yivxXov ròv ABTA T£TQ uyvìvov
iyytyoauTtti TO ABTA. 'OII&Q t'Á'ei noiTjOai.

n P O T A S I S f.
I l f Q i tòv <ìo dívTa xrxXov TsToáyiovov itsQiyoùipat.
"E<mo dod-eìs xvxXos ó ABTA• Sei òr} neqì tòv
ABTA xvxXov zecoáywvov rctniyQuipui.

quae Prop. 2 — 5 generalim de triangolili* docuerat, 8imilla

proponit. Neque eiiim polerant ad figuras multiláteras qua8-
ciiuque illa omnia applicari. N o n n u l l a tamen de aliis quoque
figurò non re'gularibus valent.' Propositio sexta, ut de hac
iani d i c a m u s , de quadrato idem d o c e t , quod Prop. 2 . de trian-
g u l o dato alieni aequiangulo. Quodvis autem quadratimi etiam
c u i v i s alii quadrato est aeqttiangulumi Nec y e r o geueraliter
inni proponi poterat problema : in dato circulo inscribere qua-
drilaterum d;uo quadrilatero aequiangulum. V i d i m u s nempe
in Obs. 2. ad I I I . 2 2 . , ut quadrila.,. r u m circulo inscribi pos-
s i t , necesse e s s e , si quaestio sit du J i g u r i s , quae millos ángu-
los gibbos liabent, ut d u o aiiguli oppositi simili simili aequa-
les sint veliquis duobus angulis. Itaque e t i a m , si circulo dato
 L I B E R <J U A R T U S.

E t quoniam BE aequalis est EA, centrum enim

E-, c o m m u n i s autem et ad rectos á n g u l o s EA; basis
igitur AB basi AA aequalis est ( I . 4 . ) . E x eádem
ratione et utraque r e c t a r a m BP, TA utrique rectarurn
BA, AA aequalis e s t ; aequilaterum igitur est quadri-
laterum ABPA. D i c o autem et rectangulum. Quo-
tiiam enim recta BA diameter est circuii ABPA, se-
micirculus igitur est B A A ; q u i r e angulus BAA re-
ctus est (III. 31.)« Ex. eaoem ratione et unusquisqtie
a n g u l o r u m ABT, BP A, PA A rectus e s t ; rectangu-
lum igitur est quadrilaterum AB PA. O s t e n s u m est
autem et aequilaterum ; quadratum igitur est. E t in-
scriptum est in dato circuio , ABTA.
In dato igitur circulo ABPA quadratum inscri-
p t u m est AB TA. Q u o d oportebat facere.

P R O P O S I T I O VII. ( F i g . 293.)

Circa datum circulum q u a d r a t u m describere.

S i t datus circulus AB TA', oportet circa circulum
ABPA quadratum circumscribere.

inscribi debet quadrilaterum dato quadrilatero aequianguliim,

in dato quadrilatero eadem conditio obtinere debet. _Quod si
fuei'it, poteiit non modo , et qtiidcm ita, ut punctum in cii-
cumferentia, per quod unum latcruni quadrilateri inscribeiidi
tianseat, datum s i t , aut pro lubicu sumatm:, res fieri, sed
innumeri? modis fieri poterit, v e l , ut «liter dicanius, pro-
blema generaliter sumtum erit indeterminatun]. Nempe, ti
propositus sit, dato circulo AB ¿' (Fig. 292.) iiiscribere qua-
drilaterum , quod aequianguliim sit dato quadrilatero EZ&Tíy
cuius angoli oppositi ZEH-J-ZQII—Z-{-II—2 rectis, ita, tit
unuip eius latus tran^eai per punctum datum A in circumfe-
ferentia circuii, fieri id poteri* sequentem in modum. Ab-
scindatur per III. 34. recta AT segmentum AJT, quod ca-
26 element or u m

"Ilyftoioav zov ABFA xvxJ.ov dúo SiúfMxooi noòg

¿Q&US áXh'¡).at$ ai AT, BA, xul Ó'/IÌ TOJV A, B, I\
A cijfie'wv i; ydoio a v iifu:vi¿ ¡xtvui %ov ABTA xvx/.ov
ai ZH, HQ, QIC, KZ.
'Enei ovv ¿(fúmcxai r¡ ZH TOV AB TA xvxXov,
«'jio ós tov E r.ívvoov , ini tr¡v xarù to A ÌTcatfìjv
inì&VKTai rj E A' ai uqu no os tw A ymviai òo&u:
tía tv. Aid %u UVTÙ St} xai ai íi()Os TOÌS B, V , A

piat angul.um aequalem á n g u l o IF, ductaque @E fiat angulus

I'AJ =&EII, et rAIi—QEZ, et i u n g a n t u r BV, JV, eritque,
u t facile ex III. 22. c o i i s e q u ú u r , qtiadrilaterum A B r j aeqni-
á u g u l u m qtiadrii acero EZQH. Ncqile v e r o solum quadrilate-
liim ABI'J propositum efficiet. (¿uodsi enim v . g. ducta
fuisset recta parallela rectae Z& , iunctaque E&, angui us
TAS—&EH, et angulus coustitu:us e s s e t , qua-
d t i l a t e r u m A ^ T S pariter scopo r e s p o n d i s s e t , atque ita i n n ú -
mera a l i a , quae idem praestarent, exhiberi poterant. Nomi-
n a l i m , si circulo dato inscribenda f u e r i t figura quadrato ae-
quian^ula , i n n u m e r a rcctaugula problema solvent. A t , si fi-
gura inscribenda ipsa e d a m quadratura e s s e , et per p u n c t u m
i n circumferentia d a t u m A transiré d e b e t , una tantum figura
h i s c o n d i t i o n i b u s satisfaciet. Si circulo inscribi i u b e t u r figura
multilátera aequiaiigula íi^iu'ae datae, ante o m n i a , an r e s fieri
p o s s i t , ex observatis ad I I I . 22. diiudicari d e b e t , et si fieri
possit, problema pleiumque erit indeterminatuni. Caeterum
propositioni V I . 6- addi potest hoc
Cor. C i i W ' i s q u o q u e (I'ig. 291.) diametris AT, lid in
q u a t u o r segmenta aequalia d i v i d i t u r ( I H . 26.).

P R O P O S I T I O VII.

O lis. í . Rectas circulum contingentes IIZ, ©JíTcHmcon-

t i n g e n t i b u s HO, ZK c o n v e n i r e , pater ex I. 29. Cor. 3.
C o r . 1. Q u o d v i s quadrati ciicumscripti latus. aequale est
diametro c i r c u i i , cui circumscribiiur ( I . 51.).
 LIBER QUART US. 27

Ducantur circuii ABTA duae diametri AT, BJ

ad rectos angulos inter se (I. 1 1 . ) » et per puncta -A,
By r , A ducantur rectae ZH, HQ, 0K, KZ cir-
culum ABIA contingentes (IH. 1,7.).
Quoniam igitur ZH contingit circulum ABTJ
centro autem E ad contactum A ducta est EA', an-
guli ad A recti sunt (III. 18.). E x eadem ratione et
anguli ad B > P » A puncta recti sunt. E t quoniam

C o r . 2. Si ductis reel is AB, BF, r j , J A eidem cir-

culo quadratum inscribatur, erit quadratum circumscriptum,
duplum quadrati inscripti, hoc nempe erit aequale duplo qua-
drati radii (I. 4 7 . ) , illud autem quadrato diametri Cor. 1.
Cor. 5. Circulus etiam liic diametris AT , BJ in qua-
fuor «egmenla aequalia dividitur (XII. 26.).
C o r . 4. Pariter latera quadrati ciicumscripti diametris
Ar, BJ bisecantur. Est nempe HA—BE ( I . 34.) et ZA=
BJ. At BE=EJ, itaque et HA—ZA.
O b ». 2. Quum quodvis quadratum aequianguhim sic
cuivis alii, etiam laaec propositio conferri potest cum propo-
sitione IV. 3. Et .facile patet, propositionem IV. 3. Jonge
generalius, et certe ad figuram rectilineam quameunque, quao
angulos gibbos non habet, extendi posse. Factis nempe (Fig.
294.) ut in IV. 3. angulis ad centrum O circuii dati ex oidine
aequalibus iis, qui deinceps sunt angulis figitiae datae ZQHKAt
ttempe angulo «<?£= angulo, qui Z deinceps est aOft ei, qui
© deinceps est etc. ductisque per puncta t , a , ¡8 etc. (quo»
rum unum etiam datum esse potest) rectis circulum contin-
gentibus, demonstrabitur, ut in IV. 3. rectarum harum con-
tingentium unamquamque ^convenire cum duabus ipsi pioxime
positis, et esse iìguram ita enatam aequiangulam datae ZtìHKA.
Nec. generaliter omnes ii casus excludentur, qui bus figura data
angulos gibbos liabet: in figura autem datae aequiangula circa
circulum circumscripta lalera angulos gibbos compceliendentia
non ipsa , aed producta tantum intra Jìguram circulum con-
28 ELEMENTOHUIU

mjfisiois ywviat oq&cu sìaiv. Km ¿net ¿Q&r¡ toriv ?;

vnò AEB yo> vm, san <S¿ o o fri] v.ai i] vii o EBH'
naaií).Xr¡).os apa lax'tv rj HO %ij AV. Aid rà avrà
óy xiù r¡ AF ttj ZK farnupu/J.r^os- "Sieve v.<ù
y HO xf¡, ZK ¿ari naQ¿i,Xi¡).og. 'O/toíiog dy det'Ulo-
fttv '¿TI y.aì tKtcKQu tu'iv HZ, OK itj BEA ¿cri
irupú).Xr¡).oc. llaoal/.yXóyQCifijia ¿ari rà HK, HT,
AK, ZB, BK' tot] cioa ìot.ìv r¡ fúv HZ tfj OK,
r¡ ò'h HO tí¡ ZK. Kul ènei íoz¡ taúv j AT rfí B/J,
ùV.à xai rj fiev AT ¿xarioa xolv HO, ZK, rt <U

