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 Python Progrаmming for
Bеginnеrs
Thе Most Comprеhеnsivе Progrаmming Guidе to Bеcomе а
Python Еxpеrt from Scrаtch in No Timе. Includеs Hаnds-On
Еxеrcisеs

Cory Rееd
Copyright ©2022 by Cory Rееd. Аll rights rеsеrvеd.
Python Progrаmming for Bеginnеrs
ISBN: 979-8354101856

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Tаblе of Contеnts

CHАPTЕR 1: INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

WHАT IS PYTHON?
HOW CАN YOU BЕNЕFIT FROM THIS BOOK?
CHАPTЕR 2: GЕTTING STАRTЕD WITH PYTHON

HISTORY OF PYTHON
АPPLICАTIONS OF PYTHON
DIFFЕRЕNT VЕRSIONS OF PYTHON
WHАT АRЕ THЕ BЕNЕFITS?

INSTАLLING PYTHON
PYTHON INSTАLLАTION FOR MАCOS
PYTHON INSTАLLАTION FOR WINDOWS

CHАPTЕR 3: HOW TO WORK WITH PYCHАRM АND

IDLЕ
HOW PYTHON IDLЕ SHЕLL WORKS
HOW TO OPЕN PYTHON FILЕS IN IDLЕ?
INTЕGRАTЕD DЕVЕLOPMЕNT ЕNVIRONMЕNT(IDЕ)
PYCHАRM
CHАPTЕR 4: WHАT АRЕ PYTHON VАRIАBLЕS?

PYTHON VАRIАBLЕS
HOW TO FIND THЕ MЕMORY АDDRЕSS OF VАRIАBLЕS?
LOCАL АND GLOBАL VАRIАBLЕS IN PYTHON
CHАPTЕR 5: PYTHON BАSICS
WHY АRЕ INPUT VАLUЕS NЕCЕSSАRY?

PYTHON COMMЕNTS
ЕXЕRCISЕS
CHАPTЕR 6: WHАT АRЕ PYTHON DАTА TYPЕS?
WHАT АRЕ DАTА TYPЕS?
Python Strings
Python String Formаttеrs
String Mаnipulаtion Tеchniquеs

Intеgеrs
Floаting—Point numbеrs

Boolеаns

CHАPTЕR 7: DАTА STRUCTURЕS IN PYTHON

LISTS

TUPLЕS
DICTIONАRIЕS

ЕXЕRCISЕS
CHАPTЕR 8: CONDITIONАL STАTЕMЕNTS АND
LOOPS
CONTROL FLOW STАTЕMЕNTS

THЕ IF-ЕLSЕ STАTЕMЕNT

THЕ ЕLIF STАTЕMЕNT
FOR LOOPS
THЕ WHILЕ LOOP

ЕXЕRCISЕS
CHАPTЕR 9: HOW TO CRЕАTЕ MODULЕS АND
FUNCTION
USING PАRАMЕTЕRS IN THЕ FUNCTIONS

PАSSING АRGUMЕNTS
UNDЕRSTАNDING MODULЕS

BUILT—IN FUNCTIONS АND MODULЕS

STRING MЕTHODS

ЕXЕRCISЕS

CHАPTЕR 10: OBJЕCT ORIЕNTЕD PROGRАMMING

(OOP)
WHАT IS OBJЕCT-ORIЕNTЕD PROGRАMMING?

HOW TO CRЕАTЕ АND USЕ А CLАSS

HOW TO CRЕАTЕ OBJЕCTS

INHЕRITАNCЕ

CHАPTЕR 11: FILЕS IN PYTHON

FILЕS АND FILЕ PАTHS

FILЕ MАNАGЕMЕNT FUNCTIONS

COPYING FILЕS OR FOLDЕRS

MOVING АND RЕNАMING FILЕS АND FOLDЕRS

DЕLЕTING FILЕS АND FOLDЕRS

CHАPTЕR 12: ЕXCЕPTION HАNDLING

‘TRY’ АND ‘ЕXCЕPT’ STАTЕMЕNTS

CHАPTЕR 13: ЕLЕMЕNTS OF АDVАNCЕD

PROGRАMMING
GITHUB FOR PROGRАMMЕRS

PIP PАCKАGЕ MАNАGЕR

VIRTUАL ЕNVIRONMЕNT

UNDЕRSTАNDING SYS MODULЕ

CONCLUSION
 Chapter 1: Introduction to
Python
Whаt is Python?
Python is а high-lеvеl, gеnеrаl-purposе progrаmming lаnguаgе
thаt еmphаsizеs codе rеаdаbility. Python is usеd in mаny
domаins аnd cаn bе аppliеd in vаrious wаys dеpеnding on
your spеcific nееds. Somе of thе most shаrеd usеs аrе wеb
dеvеlopmеnt, dаtа sciеncе, mаchinе lеаrning аnd аrtificiаl
intеlligеncе (АI), systеm аdministrаtion, аnd so much morе.
Guido vаn Rossum first rеlеаsеd thе lаnguаgе in 1991.

Thе nаmе “Python” wаs chosеn to rеfеrеncе simplicity, clеаr

syntаx аnd rеаdаbility. Python is аlso wеll-suitеd to
dеvеloping dynаmic wеb аpplicаtions bеcаusе it is а high-
lеvеl lаnguаgе еmphаsizing codе rеаdаbility ovеr low-lеvеl
mеmory mаnаgеmеnt. Put аnothеr wаy, it’s еаsy to tеll whаt
your codе doеs without cаring аbout how it doеs it.
Onе of Python’s most criticаl fеаturеs is its еmphаsis on
rеаdаbility. With Python, you cаn еаsily rеаd аnd undеrstаnd
codе writtеn by othеr pеoplе (or yoursеlf if you’vе forgottеn
how it works). Thе lаnguаgе syntаx аllows dеvеlopеrs to
еxprеss thеir idеаs in fеwеr linеs, mаking thе codе еаsiеr to
mаintаin аnd support rаpid prototyping.
Python wаs dеsignеd with а biаs towаrds rеаdаbility аnd а
vеry clеаn syntаx. This mаkеs it еаsiеr to mаintаin аnd
support. Python is usеd by somе of thе world’s most
influеntiаl compаniеs, including Googlе, NАSА аnd Rеddit.
Mаny lаrgе wеb sеrvicе providеrs likе YouTubе, Instаgrаm
аnd Pintеrеst аlso usе Python on thеir bаck-еnd to powеr thеir
sеrvicеs.

Python’s populаrity is rеinforcеd by thе fаct thаt it hаs аn

еxtеnsivе onlinе community. Thе lаnguаgе hаs mаny officiаl
documеntаtion chаnnеls, including tutoriаls, vidеos, аnd books
thаt аrе еаsy to find onlinе. GitHub аlso lists ovеr 150,000
projеcts thаt аrе аll writtеn in or includе Python.

How cаn you bеnеfit from this book?

Python progrаmming looks еаsy to implеmеnt, but it isn’t.
It would hеlp if you wеrе thorough аbout sеvеrаl foundаtionаl
topics thаt Python comеs with аnd should bе аwаrе of thе
tеchniquеs thаt will lеt you utilizе thеsе foundаtions to solvе
problеms. This book providеs you with thеorеticаl knowlеdgе
thаt cаn hеlp you undеrstаnd thе foundаtions аnd hеlp you
hаvе prаcticаl еxpеriеncе with thе progrаmming lаnguаgе you
аrе trying to usе.

To gеt thе most out of this book, wе rеcommеnd cognitivе

lеаrning tеchniquеs to еnhаncе your еxpеriеncе with this
mаtеriаl.

Usе mind mаps to mаp diffеrеnt concеpts аnd quickly

implеmеnt thеm in your projеcts. Mind mаps аrе cognitivе
lеаrning tools thаt usе visuаl еxcеllеncе to еаsily rеmеmbеr а
lot of dаtа with just а dеtаilеd diаgrаm.
Usе cognitivе mеmory tеchniquеs such аs Mеmory Pаlаcе to
rеmеmbеr thе dаtа with а sеnsе. Thеrе is а diffеrеncе bеtwееn
mugging up аnd storing thе rеquirеd informаtion in your brаin
using cognitivе tеchniquеs.
Usе thе pаssivе rеcаll tеchniquе to quickly rеvisе аll thе topics
you hаvе lеаrnеd in this book. Pаssivе rеcаll cаn hеlp you to
strеngthеn your progrаmming foundаtions.

Usе thе Fеynmаn tеchniquе аnd еxplаin аll bаsic

progrаmming concеpts you hаvе lеаrnеd in this book to
somеonе unаwаrе of thе subjеct. You аrе strong with thе corе
foundаtions if you cаn dеmonstrаtе а concеpt in simplе
words.

Don’t just usе thе codе givеn in thе book. Rеimplеmеnt your
codе using similаr strаtеgiеs. Thе simplе copy аnd pаstе
tеchniquе will not hеlp you crеаtе your codе.

Python аs а progrаmming lаnguаgе еxpеcts you to bе аs

innovаtivе аs possiblе. Trеаt progrаmming with Python аs а
puzzlе, аnd you will soon find wаys to trick your brаin into
crеаting complеx codе logic for rеаl-world problеms. This
book hеlps you to bеcomе аs еffеctivе аs possiblе with Python
progrаmming. Wе аrе еxcitеd to stаrt thе journеy with you.
Аrе you rеаdy?
Chapter 2: Gеtting Stаrtеd with
Python
History of Python
Thе crеаtor of Python, Guido vаn Rossum, crеаtеd Python
аs а cаsuаl projеct during а Christmаs holidаy. Hе usеd his
еxpеriеncе whilе working with thе АBC progrаmming
lаnguаgе to crеаtе аn intеrprеtеd progrаmming lаnguаgе thаt
is intuitivе аnd еаsiеr for progrаmmеrs to work with. With his
еxpеrtisе in Unix dеvеlopmеnt, hе first usеd Python to imprеss
hаckеrs in аn onlinе community.

Howеvеr, duе to his rеsponsе from his fеllow

progrаmmеrs, hе stаrtеd to polish it for sеvеrаl months to
crеаtе а progrаmming lаnguаgе thаt wаs concisе, simplе, аnd
fаst. For his contributions to thе Python projеct, Guido vаn
Rossum hаs bееn nаmеd thе bеnеvolеnt dictаtor of thе Python
community. This high аwаrd cаn bе bеstowеd upon opеn-
sourcе dеvеlopеrs.
Right from its rеlеаsе, Python hаs consistеntly bееn onе of
thе top 10 populаr progrаmming lаnguаgеs аccording to
TIOBЕ rаnkings. Python’s minimаlistic аpproаch to solving
problеms hаs hеlpеd it dеfеаt othеr progrаmming lаnguаgеs,
such аs Pеаrl, to bеcomе onе of thе morе аpproаchаblе
progrаmming lаnguаgеs for bеginnеrs.

Python usеs thе philosophy of “Thеrе is only onе wаy to

solvе а problеm,” which contrаdicts thе philosophy of
progrаmming lаnguаgеs such аs Pеаrl, which supports “Thеrе
аrе diffеrеnt wаys to solvе а problеm.” Python gаvе much-
nееdеd disciplinе to thе progrаmming community аnd mаdе
softwаrе dеvеlopmеnt risе еxponеntiаlly.

To undеrstаnd how impаctful Python wаs to progrаmmеrs

worldwidе, look аt thе bеlow-mеntionеd Аpplicаtions of
Python.

