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FORTSCHRITTE
DER
PHYSIK
H E R A U S G E G E B E N IM AUFTRAGE D E R P H Y S I K A L I S C H E N GESELLSCHAFT
DER
DEUTSCHEN DEMOKRATISCHEN R E P U B L I K
VON F. KASCHLUHN, A. LÖSCHE, R. RITSCHL UND R. ROMPE
H E F T 9 • 1981 . B A N D 29
A K A D E M I E - V E R L A G . B E R L I N
31728 EVP 1 0 , - M ISSN 0 0 1 5 - 8 2 0 8

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AN (EDV) 57618
ISSN 0 0 1 5 - 8 2 0 8
Fortschritte der Physik 29, 3 8 1 - 4 1 1 (1981)
Furry Picture for Quantum Electrodynamics

with Pair-Creating External Field
E . S. FRADKIN
P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, USSR

and
D . M . GITMAN
Pedagogical Institute, Tomsk, USSR
Abstract
In the paper the perturbation theory is constructed for QED, for which the interaction with the
external pair-creating field is kept exactly. An explicit expression for the perturbation theory causal
electron propagator is found. Special features of usage of the unitarity conditions for calculating the
total probabilities of radiative processes in the case are discussed. Exact Green functions are intro-
duced and the functional formulation is discussed. Perturbation theory for calculating the mean
values of the Heisenberg operators, in particular, of the mean electromagnetic field is built in the
case under consideration. Effective Lagrangian which generates the exact equation for the mean
electromagnetic field is introduced. Functional representations for the generating functionals
introduced in the paper are discussed.
I. Introduction
During the recent years the growing interest is attached to the problems of quantum
electrodynamics (QED) with intense electromagnetic field. To some extent this interest
is due to the achieving of strong fields in experimental conditions, further growth of the
laser intensities and recognition of some situations in astrophysics where the values of
the effektive fields are tremendous, indeed. This interest is also provoked by the existence
of analogies with problems in gravitation and in gauge theories with spontaneous sym-
metry breaking. In this connection solving similar problems in QED may be thought of
as, in a way, the first step in this sphere in the mentioned theories. Finally, results for
specific problems in QED with intense electromagnetic field are important for checking
its validity in the extreme domains of parameters and undoubtly are of general scientific
value.
In the present paper we will consider special features of constructing QED formalism,
which are connected with the possibility of particle creation in an intense electromagnetic
field. The paper to a great extent is a generalization and review of a part of general
results which were obtained in ( G I T M A N [ 1 ] ( 1 9 7 6 , 1 9 7 7 ) ; G I T M A N , G A V R I L O V [2] ( 1 9 7 7 ) ;
F R A D K I N , GITMAN [ 5 ] ( 1 9 7 8 , 1 9 7 9 ) ; GAVRILOV, GITMAN, SCHWARTSMAN [ 4 ] ( 1 9 8 0 ) ) .
Thus, if one discusses problems of QED with an intense electromagnetic field in the
frame of QED with an external field, then one of the most important is here the problem
of how to keep exactly the interaction with the external field to all the orders of per-
1 Zeitschrift „Fortachritte der Physik", Bd. 29, Heft 9

382 B . S . F K A D K J N a n d D . M . GITMAN
turbation expansion. 1 ) This problem has been investigated well, e.g., for the spinor or
scalar charged fields interacting with the external electromagnetic field (FEYNMAN [6]
(1949); SCHWINGER [7] (1951, 1954 a, b). During the recent years the growing interest is
attached to it due to the examination of processes of particle creation from the vacuum
b y the external field both in electrodynamics and in gravitation. (NIKISHOV [<8] (1969,
1 9 7 2 ) ; POPOV [ 9 ] ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; BAGROV, GITMAN, SCHWARTSMAN [10] ( 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 7 6 ) ; S E X L ,
URBANTKE [11] ( 1 9 6 9 ) ; HAWKING [12] ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; D E WITT [13] ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; GRIB, MOSTE-
PANENKO, FROLOV [14] ( 1 9 7 2 , 1 9 7 6 ) ; PARKER [15] ( 1 9 7 6 ) ; FROLOV, GITMAN [16] ( 1 9 7 8 ) ) .
F o r the total Q E D of the interacting quantized spinor and electromagnetic fields a con-
sistent consideration of the perturbation theory when keeping exactly the external field
is fulfilled only for the fields which do not product pairs (FURRY [17] (1951)). The re-
strictions on the field nature arise in the F u r r y starting approach, in particular, due to
the fact t h a t in accordance with F u r r y the particle and antiparticle creation and anni-
hilation operators are built with the aid of the solutions of the Dirac equation in the
external field. F o r the pair-creating fields there are, however, no such solutions which m a y
be put intocorres pondence to particles or antiparticles a t all the time-moment. I n the
present paper we have discussed the generalization of the F u r r y picture to pair-creating
fields.
I n particular, a method of construction of the vacua for the initial and final states in an
intense external field is given here; the perturbation theory with respect to the radiative
interaction is built with the aid of Wick's technique generalization, which is written out
in appendix; the quantum field theory definition for the electron propagator in the
external field and its representation over the solutions of the Dirac equation are ob-
tained ; a t the same time a consistent description is given of all the zeroth order with re-
spect to the radiative interaction processes for an arbitrary pair-creating external field.
The unitarity conditions are analysed for the case under consideration, and it is shown
t h a t in the relations similar to the optical theorem the usage of the two types of electron
propagators is essential. I n accordance with these results for the pair-creating fields
there arises the necessity to distinguish, e.g., the two types of mass operators, one of
which describes radiative corrections to the scattering processes and the second one is
connected with the total probability of irradiation from a single-electron state. At last,
exact Green functions which determine coefficient functions of the scattering matrix in
the case under consideration and, consequently, the matrix elements of transitions are
introduced in the paper. The corresponding generating functional and its different re-
presentations and also functional equations are given. Perturbation theory for calculating
the mean electromagnetic field is built in the case under consideration. Effective L a -
grangian which generates the exact equation for the mean electromagnetic field is intro-
duced. Functional representations for the generating functionals introduced in the paper
are discussed.
Note in conclusion t h a t each section in the paper has independent formulae numbering.
W h e n making reference to a formula from the same section its original number is given.
W h e n making reference to a formula from the other section the number of the section is
placed to the left of its number.
1 ) NIKISHOV and RITUS have greatly contributed to QED with the external field in the papers
collected mainly in (NIKISHOV, RITUS (1979)).
Furry Picture for Quantum Electrodynamics 383
II. Perturbation Theory
Consider QED with an external field Aext(x). The corresponding Hamiltonian is