t i n g e n t , et anguli quoque ad centrum situm aliquateuus di-

vertum o b t i n e b t m t , quae o m n i a , quum s n g u l i s casibus e^ol-
véndis haud v a o e t , h i e et in sequeiitibus praeterimus.
O b s . 5. In figuris eirculo alieni ciicumscriptis (liic q u o -
que praeterimus e a s , quae ángulos gibbos h a b e n t ) observari
potest circa latera aliquid admodum simile e i , quod in figuris
circulo inscriptis circa ángulos observavimus O b s . 2 . sq. ad
I I I . 22. N e m p e , si parem laterum numerUm h a b u e r i n c , et
latera, initio facto a quocunqtie eorum ordine numeris indi-
c e n t u r , erit gumma laterum mimería imparibtis notatorum ae-
qualis summae laterum numeris paribus notatorum. Sit c.
talis figura, quae millos ángulos gibbos habet ABFJEZ (Fig.
2 9 5 . ) , quae circulum contingat in punctis a , p , y , etc. erit-
que e x I I I . 17. O b s . 1.
Aa—A£
Ba=B¡i
ry—rt*
jy—js
Es^ES
ZC-Zs

unde (Aa-hBtt) - f - ( ry+Jy) -f- (Ef.-^-Zt) —(n¡i+r(¡)-{-(jS-\-

i . e. T - J r J E - ì - Z A.
SimiJis deniomtratio locum liabet in figuris , quae plura ha-
 LIBER QUARTOS. 29

rectus est angulus AEB , rectus autem est et EBH ;

HQ parallela erit AF (I. 2 8 . ) E x e a d e m ratione et
AF parallela est ZK', quare et HQ parallela est ZIC
(I. 3 0 . ) . Similiter ostendemus et u t r a m q u e i p s a r u m
HZ, OK ipsi BE/1 esse jmrallelam. Parallelogramma
igitur sunt HK, HF, AK, ZB, BK ; aequalis igi-
tur est HZ quidem ipsi QK, HQ v e r o ipsi ZK. Et
quoniam AT aequalis est BA, sed et ylF unique
ipsarum HQ, Z K , BA v e r o u t r i q u e ipsnraiii HZ,
QK est aequalis ; et utraque HQ, ZK utrique HZ,

fce.it latera. Hinc consequitur, rectangulum et rliomboiden

eirculo AE circumscribi noil posse.
O b s. 4. Simile quid obtinet in figuris circulo circum-
scriptis, quae numérum laterum imparem liabent. i n ill is
nenipe , si unius cuiuscunque lateris v . c. ( F i g . 2 9 6 . ) in pen-
tagono AhrjE lateris E A paites At, et tE in quae in p un-
ci to contactus d i v i d i t u r , separatim n u m e i e m u s , paritet summa
laterum numeris imparibus notatorurn aequalis erit summae
numeris paribus notatorurn, quod eodem modo dcmonstva-
bitur.
O b s . 5. In quadrilaieris propositio, quam Obs. 3. lia-
b i i i m u s , valet edam conversa. Nempe si quod quadrilaterum
ita comparatum s i t , lit summa duoviim latemni oppositurum
aequalis sit summae duorum reliquorum laterum oppositorum,
poierit i l l i circulus inscribi. Demonstrari id potest vel directe,
vel indirecte. Directa demonstratio li.iec erit. Sit ( F i g . 297. )
quadrilaterum ASTA, in quo siimma laterum AB-f- I'J aequa-
lis est summae laterum BT-\-AA, poterit ei circulus insciibi.
Nam ex Obs. 5. ad IV. 4. circulus potest describi, qlii tria
quaecunquo contigua latera v. c. AB, BT, r j contingat in
punctis a, f i , y, adeoque e r i t , si O liuius circuii centrum
s i t , Oa—OS, et O a - = Oyz. Est autem Aa 1 -, et
Of-^OA'—Af- ( I . 47. Cor. 2 . ) , adeoque erit OA"—Aa2~
O J1—4/1. E t , quum sit ex h y p . AH-}-1 A— EV+AA , et
30 ELEDIENTOnUlK

BD TXCM'O« TWV HZ, OK ÈOTÎV LAY V.cà IXAXTQA

¿¿ça TWV HS, ZK ixareça TWV HZ , 6K' latïv 'íar¡.
*JG¿7IXEVOOV oiga ¿ari TO ZH&K TSTQÚTCXÍVQOV. yíéym
ôtj ozt «ai ¿Q&oywviov. 'Enel ytj.o nctçttXXtjXôyça/n-
fióv imi TO HBEA, xaí louvoQxh} r¡ imo AEB'
¿Q&rj cio a Käl r¡ virò AHB. 'Ofiotwg di} tìsico ft, tv
ort xal di TiQÒg roi s O, K, Z yavi'ai ¿Q&uí eiaiv
¿Q&oyo'iviov tiou IOTI TO ZHQK TsrçdnktVQOv. ' E-
öiiy&rj ò's y.aì iaÔTiXsVçov' TSTçcîywvov uç>a ioziv. Kai
nsQiyèyownTM TISQÌ TOV iABFJ xvxXov.
JIsQl ToV âo&TVTD liQU KVxXoV TtTQuywVOV VttQl-
yfyqumui. "Oneç èâti noifjocti.

Ü P O T A 2 I 2

Eis âo&èv TETQayavov xvxkov tyyQaijjai.

"Eartu TO' So&ev TÊTçâywvov TO ABFJ' âsï ârj
eis TO' yiBT/1 verQtxywvov xvxlov èyyçàipai.
TeT{>r¡o&w ¿'/.art'na TWV AB, JA ti¡ya, u at ci rei
Zi E or¡fveia, xat àia fitv TOV E ONOTTÇÇI TWV AB,
TJ naçâXhjkos ¿¡X&w r¡ E0, âià de TOV Z ¿nottçu
TWV Ad, BT nyoâXXrj/.oç j'/ß-ta r¡ ZK' naf)aXXr¡X¿-

Ba—Bß, r-/=Tß ( O b s . 1. ad I I I . 17.) eiit, aequalibus utïim-

que d e m t i s , - I a m etil vel Aaz=^Jy ( F i g . 297.
a ) , Vel alterutra earum maior altera ( F i g . 297. b . ) : Utroque
casa, demisso ex O in Ad perpendículo OS, dico esse 08=s¡
AA.
Oy. Nam, si 1) Aa=Ay , ent tam Aa, quam Ay—

Et, qutim O A'—Jalz^OJI—Jy2, erit OAl—OA-, adeoque

OA—OA, undo perpendiculum OS rectam Ad bisecabit in 3
JA
(I. 2 6 . Cor. 3 . ) , eritque A§=^- ^ •—Ay. E s t autem OSl=

OJI—JSI et Oyl—OA'—dyl, itaque Ob'—Oy^-, adeoque OS

—Oy. Sin autem non sit A<j.— Ay> sit alterutra earum v . c.
 L I B E R QVARTUS. 31

OK est aequalis. Aequilaterum igitur est ZH6K

quailrilaterum. D i c o et rectangulum. Qironiam e n i m
parallelogrammum (est H B E A , et est rectus angulus
ABB; rectus igitur et AHB• Similiter ostenciemus
et angulos acl O, K, Z rectos esse; rectangulum igi-
tur est qUadrilaterurri ZHOK. Ostensum est auteni
e t aequilaterum; quadratum igitur est. Et circum-
scriptum est circa ABTA circulum.

Circa datum igitur circulum quadratum circumscri-

p t u m est. Q u o d oportebat facere.

P ll O P O S I T I O VIII. (Fig. 299.)

In datn quadrato ci'rrulum inscribere.
Sit datum quadratum ABTA; opoftet in quadrato
ABFA cirvulum inscribere.
Secetur utraque ipsarum AB, AJ bifariam in
punctis E, Z (I. 1 0 . ) , et per E alterutri rectarum
AB, FA parallela ducatur EQ (I. 3 1 . ) ; p«r Z vero
alterutri rectarum AA', BP parallela ducatur Z L (1.