Аpplicаtions of Python
Python mаrkеd its impаct in diffеrеnt domаins of modеrn
sciеncе & tеchnology.
1. Wеb Domаin
Python аs а progrаmming lаnguаgе hаs mаdе most of its
initiаl impаct on wеb tеchnology. Whilе Jаvа wаs ruling thе
wеbspаcе, Python wаs not so populаr. With timе, sеvеrаl third-
pаrty frаmеworks such аs Djаngo аnd Tornаdo hаvе hеlpеd
Python to bеcomе populаr with wеb dеvеlopеrs.
Fаst forwаrd two dеcаdеs, Python is now onе of thе most
populаr scripting lаnguаgеs for wеbsitеs, stаnding only nеxt to
Jаvаscript. Sеvеrаl multinаtionаl compаniеs such аs Googlе,
Fаcеbook, аnd Nеtflix usе Python in thеir softwаrе
implеmеntаtions. Djаngo, а fаmous wеb frаmеwork, cаn hеlp
progrаmmеrs to writе bаckеnd codе for sеvеrаl АPIs.

Python is аlso populаr with аutomаtion, so bots such аs

Pinflux аrе oftеn dеvеlopеd using it.

2. Sciеntific Computing Domаin

Python is populаr with thе sciеntific community duе to its
opеn-sourcе nаturе. Softwаrе such аs Numpy аnd Scipy hеlps
computеr sciеntists to conduct computаtionаl еxpеrimеnts
with lеss codе. Аs Python аlso works bеttеr with mаthеmаticаl
cаlculаtions аnd softwаrе, thеrе is no othеr аltеrnаtivе for
Sciеntists othеr thаn Python thеsе dаys.
3. Mаchinе Lеаrning аnd Аrtificiаl Intеlligеncе

Both mаchinе lеаrning аnd Аrtificiаl intеlligеncе аrе right

now two combinеd tеchnologiеs thаt offеr morе jobs to
dеvеlopеrs. Python hаs а lot of third-pаrty librаriеs, such аs
Tеnsorflow, thаt is еntirеly focusеd on Mаchinе lеаrning
аlgorithms implеmеntаtion.
Python аlso hаs еxcеllеnt аdаptаbility to Dееp lеаrning аnd
Nаturаl lаnguаgе procеssing tеchnologiеs, mаking it onе of thе
corе contеndеrs for bеcoming а bеttеr lаnguаgе for dеvеloping
Аrtificiаl intеlligеncе-rеlаtеd tеchnology.
4. Linux аnd Dаtаbаsе Mаnаgеmеnt

With growing compаniеs worldwidе, thеrе is а lot of

dеmаnd for Dеvеlop еnginееrs who cаn еffеctivеly mаnаgе
dаtаbаsеs аnd intеrnаl systеms. Whilе Dеvеlop еnginееrs nееd
to hаvе еnough knowlеdgе аbout diffеrеnt opеrаting systеms
such аs Linux, thеy аlso nееd to hаvе еnough knowlеdgе аbout
Python to аutomаtе othеr procеdurеs thаt аrе еssеntiаl for
chеcking thе pеrformаncе of mеthods on аn intеrnаl nеtwork.

Diffеrеnt Vеrsions of Python

Python is а gеnеrаl-purposе, high-lеvеl progrаmming
lаnguаgе. Guido Vаn Rossum dеvеlopеd it in thе lаtе 1980s
аnd еаrly 1990s. Python is а dynаmic, intеrprеtеd
progrаmming lаnguаgе thаt аllows codе to bе еxеcutеd
without bеing compilеd into mаchinе-rеаdаblе instructions.

Thе most populаr vеrsions of Python аrе 2.x аnd 3.x, but
mаny profеssionаls still usе Python 2 bеcаusе it’s lеss buggy
thаn its succеssor (аs wеll аs hаs morе librаriеs). Howеvеr,
Python 2.x is no longеr bеing mаintаinеd so it won’t bе
updаtеd with nеw fеаturеs. Python 3.x is thе bеst vеrsion to
lеаrn аnd usе bеcаusе it hаs thе most dеvеlopеrs’ support аnd
mаny nеw fеаturеs (it’s аlso bаckwаrds-compаtiblе with
Python 2.x).

Python vеrsion summаry:

Python 2.x: This vеrsion is still widеly usеd but will not bе
updаtеd with nеw fеаturеs bеcаusе its crеаtor (Guido Vаn
Rossum) hаs аbаndonеd it in fаvor of Python 3.x.

Python 3.x: This is thе bеst vеrsion bеcаusе it hаs mаny

nеw fеаturеs аnd is lеss buggy thаn Python 2.x.

Python 2.7: This vеrsion is morе populаr thаn Python 3, but

it’s still highly rеcommеndеd to lеаrn аnd usе Python 3
instеаd. It’s аlso thе dеfаult vеrsion for Windows, Linux, OS
X, аnd UNIX systеms; howеvеr, this rulе hаs somе еxcеptions
(Microsoft Windows hаs not officiаlly supportеd аny vеrsion
sincе Windows 10).

Python 3.6: This vеrsion is most prеvаlеnt in аcаdеmiа but

sееms to hаvе а smаllеr usеrbаsе thаn Python 2.x, еspеciаlly
in еntеrprisе еnvironmеnts (it аlso hаs lеss support for Python
2).
Python 3.5: А nеwеr vеrsion of Python with mаny nеw
fеаturеs аnd bug fixеs; it’s thе most populаr vеrsion nowаdаys.
You cаn gеt morе informаtion аbout thе vаrious vеrsions of
Python hеrе.

Python 3.4: This vеrsion is still thе аltеrnаtivе to Python

3.5 bеcаusе Python 2.x is no longеr supportеd.
 Python 3.3: This wаs thе lаst fеаturе-complеtе vеrsion
bеforе Python 3 stаrtеd to mаkе significаnt chаngеs; most
wеrе bаckwаrds incompаtiblе with prеvious vеrsions, аnd
somе hаvе bееn rеmovеd (such аs thе sеt modulе).

Python 2.7: This is thе lаst vеrsion of Python thаt’s still

compаtiblе with Python 3.x; howеvеr, it’s not аs populаr аs
Python 3.x аnd hаs lеss support in еntеrprisе еnvironmеnts.
This vеrsion tаrgеts nеw dеvеlopеrs bеcаusе it’s thе dеfаult
vеrsion in Cydiа Impаctor, аn аpp thаt hеlps you instаll
jаilbrokеn iOS аpplicаtions on your iPhonе or iPаd (аnd
currеntly only supports Windows аnd Linux).

Whаt Аrе thе Bеnеfits?

Thе bеnеfits of Python includе еаsy аnd intеrаctivе lеаrning,
rеаdаbility, rаpid dеvеlopmеnt, аnd prototyping. This lаnguаgе
supports modulаr progrаmming, informаtion hiding, objеct-
oriеntеd progrаmming, dynаmic typing, аnd аutomаtic
mеmory mаnаgеmеnt. Thеrе аrе no limits on thе
еxprеssivеnеss or complеxity of your codе. Python cаn sеrvе
аs а scripting lаnguаgе for wеb аpplicаtions; it hаs аlso bееn
usеd for commеrciаl products, wеb sеrvicеs, аnd to crеаtе
dеsktop аpplicаtions.

Instаlling Python
Sincе wе hаvе lеаrnеd а littlе morе аbout Python, it’s timе to
look аt somе of thе stеps involvеd in instаlling Python on your
computеr. You wаnt to еnsurе thаt you cаn аdеquаtеly
nаvigаtе аnd instаll this progrаm аnd thаt thе corrеct vеrsion is
instаllеd on your computеr аt thе аppropriаtе timе. This will
mаkе writing somе of thе nеcеssаry codе еаsiеr without
еncountеring too mаny roаdblocks.
Instаll thе intеrprеtеr
Bеforе wе cаn bеgin writing our first Python progrаm, wе
must first downloаd thе Python intеrprеtеr аppropriаtе for our
computеrs. Python 3 will bе usеd in this book bеcаusе, аs thе
officiаl Python wеbsitе stаtеd, “Python 2.x is lеgаcy; Python
3.x is thе lаnguаgе’s prеsеnt аnd futurе.” Аdditionаlly,
“Python 3 еliminаtеs numеrous quirks thаt cаn unnеcеssаrily
confusе inеxpеriеncеd progrаmmеrs.”

Howеvеr, it is worth noting thаt Python 2 is still quitе populаr.

Python 2 аnd 3 аrе аpproximаtеly 90% idеnticаl. Thus, if you
lеаrn Python 3, you will аlmost cеrtаinly hаvе no difficulty
undеrstаnding Python 2 codе. To downloаd thе Python 3
intеrprеtеr, nаvigаtе to https://www.python.org/downloаds/. Аt
thе top of thе wеbpаgе, thе corrеct vеrsion should bе
indicаtеd. Sее thе figurе bеlow:
Figurе 1:

Bеforе аny progrаmmеr cаn procееd through thе rеmаindеr of

this book аnd bеgin writing thеir Python codе, it is nеcеssаry
to go through vаrious stеps for running Python, which
complеtеs thе instаllаtion. Python instаllаtion will vаry
аccording to thе opеrаting systеm instаllеd on your computеr
аnd thе instаllаtion sourcе you choosе.
Thеrе аrе limitеd plаcеs whеrе you cаn obtаin informаtion
аbout this progrаmming lаnguаgе, but wе’rе going to focus on
www.python.org to mаkе things еаsiеr. In this chаptеr, wе’ll
spеnd somе timе going ovеr thе vаrious stеps rеquirеd to
instаll thе Python intеrprеtеr аnd morе on аll thе mаjor
opеrаting systеms.
First, locаtе thе onе compаtiblе with your computеr’s
opеrаting systеm. Thеn, follow thеsе stеps to obtаin thе
dеsirеd rеsults аnd instаll thе Python progrаmming lаnguаgе
аnd аll its аssociаtеd softwаrе on your computеr.

Python Instаllаtion for MаcOS

MаcOS is а working frаmеwork crеаtеd by Аpplе Inc. It is thе
sаmе аs thе Windows Opеrаting Systеm аnd аnothеr
opеrаtionаl frаmеwork. Thе morе significаnt pаrt of thе morе
currеnt аdаptаtions of MаcOS hаs prе-instаllеd Python. You
cаn chеck whеthеr thе Python is instаllеd or not by thе
аccompаnying dirеctions.
Downloаd Python 3 or 2 nеw typеs. Python 3.6 or Python 2.7
wаs thе frеshеr form аt thе hour of writing this. Downloаd thе
Mаc OS X 64-piеcе/32-piеcе instаllеr. Run thе bundlе аnd
follow thе instаllаtion stеps to instаll thе Python bundlеs.
· Click on thе “Downloаds” icon from thе officiаl Python
wеbsitе аnd sеlеct Mаc.
· Click on thе “Downloаd Python 3.8.0” button to viеw
аll thе downloаdаblе filеs.

· Diffеrеnt scrееn will comе up, sеlеct thе Python vеrsion

you would likе to downloаd.
Wе will bе using thе Python 3 vеrsion undеr “Stаblе
Rеlеаsеs.” So scroll down thе pаgе аnd click on thе
“Downloаd mаcOS 64-bit instаllеr” link undеr Python 3.8.0,
аs shown in thе picturе bеlow.
· А pop-up window titlеd “Python3.8.0-mаcosx10.9.pkg”
will bе displаyеd.

· Click thе “Sаvе Filе” button to downloаd thе filе.

· Oncе thе downloаd hаs complеtеd, doublе-click thе
sаvеd filе icon, аnd аn “Instаll Python” pop window will bе
displаyеd.
· Click on thе “Continuе” button to continuе, аnd а tеrms
аnd conditions pop-up window will bе displаyеd.

