ASSIGENMENT 2

Course: Environmental Economics

Course Code: ES-205
Section: BS III -A
Submitted to: Mam Maria
Submitted By: 22011510-062

Department of Physics
University of Gujrat
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE
PRODUCTIVITY
Climate change refers to long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation, and
other atmospheric conditions on Earth. It is largely influenced by human activities,
such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, leading to global warming and
significant environmental changes.

Importance of Agriculture:
Economic Backbone: Agriculture is a major contributor to Pakistan's GDP,
providing a substantial share of the national income. The sector supports millions
of livelihoods, particularly in rural areas, where a significant portion of the
population is engaged in farming.

 Employment Opportunities: The agriculture sector is a primary source of

employment in Pakistan. A large percentage of the population, especially in
rural areas, is directly or indirectly involved in farming, providing jobs and
supporting rural economies.
 Food Security: Agriculture is essential for ensuring food security in
Pakistan. The sector produces a variety of crops, fruits, and vegetables,
meeting the dietary needs of the population. A stable and productive
agricultural sector is crucial for averting food shortages and maintaining a
reliable food supply chain.
 Raw Material for Industries: Agriculture provides raw materials for various
industries, including the textile industry. Cotton, for example, is a key
agricultural product used in the production of textiles, which is a vital sector
for Pakistan's economy.
 Rural Development: The success and growth of agriculture contribute to the
overall development of rural areas. Improved agricultural practices,
infrastructure, and access to markets positively impact the living standards
of rural communities.

Impact of climate change on agricultural productivity

Altered Growing Seasons:

o Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns affect the traditional

growing seasons.
 o Shifts in planting and harvesting times impact crop yields and
production.

Water Scarcity:

o Changes in precipitation may lead to water scarcity for irrigation.

o Decreased water availability affects crop growth and quality.

Increased Pest and Disease Pressure:

o Range Expansion of Pests: Warmer temperatures may lead to the

expansion of pests' geographic ranges, affecting crops.
o Spread of Diseases: Changes in climate conditions can facilitate the
spread of plant diseases, impacting crop health..

Soil Degradation:

o Erosion: Intense rainfall and extreme weather events can lead to soil
erosion.
o Loss of Soil Fertility: Changes in temperature and precipitation may impact
soil health, affecting crop productivity.

Changes in Precipitation Patterns:

o Droughts: Altered precipitation patterns may result in prolonged droughts,

causing water scarcity for crops.
o Flooding: Intense rainfall events can lead to flooding, damaging crops and
affecting soil health.

Challenges faced by farmer’s by impact of climate on

agriculture:
o Unpredictable Weather:

Changing weather patterns make it hard for farmers to plan.

o Water Shortages:

Irregular rainfall and droughts challenge traditional irrigation.

 o Pest and Disease Changes:

Shifts in climate lead to new pest and disease patterns.

o Soil Health Issues:

Soil erosion and fertility loss require new soil management.

o Crop Yield Variability:

Unpredictable yields and crop failures affect productivity.

o Heat Stress for Crops:

Rising temperatures and heatwaves impact crop growth.

o Livestock Challenges:

Heat stress and changing disease patterns affect livestock.

o Limited Technology Access:

Lack of access to climate-resilient technologies hampers adaptation.

o Financial Constraints:

Insufficient funds for adopting climate-smart practices.

Mitigation measures :

1. Sustainable Farming Practices: Farmers can adopt sustainable farming methods

such as conservation tillage, crop rotation, and cover cropping. These practices
help improve soil health, retain moisture, and reduce erosion, which can protect
crops from extreme weather events like droughts and floods.

2. Drought-Resistant Crop Varieties: Farmers can choose to grow crop varieties

that are more tolerant to drought conditions. These varieties have traits like deep
root systems and efficient water usage, allowing them to withstand periods of
water scarcity.
3. Improved Irrigation Systems: Upgrading irrigation systems can be crucial in
adapting to changing climate conditions. Farmers can invest in technologies like
drip irrigation or precision sprinklers that deliver water directly to the root zone,
minimizing water loss through evaporation and ensuring efficient water use.

4.Crop Monitoring and Early Warning Systems: Farmers can utilize advanced
technologies and data-driven tools to monitor crop health and receive early
warnings about weather-related risks. This allows them to take timely actions, such
as adjusting irrigation schedules or applying appropriate pest management
strategies.

Conclusion:
Hence climate change has a significant impact on agricultural productivity. Rising
temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme
weather events like droughts and floods can all disrupt crop growth and reduce
yields. Heat stress can affect pollination, flowering, and fruit development, leading
to lower crop quality and quantity. Changes in rainfall patterns can result in water
scarcity or excessive rainfall, both of which can negatively affect crop growth and
increase the risk of diseases. Additionally, climate change can lead to the spread of
pests and diseases, further threatening agricultural productivity. Overall, the
impact of climate change on agriculture highlights the urgent need for adaptation
strategies and sustainable farming practices to ensure food security in the face of
these challenges.