Jy maior altera Aa Ouoni.im igitur OA-—Aa~—OJ —Jy-:

cut Jyl-Aa-^OJ — OA~. At, demisso ex O in rectam A J
perpendiculo OS, est OJ^—OA^—JS'—AS'1- (1. 47. Cor. 5 ) ,
itaque Jy- — Aa'-=z — i. c. rectangulum (Jy-f-Aa) {Jy
— Aa) __ rectanj. {J$-\-A<t (jS-AS <11. i. Cor. 1.) Quum
aiitem sit Jy-\- Aa.^z A J -jS-^-AS, ent jy—Aa^Jo—AS
(Obs. 5. ad J. 40.),adeoque ent J r^-Aa+Jf—Aa — jS-\-AS
~>rJh—AS i. e. 2jy^2jS, vel Ay—dS-, et qimm OS— OA —
Jh et Oy O J J y - , ent OS =Oyi, et Op—Oy , adeoque
utroque casu cuciilas r.idio Oy descriptus etiam per S transi-
bit, et cimtinget rectam AAin S (III. lb. Cor. L). Iiiuo
consequilur quadrato et rhombo circulum posse inscribe
32 S LE M ENT OR UM

j'QUjiifiov cIqo, imiv ê'xamov rmv AK, KB, AO,

QA, AH, HT, BH, HA, mi al ànevayTiov av-
iwv nXtVQai âtjkovôu ïaat eialv. Kal ¿ml ïmj iariv
tj A A vïj AB, xul ¿art lijs phv AA rj/MCEia tj AE,
it's ài AB tffuoeta r/ AZ, ïor) uqu otal q AE lij
AZ• wgT« Kal al àntvavvtov ïaat tiotv, ïor] aç/a xul
ij ZH tfj HE. 'Ofvoiue àrt ô'el'SofiiV ou xat ¿v.utÎqu
iwv HQ, HK êxurtQa twv ZH, HE taxiv ïat]. Al
rtocaiiies uqu al HE, HZ, HQ, HK ïrni ù).?.t;-
JMIS u'aiv. 'O UQU xtVTQip [MV TV) H, âtaQTi^uaTt
¿e tri tiôv HE, HZ, HQ, HK XVXÀOS yçufféjuevoe
îj^ei nul '¿'(à toÏv lomwv at;/.it!(av nal ¿(palperai twv
yîB, BT, TA, AA tv&emv, Sià TO ¿Q&às sîvai
rug nQos vols E, Z, Q, K ymvias' ri y«Q rs/nsl ô
xv/J.os ras AB, BF, jVA, A A, rj r ij ùia/utioti)
tov v.vxkm 7inos ¿Q&às «Vf axçag àyo/.itvi] ivxos ne-
oeirai tov xvxXov , onsç àzbnov èâeiy&t;. Ovx açn
o "/Jvtqiû (ûv voi H, âtaorijftttti (Se ivl T mv HE,
HZ, HO, HK v.vxXog yçu(po/-itvus <c(/ivtt tus AB,

O b s. 6 . I n iîguris autem , quae- pi uva quam quatuor la-

te l'a llab e u t , p r o p o s i t i o , quam Obs". Si h a b u i m u s , pariterque
altera O b s . 4 . exliibita converti nequit, quod similiter fere
demonstramr ac Obi. 6 . ad I I I . 2 2 . S i t nempe ( F i g . 2 9 8 . )
ligura ABVJEZ c i r c u l e , cuius centrum est O, radius Oa cir-
cumscripta, et contingat i l l e latera in punctis a , p , y , S , s
f, iam sumantur duo quaecunque latera contigua v . c. AZ,
HZ, et producatur utrunique ultra Z usque ^td 0 et II eadem
quantitate, nempe i t a , ut sit ZQ—ZH, et centro A radio
AB, pariierque centro E radio EII describantur c i r c u l i , qui
se intersecabunt in puncto aliquo K , ita ut ductis AK, EK
sit punctum Z inter AK et EK, orieturqUe novum p o l y g o -
num ASTJEK, quod a prior« ABI'JEZ tantum quoad latera
AK, EK, eorumque positionem discrepabit, caeterum v e r o ,
 LIBElt Q U A R T US. 33

3 1 . ) ; parallelogrammum igitur est unumquodque ipso-

rum AK, K B , AO, OA, AH, H r , BU, HA,
et opposita i p s o r a m latera aequalia sunt (I. 3 i.). Et
quoniaro AA aequalis est AB, et ipsius quidern AA
dimidia est AE, ipsius vero AB dimidia AZ, ae-
qualis erit et AE ipsi AZ; quare, et opposita aequa-
lia s u n t , ergo ZHaequalis HE. Similiter ostende-
m u s et utramque HO, HK utrique Z H , HE esse
aeqtialem. Q u a t u o r igitur H E , H Z , HO, HK ae-
quales inter se sunt. Circulus igitur centro H , inter-
vallo vero aequali urii ipsarum H E , HZ, HQ, HK
descriptus transibit et per reliqua puncta ; et continget
rectas AB, B F , FA, A A, pnipterea quod recti sunt
;inguli ad E , Z , O, K a n g u l i ; si enini secat circulus
rectas AB B F , FA, AA, quae diametro circuli ad
rectos angulos ab extremitate d u c i t u r , intra circulum
cadet , quod absurdum ostensum est (III. 16.) Circu-
lus igitur centro H , intervallo vero aequali uni ipsa-
r u m H E , HZ, HO, HK descriptus non secat rectas

quum polygonum ABTJEZ circulo circumscriptum s i t , erit

ex Obs. 5. V-\-/fE+ZA, adeoque, quum
EK—EZ-\-ZH, et KA~ZA-+-Z9, sumtuni autem sit ZH~
ZQ, erit etiam A K A . Polygonum
i t a q u e ABVJEK etiam ita c o m p a r a t u m e s t , ut n u m e r u s l a t e -
rum alterne n u m e r a t o f u m a e q u a l i s sit j i u m e r o r e l i q u o r u m l a -
tevani , et tanieu m a u i f e s t u m e s t , liuic p o l y g o n o c i i c u l u m 111-
tcvibi » o n p o s s e . Si e n i m i u s c i i b i p o s s e t , i d e m etiam latera
AB, BI', I'd ex ea parte latetis BI' c o n t i n g e r e d e b s r e t , ejc
q u a sunt r e l i q u a latera. A t , qui hoc efficit, unicus circulu*
e s t , nempe i s , q u i centro O r a d i o Oa describitur. Is a u t e m ,
q u u m latera EZ, AZ c o n t i n g a t , n e q u i t s i m u l lalera E K , AK
extra ilia posita conringere.
Euclid. Element. 1'. II. C
34 ELEMENTORUM

BT,, TA, AA ev&ei'ag• 'Ecpmiierai CÌQU avrwv «al

tarai tyysy^afiptvog sig to' ABFA rtrgayrnvov.
Eìg «p« to So&tv Tiroi'.ywpov xvxlostyyiyQunrai.
"Onsq è'Ssi no ti; aat.

II P O T A 2 I 2
Jleoi rò ó'ofrtv rtrgayrnvov xvxXoV nsQiyQatpai.
"JEozo) rò So&ìv rsrqaywvov ro ABTA' òsi ó'q
nsQi to ABFA TtxQÙyuivov xvxkov ntQiyQatpai.
'Ene£tvyfrtìoai yuQ ai AT, BA rtiivttuioav àX-
Xrjlus r.arà to E.
Kal ¿nel ioti ìarìv ?) AA rft AB, xotvtj Si y
Ar, Svo Sy ai AA, AT Svol rais BA, AT hai
li ai, ìial fiaGig ì] AI fiuoei ti; BT Ìatj' ymvia aoa
list] totip «7 vnò z1AT ymvia ry vnò BAT' fj UQU
vnò AAB ymvicc di'/a TtTfitjzui mtò rrte AT. 'Ofiolwg
~dìj Seilo/Liev '¿TI xul iAaorrj rwv vnò ABT, BTA,
TAA Siya rérfiytai vnò Twv AT, AB tvS-tiujv. Kal
¿nel ìiatj totìv rj vnò AAB ymvia rij vnò ABI, xai
tori Trjs fiiv vnò AAB i)f.ùasia t) Vnò E AB, rrjs
Se vnò ABI r^iicsia rj vnò EBA' ned 1} vnò E AB
uqu Tfj vnò EBA tarìv larf òigTS xal nXevoù rj EA
nXevga TIJ EB- totip ìarr 'Of.ioit»s Sy Sei^Ofiev òri
Kal èxartqa rwv E A, EB svS-eiwv h.atìau rwv
ET, E A hi] tarìv. Al rèauaqe$ UQU ai E A, EB,

Obs. 1. In figuris circulo cirCumscnptis, quae nume-

rum laterum imparem habent, propositio, qnam Obs. 4 . ha-
buimus, etiam ita exprimi poterit : erit in illis siimma laterum
primi, tertii, quinti «te, aequalis summae laterum secundi,
quarti etc. si liuic addas duplum segmentum primi lateris,
quod inter punctum conlactus et eum eius terminum i a c e t , a
quo numerare coeptum e s t , v . c. ( F i g . 2 9 6 . ) in pentagono
 LIBER Q U A R T U S.

AB, BT, FA, A A. Continget igitur jpsas et erit

inscriptus iri quadrato ABFA.
In dato igitur qnadrato circulus inscriptus est. Quod
oportebat facere.

P R O P O S I T I O IX. (Fig. 291.)

Circa datum quadratum circulum circumscribere.
Sit daLum quadratum ABFA", oportet circa qua-
dratum ABFA circulum circumscribere.
Iunctae AT, BA sese seceut in E.