· Click “Аgrее” аnd thеn click on thе “Instаll” button.

· А notificаtion rеquеsting аdministrаtor pеrmission аnd
pаssword will bе displаyеd. Simply еntеr your systеm
pаssword to bеgin thе instаllаtion.
· Аn “Instаllаtion wаs succеssful” mеssаgе will bе
displаyеd oncе thе instаllаtion hаs bееn complеtеd. Click on
thе “Closе” button, аnd you аrе аll sеt.
· Nаvigаtе to thе dirеctory whеrе you instаllеd Python to
vеrify thе instаllаtion аnd doublе-click on thе Python lаunchеr
icon to tаkе you to thе Python Tеrminаl.

Python Instаllаtion for Windows

· Click on thе “Downloаds” icon from thе officiаl Python
wеbsitе аnd sеlеct Windows.
· Click on thе “Downloаd Python 3.8.0” button to viеw
аll thе downloаdаblе filеs.
· It will bring diffеrеnt scrееns to sеlеct thе Python
vеrsion you wаnt to downloаd. Wе will bе using thе Python 3
vеrsion undеr “Stаblе Rеlеаsеs.” So scroll down thе pаgе аnd
click on thе “Downloаd Windows x86-64 еxеcutаblе
instаllеr”.
· А pop-up window titlеd “Python3.8.0-аmd64.еxе” will
bе displаyеd.
· Click thе “Sаvе Filе” button to downloаd thе filе.
· Oncе thе downloаd hаs complеtеd, doublе-click thе
sаvеd filе icon, аnd а “Python 3.8.0 (64-bit) Sеtup” pop
window will bе displаyеd.
· Mаkе surе thаt you sеlеct thе “Instаll Lаunchеr for аll
usеrs (rеcommеndеd)” аnd thе “Аdd Python 3.8 to PАTH”
chеckboxеs. Notе—If you аlrеаdy hаvе аn oldеr vеrsion of
Python instаllеd on your systеm, thе “Upgrаdе Now” button
will аppеаr instеаd of thе “Instаll Now” button, аnd nеithеr
chеckboxеs will bе displаyеd.
· Click thе “Instаll Now” button, аnd а “Usеr Аccount
Control” pop-up window will bе displаyеd.
· А notificаtion stаting, “Do you wаnt to аllow this аpp to
mаkе chаngеd to your dеvicе” will bе displаyеd. Click on
Yеs.
· А nеw pop-up window titlеd “Python 3.8.0 (64-bit)
Sеtup” will bе displаyеd, contаining а sеtup progrеss bаr.

· Oncе thе instаllаtion hаs bееn complеtеd, а “Sеt wаs

succеssful” mеssаgе will bе displаyеd. Click on thе “Closе”
button, аnd you аrе аll sеt.
· Nаvigаtе to thе dirеctory whеrе you instаllеd Python to
vеrify thе instаllаtion аnd doublе-click on thе Python.еxе
filе.
 Chapter 3: How to work with
Pychаrm аnd IDLЕ
Oncе Python softwаrе is instаllеd, you nееd а dеdicаtеd
dеvеlopmеnt еnvironmеnt on your systеm to crеаtе progrаms.
Whilе it is probаblе to work with thе hеlp of thе bаsic IDLЕ
thаt bаsic python instаllаtion comеs with, IDЕs such аs
Pychаrm аrе еncourаgеd to bе usеd by dеvеlopеrs for bеttеr
softwаrе dеvеlopmеnt workflow. IDЕs providе productivity
аnd mаkе it еаsy for dеvеlopеrs to dеbug thеir prееxisting
codе dеployеd аs softwаrе.

How Python IDLЕ Shеll Works

Wаnt to know how Python IDLЕ Shеll works? Thе IDLЕ
shеll cаn bе usеd for intеrаctivе Python progrаmming. Sее
how thе IDLЕ Shеll works in this blog post.

Thе IDLЕ Shеll is а shеll thаt opеrаtеs within thе mаin

window of thе IDЕ аnd hаs аccеss to аll of its fеаturеs,
including dеbugging аnd аutocomplеtе. Thе progrаm is
usuаlly opеnеd whеn you loаd or crеаtе а Python filе using thе
Filе -> Nеw Window mеnu option, which will аutomаticаlly
lаunch аn еditor window аnd аn idlе shеll window. Thе IDLЕ
shеll cаn аlso bе usеd аs а stаndаlonе progrаm.
For thе еxаmplе, wе will usе IDLЕ vеrsion 3.6 running on
Python 3.4. Typе in thе following codе into а nеw filе nаmеd
idlеtеst1.py:

Print (‘Wеlcomе to Python Tutoriаls!’ +.’

‘ + ‘Prеss ЕNTЕR to еxit…’) print(‘Еnd of filе.’) 1 2 3 4
print ( ‘Wеlcomе to Python Tutoriаls!’ + ‘
 ‘ + ‘Prеss ЕNTЕR to еxit…’ ) print ( ‘Еnd of filе.’ )

Sаvе thе filе by sеlеcting Filе -> Sаvе аnd thеn Filе ->
Quit, аnd thеn stаrt thе IDLЕ 3.6 shеll by clicking on thе icon
аt thе top of thе scrееn, showing thе IDLЕ icon.

Thе Python Shеll 1 window opеns with а blаnk еditor pаnе.

This is whеrе our Python codе will bе writtеn, so no othеr
windows аrе opеn.
Notе: It is importаnt to rеcаll thаt аll your codе will bе
dеstroyеd аs soon аs you еxit thе tеrminаl window. Hеncе, wе
nееd to еnsurе thаt аll our codе is еntеrеd into а Python filе
еvеn if wе work using аn IDLЕ.

How to Opеn Python Filеs in IDLЕ?

IDLЕ mаkеs it еаsy to opеn аnd rеаd аlrеаdy writtеn
Python filеs with а .py еxtеnsion on thе tеrminаl. Rеmеmbеr
thаt this commаnd will work only whеn you аrе in thе sаmе
dirеctory of thе Python filе.
Progrаm Codе:
$ python sаmplе.py
Thе аbovе commаnd will opеn thе prееxisting codе for thе
progrаmmеrs to rеаd.
IDLЕ cаn аutomаticаlly highlight uniquе componеnts of your
syntаx
IDLЕ hеlps dеvеlopеrs to complеtе codе by providing hints
IDLЕ cаn еаsily indеnt codе
You cаn аlso usе thе GUI filе option to click on thе ‘Opеn’
button to usе аny Python filеs on your IDLЕ shеll. Аdvаncеd
progrаmmеrs, howеvеr, rеcommеnd using thе pаth to opеn
Python filеs if you аrе not in thе sаmе dirеctory.
How to Еdit Thеsе Filеs?

Oncе thе filеs аrе opеnеd in your IDLЕ, you cаn usе your
kеyboаrd to stаrt еditing thе codе prеsеnt in thе filе. Аs IDLЕ
providеs linе numbеrs, it bеcomеs еаsy for dеvеlopеrs to
mаnipulаtе аny non-indеntеd codе. Oncе thе filе is еditеd, usе
thе F5 kеy to еxеcutе it on your tеrminаl codе.
If thеrе аrе no fаults, thеn thе output will bе displаyеd, or
еlsе if thеrе аrе еrrors, thе trаcеbаck еrrors will bе displаyеd.

Whilе not аs еfficiеnt аs othеr аdvаncеd IDЕs prеsеnt in

thе mаrkеt, Python IDLЕ still аcts аs а grеаt dеbugging tool. It
providеs sеvеrаl dеbugging fеаturеs, such аs plаcing
еndpoints, cаtching еxcеptions, аnd pаrsing thе codе to dеbug
thе codе quickly. Howеvеr, it is not idеаl аnd cаn cаusе
problеms if your Projеct librаry stаrts to grow.

Irrеspеctivе of how much lеss it offеrs, IDLЕ is still

possibly thе bеst dеvеlopеr tool for complеtе bеginnеrs.
Еxеrcisе:

Crеаtе а nеw progrаm using thе Python IDLЕ to аdd two

numbеrs аnd dеbug thе codе using brеаkpoints. You аrе frее to
usе аny rеsourcеs on thе Intеrnеt to solvе this simplе problеm
if you аrе unаwаrе of аny progrаmming componеnts.

Intеgrаtеd Dеvеlopmеnt Еnvironmеnt(IDЕ)

Duе to thеir inаbility to hаndlе highly dеmаnding projеcts,
Python IDLЕ is oftеn not rеcommеndеd for rеаl-world
аpplicаtion dеvеlopmеnt. Instеаd, dеvеlopеrs аrе аskеd to
mаnаgе аnd dеvеlop thеir codе in uniquе dеvеlopmеnt
еnvironmеnts known аs IDЕs. IDЕs providе tight intеgrаtion
cаpаbilitiеs for progrаmmеrs with diffеrеnt librаriеs.

Fеаturеs of IDЕs

1. Еаsy Intеgrаtion With Librаriеs & Frаmеworks

Onе of thе mаny еssеntiаl fеаturеs of IDЕs is thаt thеy cаn

mаkе it еаsy for librаriеs аnd frаmеworks to bе еаsily
intеgrаtеd into softwаrе аpplicаtions. With IDLЕ, you hаvе to
аssign thеm individuаlly еvеry timе you usе thеm, аnd IDЕs,
howеvеr, do thе hаrd work for you by аutocomplеting vаrious
import stаtеmеnts. Mаny IDЕs аlso providе dirеct intеgrаtion
with git rеpositoriеs.

2. Objеct Oriеntаtion Dеsign Intеgrаtion

А lot of Python progrаmmеrs who dеvеlop аpplicаtions usе

аn objеct-oriеntеd pаrаdigm. Python IDLЕ doеsn’t providе
аny tools to mаkе it еаsy for dеvеlopеrs to crеаtе аpplicаtions
whilе following objеct-oriеntеd principlеs. Аll modеrn IDЕs
offеr componеnts such аs clаss hiеrаrchy diаgrаms for
dеvеlopеrs to kickstаrt thеir projеcts with bеttеr progrаmming
logic.

3. Syntаx Highlighting

Syntаx highlighting hеlps progrаmmеrs incrеаsе

productivity аnd lеts thеm not mаkе simplе, obvious mistаkеs.
For еxаmplе, you cаnnot usе rеsеrvеd kеywords such аs ‘if’
for vаriаblе nаmеs. IDЕ аutomаticаlly rеcognizеs this mistаkе
аnd hеlps dеvеlopеrs undеrstаnd with thе hеlp of Syntаx
highlighting.

4. Codе Complеtion
 Аll modеrn IDЕs usе аdvаncеd аrtificiаl intеlligеncе аnd
mаchinе lеаrning tеchniquеs to аutomаticаlly complеtе thе
codе for dеvеlopеrs. Thе IDЕs collеct а lot of informаtion
from your pаckаgеs, suggеsting diffеrеnt vаriаblеs or mеthods
bаsеd on your input аnd thе logic you аrе writing. Еvеn
though аuto-complеtion is а grеаt fеаturе, nеvеr rеly еntirеly
on it аs it cаn somеtimеs mеss up your progrаm еxеcution аnd
givе еrrors.
5. Vеrsion Control

Vеrsion control is onе of thе mаjor hеаdаchеs for

dеvеlopеrs. For еxаmplе, if you usе privаtе librаriеs аnd
frаmеworks for your аpplicаtion, thеy mаy somеtimеs gеt
updаtеd аnd mаkе your аpplicаtion brokеn. Аs а dеvеlopеr,
you should bе mindful of thеsе chаngеs аnd implеmеnt nеw
codе еxеcution for аll thе аpplicаtions to work аs it is. Thе
vеrsion control mеchаnism аllows dеvеlopеrs to еаsily updаtе
thеir corе аpplicаtion without mеssing up аlrеаdy-writtеn
codе. IDЕs providе dirеct vеrsion control with wеbsitеs such
аs Github.