jeA = J :y{x) [—iy V + eAeKt(x) + m] ip{x): dx
- £ gu-k- c+ • c u + f j{ X) A( X) dx = + + êy,
kX J
(1)
where yi{x), y>(x), A(x) are the spinor and electromagnetic field operators in the Schrodin-
ger picture..
Let i in and £out be the initial and the final moments of time which in the final expressions
will be understood as moved to infinitely remote past and future, respectively. If the
vector potential of the external field is switched off in the moments i in , £out one may, as
usual, assume that since the radiative interaction is effectively wsitched off when
t —> ¿ o o the initial and final states are free states with, say, a definite particle numbers
|in) = 2 V - c + . . . 6 + . . . a + . . . | 0 ) , <out| = <0| a ... b ... c . . . N, (2)

+
where {a+, a, b , b} are operators of creation and annihilation of free electrons and posi-
trons, |c+, c} are the photon creation and annihilation operators, |0) is the vacuum of free
particles, 10) = |0)e • |0)>', )0)e, |0) I ' , are the corresponding vacuum vectors in theHilbert
spaces of states of the spinor and electromagnetic fields, N is a normalizing factor.
Consider now a more general case when the vector potential of the external field does not
disappear at f i n , i 0 u t and propose a method of determination of vacuum, initial and final
states.
Define the vacuum at the initial (final) time-moment as the state |0) ln (|0)out) which
minimizes the mean value of the Hamiltonian A taken at ¿ in (i 0Ht ).
i„<0| 2CA |0) in - min, t = tm,

(3)
min
out(0| A |0)out — > t = 'out-
Since i l n , i out should be understood as moved to the infinitely remote past and future
time-moments one can, as before, assume that the radiative interaction is effectively
switched off at tia, ( out and therefore the problem (3) may be reduced to the following
ine<0| se^ |0)f n - min, t = tln,

w
out(0| ^ e A |0)out — m i n , < = iout,
|0}i„ = |0>" • |0)f n , |0)ou, = |0)r • |0>«out. (5)
To find the vectors 10)®n, |0)„ut suffice it to have the solutions of the eigenvalue problems
for the single-particle Dirac Hamiltonian in the external fields Aext(x, i in ) and^4 ext (a:, £out).
±<Pn{&) = ±e„ • ±<P«(X),

^j)(iout) • ±fm{x) = ±
em • ±99 m (x), (6)
ext
jfD(t) = / ( — i y V + ei (sci) + to),
which obey the following requirements:
a
) ±en 0, ± e m sg 0, V n, m and there is a gap between the negative and the positive
levels;
1*
384 E. S. FRADKIN and D. M. GITMAN
b) The spinors {±qin(x)\, \±<pm(x)} form complete and orthonormal sets of functions in the
space of «-dependent spinors. E.g., for {±<pn(x)}
{±<Pn, ±9V) = <W, {±<pn, T<pn') = 0 , (rp, 1f) = f <f>+(X) y(x) dx,
(7)
E [+(pn{x) 4<pn+(x') + _<pn{X) _9P/(3C')] = d{X - X').
n
c) The spinors {±9>„(a?)}, {±<pm(x)} obey the conditions
E W^n, -vl') I2 + l(-9»„ +<')|2} < OO,

nn'
(8)
E (lOm.Vm')! 2 + \(-<Pm,+<P°m-)\2} < OO,
mm'
where
±<Pn°{X) = ±9>m°(®) =
Indeed, let us decompose with the aid of (7) the spinor field operators y>(x), ip(x) into
the sums of the solutions {±cpn(x)) and
= E K ( i n ) +<P«(X) + in) -<p„{x)},

n
(9)
y>{x) = E {«/(in) +<Pn(x) + bn{in) • _cp n {x)},
n
V(x) = E (««(ont) +<pm{x) + 6m+(out) • ~<pm{x)},

m
(10)
•lf{x) = E f«m+(out) • +<pm{x) + M o n t ) • -<pm(x)\.
m
Then the commutation relations for rp and yi and equations (7) lead to the fact that the
operators (a+(in), a(in), fe+(in), 6(in)}, {a+(out), a(out), 6+(out), 6(out)} are' Fermi creation
and annihilation operators. The Hamiltonian Jf eA diagonalizes at tm, toutj in terms of
these operators :
•êAitin) = E f+«A + (in) «„(in) — _e„6n+(in) 6„(in)} + xihD),

n
(ii)
out) = E {+«m«m+(OUt) ttm(out) — "£TO6m+(out) 6m(out)} - f ôut),
m
where xihn), Xôut) are c-numerical constants. Consequently, the vectors |0)fn and |0)®ut
satisfy the conditions
««(in) |0)fn = 6„(in) |0)fn = 0, V»,