E t quoniam A A aequalis est AB, commupis au-

tem AF, clttae A A , ^ T d u a b u s BA, AF aequales
sunt» et basis AT basi BP aequalis; arigulus igitur
AAV aequalis est BAV (I. 8 . ) ; angulus igitur AAB
bifariam sectxxs est ab AF. Similiter ostendemus et
unumquemque angulorum ABF, BP A, rAA bifa.
nam sectum esse a rectis AT, AB. E t quoniam ae-
qualis est angulus AAB angulo ABF, et est ipsius
AAB dimidius angulus EAB, et ipsius ABF dimi-
dius angulus EBA j et EAB igitur angulo EBA
erit aequalis. Quare et latus EA lateri EB est ae-
quale (I. 6.). Similiter ostendemus, et utramque re-
ctarum EA, EB unique EC, EA aequalem esse;
quatuor igitur EA, EB» EF , EA aequales inter se

eirculo cirelimscvipto, quod supra delineatum fuit, erat, si a-

puncto A vaisus B nuniei'are incipias ex Obs. 4. AB-^-T^Hr
Bi— Br-\-EJ-±- As untie si utrimque addas At, elit AB-\~TJ
-t-EA—B r-i-EJ^Ac^Br+EJ-hVAa. Hiuc conseqtutur,
si lateva figirrae circnlo cilcnmicriptae, quaertumetumlatevum
impalem liabet, omnia data sint, data etiam esse segmenra,
in quae ilia in puncto contactus dividuntuv. Eat nempe 2Aa-
36 ELEMENTOS UM

EF, E J I'OAI DLH'¡ ).((/<: da)v. 'O IÏQU KIVTQW ZOJ E,

v.u.) òiumi-f.iuri évi TOÏV E A, EB, E F, Ed xvxXos

yQu<f,òtu tvos ijl-ei xaî ò'id rv'iv Xotnwv arjielwv, xtù
¿'arai neQiyeyçapftèvos '/noi rò ABFJ ztznúywvov.
IleQiyeyçùrp&ui wg ò AB F/Í.
liegt TO ò'o&tr iiyu iiTQi'.yoivov xmXos neçiyé-
ytjani at. "OntQ tò'ti no ti¡aui.

ft P O T A S 1 2 /.
'TaoaxeXig TQtywvov avari; aaa&at, è'yov txaztQciv
rtSv "TIQOÇ ri] ßuaei ymvitùv ìiiunXaaiova rr¡s Xoinr¡S'
'Ekneiod-o) rig evítela r¡ AB, v.aì zeT/i^a&u) zara
rò F ar^ieïov, oígre ro vnò zmv AB, BF neqieyó-
ft.evov ¿Q&oymviov ïaov eivai zw ùnò nov FA rezça-
yutvio' nal v.ívxüüi uh' zw A, ò'taazi]piazi de rio AB
MJXXOS yeyçcîfp&m ò BAE, xal ¿vyjQfióa&io eie TOV
BAE KVV.AOV rf¡ A F ev&et'a, ¡.vi] /Litico vi ovatj rijs
rov BAE xvxXov dutixìiQov, ÏOTJ tvdeìa ij BA' '¿al
¿•neÇevy&woav ai AA, FA, neQiyeyçàip&io neqì
TO AFA zQiywvov xvxXoe o ATJ.
Kai enei rò vnò zwv AB, BF ïaov iarì zip ùnò
•tije AF, ÏG't] áe 7¡ AF zij BA rò iìria vnò zwv AB,
BF ïaov ¿ari rio meo rí¡s BA. Kat ènei v.vv.Xov rov
AF/t eiX^nzai ri ar¡[ielov ¿uros %ò B / xal ano rov
B noòs rov AT/f xvy.Xov noognenzmy.uoi âvo ev&eïat
ai BA, B J , uai r¡ fiev avzwv réfivei, r¡ de TTQOÇ-
nínzei, ¡tai ¿art zò vnò rwv AB, BT ïaov ria ànò

=AB-i-rj-\-EA—tir—JE. Caeterum haec disquisitio a tertia

inde observations instituta primum facta est a Fitot. (Mém.
de I'Acad. des Sc. de Paris 1725. p. 45.). Cf. Kraft. Geom.
Sublim, j . 104.
 LIBER QUARTI)«. 37

sunt. Circulus igitur centro E , et intervallo aequali

uni rectarum E A , EB, ET, Ed Rescript us transi-
tiit et per reliqua p u n c t a , et erit circumscriptus circa
quadratum ABTA. Circumscribatur ut ABFA.

Circa datum igitur quadratimi circulus 'circumscri-

ptus est. Quod oportebat facere.

P R O P O S T T Ì O X. (Fig. 301.)

Isosceles triangtilum constituere, habens utramijtw

angulorum ad basin duplum reliqui.
Ponatur aliqua recta AB, et secetur in puncto F,
ita ut rectangulum sub AB, BT contentum acquai:;
sit quadrato ex FA (II. H>)> et centro A, et inter-
vallo AB describatur circulus BJE (Post. 3 . ) , et ap-
tetur in circulo BAE rectae AF, quae non maior est
diametro circuii BAT, aequalis recta BA (IV. t . ) ; et
iungantur AA, FA, et circumscribatur circa triangu-
lum AFA circulus AFA.

E t quoniam rectangulum sub AB, BT aequale est

quadrato ex AF, AF autem aequalis BA, rectangu-
lum igitur sub AB, BF aequale est quadrato ex BA.
Et quoniam exira circulum AFA sumptum est ali-
quod punctum B, et a B in circulum A FA caci un t
duae rectae BA, BA, quarum altera quidem ipsum
s e c a t , altera vero in eum incidit ; et est rectangulum

PROPOSITIO vrir.
O b s . Si cui rhombo dato AUl'J (Fig. 300.) circulus
inscribendus est, quod ex Obs. 5. ad prr.eced. eeraper fieli
potest, centrum quiderp circuii inscribendi eadem ìatione in-
veniri potest, ut hie pro quadrato ostensum fuit, ductis nenipe
38 ELEMENTO!? UM

BF¡S BA' R¡ BA «(<« ¿(f cínzerai IOV ATA- Kcù ¿nú

iipá'icrt tal FVLV •*] BA, ànò Ò% TIJG V.ard T<) A ìnucprjs
ón¡KTui r¡ A T 7] ac>a vnò BA.T yoivia Hai] tari ty
¿v T¡f) ¿VTÙJ.ils rov KVX).OV %/.INFIALI ymvia vnò
AAT. 'Enei ovv \ar¡ lar tv r¡ vnò BAT irt vnò AAT,
xo/i">2 nQosxet'a&ot r¡ vnò FA A' oXt¡ «pos t] vnò BAA
i'at] t'ari ùval Tais vnò FA A, A AC. 'Alla tuìS
vnò TA A, AAT fai] ¿GTIV r¡ èxzòe v¡ vnò BTA' r¡
¿¡Qa vnò BAA far] èuri t f ¡ vnò BrA• ' v ¡ vnò
BAA TI] vnò TBA ìarlv far], ènei v.aì nltvQu r¡ A A
it¡ AB taxlv fai]' wgre KIÙ tj vnò ABA ir¡ ino BTA
¿mlv fai], Al roeìg cÍQa al vnò BAA, ABA, BTA
faai àX).ì]Xuii sìalv. Kal ¿nel fai] ìotlv <rj vnò ABT
yoivta lij vnò BTA, fat] tari xal nì.evoù i] BA nXevQÜ
%tj AT. 'AlV •>) BA vr¡ TA vnóxeiTai fai]' nal y
AT áqa T¡¿ TA ¿GTÍV fai]' wgie imi ywvía R¡ vnò
FAA ywvía rij vnò AAT tmìv XGV¡' CÚ CÍQU vnò
TA A, AAT %r¡s vnò AAT elal dtnlaoi'ovs, "Ior¡ àh
iteti r¡ vitó BTA mis vnò TA A, AAT' mi rj vnò
B TA (¿Qa vits VÌI o AAT ¿ori ò'inlij. "lai] ò'h v¡ vnò
BTA éxaxfQa Twv vnò BAA,-ABA' xal éxw¿Qú aqa
TVJV vnò BAA, ABA TÌ]S vnò BAA íW dmfo~¡.

rectis ZK, E® per p u n c t a , qtiae latera r h o m b i opposita b i f a -

l'iam d i v i d u m , e r u n t q u e adirne ut ante Z Z £ = . I I K z ^ H E — / / © =
UIÀ
2~: at circulus itiscribemlus iam alitim radium habebit, qui
r
i n v c n i " t , demisso ex / / ad u n u m l a t e r u m r h o m b i v . c, J i j
p e r p e n d í c u l o HE, quod, ut facile p r o b a t u r , aequale est per-
pendículo c u i c u n q le ex 77 in re! i qua latera demisso v . c.
E>t enim iu triaugulis IIES, IIZZ, IIE=^HZ, angulus et
ad f et suut annuii r e c t i , linde ex I. 26. est , et
circulus centro / / radio UT d s s c r i p t u s etiain p e r puncta £ , %
 LIBER Q U A R T I ! S. 39
sub AB, BT a equale quadrato ex BA, recta BA contingit
circulum A FA (III. 37.). Quoniam igitur BJ con-
tingit, a contactu vero ad A ducta est AF; angulus
igitur BAF aequalis est angulo AFA in alterno cir-
cuii segmento (III. 32.). Quoniam igitur aequalis est
angulus BAF angulo AAF, communis addatur FA A.
Totus igitur BAA aequalis est duobus FA A, AAF.
Sed angulis rAA, AAr aequalis est exterior BFA
(I. 32.) ; angulus igitur BAA aequalis est angulo BFA.
Sed angulus BAA angulo FBA est aequalis, quoniam
et latus AA lateri AB est aequale (I. 5.) ; quare et
ABA ipsi BFA est aequalis. Tres igitur BAA, ABA,
BFA aequales inter se sunt. Et quoniam aequalis est
angulus ABF angulo BFA, et latus BA aequale est
lateri Ar (I. 6.). Sed BA ipsi FA ponitur aequalis;
et AF igitur ipsi FA est aequalis , quare et angulus
TAA angulo AAF est aequalis (I. 5.)» anguli igitur
FA Ai AAF anguli AAF sunt dupli. Aequalis autein
et BTA angulis FAA, AAr (I. 32.); et BFA igitur
anguli AAr est duplus. Aequalis autem et BFA
utrique angulorum BAA, ABA, uterque igitur angu-
lorum BAA, ABA anguli BAA est duplus.

x transit, et rhombum in hÌ9 punctis contingit (III. 16. Cor.

1.). Paullo bierius centrum H invenietur, ductis diagonali'
bus AF, BJ, quae pariter in ff se intersecane.