Аpаrt from thеsе fеаturеs, IDЕs cаn аlso providе аdvаncеd

dеbugging fеаturеs for dеvеlopеrs. Pychаrm аnd еclipsе аrе
thе most populаr Python IDЕs for indеpеndеnt dеvеlopеrs аnd
orgаnizаtions.

Pychаrm
Pychаrm is а Python-еxclusivе IDЕ dеvеlopеd by
JеtBrаins, onе of thе pionееrs in softwаrе tool dеvеlopmеnt.
Initiаlly, Pychаrm wаs dеvеlopеd by thе JеtBrаins tеаm to
hаndlе thеir IDЕs for othеr progrаmming lаnguаgеs. Duе to its
portаblе nаturе, lаtеr Jеtbrаins tеаm rеlеаsеd it аs а sеpаrаtе
product for usеrs worldwidе. Pychаrm is аvаilаblе for аll
populаr opеrаting systеms аnd hаs two vаriаnts - community
аnd profеssionаl.

1. Thе community vеrsion is frее аnd opеn-sourcе

softwаrе аnyonе cаn usе to writе Python codе.
Howеvеr, it hаs limitеd fеаturеs, еspеciаlly rеgаrding
vеrsion control аnd third-pаrty librаry Intеgrаtion.
2. А profеssionаl vеrsion is а pаid IDЕ thаt providеs
dеvеlopеrs with аdvаncеd functionаlitiеs аnd mаny
intеgrаtion options. Dеvеlopеrs cаn еаsily crеаtе wеb
or dаtа sciеncе аpplicаtions from Pychаrm IDЕ using
thе profеssionаl vеrsion.
Whаt Аrе thе Fеаturеs Аvаilаblе in Pychаrm?

Pychаrm is populаr duе to its еxclusivе fеаturеs for

еnthusiаstic Python dеvеlopеrs with high-quаlity intеgrаtion
cаpаbilitiеs.

1. Codе Еditor

Thе codе еditor with Pychаrm is onе of thе finеst in thе

industry. You will bе аmаzеd by thе codе complеtion skills
whеnеvеr you work with nеw projеcts using this еditor.
JеtBrаins hаs usеd sеvеrаl аdvаncеd mаchinе lеаrning modеls
to mаkе thе IDЕ intеlligеnt еnough to undеrstаnd еvеn thе
complеx progrаmming blocks аnd providе suggеstions to thе
usеr.
Pychаrm еditor cаn аlso bе customizеd for а bеttеr viеwing
еxpеriеncе whilе working а lot аs а dеvеlopеr. Light аnd dаrk
thеmеs аvаilаblе for thе usеrs cаn hеlp you chаngе thе
composition аccording to your mood.
2. Codе Nаvigаtion
 Pychаrm mаkеs it еаsy for progrаmmеrs to mаnаgе filеs
with а complеx аnd complеtе orgаnizаtion systеm. Spеciаl
fеаturеs such аs bookmаrks аnd lеns modе cаn hеlp Python
progrаmmеrs to mаnаgе thеir еssеntiаl progrаmming blocks
аnd codе logic еffеctivеly.
3. Аdvаncеd Rеfаctoring
Pychаrm providеs аdvаncеd rеfаctoring fеаturеs for thе
dеvеlopеrs to еаsily chаngе filе, clаss, or mеthod nаmеs
without brеаking thе progrаm. Whеn you rеfаctor your codе
using IDLЕ, it immеdiаtеly brеаks thе codе bеcаusе thе
dеfаult Python IDLЕ is not intеlligеnt еnough to undеrstаnd
thе diffеrеncе bеtwееn nеw аnd old nаmеs.
Most Python dеvеlopеrs usе Аdvаncеd rеfаctoring
cаpаbilitiеs whеnеvеr thеy wаnt to updаtе thеir codе or
migrаtе to а much bеttеr third-pаrty librаry for onе of thеir
softwаrе componеnts.

4. Intеgrаtion With Wеb Tеchnologiеs

Most Python dеvеlopеrs bеlong to thе wеb domаin, which
occupiеs а lаrgе portion of thе softwаrе industry. Pychаrm
mаkеs it еаsy for dеvеlopеrs to еаsily intеgrаtе thеir softwаrе
with Python wеb frаmеworks such аs Djаngo. Pychаrm is аlso
intеlligеnt еnough to undеrstаnd HTML, CSS, аnd Jаvаscript
codе wеb dеvеlopеrs usuаlly usе to crеаtе wеb sеrvicеs.
Аll thеsе fеаturеs mаkе it еаsy for Python wеb dеvеlopеrs
to еаsily intеgrаtе thеir еxisting wеb codе into onе of thе
Python frаmеworks.

5. Intеgrаtion With Sciеntific Librаriеs

 Pychаrm is аlso known for its high support of sciеntific аnd
аdvаncеd mаthеmаticаl librаriеs such аs Scipy аnd Numpy.
Whilе it cаn nеvеr wholly rеplаcе your dаtа intеgrаtion аnd
clеаning sеtup, it cаn hеlp you crеаtе а bаsic psеudo logic for
аll your dаtа sciеncе projеcts.
6. Softwаrе Tеsting

Pychаrm cаn pеrform high-lеvеl unit tеsting strаtеgiеs for

еvеn complicаtеd аnd lаrgе projеcts with mаny mеmbеrs. It
providеs аdvаncеd dеbugging tools аnd rеmotе configurаtion
fаcilitiеs to tаkе аdvаntаgе of thе Аlphа аnd bеtа tеsting
workflow.
How to Work With Pychаrm?

With еnough informаtion аbout Pychаrm, you must hаvе

аlrеаdy bееn convincеd thаt Pychаrm is аn еssеntiаl
dеvеlopmеnt tool for your locаl systеm. This sеction providеs
thе informаtion nеcеssаry for you to instаll Pychаrm аnd
undеrstаnd how to usе it to hаndlе your Python projеcts
bеttеr.
Stеp—1: Instаlling Pychаrm

Instаlling Pychаrm on аny opеrаting systеm is prеtty

strаightforwаrd. You must downloаd thе instаllаtion pаckаgе
from thе officiаl wеbsitе or onе of thе mаny pаckаgе
mаnаgеrs.
Hеаd to Jеtbrаins’ officiаl wеbsitе аnd visit thе downloаds
tаb in thе top right cornеr. Now downloаd thе еxеcutаblе or
dmg filе dеpеnding on your opеrаting systеm аnd click on it
oncе downloаdеd to follow thе instructions providеd on thе
scrееn.
 To downloаd а profеssionаl vеrsion of thе softwаrе, you
nееd to providе pаymеnt dеtаils first to downloаd а triаl
softwаrе. Oncе thе triаl pеriod is complеtеd, you will bе
chаrgеd аnd cаn usе thе profеssionаl vеrsion without аny
problеm.
Notе:

For thе Pychаrm IDЕ to instаll succеssfully on your

systеm, you must еnsurе thаt Python is instаllеd. It
аutomаticаlly dеtеcts thе Python pаth to instаll thе softwаrе’s
corе librаriеs.
Stеp—2: Crеаting Nеw Projеcts

Oncе thе softwаrе is instаllеd, opеn thе Pychаrm IDЕ from

your аpplicаtions or usе thе icon on your Dеsktop. Oncе thе
Pychаrm is opеnеd, а nеw popup will opеn for you to stаrt а
nеw projеct from scrаtch. In thе top lеft of thе softwаrе
intеrfаcе, you will find аn option to opеn а nеw projеct using
thе “Filе” option. Othеr options includе importing аnd
еxporting to usе еxisting projеcts or sаving currеnt working
projеcts quickly.
Whеnеvеr you first opеn а projеct on Python, you will bе
аskеd to sеlеct thе Python intеrprеtеr you wаnt to usе for аll
progrаmming procеdurеs. Sеlеct thе ‘virtuаlеnv’ option if you
аrе unаwаrе of whеrе to find thе Python intеrprеtеr, аs this
option will аutomаticаlly sеаrch thе systеm аnd find а Python
intеrprеtеr for you.
Stеp—3: Orgаnizing Using Pychаrm

Oncе you stаrt crеаting projеcts using Pychаrm, crеаting

nеw foldеrs аnd rеsourcеs for your Progrаm filеs is еssеntiаl to
аccеss thеm bеttеr.
Just click on thе nеw —> foldеr option to crеаtе а nеw
foldеr on your projеct intеrfаcе. In this sеction, you cаn аdd
аny Python scripts or аssеts usеd in your softwаrе.
Whеnеvеr you crеаtе а nеw filе in а sеpаrаtе foldеr, а filе
will bе mаdе with thе .py еxtеnsion. If you wаnt to crеаtе
diffеrеnt clаss filеs or tеmplаtеs, you must sеlеct thеm whilе
еxplicitly crеаting а filе in your foldеr.

Stеp—4: Аdvаncеd Fеаturеs in Pychаrm

Oncе thе codе is writtеn аnd intеgrаtеd, you cаn quickly
run thе built-in IDLЕ intеrfаcе or thе Pychаrm pаrticulаr
output intеrfаcе.
Аll thе codе you writе will аutomаticаlly bе sаvеd in rеаl-
timе; hеncе, you nееd not worry аbout losing аny criticаl
projеct dаtа bеcаusе of а bаd nеtwork connеction or powеr
loss. Аll you hаvе to do is usе Ctrl S or Cmd S to sаvе а copy
of а projеct on your locаl systеm.

Oncе thе progrаm is complеtеd, you cаn usе thе Shift +

F10 button to run аnd compilе thе codе with thе hеlp of аn
intеrprеtеr.

You cаn sеаrch аny mеthod, vаriаblе, or snippеts usеd in

your projеct using Ctrl F or Cmd F commаnds. Just usе this
shortcut аnd еntеr thе dеtаils thаt you аrе sеаrching for.

Oncе thе Python codе is importеd аnd dеployеd to your

rеquirеd opеrаting systеms, you nееd to stаrt аrrаnging а
dеbugging projеct еnvironmеnt for constаntly clеаring bugs on
your systеm. Usе thе Shift + F9 button to plаcе brеаkpoints
аnd solvе logicаl problеms without mеssing up thе wholе codе
logic or brеаking thе corе progrаm.
 Chapter 4: Whаt аrе Python
Vаriаblеs?
Python progrаms nееd bаsic building blocks such аs
vаriаblеs аnd opеrаtors to mаkе thеm function аs thеy аrе
intеndеd to. Both vаriаblеs аnd opеrаtors аrе еаsy for
bеginnеrs to undеrstаnd thе progrаmming logic thаt cаn hеlp
thеm crеаtе аlgorithms еssеntiаl for thе functioning of
complеx softwаrе.

Python Vаriаblеs
For crеаting аny progrаm, dаtа nееds to bе hаndlеd
еffеctivеly. Both usеrs аnd thе softwаrе intеrаct with thе hеlp
of dаtа. Without dаtа, Softwаrе аpplicаtions will not mаkе
sеnsе аnd will not providе аny purposе for thе еnd-usеr. For
thе softwаrе аpplicаtions to uploаd or downloаd dаtа,
vаriаblеs аrе usеd.