(12)
ajout) |0)eout = 6m(out) |0)eout = 0, V TO.
Equations (12) have solutions in the original Hilbert space if the operators (a+(in), «(in),
6 + (in), 6(in)} and fa+(out), a(out), 6+(out), 6(out)} are unitary-equivalent to the set of
creation and annihilation operators for which the vacuum vector exists in this space
(BERESIN [25] (1965). The creation and annihilation operators of free particles {«+, a,
b+, b} constructed with the aid of the spinors {±<p^(x)}
V(*) = L {«» ' +95n°(®) + V • -9»«°(*)},

(13)
are that kind of operators. The comparison of (9) with (13) gives via the relation (7)
^»¡^(in) = 2J {<&nl,myAmy + ^nl .my^-my)' h y =

my
= «„(in), J B _(in) = 6„(in), An+= an, An_ = bn,

(14)
0
= (+<Pn, +<Pm°), &n+.m- = ®n-,m+ = 0, = (_9>B, -<pm )*,
1/n+,m+ — in- =
= {+<pn> -fm0) > n-.m+ =
(-9?n> +<Pni>)* •
The transformation (14) is proper and the unitary equivalence needed holds if If is a
H i l b e r t - S c h m i d t o p e r a t o r (BERESIN [15] (1965); KIPERMAN [19] (1970)), which corre-
sponds to the first condition (8) in our terms. The second condition (8) springs up in the
same way.
It follows from (11) —(12) that (a+(in), a(in), 6+(in),fc(in)}may be referred to as creation
and annihilation operators of electrons and positrons at the initial time-moment tin and
ja+(out), a(out), 6+(out), 6(out)} as creation and annihilation operators at the final time-
moment toul. In accordance with this the states with definite numbers of electrons and
positrons at £in, t,Ml may be built from the vacuum vectors | 0 ) i n , |0)out in the usual way.
Consequently, the general form of the initial and final states with definite numbers of
electrons and positrons, in accordance with the above consideration and the relation (5),
mast be as follows:
|in) = N • c+ ... 6+(in) ... a+(in) ... |0) in ,
(15)
(out[ = out(0| a(out) ... 6(out) . . . C . . . N .
The probability amplitude for an arbitrary process in QED with the external field and
the initial and final states (15) has the form
în->out = out<0| «(out) ... 6(out) ... c ... UAcf ... 6+(in) ... o+(in) ... |0) in . (16)
Here UA = UA(tout, tm) is the evolution operator corresponding to the Hamiltonian J f A.
(In (16) we omitted the unessential normalizing factors of the initial and final states).
Consider the construction of the perturbation theory for the matrix elements (16) with
respect to the radiative interaction J f ey choosing J r = + eA as the zeroth-order
approximation Hamiltonian. Define the evolution operator corresponding to the Hamil-
tonian ."JF
G { T T I N ) = G { T T I N ) = T EXP D (17)
(* j t ~ ' ' { ~ 7 * \
and construct with its aid the field operators in the interaction picture with respect to
the external field.
= V~\ttln) f ( x ) U{ttla), f(x) = •••, j(x) = •••,
(18)
A{x) = £M(«in) A(x) U{ttin), x = [t, 05}, = (a;0, x\ x2, x3},
386 E. S. Fbadkin and D. M. Gitman
&{AeKi) f(z) = 0, = id — eAext(x) — m,
ip{x) &(Aext) = 0, &(Aexi) = id + eAext(x) + m, (19)
82
• A(x) = 0 , • = 8x
—2 - A-
0
(The operators A(x) coincide in the case with the operators in the usual interaction pic-
ture). Then the total evolution operator UA may be represented in a form for which the
expansion in powers of the charge is not connected with the expansion in powers of the
external field, if the operator U is known
{
'out 1
(20)
- i f j(x) A(x) dx\
and the matrix elements (16) assume the form 2 )
M „ t = o„t(0| «(out) . . . g(out) . . . c . . . £c+ . . . 6 + (in) . . . a+(in) . . . |0)in, (21)
a+(out) a+(out)
a(out)
out{0| ,1<0| u, 5+(out)
u-1
a(out)
6 + (out)
U. (22)
6(out) 6(out)
The matrix elements (21) differ from those of the processes in QED without the external
field in that the vacuum vectors as well as the creation and annihilation operators which
stand to the right and left of the ^-matrix are different. (These distinctions are essential,
as it will be clear from the consideration given below, only for the fields creating pairs).
Therefore the conventional Wick's technique based on the reduction of the ¿/-matrix to
a normal form with respect to one vacuum is not efficient here when evaluating the per-
turbation expansion. The main idea which allows us to obtain an analogue of the con-
ventional perturbation theory is to express any operators of the spinor field, and speci-
fically the iS-matrix, only in terms of the creation a+(out), ¿¡'(out) and annihilation
«(in), 6(in) operator, all the a+(out), 5+(out) being placed on the left of all the a(in),
b(in). The corresponding formalized computational technique is discussed in detail in the
appendix. To use it when evaluating the matrix element (21) one should obtain the
explicit form of the canonical transformation from m-to owi-operators; the decomposi-
tion of (6.5)-form for the operators rj> and f ,
%j>{x) = y{-\x) + xj)[+){x), f(x) = yi'~\x) + f{+)(x)
V-Hx) |0>,n = f<(->(*) |0)i„ = out<0| p+)(x) = out(6| fM(x) = 0;