PR O f O S I T I O IX.
O b s . Eadem constructione etiam circa rectangulum non
aequilaterum circuì us circumscribetur, quod fieri semper posse
patet ex Obs. 5. ad III. 22. Demonstratio tantum paulo di-
versa erit, et absolvetur ope I. 31. Cor. 1. et I. 31. Cor. 17.
40 F. L E IN F. N T O R U M

'looqxeXlc (toa Tolymvuv anvíoratat to AAB, eyov

ixaciijur iwv' -noon %ft / I B ftaasi ywvtolv ó'inhtaioru

i j("s' Xomfi.\ Onea tthi noiftaai.

11 P O T A S I S <«'.

Ele <)'o&¿i'Ta v.vy.'i.ov ntviáywvov ¡oon/.evQÓv

tí y.ut looywviov ¿yy^úijiat.

"Ean» o d'o&eís xvxXog ó A B T / J E ' At i d'ij etc

i¿v ABJ \JE Y.VYJ.OV níviúyoivov ioóiiXevqóv xai

iuoymviov ¡yyfHoíitti.

'Exxtiofro) hoiywmtv iaoaxeXig tó Z H Q , ó'ni/.a-

oiova é'yov ¿y.aitncv ivlv vols H , & ywviá~>v lija-

1TQ0S Tifi Z , xai iyyeytjúrpdo) eí¿ iov A B T A E xvn).ov

rw Z f í G iQiymno iaoyoivtov iQÍymvov %ó A T A , oí s i s

ir¡ ¡tlv ti oos Tw Z ywvía icr¡v tlvv.i. tr¡v vivó T A A ,

iv.arlqav ó'h twv hiqos tots H , & ior¡v iy.a%i(m rótv

vnó A L A , T A A' xai éxaiioa cíga rwv w o A T A ,

T / í / 1 tí]S v-no T j I A toil d'i7ib~. TeTf.ir¡ad-m ó?) íxa-

riQa tóív vnó A T A , T J A Slya vnó iü>v T E , J B

ftiS-Eiolr, xai frir '~evyJ}(>)<jav al A B , B T , J E , E A .

'E;isi ovv íy.uiiQa roiv vnó A L A , T J A ymvioiv

dmXuoto)V tail %í¡s vno T j J J , xai tst/ii^uívui siai

P R O P O S I T I O X.
Praemiiti potest litiic problem,iti sequeiis analysis. Puta
factum , sitqus tiiangnium aequicnuum, in quo uterque
ans;iiloTuni ad basin duplas esl rcliqui. Bisecetur nnus an¡*u-
loruni ad basin recta JT (I. !).)> eritque angulirs BJT=^BAJ,
pjviterque FJ/l—lí A j , adcque ( ' . 5.) j r ~ T A . Praeterea,
qiium in triangulis l i l ' J , BJA sit , et angulus
B communis, erit eliam feiiquus BVJz^AJB ( I . 52.). Al
ex Hyp. ABJ^zJJB: erit itaque 131 J = A B J , adcoque JV—
BJ. Praeteiea, si triangulo AlJ cncumscribatur cu'culus
 LIBER QUARTU8. 41

Isósceles igitur triangulum constitutun; éaf AJB

habens utrumque angulorum ad AB basin duplum re-
liqui. Quod oportebat facere.

P R O P O S I T I O XI. (Fig. 302.)

In dato cirqilo pentagorium aerjuilaterain et aequi-
angulum inscribere.
Sit datus circulus ABF/1E; oportet in circulo
ABTJE pentagonum aequilaterum et aeqivanguluin
inscribere.
Ponatur triangulum isósceles ZHO duplum habens
utrumque angulorum ad H, 0 ang'uli ad Z (IV. 10.),
et inscribatur in circulo ABFJE, triangulo ZHS
aequiangulum triangulum ATA (IV. 2.), ¡ta ut ángulo
quidem Z aequalis sit angulus TA/l, uterque vero an-
gulorum ad H t & aequalis utrique angulorum A F / j ,
TJA; et uterque igitur angulorum AF/J, F/1Aanguli
TA/4 est duplus. Secetur autem uterque angulorum
ATJ, FJA bifariam a rectis VE, /IB (I. 9.) et iun-
gartfur AB, BT, JE, EA.
Quoniam igitur uterque angulorum APA, F/1A
duplus est anguli FAJ; et secti sunt bifariam a re-