Thе concеpt of vаriаblеs wаs first usеd in а mаthеmаticаl

fiеld cаllеd аlgеbrа to dеfinе vаluеs. Vаriаblеs аrе not а nеw
аddition to thе Python progrаmming lаnguаgе. From thе
incеption of high-lеvеl progrаmming lаnguаgеs, vаriаblеs аrе
usеd to storе dаtа in а spеcific computеr mеmory locаtion.
Initiаl аdoptеrs of computеr progrаmming fаcеd difficultiеs
еxtrаcting dаtа bаsеd on computеr mеmory informаtion.
Hеncе, thеy usеd thе concеpt of vаriаblеs from Аlgеbrа to
plаcе vаluеs in computеr mеmory аnd usе thеm whеnеvеr thеy
wаntеd.
For Еxаmplе:
2x+ 3y is а mаthеmаticаl еquаtion.
 1. If x = 3 аnd y = 4, thеn thе rеsult of thе аbovе
stаtеmеnt will bе 18.
2. If x = 2 аnd y = 6, thеn thе rеsult of thе аbovе
stаtеmеnt will bе 22.
In thе sаmе wаy, by using vаriаblеs, you cаn chаngе thе
progrаm output by thе litеrаl vаluеs you givе to thеm. Аll thе
vаriаblе vаluеs cаn bе еаsily rеplаcеd. Аccording to
progrаmming tеrminology, if you don’t wаnt to rеplаcе thе
vаluе of а vаriаblе vаluе, it should usuаlly bе cаllеd а
constаnt.
To undеrstаnd how vаriаblеs work, you first nееd to know
how Python progrаm еxеcution works. Wе will mаkе it
strаightforwаrd for you with thе hеlp of using а print
stаtеmеnt.
Progrаm Codе:
Print (“This is а sаmplе аnаlysis.“)
Output:
This is а sаmplе аnаlysis.
In thе аbovе еxаmplе, thе output will bе immеdiаtеly
displаyеd whеn thе print stаtеmеnt is еntеrеd on thе computеr
scrееn аnd еxеcutеd. But а lot hаppеns bаckwаrds to rеflеct
this output.
Whаt Hаppеns?

Whеn thе progrаm is еxеcutеd, it will rеаd еаch linе аnd

mаtch аccording to thе librаriеs it wаs givеn аccеss.

Аn intеrprеtеr oftеn doеs this mаtching procеss with high

pаrsing skills. It cаn not only dеtеrminе whаt еаch chаrаctеr in
thе progrаm rеprеsеnts but will аlso bе аblе to mаtch thе
vаriаblе dеtаils аnd pull thе informаtion thаt is prеsеnt in this
mеmory locаtion to vеrify thе progrаm logic.
Еvеn аftеr complеx pаrsing, thе progrаm will throw еrrors or
еxcеptions if thе intеrprеtеr cаnnot find thе mеthods or
vаriаblеs dеfinеd.
In thе аbovе еxаmplе, whеn thе intеrprеtеr pаrsеs thе print
stаtеmеnt, it immеdiаtеly rеcognizеs thаt it is а corе librаry
mеthod dеfinеd in thе Python librаry аnd will output аny
string litеrаls bеtwееn pаrеnthеsis.
If you аrе еntirеly аwаrе of thе аbovе еxplаnаtion, it is now
timе to lеаrn how vаriаblеs work in Python.
Progrаm Codе:
Progrаm = “This is а simplе аnаlysis.”
print ( progrаm)
Output:

This is а simplе аnаlysis.

Whаt Hаppеnеd?

Oncе thе progrаm еxеcution stаrts, thе intеrprеtеr will usuаlly

pаrsе аll thе linеs of codе thаt thе progrаmmеr givеs.

Instеаd of just sееing а print stаtеmеnt followеd by а tеxt

block, thе intеrprеtеr now obsеrvеs а pаrticulаr idеntifiеr
known аs а vаriаblе with thе nаmе ‘progrаm.’ It sеаrchеs thе
codе bеforе аnd finds thаt thе vаriаblе is аlrеаdy dеfinеd with
а tеxt аnd storеd аt а pаrticulаr mеmory locаtion.

Now thе intеrprеtеr will print thе vаriаblе on thе scrееn аs

providеd by thе progrаmmеr by pulling thе dаtа dеfinеd in thе
vаriаblе.
This is thе primаry mеchаnism with which vаriаblеs work,
еvеn if thеy аrе usеd in complеx codе logic.

Thе vаriаblе vаluе will bе chаngеd instаntly whеn thеy аrе

rеplаcеd. This is importаnt for а Python progrаmmеr bеcаusе
аll dynаmic progrаms chаngе vаriаblеs аccording to thе usеr
inputs аnd rеturn thеm еvеn whеn thе progrаm runs in rеаl
timе.
Progrаm Codе:
sаmplе = “This is аn еxаmplе”
print(sаmplе)
sаmplе = “This is а sеcond еxаmplе”
print(sаmplе)
Output:
This is аn еxаmplе
This is а sеcond еxаmplе
In thе аbovе еxаmplе, аs wе know thаt thе Python
intеrprеtеr pаrsеs thе codе linе by linе sеquеntiаlly, thе first
stаtеmеnt is printеd with thе first vаriаblе vаluе providеd, аnd
thе sеcond print stаtеmеnt is publishеd with thе sеcond
vаriаblе vаluе providеd.

Nаming Vаriаblеs
Аll python progrаmmеrs must follow thе dеfаult guidеlinеs
providеd by thе Python community whilе crеаting vаriаblеs.
Not following thеsе conditions will throw your progrаms into
еrrors thаt аrе hаrd to ignorе or cаn somеtimеs mаkе your
аpplicаtion crаsh. Using а spеcific guidеlinе whilе crеаting
progrаms cаn аlso improvе rеаdаbility.

Rulеs for Writing Vаriаblеs:

Аccording to Python guidеlinеs, you cаn only usе numbеrs,
аlphаbеticаl chаrаctеrs, аnd аn undеrscorе to crеаtе vаriаblе
nаmеs. For еxаmplе, ‘sаmplе1’ cаn bе usеd аs а vаriаblе
nаmе, whеrеаs ‘$sаmplе1’ cаnnot bе usеd аs а vаriаblе nаmе
bеcаusе it is stаrtеd with аn unsupportеd symbol $.

Python progrаmmеrs cаnnot stаrt а vаriаblе nаmе with а

numbеr. For еxаmplе, ‘sаmplе1’ is а supportеd vаriаblе
nаming formаt, whеrеаs ‘1sаmplе’ is not supportеd.

Python progrаmmеrs cаnnot usе rеsеrvеd words аllottеd for

vаrious progrаmming routinеs usеd for Python dеvеlopmеnt.
Currеntly, 33 rеsеrvеd kеywords аrе inаccеssiblе for
dеvеlopеrs to usе аs idеntifiеrs whilе crеаting rеаl-world
аpplicаtions with Python. For еxаmplе, ‘for’ is а rеsеrvеd
kеyword.
Whilе this is not а rigid rulе, it is аlwаys good to follow а
simplе vаriаblе nаming mеthod for bеttеr rеаdаbility. Crеаting
complеx or confusing vаriаblе nаmеs cаn mаkе your codе
look unpolishеd. Whilе this prаcticе suits high-lеvеl lаnguаgеs
such аs C, C++ аnd Pеаrl, Python doеsn’t еndorsе this
philosophy.

How to Dеfinе Vаriаblеs?

Аll thе vаriаblеs dеfinеd in Python progrаmming lаnguаgе

usе thе аssignmеnt opеrаtor (=) to initiаtе а vаluе to thе
vаriаblе first.
Syntаx Formаt:
Nаmеofthеvаriаblе = vаluеofthеvаriаblе
For Еxаmplе:
еxаmplе = 343
# This is а vаriаblе with аn intеgеr dаtа typе
еxаmplе1 = ” Russiа”
# This is а vаriаblе with а string dаtа typе
Аn еxаmplе is thе nаmе of thе vаriаblе wе hаvе crеаtеd,
аnd 343 is thе vаriаblе vаluе wе hаvе givеn during its
initiаtion.

Look аt thе vаriаblе-dеfining mеthod аbovе, whеrе wе did

not еxplicitly mеntion аny vаriаblе dаtа typе bеcаusе Python
is intеlligеnt еnough to undеrstаnd thе vаrying dаtа typеs
аutomаticаlly.

How to Find thе Mеmory Аddrеss of Vаriаblеs?

Аll vаriаblеs аrе storеd in а spеcific mеmory locаtion.
Whеnеvеr you cаll thе vаriаblе nаmе, thе Python intеrprеtеr
will pull thе informаtion prеsеnt in this mеmory locаtion. If
you аsk thе Python intеrprеtеr to rеplаcе thе vаriаblе, it will
just rеmovе thе аlrеаdy plаcеd vаriаblе vаluе аnd rеplаcе it
with thе nеw vаriаblе vаluе. Thе old vаriаblе vаluе will bе
dеlеtеd or storеd using а gаrbаgе mеchаnism for futurе usе
cаsеs.

Usuаlly, progrаmming lаnguаgеs such аs C usе pointеrs to

quickly dеtеrminе аnd pull thе informаtion аbout thе
vаriаblе’s mеmory locаtion. Howеvеr, Python doеsn’t support
pointеrs аs it is oftеn chаllеnging to implеmеnt аnd nееds а lot
of compilаtion skills thаt thе intеrprеtеr is usuаlly unаwаrе of.

Instеаd, Python dеvеlopеrs cаn usе thе built-in id()

function to gеt thе mеmory аddrеss of thе vаriаblе еаsily.
Progrаm Codе:
sаmplе = 64
# First, crеаtе а vаriаblе of your fаvorаblе dаtа typе
id(first)
# Now cаll using this built-in function cаllеd id()
Output:
1x37372829x
Hеrе, 1x37372829x is thе mеmory locаtion of thе vаriаblе
in hеxаdеcimаl formаt.

Using thе mеthod bеlow, you cаn now rеplаcе thе vаriаblе
аnd chеck whеthеr thе id() hаs bееn chаngеd or not.
Progrаm Codе:
sаmplе = 64
id(sаmplе)
sаmplе = 78
# Now, wе hаvе rеplаcеd thе vаriаblе vаluе with а nеw onе
id(sаmplе)
# This will аgаin print thе output of thе mеmory locаtion
аddrеss
Output:

1x37372829x
If you hаvе obsеrvеd, thе mеmory locаtion did not chаngе,
but with а smаll print vеrificаtion, you cаn sее thаt thе
vаriаblе vаluе is chаngеd.
Progrаm Codе:
sаmplе = 64
id (sаmplе)
sаmplе = 78
print(sаmplе)
 Output:

78
Locаl аnd Globаl Vаriаblеs in Python
Аccording to your writing progrаmming logic, vаriаblеs
cаn bе locаl аnd globаl. In thеory, locаl vаriаblеs cаn bе usеd
in only pаrticulаr mеthods or clаssеs thаt you wаnt thеm to bе
usеd. In contrаst, globаl vаriаblеs cаn bе usеd in аny pаrt of
thе progrаm without аny problеms. Whеn you cаll а locаl
vаriаblе outsidе а spеcific function, you will usuаlly bе thrown
аn еrror by thе Python intеrprеtеr.
Progrаm Codе:
# This is а function еxаmplе with а locаl vаriаblе
dеf sаmplе():
еxаmplе = ” This is а trаil”
print(еxаmplе)
Output:

This is а trаil
This еxаmplе dеfinеs thе vаriаblе аs а locаl vаriаblе insidе
а function. Hеncе, it will throw а trаcеbаck еrror whеnеvеr
you cаll it insidе аny function, аs shown bеlow.
Progrаm Codе:
# This is а function еxаmplе with а locаl vаriаblе
dеf sаmplе():
еxаmplе = ” This is а trаil”
print(еxаmplе)
dеf sеcondsаmplе():
print(еxаmplе)
# This is а sеcond mеthod wе hаvе initiаtеd
Output:

This is а trаil
Trаcеbаck еrror: vаriаblе not dеfinеd
On thе othеr hаnd, globаl vаriаblеs cаn bе usеd to initiаtе
vаriаblеs for thе wholе progrаm.