the generalized chronological coupling of the operators y and f which is the perturbation
theory propagator; the anticommutators of the operators f ( + ) and a(out), 6(out) as
2 ) Note that in most of the related papers the operators a + (out), a(out), b+(out), ¡¡(out) introduced
here are denoted simply as a+(out), a(out), 6+(out), 6(out). In our opinion it is reasonable to use
more eomplicated notation. Indeed, for the fields which do not switch off at t -> ^ oo the creation
and annihilation operators of initial and final particles differ from free ones and from each other
even in the Schrodinger picture which forces us to introduce the indices " i n " and " o u t " . Secondly,
is useful for reduction of the matrix elements of processes to go over to the creation and anni-
hilation operators of final particles in the interaction picture with respect to the external field or
in the Heisenberg picture in the case when only the spinor field is considered. In this connection
the tilde appears over the Schrodinger operators.
well as those of the operators and a+(in), 6 + (in); the probability amplitude for
the vacuum to remain vacuum to the zeroth order with respect to the radiative inter-
action Gv
= out(0| V |0)in = out (0 | 0) i n ; (23)
the relative probability amplitudes of the processes in the external field which are of the
zeroth order with respect to the radiative interaction
(o(m . . . 8 . . . | n . . . I . . . ) = 0„t(6| a m (out) . . . bs(out) . . . 6„+(in) ... a +(in) . . . |0)in • C„- 1 . .

(24)
Let us now find the coefficients of the above-mentioned transformation and the re-
presentation of the (6.3)-type. Consider the function G(x, x') which is the ae-represen-
tation for the matrix element of the evolution operator of the Dirac equation with an
external field Aext. The function G(x, x') satisfies the Dirac equation and the condition
§{Ae^)G(x,x'),= 0, G(x, x')t=e = d{x — x'). (25)

For it the relations
f G(x, y) G(y, x') dij = G{x, x'), G+(x, x') = G{x', x) (26)
hold. Note also that G(x, x') is the anticommutator of spinor field operators is the inter-
action picture with respect to the external field
The function G(x, x') may be constructed by using any complete and orthonormal set of
solutions [fk{ x )} °f the Dirac equation in the usual way
G(x,x')=Z<pk(x)<pk+(x'). (27)
k
The properties of the function G(x, x') imply that the operators rp, ij> satisfying the Dirac
equation in the field A e x t are connected for different time-moments by means of the
function G(x, x') in the following way
w(x) =. [ G(x, x') w(x') dx,

_ (28)
tp{x) = f y>(x') y°G{x', x) dx'.
The relations (28) allow us to find the connection between the operators {a+(out),
a(out), fc+(out), fc(out)} and (a+(in), a(in), 5 + (in), 5(in)}.
Put t = i0Qt. t' = în in (28), write the left-hand sides with the aid of the representation
(18) and substitute the decomposition (10) into them, while the decompositions (9) must
be substituted into the right-hand sides. This yields
a(out) = (?(+1+) a(in) + 6?(+|_) 6+(in),
a+(out) = a+(in) G(+1+) + 6(in) G(_|+),

(29)
6+(out) = G(-|+) a(in) + £(-|_) 6+(in),
b(out) = a+(in) G(+|-) + 6(in) S(_|-),
G^liU, = j±<Pm+(x) G(xtout, x't-m) ±<pn(x') dx dx', (30)

£(±1^)™« — /±<Pm(x) G(xtin, x't0ut) ±<p
n{x') dxdx'.
388 E . S . F B A D K I N a n d D . M . GITMAN
Put t = tin, t' = <out in (28), write the right-hand sides with the aid of the representation
(18) and substitute the decompositions (10) into the right-hand sides and (9) into the
eft-hand sides. This yields
«(in) = G(+|+) â(out) + G(+\~) 5+(out),
a+(in) = â+(out) G(+|+) + 6(out) G(~|+),

(31)
6+(in) = G(_|+) â(out) + G(_|~) 6+(out),
fc(in) = â+(out) G(+|_) + g(out) G(i_).

The matrices C?( ± | ± ) and G(±¡ -) satisfy the completeness and orthonormality relations
which follow from the relations of the (7)-type for the functions ±<p„{x) and ±<pm{x) and
the properties (26) of the function G(x, x') ;
G(±| + )G( + |±) + G(±|_)G(_|±) = 1, G(±| + )G( + |T) + G(±|_)G(_|*) = 0,
G( ± |+) G(+| ± ) + G( ± |-) G(-|±) = 1, G( ± | + ) G ( + | t ) + G( ± |-) G(-| T ) = 0.
Moreover
G(±|±) + = G( ±i
By applying the relations (29), (31) one may find the simplest amplitudes (24) for the
processes of cattering, annihilation and pair creation, which at the same time are the
generalized couplings of the corresponding creation and annihilation operators with
respect to the vacua out (0| and 10)in
ojoutâ„+(in) = a>(m\n) = G"1(+\+)mn,
W o u t ) 5„ + ( m ) = (o(m | n) = G_1(-|_)Bm,
(32)
«.(out) SB(out) = co(mn | 0) = {G"i(+|+) G(+|-)}mn = ~{G(+|_) G-H1-)W,
I—
^ i n ) y ( i n ) = a>(0| mn) = (G(_|+) G-!( + | + )W = - ( ^ ( " P G ( i + ) W -
From (27, (29) and (32) is follows that
d m (oat) = £ oj(m | n) a„(in) — 2J 10) 6s+(out),

n s
5 m (out) = 2 ; <o(m I n) fc„(in) + JT a>(sm\ 0) «+(out),

n s
(33)
a„+(in) = 2J w[m \ n) d„+(out) — £ w(01 sn) 6 s (in),
m «
6n+(in) = 2J <o[m | n) 6,/(out) + £ I'««) a «( i n ) •