( I V . 5 . ) , ob angulum BJT—BAJ, TiJ liunc circuíum con-

tinget (Obs, 2. ad III. 52.), adeoque erit B/ll=AB^Br
( I I I . 36.), vel ob B/t^jr=Ar, Al"«t=AByfil\ Solutio
problematis itaque eo r e d i t , ut recta AB ita secetur in / ' , u t
rectangulura sub tota et segmento B T aequale sit quadiato ic-
liqui segmenti A r i. e. ad II. 11. Quo fació snmenda erit ii\
circulo BJE recta B/j—Ar, et ducenda AJ. Caetevum m i -
nifesum e s t , positionem rectac AB pro lubitu s u m i , i t a q u e ,
si datum sit punctum A , punctum B i n circumfeientia cir-
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
‘But this is summer, you must remember,’ Dr Whitaker put in
nervously, endeavouring in vain to distract attention for the moment
from Miss Euphemia’s conversational peculiarities. ‘In winter, you
know, we shall have quite delightful English weather on the hills—
quite delightful English weather.’
‘Ah, yes,’ the father went on with a broad smile. ‘In winter, Mrs
Hawtorn, ma’am, you will be glad to drink a glass of rum-and-milk
sometimes, I tell you, to warm de blood on dese chilly hilltops.’
The talk went on for a while about such ordinary casual topics; and
then at last Miss Euphemia happened to remark confidentially to
Marian, that that very day her cousin, Mr Septimius Whitaker, had
been married at eleven o’clock down at the cathedral.
‘Indeed,’ Marian said, with some polite show of interest. ‘And did you
go to the wedding, Miss Whitaker?’
Miss Euphemia drew herself up with great dignity. She was a good-
looking, buxom, round-faced, very negro-featured girl, about as dark
in complexion as her brother the doctor, but much more decidedly
thick-lipped and flat-nosed. ‘O no,’ she said, with every sign of
offended prejudice. ‘We didn’t at all approve of de match me cousin
Septimius was unhappily makin’. De lady, I regret to say, was a
Sambo.’
‘A what?’ Marian inquired curiously.
‘A Sambo, a Sambo gal,’ Miss Euphemia replied in a shrill
crescendo.
‘Oh, indeed,’ Marian assented in a tone which clearly showed she
hadn’t the faintest idea of Miss Euphemia’s meaning.
‘A Sambo,’ Mr Whitaker the elder said, smiling, and coming to her
rescue—‘a Sambo, Mrs Hawtorn, is one of de inferior degrees in de
classified scale and hierarchy of colour. De offspring of an African
and a white man is a mulatto—dat, madam, is my complexion. De
offspring of a mulatto and a white man is a quadroon—dat is de
grade immediately superior. But de offspring of a mulatto and a
negress is a Sambo—dat is de class just beneat us. De cause of
complaint alleged by de family against our nephew Septimius is dis
—dat bein’ himself a mulatto—de very fust remove from de pure-
blooded white man—he has chosen to ally himself in marriage wit a
Sambo gal—de second and inferior remove in de same progression.
De family feels dat in dis course Septimius has toroughly and
irremediably disgraced himself.’
‘And for dat reason,’ added Miss Euphemia with stately coldness,
‘none of de ladies in de brown society of Trinidad have been present
at dis morning’s ceremony. De gentlemen went, but de ladies didn’t.’
‘It seems to me,’ Dr Whitaker said, in a pained and humiliated tone,
‘that we oughtn’t to be making these absurd distinctions of minute
hue between ourselves, but ought rather to be trying our best to
break down the whole barrier of time-honoured prejudice by which
the coloured race, as a race, is so surrounded.—Don’t you agree
with me, Mr Hawthorn?’
‘Pho!’ Miss Euphemia exclaimed, with evident disgust. ‘Just listen to
Wilberforce! He has no proper pride in his family or in his colour. He
would go and shake hands wit any vulgar, dirty, nigger woman, I
believe, as black as de poker; his ideas are so common!—
Wilberforce, I declare, I’s quite ashamed of you!’
Dr Whitaker played nervously with the knob of his walking-stick. ‘I
feel sure, Euphemia,’ he said at last, ‘these petty discriminations
between shade and shade are the true disgrace and ruin of our
brown people. In despising one another, or boasting over one
another, for our extra fraction or so of white blood, we are implicitly
admitting in principle the claim of white people to look down upon all
of us impartially as inferior creatures.—Don’t you think so, Mr
Hawthorn?’
‘I quite agree with you,’ Edward answered warmly. ‘The principle’s
obvious.’
Dr Whitaker looked pleased and flattered. Edward stole a glance at
Marian, and neither could resist a faint smile at Miss Euphemia’s
prejudices of colour, in spite of their pressing doubts and
preoccupations. And yet, they didn’t even then begin to perceive the
true meaning of the situation. They had not long to wait, however, for
before the Whitakers rose to take their departure, Thomas came in
with a couple of cards to announce Mr Theodore Dupuy, and his
nephew, Mr Tom Dupuy of Pimento Valley.
The Whitakers went off shortly, Miss Euphemia especially in very
high spirits, because Mrs Hawthorn had shaken hands in the most
cordial manner with her, before the face of the two white men.
Edward and Marian would fain have refused to see the Dupuys, as
they hadn’t thought fit to bring even Nora with them; and at that last
mysterious insult—a dagger to her heart—the tears came up
irresistibly to poor wearied Marian’s swimming eyelids. But Thomas
had brought the visitors in before the Whitakers rose to go, and so
there was nothing left but to get through the interview somehow, with
what grace they could manage to muster.
‘We had hoped to see Nora long before this,’ Edward Hawthorn said
pointedly to Mr Dupuy—after a few preliminary polite inanities—half
hoping thus to bring things at last to a positive crisis. ‘My wife and
she were school-girls together, you know, and we saw so much of
one another on the way out. We have been quite looking forward to
her paying us a visit.’
Mr Dupuy drew himself up very stiffly, and answered in a tone of the
chilliest order: ‘I don’t know to whom you can be alluding, sir, when
you speak of “Nora;” but if you refer to my daughter, Miss Dupuy, I
regret to say she is suffering just at present from—ur—a severe
indisposition, which unfortunately prevents her from paying a call on
Mrs Hawthorn.’
Edward coughed an angry little cough, which Marian saw at once
meant a fixed determination to pursue the matter to the bitter end.
‘Miss Dupuy herself requested me to call her Nora,’ he said, ‘on our
journey over, during which we naturally became very intimate, as she
was put in charge of my wife at Southampton, by her aunt in
England. If she had not done so, I should never have dreamt of
addressing her, or speaking of her, by her Christian name. As she
did do so, however, I shall take the liberty of continuing to call her by
that name, until I receive a request to desist from her own lips. We
have long been expecting a call, I repeat, Mr Dupuy, from your
daughter Nora.’
‘Sir!’ Mr Dupuy exclaimed angrily; the blood of the fighting Dupuys
was boiling up now savagely within him.
‘We have been expecting her,’ Edward Hawthorn repeated firmly;
‘and I insist upon knowing the reason why you have not brought her
with you.’
‘I have already said, sir,’ Mr Dupuy answered, rising and growing
purple in the face, ‘that my daughter is suffering from a severe
indisposition.’
‘And I refuse,’ Edward replied, in his sternest tone, rising also, ‘to
accept that flimsy excuse—in short, to call it by its proper name, that
transparent falsehood. If you do not tell me the true reason at once,
much as I respect and like Miss Dupuy, I shall have to ask you, sir, to
leave my house immediately.’
A light seemed to burst suddenly upon the passionate planter, which
altered his face curiously, by gradual changes, from livid blue to
bright scarlet. The corners of his mouth began to go up sideways in
a solemnly ludicrous fashion: the crow’s-feet about his eyes first
relaxed and then tightened deeply; his whole big body seemed to be
inwardly shaken by a kind of suppressed impalpable laughter. ‘Why,
Tom,’ he exclaimed, turning with a curious half-comical look to his
wondering nephew, ‘do you know—upon my word—I really believe—
no, it can’t be possible—but I really believe—they don’t even now
know anything at all about it.’
‘Explain yourself,’ Edward said sternly, placing himself between Mr
Dupuy and the door, as if on purpose to bar the passage outward.
‘If you really don’t know about it,’ Mr Dupuy said slowly, with an
unusual burst of generosity for him, ‘why, then, I admit, the insult to
Miss Dupuy is—is—is less deliberately intentional than I at first sight
imagined.—But no, no: you must know all about it already. You can’t
still remain in ignorance. It’s impossible, quite impossible.’
‘Explain,’ Edward reiterated inexorably.
‘You compel me?’
‘I compel you.’
‘You’d better not; you won’t like it.’
‘I insist upon it.’
‘Well, really, since you make a point of it—but there, you’ve been
brought up like a gentleman, Mr Hawthorn, and you’ve married a
wife who, as I learn from my daughter, is well connected, and has
been brought up like a lady; and I don’t want to hurt your feelings
needlessly. I can understand that under such circumstances’——
‘Explain. Say what you have to say; I can endure it.’
‘Tom!’ Mr Dupuy murmured imploringly, turning to his nephew. After
all, the elder man was something of a gentleman; he shrank from
speaking out that horrid secret.
‘Well, you see, Mr Hawthorn,’ Tom Dupuy went on, taking up the
parable with a sardonic smile—for he had no such scruples—‘my
uncle naturally felt that with a man of your colour’—— He paused
significantly.
Edward Hawthorn’s colour at that particular moment was vivid
crimson. The next instant it was marble white. ‘A man of my colour!’
he exclaimed, drawing back in astonishment, not unmingled with
horror, and flinging up his arms wildly—‘a man of my colour! For
heaven’s sake, sir, what, in the name of goodness, do you mean by
a man of my colour?’
‘Why, of course,’ Tom Dupuy replied maliciously and coolly, ‘seeing
that you’re a brown man yourself, and that your father and mother
were brown people before you, naturally, my uncle’——
Marian burst forth into a little cry of intense excitement. It wasn’t
horror; it wasn’t anger; it wasn’t disappointment: it was simply relief
from the long agony of that endless, horrible suspense.
‘We can bear it all, Edward,’ she cried aloud cheerfully, almost
joyously—‘we can bear it all! My darling, my darling, it is nothing,
nothing, nothing!’
And regardless of the two men, who stood there still, cynical and
silent, watching the effect of their unexpected thunderbolt, the poor
young wife flung her arms wildly around her newly wedded husband,
and smothered him in a perfect torrent of passionate kisses.
But as for Edward, he stood there still, as white, as cold, and as
motionless as a statue.
(To be continued.)
 CANAL NAVIGATIONS.
Until the middle of the last century, our forefathers thought far more
of foreign enterprise than of the internal communications of their own
island. An Englishman of the time of Elizabeth might be acquainted
with all the intricacies of the Arctic Ocean or of the West Indies; but it
by no means followed that he was able to sketch a map of his own
country. The sea was the great highway of trade and fame, and the
commercial towns were all seaports.
Previous to the accession of George III., the communications
throughout England were of the most wretched kind, the great
highways being simply the worn-out tracks of the old Roman roads.
The manufactures of our country, struggling into notice, were greatly
hampered by this lack of communication, few facilities for carriage
existing, and distant markets being beyond reach. The little carrying-
trade was necessarily of the slowest and most expensive kind, and
goods were conveyed to the nearest port or navigable river,
generally by long strings of packhorses, less frequently by the slow
clumsy stage-wagon. Packhorses conveyed from the Severn the
clay used in the Potteries, bringing back in return coarse
earthenware for export. The cloth-manufacturer of Yorkshire saddled
his horse with his wares and travelled from fair to fair as his own
salesman; and the little cotton used in the Manchester looms was
transported from Liverpool in the same primitive fashion.
This was the state of the communications in England in 1757, when
the Duke of Bridgewater, having been crossed in love by one of the
beautiful Miss Gunnings, turned his attention to the more prosaic
employment of canal construction. His idea was to construct a
waterway, or ‘navigation,’ from his coal-pits to Manchester, a
distance of ten miles. Short as this distance appears in our time, it
offered so great a barrier in those days, that the supply of fuel was
always limited and uncertain. The duke, who was desirous of
engaging an engineer to put his idea into practical form, was advised
to employ the famous millwright Brindley, who had already made
himself a name in the district for his clever contrivances in the
pottery-works and the silk-factories. Like many others who have
risen to fame, Brindley was a self-made man. To his natural-born
genius, there were united two characteristics which are necessary to