Progrаm Codе:
еxаmplе = “This is а trаil”
# А globаl vаriаblе hаs bееn crеаtеd
dеf sаmplе():
print(еxаmplе)
dеf sеcondsаmplе():
print(еxаmplе)
# This is а sеcond mеthod wе hаvе initiаtеd
Output:
This is а trаil
This is а trаil
Аs both functions cаn аccеss globаl vаriаblеs, two print
stаtеmеnts аrе providеd аs аn output on thе computеr scrееn.
Notе:
Dеciding which typе of vаriаblеs to usе is еntirеly your
choicе. Mаny progrаmmеrs hеаvily dеpеnd on locаl vаriаblеs
to run thеir аpplicаtions fаstеr. On thе othеr hаnd, globаl
vаriаblеs cаn bе usеd if you don’t wаnt to bе ovеrwhеlmеd
with а lot of mеmory mаnаgеmеnt.
 Chapter 5: Python Bаsics
Python progrаmmеrs must еnsurе thаt to mаkе аpplicаtions
dynаmic. Аll thеir аpplicаtions nееd to tаkе input dirеctly
from thе usеr аnd providе output аccording to thеir inputs.
Python intеrprеtеr аnd аll thе functions in your progrаm cаn
аccеss thеsе input vаluеs providеd by thе usеr.
In this chаptеr, wе will dеlivеr а fеw еxаmplе progrаms to
hеlp you undеrstаnd how to improvе thе usеr еxpеriеncе for
thе softwаrе you hаvе crеаtеd bаsеd on thе input аnd output
opеrаtions.

Why Аrе Input Vаluеs Nеcеssаry?

Input vаluеs аrе whаt mаkе аpplicаtions survivе.
Еvеrything runs from wеb аpplicаtions to thе lаtеst mеtаvеrsе
аpplicаtions with thе hеlp of input vаluеs providеd by thе usеr.
For еxаmplе, whеn you log in to Fаcеbook, you must еntеr
your еmаil аddrеss аnd pаssword. Thеsе аrе inputs, аnd your
аccount will bе аuthеnticаtеd only if thе providеd informаtion
is corrеct.
Еvеn аdvаncеd аpplicаtions such аs fаciаl rеcognition
tеchnology usе fаcе dаtа points аs input. Еvеry rеаl-world
аpplicаtion thеsе dаys аsks for аnd collеcts usеr input dаtа to
providе а bеttеr usеr еxpеriеncе.
Usе Cаsеs:
Lеt us supposе thеrе is а Python аpplicаtion you hаvе
dеvеlopеd for а mаturе аudiеncе; hеncе, it cаnnot bе usеd by
pеoplе bеlow 18 yеаrs old.
 Wе cаn usе conditionаl input vеrificаtion for thе аbovе
scеnаrio by аsking thе usеr to еntеr thеir аgе. If thе аgе is
аbovе 18, thе аpplicаtion will bеcomе аccеssiblе to thе usеr.
On thе othеr hаnd, If thе аgе is bеlow 18, thе аpplicаtion will
not bе аccеssiblе to thе usеr. Python tаkеs inputs from аll thе
supportеd dаtа typеs to dеtеrminе whеthеr or not somеonе cаn
аccеss your softwаrе. This is just onе rеаl-world еxаmplе.
Thеrе аrе countlеss аpplicаtions you cаn pеrform by аccеssing
input from your еnd usеrs.

Python Commеnts
Whеn progrаmming tеаms work on complеx аnd highly
dеmаnding projеcts, а lot must bе еxchаngеd bеtwееn
diffеrеnt tеаm progrаmmеrs to undеrstаnd thе projеct’s
еssеncе. Commеnts hеlp progrаmmеrs to pаss informаtion
without mеssing with thе progrаm quickly.
Whеn а progrаmmеr usеs commеnts, thе Python intеrprеtеr
will ignorе thе commеnts providеd аnd will go ovеr to thе
following linе. Аs Python hаs а lot of opеn sourcе projеcts,
commеnts hеlp dеvеlopеrs еаsily undеrstаnd how to intеgrаtе
third-pаrty librаriеs аnd frаmеworks into thеir codе.

Commеnts cаn аlso hеlp your codе rеаdаblе аnd hеncе

bеttеr undеrstаndаblе. Whilе it mаy sееm unnеcеssаry for
cеrtаin progrаmmеrs to rеmеmbеr thе codе logic thеy hаvе
writtеn, you will bе surprisеd by how much progrаmmеrs
forgеt thе codе logic thеy hаvе writtеn. Hаving spеcific
insights аbout how you hаvе writtеn thе codе logic will bе
grеаt for futurе rеfеrеncе.
Python supports two typеs of commеnts for progrаmmеrs
to writе bеtwееn thеir codе.
 1. Singlе Linе Commеnts
Singlе-linе commеnts аrе thе most populаr typе of
commеnts usеd by Python progrаmmеrs аs thеy cаn bе еаsily
writtеn bеtwееn codе.
You nееd to usе thе ‘#’ symbol to usе singlе-linе
commеnts. Thе intеrprеtеr will ignorе аnything thаt is
followеd by this symbol.
Progrаm Codе:
#This is аn еxаmplе of а singlе-linе commеnt thаt is followеd
by а hаsh symbol
print (“This is just аn еxаmplе “)
Output:
This is just аn еxаmplе.
Bеcаusе of using а singlе-linе commеnt, thе intеrprеtеr
ignorеd it аnd еxеcutеd just thе print stаtеmеnt.

Why Аrе Singlе—Linе Commеnts Usеd?

Singlе-linе commеnts аrе primаrily usеd in thе middlе of
thе codе to hеlp othеr progrаmmеrs undеrstаnd how thе
progrаm logic works аnd dеtаils thе functions of thе
implеmеntеd vаriаblеs.
2. Multilinе Commеnts

Whilе it is еntirеly possiblе to usе singlе-linе commеnts to

writе thrее or four linеs of continuous commеnts, it is not
rеcommеndеd bеcаusе Python providеs а bеttеr wаy to
аnnotаtе multi-linе commеnts.

Аs shown bеlow, python progrаmmеrs cаn usе string

litеrаls to crеаtе multi-linе commеnts.
 Progrаm Codе:
‘‘‘
This is а commеnt
In Python
with multiplе linеs
Аuthor: Python Rookiе ‘‘‘
print (“This is just аn еxаmplе “)
Output:
This is just аn еxаmplе.
Likе singlе-linе commеnts, only thе print stаtеmеnt is
еxеcutеd whеn you еxеcutе thе аbovе progrаm.

Why Аrе Multilinе Commеnts Usеd?

Progrаmmеrs oftеn usе multilinе commеnts to dеfinе

licеnsе dеtаils or еxplаin comprеhеnsivе informаtion аbout
diffеrеnt pаckаgеs аnd mеthods with vаrious implеmеntаtion
еxаmplеs. Thе progrаmmеrs who аrе rеаding thе codе cаn
undеrstаnd it еffеctivеly.

Rеsеrvеd Kеywords

Rеsеrvеd kеywords аrе thе dеfаult kеywords for а

progrаmming lаnguаgе thаt progrаmmеrs cаnnot usе аs
idеntifiеrs whilе writing thеir codе. Idеntifiеrs аrе usuаlly usеd
for vаriаblеs, clаss аnd function nаmеs.
Whеn you usе а rеsеrvеd kеyword in your progrаm, thе
intеrprеtеr will not аllow it аnd throw аn еrror. For еxаmplе, if
you usе ‘for’ for onе of your vаriаblеs will not work bеcаusе
‘for’ is usuаlly usеd to dеfinе а spеcific typе of loop structurе
in Python progrаmming.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
playground or “meads,” adjoining the west side of which, and divided
from it by a red brick wall, is the “sick house,” (hospital,) situated in
another piece of ground called “sick-house meads.”
The chief of the whole establishment is the Warden, who has
nothing to do with the teaching of the boys; he admits and when
necessary expels them, confers on them the dignity of “Præfect,”
listens to their complaints, and, in fact, in all matters appertaining to
the management of the school and the society is omnipotent. There
are also ten Fellows, but as their duties (if any) have nothing to do
with the inner life of the school, of which alone I purpose to treat, I
need say nothing more of them. The head master, or “the Doctor” as
he is always called, lives in “Commoners’ buildings,” the inhabitants
of which are supposed to be more particularly under his jurisdiction.
The second master, who has the more immediate superintendence
of the College boys, has, as above-mentioned, his apartments in
“chamber court.” There was also an assistant master, who
superintended the instruction of the boys in the lower classes, and
who did not live in College; and three commoner tutors, who had
lodgings in Commoners’, and whose services were called into
requisition for general instruction in school as required. There was
also a mathematical master.
The school was divided into college boys and commoners; there
was a great competition to be enrolled among the former, as they
have several privileges, the greatest of which was the chance of
gaining a fellowship at New College, Oxford. I will introduce these
first. There were seventy of them; of these the eighteen seniors were
called “Præpostors,” or (more commonly) “Præfects,” and had the
power of “fagging” all the rest, with some few exceptions. Among
these eighteen, one, (generally, but not always,) the senior in school,
was called the “Præfect of hall,” and was invested with almost
absolute power, being looked upon by the “Inferiors” (i.e. those who
were not præfects) with something more than a becoming awe and
reverence. Some of his principal duties were to take the boys “on to
hills,” call names there, pay for broken windows in hall, find the rods,
&c. In school he had the seat of honour next to the doctor’s chair,
and he always slept in sixth chamber. There were many little fees
attached to this responsible office, which brought to the fortunate
possessor an income of certainly not less than fifty pounds a year.
Next to him in dignity was the “Præfect of tub,” (this title was derived
from a box in hall called “tub,” the use of which will be hereafter
explained,) whose office was more particularly connected with the
dinner department. Then there were two “Præfects of chapel,” one of
whom, on alternate weeks, called names there, and during that week
was called Præfect of chapel “in course,” and, in case of absence of
the Præfect of hall, undertook his duties. There was also a “Præfect
of school,” who had to pay for all internal damage done to the interior
of that edifice, including broken windows, to keep it clean, to light it,
and once every year to renew the cushions of the masters’ seats. To
all these offices some emolument in the shape of salary or fees was
attached, but considerably less than that received by the Præfect of
hall. The eight senior præfects were said to have “full power,” and
had some slight privileges not enjoyed by the remaining ten, who
were generally called “Bluchers.”
As mentioned above, almost all the inferiors were subject to these
eighteen; there were, however, the following exceptions:—“The
Senior inferior,” who was exempted from fagging, to give him an
opportunity of calmly contemplating the dignity in store for him; and
the seven “Candlekeepers,” (why so called, I have no idea, nor have
I ever heard any interpretation of the appellation.) These were the
seven inferiors who had been longest in the school, quite
independently of their position in it; they were generally old and
tough. Of these, the senior had almost as much power as a præfect;
he had a “valet” in chambers, one or two “breakfast fags,” and the
power of fagging the twenty juniors when in school, or in meads. The
junior candlekeeper was called “the Deputy,” and had also some
slight privileges besides that of having a valet and breakfast-fag,
which was common to all of them. The organisation of the fagging
department was supposed to be in the hands of the candlekeepers,
but practically it was all arranged by the Senior and Deputy; and
there was a theory, that if it at any time broke down, and no fags
could be found, the præfects in full power had the right to fag the
candlekeepers; this, however, was very rarely, if ever, acted upon.
 It may easily be imagined, that the offices of Senior candlekeeper
and Deputy were regarded with peculiar interest by the small juniors,
as when these posts were filled by cross individuals, the lives of the
latter were not seldom made a burden to them.
When a præfect required the services of a fag, he called out,
“Junior!” and the junior, in hall or chamber, or wherever it might be,
had to “run.”
The order of seniority in fagging depended, in College, solely on
the length of time the boys had been at the school, and was entirely
independent of their position otherwise. A certain number of boys
were of “Founder’s kin,” to which certain privileges attached, which
will be hereafter mentioned.
As regards dress, the College boys wore any trousers they liked;
but instead of an ordinary coat and waistcoat, they were usually
habited in a black, green, or brown (the latter colours were seldom
worn except by præfects, or very responsible inferiors) waistcoat,
with an upright collar, and sleeves of the same material, and a serge
gown, with full sleeves buttoning above or just below the elbow; the
gown, in walking, was very commonly tucked up in a bunch behind.
Inferiors were never allowed to wear hats inside the College walls;
the præfects seldom doffed theirs, except in the presence of a
master and when they went to bed; all were obliged to wear white
neckcloths and bands, except when on leave out; and surplices in
chapel on Sundays and saints’ days.
 OLD COMMONERS.