m s
The relations (33) are the specification of the general representation (A.3) for the case
under consideration. It is seen that the transformation (29) admits transition to the
F u r r y P i c t u r e for Q u a n t u m E l e c t r o d y n a m i c s 389
generalized normal form with respect to the vacua out (6| and |0)in if the inverse matrices
_1
6r~ 1 ( + |+) and C? (-|_) exist in full accordance with the general requirements (6.4).
From (33) it follows that (32) are the only nonzero generalized couplings of the in- and
owi-operators. Therefore any matrix element (24) may be expressed in accordance with
(6.17) in terms of the amplitudes (32) only. E.g., the probability amplitude for elec-
tron scattering accompanied by the creation of a pair is expressed in the following way
a)(msk | n) = at{slc | 0 ) a>(m \ n) — w(mlc | 0 ) w(s | n).
Let us evaluate. For this consider the operator V which performs the proper canonical
transformation of the m-to owi-operators. (The condition under which such an operator
exists nonformally will be obtained below when discussing the unitarity of the operator
U).
a + (out) a+(in)
a(out) a(in)
out(Ó| = i„<0| V, = F- 1 V (34)
6+(out) 6+(in)
¿(out) b( in)
The explicit form of V may be obtained from the the relations (29), (31) by operator
methods (BAGROV, GITMAN, SCHWABTSMAN [10] ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; GITMAN [ 1 ] ( 1 9 7 7 ) ) or by using
the general expression for the generating functional of the proper canonical transfor-
mation operator ( B E R E S I N ( 1 9 6 5 ) ) . For the case under consideration we have, with
an accuracy to a phase factor, the following
V = exp {—a+(in) co(H | 0) &+(in)} exp {a+(in) In w ( + | + ) a(in)}.
X exp {—6(in) In w ( - | ~ ) T 6+(in)} exp {-b (in) w(0 | - + ) a(in)}. (35)
From (23), (34), (35) and (32) we get
cv = in<0| V |0)ln = exp { - t r In « ( - | - ) T } = det G(-|_). (36)

Let us find the explicit form of the representation (6.5) for the operators ip and By
setting t' = <in in (28) and using the decompositions (9) in the right-hand sides we obtain
= E {a»(in)+ <Pnix) + 6„+(in) -<pn(x)},

n
(37)
i n
= E i«/( ) +9n{x) + Min)
n
where
±<p„{x) = / G(x, x'tiB) ±(pn{x')dx'. (38)
By setting t' = t oat in (28) and using the representation (18) in the right-hand sides and
the decompositions (9) we obtain
y(x) = E {àm(out)+ <pm{x) + 6m+(out) ~<pm{x)},

m
(39)
= E («m+(°ut)+ 9m(x) + bm{o\lt)-ym{x)},
m
where
±
<Pm(x) = / G(x, £C'iout) ±
f m (x') dx'. (40)
390 E . S. F b a d k i n and D. M. Gitman
B y combining the relations (33), (37) and (39) we find
xp(-\x) = E +yn{x) a„(in), y<+>(z) = JT ~rpjx) 5m+(out),

n m
f(-)(x) = r- _ f n { x ) bn(in), yî(+)(®) = E + f m (x) ö»+(out),

n m
-rVnfc) = +<Pn(x) + E ft>(0 I en) _<pe{x) = E co(s| n) +<ps{x),

e s
(41)
-V>«(x) = -$„(%) — E o>(0 I ne) +ye(x) = E co{s \ n) ~ya(x),
e s
~Vm(z) = ~<Pm(x) — E I °) +<PAx) = E I ê) -<pe(x),

s e
+Vm 0*0 = +Vm(x) + E I = E ">(»»•1 e) +ye(x) •

s e
Consequently, the following anticommutators are different from zero :
[<Xni(out), ^<+>(«)]+ = +Vm{%). [6m(0Ut), V<+»(»)]+ = ~Wm{x) >

(42)
[y.¡(-»(a:), «/(in)] = +y>n(x), [f ( - ) 0»0, &„+(in)]+ == Jpn(x).
The generalized chronological coupling of the spinor field operators has in accordance
with (6.12), (37) and (39) the form
= out<Ö| Ty>(z) f ( y ) | 0 ) i n • C^ = -iS°{x, y),

(43)
Sc{x, y) = 6(x° - y°) S(~){x, y) — — x°) Sl+){x, y),
St-l{x, y) = f < + ) (2/)]+ = i E +<Pm{x) co(m \ n) +yn(y),

mn
(44)
S(+>(x, y) = i[y>i+){x), f (-'(2/)]+ = i E -<Pn(x) w(m | n)~ fm{y).
The function S c satisfies the Dirac equation for the Green functions in the external field
§{Aext) Sc(x, y) = - d { x - y), (45)
and is the generalization of the Feynman causal Green function for the present case.
In terms of Sc one can express the anticommutators (42).
+y>n(x) = —i f Sc(x, x'tm) y"+<pn{x') dx',
Jf n (x) = i f -<pn+{x') Sc(x'tin, x) dx',
~y>m(x) = i j Sc(x, x'toal) y° ~<pm(x') dx',
+¥m(x) = - i f +<Pm+(x') Sc{x't0ut, X) dx',
and the current operator J reduced to the generalized normal form with respect to the
vacua out(0| and |0)in.
j(x) — eNy>(x) yy{x) + J{%)>