all such pioneers—great perseverance, and a confidence in his own
judgment which overbore all the adverse criticism of the multitude.
His diary, which is extant, shows his school education to have been
of the scantiest; the words, spelt in the broad Staffordshire dialect,
and the painfully crabbed writing, excite alternately our amusement
and our respect; whilst it shows throughout the dogged
determination of the individual to overcome difficulty.
Brindley was no sooner installed as engineer of the works than he
completely altered the duke’s plan. To construct the proposed canal
—or ‘novogation,’ as Brindley has it—it was necessary to cross the
river Irwell, and it was here that he first showed his marvellous
courage and skill. The duke’s plan had been to drop the canal by a
series of locks to the level of the river, and to raise it again on the
farther side by the same means. But Brindley, who foresaw that
locks would always prove a great hindrance to traffic, decided that
the canal should not change its level, but should cross the river on a
stone aqueduct. Nothing of the kind had ever before been attempted
in this country, and, to ordinary minds, the idea of boats, laden with
coals, sailing, as it were in mid-air, seemed preposterous. It must be
allowed, to the everlasting credit of the duke, that, although
somewhat uncertain in his own mind as to the result of the scheme,
he nevertheless allowed Brindley to proceed. In spite of general
ridicule, the works were commenced, the aqueduct was built; and
derision was turned into amazement when the canal-boats passed
over and the structure showed no sign of collapse. The packhorses
were dispensed with, and the price of coal in Manchester fell to one-
half. The success, both to the projector and the community, was so
complete, that the duke at once sought further powers to extend the
canal westward, and thus to open communication with the port of
Liverpool. After much opposition from landowners and others,
Brindley commenced this extension; but although no great
engineering difficulties were encountered, the expenditure for some
years had been so heavy that the want of money threatened to offer
a serious obstacle to the completion of the scheme. The duke’s
credit became so low that the greatest task of the week was the
collecting of a sufficient amount to pay the wages of the labourers on
the works; and it was only by much scheming and economy that the
works were at length completed.
Meanwhile, the Staffordshire Potteries had begun to clamour for a
waterway, and Brindley had undertaken the survey of a canal which
was to connect them with the Trent and Mersey. Wedgwood, the
great potter, gave all his influence to a scheme for uniting his
factories with the sea, and even removed his works to a site on the
proposed canal, known henceforth by the ancient name of Etruria.
The great undertaking in the construction of this canal was the
tunnel, a mile and a half in length, under that part of the Pennine
chain which separates Staffordshire from Cheshire. This tunnel was
to constitute the highest point or ‘summit-level’ of the canal; and the
supply of water was to be obtained from a system of reservoirs
situated at a still higher elevation and fed by the surrounding hills.
But tunnelling was a new experiment in engineering; many
unforeseen difficulties arose to hinder the work, and it was only after
eleven years of heavy anxiety and stubborn perseverance that this
last link in the communication was completed. The carriage of a ton
of goods from Liverpool to Etruria, which had cost under the old
system fifty shillings, was reduced to one-fourth. This tunnel, the
pioneer of many miles of tunnelling since constructed, still exists. It is
simply a long culvert, just large enough to allow of the passage of a
single barge. There is no accommodation for hauling the traffic
through, and the barges are consequently propelled from end to end
by the exertions of the boatmen alone. Fifty years after its
construction, the traffic on the canal had increased to such an extent
that the mouths of the tunnel were perpetually blocked by a crowd of
boats waiting to pass through, and the fights and quarrels among the
boatmen for first place were a disgrace to the Canal Company. After
much pressure, the authorities called in the Scotch engineer Telford,
and to him was intrusted the construction of a second tunnel. The
want of suitable machinery, of skilled labour and of money, were
obstacles comparatively unknown to Telford, and the new tunnel,
large enough to allow of a towing-path, was constructed in three
years. The two works, side by side, represent fifty years’ progress in
the science of engineering.
But to return to Brindley and his triumphs. In North Warwickshire, a
colony of iron-workers had sprung up in the midst of a plain, worn
into narrow ‘hollow-ways’ by the tread of the ubiquitous packhorse.
The few letters sent to this large village of blacksmiths were
addressed ‘Birmingham, near Coleshill,’ this latter place being the
nearest point on the high road. Through this district, Brindley
succeeded in cutting a canal from the Trent to the Severn; and thus
Birmingham, the Potteries, and Manchester were each connected
with the Irish and North Seas.
Brindley’s last great work was the projection of a canal from Leeds to
Liverpool; but owing partly to the difficulties of the country passed
through, and partly to the scarcity of labourers through the
continental wars, the canal was not completed throughout until 1816,
long after Brindley’s death. The summit of this canal is in the wild
and stony district of Pendle Forest, where are situated the great
reservoirs—one being over a hundred acres in extent—which feed
the higher levels of the canal with water. These reservoirs are
maintained in repair and efficiency at the present day by the owners
of the numerous stone quarries of the district, to whom the canal
offers great facilities for transit.
Under Rennie and Telford, canal construction was continued, and old
methods were improved upon. The Barton aqueduct of Brindley sank
into insignificance before the works of these later engineers, whose
canals, instead of winding round the hillsides to avoid cuttings, were
led through hills and over valleys regardless of obstacles. Besides
the completion of English canals, we owe to these two men the
construction of the canal from the Forth to the Clyde and the
Caledonian Canal, in Scotland; and the two parallel canals in Ireland
which connect Dublin with the Atlantic. Thus, in half a century was
the country covered with a network of waterways, giving an impulse
to manufactures which had hitherto been shut out from foreign
markets.
About the end of last century, a great impulse was given to the traffic
on the canals by a Mr Baxendale, the agent of Pickford, the well-
known carrier. By his efforts, a thorough system of canal
communication was established and maintained, and greater
punctuality was observed in the arrival and departure of the boats.
Express or fly boats also came into use for the more important
merchandise and for passenger traffic. On the Bridgewater Canal,
they plied with passengers between Manchester and Liverpool; and
in the neighbourhood of the larger towns they conveyed the market-
women home to the surrounding villages. In 1798, many of the
troops for the Irish campaign were conveyed by canal from London
to Liverpool. When the railway systems were projected, some of their
greatest opponents were the canal Companies, who fancied they
saw in the new mode of transit, utter ruin to their own traffic. It was
said that the canals would soon become useless and overgrown with
weeds, and it was even proposed to buy up the canal Companies, fill
in the water-channels, and lay down the line of rails in their stead.
But in spite of all these dark forebodings, and notwithstanding the
utility of the new method as compared with the old, the canals still
maintain their ground. Their traffic since the advent of the railways
has steadily increased; canal shares are usually considered safe
stock, and therefore seldom change hands. Both systems of
communication have their advantages; and whilst the locomotive is
the great economiser of time, there are many articles of commerce,
in the shape of building materials and fragile goods, in the carrying of
which the canals are more suitable. They remain at the present day
a lasting and still useful monument to the English enterprise and
perseverance of the last century.
To turn to the present century: M. de Lesseps has been so
successful with the Suez Canal, and promises to be with the
Panama one, that it is no wonder that he should have many
followers; and it is to be noted that the canals proposed now are all
on the large scale—canals for ships of large size. They are mostly
through narrow necks of land, although one of them is to connect an
inland town, Manchester, about thirty miles from salt water, directly
with the sea. The Isthmus of Corinth is the site of another; and still
another is to run into the great Sahara of Africa and convert it into a
great salt-water lake. How long this lake would take to fill up with
solid salt is a nice question, which we have not sufficient means of
determining, as the other ‘salt lakes’ of the world are all supplied with
fresh water, and have only as yet attained to a more or less briny
state.
 AN IRISH TRAVELLING THEATRE.
Many people who have heard of a travelling theatre may find
perhaps the following peep behind the scenes somewhat interesting.
On a cold, bleak day towards the end of October 1885, I received the
following letter:
Respected Lady—I is an actress, and has a travelling
theatre. We came to this village two days ago; but the
times is bad, and business so slack, I has had to sell most
all the theatrical wardrobe; and in consequence we has
but little left us we can wear. Respected lady, I writes to
ask you to have the harte to help me and my company.
Any evening dresses, especial ballett dresses, no matter
how old, and any artificial flowers, will be thankful received
by one who art and health is alike forsakin. Respected
lady, I has a large family to provide for, and any old
stockings and shoes I pray you to bestow, lady. My
daughter is waiting for an answer. We has a benefit for her
to-night. Any clothes, lady, looks well on the stage.
Reserved seats fourpince, and pit twopince.—Yours
respectful to command,
Madoline Emerson,
or Mary Flanagan.
I sent for the bearer of the letter, who had, as intimated, waited for
my reply. A little girl of about eight years old appeared, and bowed to
me very gravely. She was thinly and poorly clad, and looked
miserably cold and wretched. Her little feet were without stockings,
and red from exposure; they peeped through her broken shoes.
When I asked her would she like some food while she waited, her
poor pinched little face brightened as she eagerly said: ‘Yes, lady, if
you please. I have had no breakfast, and I am so hungry.’ So, while
she partook of the meal she so much needed, I collected what
clothes I could, and gave them to her, promising to have some more
on the morrow, when I desired her to call again. She did so, bringing
with her a letter full of expressions of gratitude from her mother for
the help I had given. It was on this occasion I heard from little Mary
the following history of a travelling theatre.
‘We came to this village two days ago. Our theatre is erected in the
street, and we call ourselves the Emerson Company. That’s my
mother’s name; and it sounds grander-like than my father’s, which is
Flanagan. There are six of us alive; but my eldest sister is married
these two years, and has a theatre of her own. We mostly marry into
the profession, for we find it more useful,’ she added. ‘My big sister
at home is fourteen, and we buried two. Next to her, then I come,
and I am eight; and my only brother, who comes next to me, is six.
No more of us act, because Maggie must mind the baby while
mother is acting. My sister dances and sings beautifully; and as for
an Irish jig, you never saw the like of her, she’s that good. But she
gets frightfully tired, for she has heart disease; and the doctor says
as how she may die any minute. I can sing too,’ she continued
proudly; ‘and I could dance on the “tight wire” too; but I fell off it two
years ago, because I forgot to rub my feet in a white powder we
have to use before going on; and since then, I am afraid. But my little
brother isn’t, and he can turn a summerset on the wire and juggle
grand. He can throw the knives as high as that’—indicating with her
hands a distance of three or four feet—‘and can bring the sharp
points of the blades on to the palms of his hand without so much as
giving them a scratch.’
‘How can he do that, if the knives are so sharp?’
‘Well, you see, lady, father has a big jar of stuff like brown oil—I don’t
know its real name—and my brother rubs his hands all over with
some of it—very little does; then the knives cannot cut him. It will
only come off again by washing his hands in mostly boiling water.’
‘How many are there in your company?’