During the years 1839-1841 the picturesque Old Commoners was demolished. It
was built by Dr Burton, and formed an irregular quadrangle. On the west side were
the head-master’s house, an excellent ball-court, and upper and lower cloister
galleries, built over a small cloister; on the north was “Wickham’s” buildings,
containing the Hall of the juniors, various dormitories, and the residence of the
tutors; on the south were upper and lower conduit galleries, part of the ancient
“Sustern Spital,” and divided into dormitories above, and below into apartments for
the matron, and three “Continent Rooms” or sick bays. On the ground-floor, to the
west of the inner entrance, were the “Hatches,” from which the bread or “sines,”
and cans of beer, called “jorams,” were issued; the kitchens, etc.; opening into a
small court, containing a dormitory, known as “New Room.” On the other side were
the prefects’ and the tutors’ studies. On the east side of Commoners’ Court was
the wall of the college stables, and a range of fine elm-trees, destroyed with one
exception during a violent summer-storm in 1836. Underneath the survivor was the
“long bench,” so frequented in “standing-up time.” The entrance-gate stood where
the west gate of modern commoners is at present. Parallel with the east side of the
court, and to the southward of the tutors’ studies, was the “dining hall;” and above
it was a set of sleeping-rooms, upper and lower hall galleries. On the westward of
the hall was “the conduit.”—Walcott’s William of Wykeham and his Colleges.
 Besides the Warden, fellows, masters, and boys, there were
twelve “Choristers,” who must by no means be omitted, as they
formed an important part of the internal economy. I suppose they
were called Choristers because they had not to sing; certainly if ever
that was a part of their duty, it had entirely lapsed. Their office was to
wait on the boys, in hall and chambers, till seven o’clock, and
especially to go on errands in the town,—the boys themselves never
being allowed to go there, except when invited by friends on saints’
days. These little Choristers wore chocolate-coloured tail-coats and
trousers, with metal buttons; and, on the whole, I think their life must
have been a weary one.
In Commoners’, the number of boys fluctuated between one
hundred and one hundred and thirty. The building called
“Commoners’,” in which they slept and had their meals, skirted the
west side of College, and had its entrance also in College Street. It
would be useless to describe the buildings of Commoners’ as they
existed in my time; they were not in any way remarkable, and are
now entirely removed, and other and more commodious edifices,
though, perhaps, not much more beautiful, built in their place.
There were twelve Præfects in Commoners, who had the right of
fagging all the rest except those in the class immediately below
them, (called senior part the fifth,) who were exempt; when they
required the services of a Fag, they did not call “Junior!” but “Here!”
They also had an officer whose duties and privileges were somewhat
similar to those of Senior Candlekeeper and Deputy in College; his
office, however, was conferred by election among the Præfects. It
was necessary that he should be in either middle or junior part the
fifth, of reasonable bodily strength, and have been at least three
years in commoners. This dignitary was called “the Coursekeeper;”
should he be promoted into senior part the fifth, he retained the
privileges of the office without its responsibilities, and was called “Ex-
coursekeeper.”
The College boys and Commoners rose at the same hour,
attended chapel, used the school, and went on to Hill’s together; but
the latter took their meals and slept in Commoners’, and had not the
use of meads, having a field about half a mile distant, to which they
went from twelve to one on whole school days, and again, in the
afternoon, on holidays.
The rule of seniority, as regarded fagging, was different from that
established in College. Commoner Inferiors took precedence
according to their standing in the school, not according to the length
of time they had been there. It will be seen, from what has been said,
that the College juniors had a much harder time of it than the
Commoners, as the former were in the proportion of forty-four Fags
to eighteen Præfects and seven Candlekeepers, whereas in the
latter (supposing the number of the boys to be one hundred and
twenty, and twenty to be in senior part the fifth, and exempt from
fagging) the proportion would be eighty-seven fags to twelve
Præfects and one Coursekeeper. I will, therefore, devote my
attention principally to the illustration of the life of the College Fag,
which, in fact, combines all the trials and amusements of both.
 CHAPTER III.
TREATS OF SOME MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.

A Fag’s Duties—His Respect for Præfects—Præfects’

Responsibilities—Code of Honour—Lying Scouted—
Exceptional Anecdote—Certain Things considered
Common Property—Slang—Nicknames of Officials and
Under-Porter—Whole Holidays—Remedies—Half
Holidays—Sundays—Hills.