J(x) = ont<Ö| ? » |0)in . Cr1 = ie tr y S\x, x),
8%x, x) = j [<§«(* + 0, x) + §<(x, * + <))],
and also the amplitude C,. Indeed,

Ò
= J (x) = ie tr ySc(x, x) —i Tr In Sc,
dAe*\x)
where the operation Tr includes also the integration over the coordinates. This equation
determines the dependence of Cv on the behaviour of the field ^ e x t on the whole interval
from tjn to i out . B u t the dependence on the form of the initial and final states is not deter-
mined by this equation. In other words, the form of the equation would be the same for •
another prescription of choosing the initial and final states, e.g., if one chooses them as
free ones. Therefore when determining the integration constant for this equation we may
switch off only the field Aext, Vi =j= ¿in. ¿om> for this we should keep the same initial and
final states in the external field, which were chosen in accordance with our prescription.
This leads to the following expression for cv
(46)
where zero index means that the corresponding quantities should be calculated for
Aexi = 0, V t =)= i in , trml. However, for the specific cases known to us the formula (46)
may be written in the form
where Sc is the causal Green function of the free spinor field.

The perturbation expansion for the matrix elements of (21)-type may be obtained by
representing the matrix in the generalized normal form with respect to the vacua
out(0| and |0)in. This can be done, as it is shown in appendix, with the help of the usual
Wick's theorem for the T-products of instead of the normal products and chronological
couplings their generalized counterparts are taken. Thus the problem reduces to cal-
culating the matrix elements of the generalized normal products of the following form:
out;<Ö| S(out) . . . 6 (out) ...c...N{...)c+ ... 6+(in) . . . a+{ in) . . . |0)in.

I t is evident that this matrix element is different from zero if the sum of numbers of
particles of each field in the initial and final states is greater than or equal to the num-
ber of operator functions of the given field in the generalized normal product.
Consider the case when for each field operator y, f , A taken from the generalized normal
product there may be found a corresponding operator a+(in), 6 + (in), c+ from the initial
state or a(out), 6(out), c from the final state which will cancel it after the commutation.
Such matrix element can be represented by the usual Feynman diagrams with the follow-
ing rules of correspondence:
1. Electron in initial (final) state with the quantum number n(m) is represented by the
factor +ip„{+fm).
2. Positron in initial (final) state with the quantum number n(m) is represented by the
factor Jp„{-ipm).
3. Internal electron line directed from the point y into the point x is represented by the
generalized coupling —iSc(x, y).
392 E . S . FRADKIN a n d D . M. GITMAN
4. To the closed electron line the generalized vacuum current J is put into correspond-
ence.
5. Contribution of every diagram contains the amplitude Cr of probability for the vacuum
to remain vacuum as a factor.
The rest of the rules of correspondence are the same as those in the standard Q E D (Bo-
GOLITTBOV, S H I K K O V [ 2 0 ] (1959)).
In the case when the number of the spinor field operators in the initial and final states is
greater than that which is necessary for the compensation of the generalized normal pro-
duct, the matrix element is equal to the sum of products of contributions coming from the
Feynman graphs arising due to the "interaction" of the generalized normal product with
the operators of the initial and final states, by the amplitudes to(m ... s ... | n ... é ...)
coming from the noncompensated creation and annihilation operators of these states.
III. Unitarity Conditions
Consider first the problem of unitarity of the spinor field evolution operator U in an
external electromagnetic field. The conditions (2.8) assumed for the spinors of the initial
and final states ensure the unitary equivalence of the in and owi-states operators.
Therefore from (2.22) it follows that the existence and unitarity of the operator U are
connected single-valuedly with the existence and unitarity of the operator V, fixed by
the conditions (2.34). The latter exists and is unitary of the canonical transformation
(2.29) is proper. The question whether the linear canonical transformation of the Fermi-
operators is proper may be solved according to the theorems suggested in ( B E K E S J N [ 1 8 ]
( 1 9 6 5 ) ; K I F E R M A N [ 1 9 ] ( 1 9 7 0 ) ) in the same way as it is done in Sec. 2 when investigating
the transformation (2.14).
Taking into account properties of the matrices <3( ± |±) we obtain the corresponding
criterion.
tr |G(+|_) G(_|+) + G(-| + ) G(+1-)} < oo. (1)
We will show that the left-hand side of the inequality represents the total number of
particles created by the field. To do this we calculate the absolute probabilities of elec-
tron creation at the given quantum state w m + and positron creation at the given quantum
state nm~. B y using the formulae (2.29) and assuming the U is the unitary operator, we
get
nrn + = E lout<0[ «„¡(out) a,„.(out) ... a„Jout) 6s>(out) ... 6 s ,(out) |0)in]2
¡.Mm,)(s,}
= in (0| am+(out) a m (out) |0)in = (£(+|_) £(_|+)}ffl,„, (2)
nm- = E U < 0 | a S l ( ° u t ) ••• «»»(out) • M o u t ) b,„.(out) ... ¿„„(out) |0) !n | 2

l.kAmMs,)
= in<0| fc,„+(out) Uout) |0)in = {G(-\+) G{+ | - ) } , „ r „ . (3)
According to the Pauli principle, expressions (2) and (3) are also the mean numbers of
electrons created at the given quantum state. Thus, the total numbers of electrons and
positron created are equal to
n+ = tr (?(+]_) (?(_|+), n- = tr G(-| + ) G(+\~) (4)