‘We have only three at present,’ she replied, ‘besides the family.
When we want more, my married sister lends us one or two out of
her troupe; but of course we pay them. Those we have now act very
fair: one gets five shillings a night; and the other two get three
shillings and half a crown. If we have a good take at the door, father
will give them an extra shilling apiece all round; but some nights they
get all we make, and we get none. We only took one pound between
these two nights. Business is slack; but maybe we’ll make more
soon, when the people in the country hear of us; for we are a most
respectable company,’ she added proudly. ‘In the last village we
were in, we “took” a lot because we had the wonderful speaking
pony “Jack.” But another company as had a travelling theatre too,
came while we were there; and as they were poorer than we were,
father, who is real good to any one in the profession, lent them the
pony.’
‘And what could this wonderful pony do?’
‘He could most speak, lady, he was that clever. At Pound’s Place—
that’s where we were afore we came here—we lodged with a grocer
in the village. He had a little girl as used to steal sweets out of the
bottle from behind the counter in the shop; and the pony found it out,
and told on her.’
‘How did he do that? Tell me some of this clever animal’s tricks.’
‘Well, lady, you see, this night father and Jack came on the platform
as usual. First, father says: “Now, Jack, who is the biggest rogue in
the theatre?” The pony walked round and looked at every one, and
then came back and stood before father and nodded his head twice,
which meant, “You are.” But that’s only a part of the play, lady; father
isn’t really a rogue—he’s real good. Then father says again: “I
wonder, Jack, could you discover who likes a good pinch of snuff?”
Jack looked about, and walked a few steps and then stopped before
the old woman who sold apples round the corner. ’Twas quite true,’
continued the child, ‘for she used to buy it where we lodged.—After
this, father said: “Now, Jack, as you are so clever, tell the company
which of all the little girls present likes sweets, and is in the habit of
stealing them?”—and if Jack didn’t find out Mollie—that’s the little girl
as I told you of, lady—and he nodded and nodded his head ever so
often, to show he was quite sure it was Mollie! She was very angry,
and began to cry, and told Jack as how she didn’t steal them. But he
knew it was a lie,’ added Mary, ‘for he would not go away, though
father called him. And Mollie she was that mad, she would never
again come inside the theatre, she said, because the pony told lies
of her before every one!
‘We have different plays each night, and have beautiful “cuts.” Some
nights, when the reserved seats are mostly empty, we have only
singing and dancing. My sister does a lot of steps then; and when
she comes off the stage she is well-nigh dead, she is so hot and
tired. Mother is tired every day; for she coughs nearly all night. We
are mostly all tired,’ the child continued, ‘for ’tis twelve o’clock, and
often one, before we get to bed any night. Then there is a rehearsal
every day at twelve o’clock. Mother never gets up till ’tis time to go to
it.—Our tent was partly blown down last night, lady, for it blew very
hard, and it was much damaged. Every strip of canvas costs six
shillings, and it takes a great many to make a tent. Mother and the
company are mending it now, while I am here.’
‘How long will you remain in our village?’
‘Maybe a week longer, or maybe two,’ answered the child; ‘it all
depends on the “take” we have. We were six weeks in Pound’s
Place; but we’ve only made enough these two nights here to pay the
company, and had nothing for ourselves. We are often hungry, Jim
and me.’
‘Do you like being an actress, and wearing all those bright dresses,
and singing for people who applaud and praise you?’
‘O no, lady; I hate the life,’ she replied; ‘and the audience are cross
often, if they don’t like the piece and what we do; and then I get
frightened. Then father sings a comic song, and they all mostly like
that.’
‘How do you manage to take the tent, its fittings, and your wardrobe
about from place to place?’
‘We have a big wagon as holds everything, and the horse and the
donkey they draw it. Then father hires a car for us, and another for
the company, and we travel from village to village that way. We go to
the towns in winter. Our theatre is well known; and in some places
we make six pounds, and maybe seven or eight, in one night. Other
times we might only take—as we’ve done here—ten shillings. We
never go in debt,’ she added. ‘Mother sells our wardrobe when we
are very poor, and then she asks kind ladies to help us by giving us
their old clothes. Anything does for the stage so long as it’s bright.
Once mother got a dress from a lady all over silver stars, and she
wore it when she is the Queen. I doesn’t mean she is a real queen,
but one in the play. But that’s worn out now,’ she added sadly.
‘I must be going now,’ Mary said, getting up; ‘and I’m very thankful
entirely, lady. Maybe you would send the servants to-morrow night to
the theatre, for Jim is having his benefit. We don’t have any real
ladies come, or I’d be real glad to see you,’ she concluded
ingenuously.
Accordingly, I sent the servants; and from them I heard that the
theatre was the most wretched place imaginable. A small tent, in
many places broken and saturated with rain, which had been falling
heavily, was pitched in the principal street in the village. A few forms
served as reserved seats; whilst those who could not afford this
luxury, stood in groups behind. The stage was raised some three or
four feet from the ground by means of some barrels, on which long
planks of wood were arranged in rows to form a platform. A few
candles placed along the edge of it served for footlights; whilst large
gaudy ‘cuts,’ representing some specially attractive character in the
several plays acted, formed the scenery, as Mary had stated; and on
the occasion in question, when singing and dancing were the only
entertainments provided, the audience were asked if they wished to
come upon the stage and dance an Irish jig or horn-pipe. One man
accepted the invitation, and danced both so well and with such a will,
amusing the people so effectually, that fully half an hour’s respite
was enjoyed by the tired, weary company of the travelling theatre.
 INDIAN SERVANTS.
A somewhat widespread opinion prevails in this country that our
Anglo-Indian friends, with their handsome rupee-reckoned salaries,
are in the habit of living more than comfortably, if not luxuriously, in
the far East. But, in reality, whatever may have been the case
formerly, in what were called ‘the good old times,’ this is not so
nowadays; and we should remember that what in England may justly
be considered to be a luxury, in a tropical climate like India often
becomes a necessity. Our countrymen now—unlike their
predecessors, who lived like princes, spent their money freely, and
made India their home—wisely adopt the opposite course, and look
forward to the time when they may retire on a pension, and pass the
remainder of their days in old England.
Perhaps the chief cause which has given rise to the erroneous
impression above referred to is the number of native servants which
the young Anglo-Indian usually entertains on first taking up his
appointment in the Civil Service, the military profession, or other line
of business, as the case may be. His mother and sisters are
astonished to learn by the first letter received from Jack or Harry—
fresh from school, and perhaps hardly out of his teens—that already
he has enlisted into his service no fewer than seven or eight
attendants; and not comprehending the rights of the case, are apt to
moralise on youthful extravagance. This, however, is a mistake on
their part, which we will endeavour to explain, at the same time
offering a few remarks, for the benefit of our countrymen daily
leaving our shores for India, on native servants in general, their
duties, peculiarities, and the best way of treating them to meet with
success. But before taking them individually, it is with regret we feel
compelled to allude to a practice not unfrequently indulged in by the
young and thoughtless, of constantly using native terms of abuse to
their attendants for the most trivial faults. This is a habit much to be
deprecated. The natives of India are extraordinary judges of
character, and quickly lose all respect for a master who demeans
himself in this manner; and no native servant of any worth will permit
himself to be cuffed and knocked about, and, rather than submit to
such treatment, will give up his place immediately. The submissive
air and humble gait of the natives of India should alone be sufficient
to disarm a European, and prevent him from ever lifting his hand
against one of them, even when provoked to the uttermost by some
gross act of carelessness or stupidity. A little patience and kindness,
coupled with tact and firmness, will generally produce the desired
effect, and is much to be preferred to harshness and constant
scolding.
The young Anglo-Indian, on reaching his destination at, we will
suppose, some up-country station in the North-western Provinces of
Bengal or the Punjab, will, generally speaking, require the following
servants: a bearer or personal attendant; khitmutghar or table
attendant; bheestie or water-carrier; dhobie or washerman; mehter
or sweeper; syce or groom; and a grass-cutter to provide fodder for
his pony; and throughout the hot-weather months, two additional
coolies will be necessary to keep the punkah moving throughout the
exhausting nights of the tropics.
On first landing from the steamer at the end of the voyage, the young
Englishman is sure to be met by numerous applicants for service.
The door of his hotel will be thronged by eager candidates for
situations; but unless under exceptional circumstances, such as a
fellow-countryman travelling homewards, and anxious to obtain a
place for a really good servant, he will act wisely to defer making a
selection until he has reached his journey’s end, when, probably, he
will have more time to look around and make his selection.
The first and most important servant to procure is a bearer, and it is
by no means an easy post to fill up satisfactorily. He should be a
Hindu of not too high a caste; nor, on the other hand, of the opposite
extreme, a very low caste. The latter is almost certain to prove a
failure. There is much to be learned from the personal appearance
and style of dress of native servants. Certificates to character should
be carefully examined and received with caution; for not unfrequently
these documents are forgeries, or borrowed for the occasion;
sometimes copies from some genuine certificate supplied to another
individual. The applicant for a place should also be questioned on
the why and the wherefore of his quitting his last situation. As to
caste, perhaps the kahar is the best for a bearer. Taken generally,
the kahars are an industrious, quiet race of beings. One of their chief
occupations is carrying palanquins; but the opening of railways
throughout India has in a great measure done away with this mode
of travelling. It may be mentioned that the title kahar many years ago
was also the distinctive appellation of a Hindu slave.
As head-servant of the house, the bearer should always be well
dressed, more especially so as one of his chief duties is to receive
visitors at the door. He should never appear without wearing a
turban, nor ever enter the house with shoes on his feet. These two
latter remarks apply to every class of servant. Nor should a plea of
forgetfulness for neglect of the same be ever accepted. The bearer
is responsible for his master’s clothes; he has charge of the keys. He
should be the first astir in the morning, and call the ‘sahib’ at the
proper hour to dress for parade, the early walk, or ride. He dusts and
arranges the different rooms while his master is out; and on the
latter’s return has the bath in readiness. With the exception of an
hour or two about mid-day, when the bearer disappears for his
dinner, he remains in the veranda or within call. He keeps account of
small household expenditures, again attends his lord on the latter
retiring to rest, when the bearer makes his final salaam or
obeisance, and takes his departure.
The next in importance among Indian domestic servants is the
khitmutghar or table-attendant. It need hardly be mentioned that he
is invariably of the Mohammedan religion; and great care is
necessary in choosing this particular servant, for among their ranks
are many low, dissipated characters. A single glance at one of these
latter will generally suffice to make one aware of the fact. Old
graybeards, though of course less active than younger followers of
the Prophet, yet often prove to be better servants in the long-run.
When questioned, these gentry almost invariably deny all knowledge
of the English language; but, generally speaking, the Bengal
khitmutghar, as he stands with folded arms and imperturbable