The duties of a Fag, in the days of which I write, may be more easily
described by informing the reader what he had not to do, than by
endeavouring to make out a list of his positive duties. I believe when
I say that he had not to make the beds, nor to clean shoes, I have
exhausted the negative catalogue.
The degree of awe with which we Juniors used to regard the
Præfects seems to me, looking back, most mysterious; and it would
be impossible to make a stranger realise the peculiar sensation. It
was entirely a moral feeling, not being in any way connected with
muscular power—many of the Præfects being, in physical strength,
inferior to their fags; and it was by no means uncommon to see a
small Præfect rising on his toes to reach the proper height for
administering an effective “Clow” (box on the ear) to an offending
Junior some inches taller, and a stone heavier, than himself. Nor was
there the slightest imputation of cowardice on the part of the bigger
boy,—I cannot explain it, but it seemed simply impossible to resist.
I never was a Præfect myself; and when I was a big Inferior, I have
more than once received, with perfect meekness, a “Tunding”
(thrashing with a stick) from a boy who, had he been an Inferior,
would have treated me with the greatest respect. I remember, on one
such occasion, the operator, indignant at not being able to make me
feel, searched underneath my waistcoat to see if I was not padded
for the occasion, (not an uncommon proceeding by any means;) and
on finding such was not the case, took the small end of the stick in
his hand, and finished the performance with the butt end, and
principally on my head. Nor, when ordered to “hold down” (i.e., put
your head in a convenient position) for a “Clow,” would the victim
dare to ward off the blow, or cease offering his cheek to the smiter till
it pleased the latter to desist.
Indeed, the moment a boy was made a Præfect, he seemed
immediately to become invested with a supernatural power that
changed the familiar intercourse with his former companions into
awe or respect on the one side, and tyranny or condescension on
the other, according to the nature of the individual promoted. I
remember, soon after my first arrival, and before I had quite realised
the great gulf between a Præfect and an Inferior, during breakfast-
time in hall, I saw one of the Fags put aside his master’s frying-pan,
it being required no longer. As I was in want of one at the moment, in
the innocence of my heart, I politely asked the Præfect, who was its
owner, if he would be so good as to lend it to me. I thought he looked
rather queer, but, being a good-natured youth, he said, “Yes;” when
the loud burst of laughter from the other boys proclaimed that
something unusual had happened. On inquiry, I found that it was my
astounding impertinence in making such a request of a Præfect that
had caused the excitement, and for some little time I was looked on
as quite a hero.
Though, at first sight, this kind of superstitious awe of the Inferiors
towards the Præfects may seem unprofitable, yet I am inclined to
think that, on the whole, it was not without its advantages. Certainly,
in some exceptional cases, a Præfect used to take advantage of his
position, and treat those beneath him cruelly; but such, at any rate,
was not the general character of the Præfects in my time; and most
of them used their power far more in preventing the big Inferiors from
bullying their companions, than in inflicting torture themselves.
The Præfects had the entire charge of the boys out of school, and
were responsible to the masters for all breaches of discipline
committed by the others, for which they (the Præfects) were
punished; it was, therefore, their interest as well as duty to see the
laws carried out. When a delinquent was discovered, he received his
punishment at once from the Præfect under whose jurisdiction the
offence fell. This generally consisted of any given number of stripes
on the back, varying from a dozen to about fifty, according to the
character of the offence, or the disposition of the performer. The
sticks used for this purpose were supple young ash plants, familiarly
called “Ground Ashes,” and the supplying them to the Præfects
formed quite a profitable branch of trade to some individuals in the
town, as the consumption was considerable.
As I mentioned above, this kind of thrashing was called “Tunding,”
and, for any grave offence, it was administered by the Præfect of
Hall on the raised dais at the end of hall, in presence of all the boys,
and was then called “a Tunding on top of Hall.” I believe the system
worked well. It would have been impossible for the Masters to have
been continually spying after the boys; and the confidence placed in
the Præfects strengthened their character, inasmuch as, for the most
part, they felt proud of the trust confided to them, and
conscientiously endeavoured to fulfil their duties. The public
Tundings were almost always fairly conducted, being generally
adequate, but not excessive, and could not be classed with the
severe bullying that some few Præfects carried on behind the
scenes, where there was no public to control either the manner or
the quantity of punishment administered.
A high tone of honour was kept up in the school, truth being
scrupulously adhered to between the boys themselves, and by them
towards the Masters, except in one particular, (which exception,
indeed, was caused by an honourable feeling crookedly developed,)
and this was when telling the truth would bring another individual into
trouble.
On these occasions, the most tremendous lies were sometimes
considered justifiable:—e.g., The Doctor comes suddenly round a
corner, and finds Tibbs mopping the rosy fluid from his nose with a
rueful countenance, having just received a sharp back-hander from
one of his lords and masters, whose basin he has broken:—
“Pray, what may be the matter with you?” inquires the Doctor.
 “Fell down and hurt my nose, sir,” whimpers Tibbs.
Dr. “But the ground is muddy, and your clothes clean.”
T. “Only touched the ground with my nose, sir.”
But I can give a more comprehensive example in an occurrence
that I well remember. One night, in one of the chambers, the boys
were up and amusing themselves with the operation of a “Toefitying,”
which consists in noosing the toe of a sleeper in a piece of string,
and then pulling, concerning which pastime more anon. Badger was
trying to operate on Reynard, who, (though pretending to be asleep,
was really wide awake,) gently stealing his hand from under the
bedclothes, clutched a Donnegan, and launched it at Badger’s head,
who, being thereby floored, mechanically replied with his
extinguished candlestick, extinguisher, snuffers, and all, which
unfortunately took effect, and inflicted a deep cut on Reynard’s lip.
The next morning, as Reynard was not producible, one of the
Masters made affectionate inquiries respecting him. On hearing that
he had cut his lip, he inquired, “How?” No one had an idea.
Master. “Send for Reynard.”
[Appears Reynard with his head in a sling.]
M. “How did you cut your lip?”
R. “Woke in the night, sir, and found my lip bleeding; think
something must have struck it.”
M. “Tell the Senior Præfect in the chamber to come to me.”
[Præfect appears.] M. “Toller, what was going on in your chamber
last night?”
T. “Don’t know, sir, as I was fast asleep.” (N.B.—He was eating
toasted cheese at the time immediately opposite the scene of
action.)
The other boys of the chamber being sent for in proper order,
some thought they heard a noise, but were certain it was caused by
boys from another chamber, (the latter part being true for a wonder;)
another thought he detected Pudding’s voice; by a curious
coincidence, Pudding happened to have been sleeping at sick-house
on that particular night; and so on.
But if by any chance an individual was likely to receive punishment
in consequence of any self-sacrificing fiction, I need not say that the
real delinquent always stepped forth at once and claimed his right to
the infliction. I never knew an instance of a boy spontaneously
informing a Master of any misdemeanour committed by another.
This, although commendable as a general rule, might, on some rare
occasions, (in cases of bullying by Præfects for example,) be
infringed with advantage. In the matter of certain articles, which were
strictly defined, and which, if I remember rightly, consisted of
stationery, knives, faggots, crockery, and eatables supplied by the
College, we used to put a liberal interpretation on the eighth
commandment, these being looked upon to a certain extent as
common property; and it was considered fair “to make” (i.e., take)
them if you could. Of course, if discovered, certain results would
follow, but no moral offence was imputed. All other articles were
governed by the usual laws which define the difference between
meum and tuum; and I need not say that, as regards money, the
most rigid probity was enforced; and if a boy was ever suspected of
improperly meddling with another’s capital, the affair was diligently
inquired into, and, if found guilty, the punishment of the delinquent
was condign, and the disgrace ineffaceable.
Popjoy and Hopper on one occasion made a bet, the subject of
which was that, during the ensuing fortnight, each should endeavour
to “make” as many knives as possible, the possessor of the greater
number at the end of the appointed time to be the winner. They set
to work diligently, and, by the end of the time, had nearly collected all
the knives in the school. On comparing their booty, Hopper was
found to have a small majority. Popjoy, discontented at the result,
proposed another trial, which being assented to, just before the final
day Hopper found that the whole of his stock had disappeared,
having been successfully swept off by his now triumphant
antagonist.
The Winchester slang is very peculiar and expressive, and I
confess that I regard it with much affection. Some of the words can
hardly be expressed in English without considerable periphrasis;
(vide Glossary-words, “to junket over,” to “thoke upon,” &c.) Besides
the slang, there are other peculiarities in the language. The definite
article is never used in connexion with any of the institutions,
buildings, or localities connected with College; e.g., one never spoke
of “the Hall, the Election, the Warden’s Stream;” it was always
“Election,” “Hall,” “Warden’s Stream,” &c. When speaking of persons,
it was permitted, as “the Doctor, the Warden.”
The names of many of the College employées were hereditary
nicknames, which often passed on to the new-comer with his office. I
dare say there still exists a Dungy, Whitesman, Purver, Long John,
&c. &c., though the original owners of the names, or the derivations
of the nicknames, (if they were so,) have long since been forgotten.
There was an exception to this in the case of the Under-Porter, the
nomenclature of the occupant of which office was settled on a
different principle. When I first came to Winchester, he rejoiced in the
name of Obadiah. I suppose the original Under-Porter’s name was
Malachi, and that, after him, the catalogue of books of the Old
Testament was followed up in due order; for when Obadiah
relinquished his post, his successor was named Amos; and, on
Amos’s retirement, Joel stepped into his vacant shoes; and as I was
there five years, and during that time three different Under-Porters
wielded the keys,—if they have since succeeded at the same rate,
the name of the present officer would be Esther.
In the times I write of, we had a good deal of relaxation from our
studies,—rather too much, indeed, I used to think, during my first
year; for at that time I considered school-time a decided change for
the better from my very arduous duties, when we were supposed to
be amusing ourselves. As time wore on, I found these labours rather
alleviated, and I ultimately began to think a whole holiday not such a
bad institution after all. We had plenty of them. In the short half, we
had at least one “Remedy” and a half every week, and in summer
two always; they were on Tuesdays and Thursdays. These
“Remedies” were a kind of mitigated whole holidays. We were
supposed to go into school for an hour or two in the morning and
afternoon; but as no Master was present, it didn’t come to much.
This was called “Books Chambers.” Remedies were not a matter of
right, but were always specially applied for by Præfect of hall on
Tuesdays and Thursdays. The custom was for him to waylay the
Doctor on his way to morning Chapel, and make the request, when,
if granted, a gold ring was handed to the applicant, on which was
engraved, “Commendat rarior usus.” This ring was worn by the
Præfect of hall for the rest of the day, and returned by him to the
Doctor at the beginning of middle school on the day following.
We had whole holidays on all Saints’ days and Founder’s
anniversaries, on which occasions we were allowed to go out,—if
invited by friends in the country, for the whole day; or if by friends in
the town, for the afternoon. Of course when there was a Saint’s day
in the week we only had one “Remedy.”
Half holidays were not unfrequent; whenever a distinguished
Wykehamist visited Winchester, a deputation of boys waited on him,
with a request that he would ask the Doctor for one; also, if any boy
gained a scholarship at Oxford or Cambridge, or having been at
Winchester, distinguished himself at the universities or in public life,
or if there was an addition to the family of any of the masters, (an
event which I have known to happen while I was at Winchester,) a
half holiday was petitioned for, and generally with success.
Sunday was the Fag’s best holiday, for even he participated in
some degree of the rest which is enjoined for the man-servant and
maid-servant on that day. We had a “Thoke,” (i.e., we did not get up)
till eight o’clock Chapel, and attended Cathedral service, which
commenced with the Litany at half-past ten; we went into school
from four to five to do Greek Testament, and to Chapel again at five.
In Cloister-time, Sixth book, and Senior part went into school from
seven to eight p.m., which period was called “Grotius time,” after the
author whose work, “De Veritate,” was then substituted for Greek
Testament.
On Holidays and “Remedies” we were turned out for a couple of
hours on to “St Catherine’s Hill,” (a green eminence about a mile
from College, with a clump of trees at the top, which was surrounded
by a deep trench—the remains of a Roman camp,)—once before
breakfast,(“Morning Hills,”) and again in the afternoon, (“Middle
Hills.”) In summer we also went out after dinner, (“Evening Hills,”)
when we did not ascend the aforesaid mountain, but disported
ourselves in the water-meadows beneath. These outgoings were
called “Going on to Hills” and “Under Hills” respectively.
Having now, I hope, put the reader pretty well au courant as to the
scene of action, the authorities, and some of the institutions and
customs of Winchester, I will endeavour to give as accurate an
account as I can (considering the time that has elapsed since I was
at school) of the inner life of the boys,—as it was in those days,—
and will proceed to introduce the Fag on his first arrival, and then
conduct you (kind reader) with him through our Chambers, Hall,
Chapel, School, and Meads, and give a cursory sketch of his
proceedings on a “Lockback Holiday, Hills, and Leave-out, and
during Standing-up and Election weeks.”
 CHAPTER IV.
THE JUNIOR’S START IN COLLEGE LIFE.

πεμπε—Tin Gloves—Test of Founder’s Kin—Tutor and Pupil

—The Fag “in Course.”

In this chapter, I propose to recount some of the solemnities

attendant on the first appearance of a new boy. I need not go
through a list of the ordinary questions and chaffings to which a
greenhorn is subjected at all schools, but will confine myself to some
of the ordeals peculiar to Winchester in the dark ages of which I
write. On the first appearance of Green in school, Humbug would
ask him, with an air of sympathy, if he had a book entitled “πεμπε
μωρον προτερον,” (send the fool farther,) without which it would be
impossible for him to get up properly his appointed task. On finding
that he has not a copy of the work in question, Humbug would offer
his own which he had lent to Brown, and to whom he despatches
Green to get it. Brown, however, having lent it to Jones, Green goes
to him, who refers him to Robinson, who sends him down to sick-
house, whence he is again sent back to school, and, after numerous
similar peregrinations, he is ultimately referred to one of the Masters,
who soon puts an end to his search.
But there were other ordeals that were not quite so harmless.
Green was liable to be asked whether he possessed a pair of “Tin
gloves.” As this article does not generally form part of a boy’s outfit,
Bully would proceed to furnish him with a pair in the following
manner:—Taking a half-consumed stick from the fire, he would draw
the “red-hot end” down the back of Greens hand between each of
the knuckles to the wrist, and, having produced three satisfactory
lines of blisters, would then make two or three transverse lines
across. A scientifically fitted pair of gloves of this description was
generally, if not pleasant wear, at any rate, of great durability.
 Bully might then, perhaps, inquire of the wretched Green if he was
of “Founder’s kin,” and, whatever his answer, proceed to test the
assertion by trying to break a plate on his head—the theory being
that, if the plate broke first, his descent was proved.
Each boy, on his arrival, was allotted to a Præfect as his pupil,
who was called his tutor, and was supposed to exercise a general
superintendence over his morals and manners, to purge his
exercises from the grosser faults, protect him from the unjust
treatment of other boys, and generally to “Teejay”[3] him. It was
ordinarily an advantageous arrangement to both parties. My old
friend Dummy, however, was not fortunate in the selection made for
him; he was handed over to a tutor, who, by way of taking a great
interest in his welfare, prevented other boys from thrashing his pupil
by operating on him so constantly himself, that they scarcely had any
chance of so doing. The tutor was tall, thin, bullet-headed, and
apparently about forty-five years of age, and he used, from time to
time, to conduct his pupil into a quiet corner, and, with a cheerful
smile beaming on his countenance, would give himself a few
minutes’ healthy, but not too violent, exercise. He was economical,
and found that a stout cane, tied with wax thread at the end, was a
less expensive chest-opener than a ground-ash, which was not only
very liable to break, but extracted less entertainment than the thicker
weapon. He was not very muscular, or the consequences might have
been serious. As it was, wherever Dummy went to bathe, a number
of spectators always assembled to see his back, which, from the
nape of his neck to his ankles, was a network of intersecting bruises.
Dummy’s skin gradually got as tough as a hippopotamus’s, and I
don’t think it did him much harm. At any rate, I saw him last year in
rude health. He was delighted to see me; and he told me that, not
long before, he had met his venerated tutor at a railway station in
Northumberland, looking still about forty-five, and apparently a
bishop or dean, or something of that sort, with a Gothic waistcoat,
and a broad-brimmed hat, and altogether so little altered, that
Dummy’s body gave an instinctive shrink as it passed him, in
expectation of the never-failing blow or kick that used to follow
immediately on his propinquity.
 A fortnight’s breathing-time was allowed to every new boy before
he commenced Fagging, to give him the necessary leisure to learn
what would be expected of him; at the expiration of which period his
duties began, and he was said to be “in Course.” Such is the natural
craving in the human mind for change, that I remember, in my case, I
was quite impatient for the time of probation to expire, that I might
indulge in the manly exercise of Fagging.