respectively, and the left-hand side (1) really represents the total number of particles
created. (It is possible to verify that n+ = n~, so the charge conservation law is valid for
this case).
Thus, the operator U is unitary if the total number of created particles is not equal to
infinity. It is evident from the physical consideration that the latter is always valid for
a system placed in a finite volume V and for a pair-creating field acting during the finite
time interval. If the external electromagnetic field is such that at V oo and during the
infinite time interval it creates the infinite number of pairs, then according to the pre-
vious discussion the evolution operator U can not be unitary.
Note that the unitarity of the operator U for the case of a constant electric field has
been proved in (NIKISHOV [ 5 ] (1974)). However, the problem of the conservation of uni-
tarity under V -> oo and for the field acting during the infinite time interval has not
been investigated.
Les us assume that the conditions under which the operator U is unitary hold. Then the
scattering ^-matrix in the external field is unitary (see (2.20)) due to the unitarity of the
total evolution operator UA of Q E D (BOGOLIUBOV, SHIRKOV, 1 9 5 9 ; AKHIESEE, BERES-
TETSKI, 1 9 6 3 ) .
S+S = SS+= 1.
Write in the usual manner S = 1 + then = — ,9"). If |in) is some initial

state and {/(out]} is a complete set of final owi-states, then one can get
£ |/(out| F (in)j2 = 2 Im (in| |in>,

— (6)
z(out| = /(out| V.
The perturbation analysis of (5) creates a number of differences from the relations which
are usually obtained in this way. The matter ist that the propagators for perturbation
expansions of the matrix elements (out| |in) and (in| |in) are different; in the first
case it is the generalized chronological coupling (2.43)
out(0| T y(x) f{y) |0) i n • O r 1 = -iS<(x, y),
and in the second case it is the chronological coupling of the following form
in(0| Ty{x)^{y) |0)in = -iS°(x, y),
Sc(x, y) = 8(x° - y°) S^(x, y) - 6(y° - x°) -S<+>(*, y),

(6)
S(~)(x, y) = +<pn{x) +<pn(y),
n
8^{x, y ) = i £ -(pn{x) _yn{y).

n
Besides, there arise singularities which are due to the possible particle creation even in the
zeroth order of the perturbation theory with respect to the radiative interaction. To
illustrate the above said we will write the relations which follow from (5) in a number of
cases corresponding to the different choice of m-states. While doing so we will restrict
ourselves to the comparison of the left-hand and right-hand sides of (5) in the second
order of the perturbation theory with respect to the radiative interaction.
394 E . S. FBADKIN a n d D . M . GITMAN
a) Let |in) = |0)in, then
p= E |out(0| aWl(out) • • • &mN(out) K(out)... bsJout) . cki • {-i J j(x) A(x) dx) |0)
= jV,{lB){s}fcA
E I i.j iZK-i)^'-
pv -2 lm | +
t<V
(?)
Here the following abbreviations are used:
" I
f y (x)lj2Vk~y> {x) e
+
m s
ikx dx,
= —i j"¿Mm*»*,.
]/2Vk
e2 C as as
L = - j I D0c(x — y) tr y Sc(x, y) ySc{y, x) dx dy,
L' = - j J J(x)cD0c(x - y) J (y) dx dy,

J(x) = ie tr y8 (x, x), PV = \CV\2,
. = <u(m ... S ... | « . . . e ...),
the e(kk) is the four-vector of polarization of a photon with momentum k and polari-
zation L
The left-hand side of (7) is the total probability of the photon irradiation when electron-
positron pairs are created from vacuum by the external field to the lowest order of the
perturbation expansion.
b) Let |in) = a„ + (in) |0)in then
Pn = £ lout<6| a mi (out) ... amji+1(out) fcjout) ... 6a„(out)

jV,{m)(s},k,i
X C k x { - i J ) ( x ) A{ x) d x } a + ( m ) |0)in|2
-21m
ft • L n +
o n ^ n
Mr.
(8)
M n = ie2 f + y n ( x ) y S c ( x , y) y+<p„(y) D0c{x — y) dx d y ,
M n ' = — e f +pH(z) y+<pn(x) D0c{x — y) J (y) dx d y ,
z{kX)
• +y>n{x) e l k x d x .
The left-hand side of (8) is thp total probability of transition from a single-electron state
accompanied by the photon irradiation and creation of pairs in the external field to the
lowest order of the perturbation expansion,
c) Let [in) = Chi [0)in then
P k i = u I out<0| a mi (out) ... amj,(out) 6Sl(out) ... 5 s „(out) • { — i f J(x) A ( x ) d x } 4 ; |0)ln |2
Ar,<m}.{t}
= E I (—
iV,{m),(s) | i,j
j ^ ^ w uj»M •p„ -
2 Iff) | L + t + / W ^ + ^ k s ^ ^ ^^rvAfl.
/7fl
396 E . S . FRADKIN a n d D . M . GITMAN
flkl = ie2 J tr [ê(kÂ) S'(x, y) ê(M) S°(y, x)} ex P ~ dx dy>

2 Vk
(9)
6Xp [
= i j J(x) e(kX) • J (y) e(M) ^ ^ dx dy,
•f
+
yim{x) . -y,s(x) e~ikxdx.
1/2 Vk
The left-hand side of (9) is the total probability of the pair creation by a photon in the
external field to the lowest order of the perturbation expansion.
The consideration presented here shows that the existence of new channels, which is
connected with the possibility of pair creation from the vacuum by the external field,
modifies the calculation method of the total probabilities of transitions based on the
unitarity conditions. The main peculiarity consists here in the fact that one should cal-
culate the diagrams which are subject to cutting with the aid of the electron Green func-
tion Sc. It differs from the causal Green functions 8C which appears in the perturbation
theory for the matrix elements of transitions. Moreover, the external electron lines of the
diagrams which are subject to cutting differ from the external electron lines of the
corresponding diagrams in the perturbation theory for matrix elements of transitions.
In conclusion we will find by using the definitions (2.43) and (6) the connection between
the Green functions S c and S c . Both the Green functions satisfy the same equation (2.45)
and therefore they differ in a solution of the corresponding homogeneous equation
S'(x, y) = Sc(x, y) + S"(x, y), Sa(x, y) = 0. (10)
By placing the complete set of in-states in the expression (2.43) between the out-vacuum
and the sign of T-product and using the relations (2.37) and difinitions (2.24) we find
S°(x, y) = ¿27 cu(01 ne)in <0| ae(in) 6,(in) T^(x) $(y) |0>in
ne
= i 27 -<Pn{x) w(01 ne) +fe(y). (11)
One can obtain in the similar way
y) = y) T S"(x, y). (12)
For the external field in which the in-vacuum is stable, i.e. invariant with respect to the
operator U, the difference between S c and S c disappears.
The Green functions S c and S c for the electric field and for the configuration from the
constant field of the plain wave are calculated in ( F R A D K I N , G I T M A N [ J ] ( 1 9 7 8 , 1 9 7 9 ) ;
G A V B I L O V , G I T M A N , SCHWARTSMAN [ 4 ] ( 1 9 7 9 ) ) . For these case under consideration in
(FRADKIN, G I T M A N [3] ( 1 9 7 9 ) ; W O L F E N G A U T , GAVBILOV, G I T M A N , SCHWABTSMAN [22]
(1980))the estimations of the diagrams L, M and of the given total probabilities are
obtained.
IV. Exact Green Functions for Processes. Generating Functional
Let us introduce the exact Green functions connected with the coefficient functions of
the scattering matrix S which is reduced to the generalized normal form with respect to
an(
the vacua Out(0| i |0)in
= o„t<0| UA T tffa) . . . f w f(2/x) ...f(yn) i(zi) ••• |0)in • C,-1
= out<0| T rp{Xl)... if(xn) f (Vl) ... %(yn) A{Zl) ... A(zv) S |0) in • G~\
ip(x) = UA-\ttia) w{x) UA(ttin), f(x) = ..., A(x) = ..., (1)
C = out<0| UA |0) in = out (0| S |0) in . (2)

One can get the reduction formulae by substituting the expression
nv{pcyz) ... ip{xn ) Wji) • • • v(yn) • • • Aiz,)] dx dy dz

Me
into the expression (1). E.g.,
$0l(z) = i f ZV(z - z') S01(z') dz' • Stf, £00 = C • Co-1,
(zjzg) = W0c{z 1 — z 2 ) — 2 F D0C(ZL — z / ) ^02(2/23') D0c(z2 — Zj') dZi dz2'S^,
$10(*V) = - M x y ) - / <§c(xz') S10(x'y') Sc(y'y) dx' dy'Stf.
The Green functions (1) are the functional derivatives of the generating functional Z
z = out(0| UA' |0) in , Z|/_,_5_0 - 0, (3)
where UA' is the evolution operator corresponding to the Hamiltonian 3tFA = A

+ / [I(x) A(x) + f(x) rj{x) + rj{z) y(x)] dx,
i* ¿n+n+,%
$nAx\ • • • xnV 1 • • • Vlfll • • • zv) =
Z órj{Xl) ... òrj(xn) òrjiy^ ... 6rì(yn) ^/(Zj) ... ÒI{z„) 1=1=1=0
(4)
For the functional Z one can get convenient representations which are equivalent to the
perturbation theory with respect to the radiative interaction.
a) Write 3 ) UA' = US', Z = out<0| S' |0) in ,
S' — T exp {—¿(M + I A + f r] + T]ip)}. (5)
By using the formula (6.16) and the expressions for the generalized couplings (2.43) we
find
z = (6)
Z0 = exp i rj8<rj - j I D o ' I • Ct. (7)
3
) We use the abbreviated notation of the type IA = f I(x) A(x) dx.
2 Zeitschrift „Fortschritte der Physik", Bei. 29, Heft 9

398 E . S. F b a d k i n and D. M. Gitman
b) B y using the representation (5) for Z and the formula (6.14), (6.16) we write
Z = exp — — D0e • exp ( - » / A ) • ont <6| T exp {-i()A + + # ) } |0> i n U = 0 ,
where the quantities A are the classical functional arguments. One may establish that
out(01 T e x p { - H j A + f r , + # ) } |0)m
= out<0, + A\T e x p { - » ( ? {A** + A)V - + A)} |0) i n ,
where the quantities with Aext + A are given by the formulae (2.18), (2.22) where Aext
+ A must be taken as an external field in the evolution operator U only. One should
comprehend the quantities S c , Gv farther in the same way. Let us transform the right-
hand side of the latter relation in accordance with the formula (6.16), then it acquires
the form
exp + A) r)- c„(.4 ext + .4).
B y replacing A by i <5/(5/ as applied to exp (—HA) and taking the explicit expression
(2.46) for Cv into account we will obtain
Z = det (? 0 (i-) exp - T r l n Sc ^ 4 e x t + i -^-j jS0C
X e x p iT]8c {a EXT + ' EX P Y ID

a CJR J (8)
The formulae (6) and (8) are analogous to the corresponding formulae in the theory with
the external field grating no pairs ( F r a d k i n [23] (1965 a, b); B a t a l i n , F r a d k i n [24]
(1970)). Note that the derivation presented here enables, to write at once theexplicit form
of the Green functions in the external field which are the expressions obtained.
Let us get the functional statement representation for the functional Z. For this let us
make use of the well-known representation of the exponential of the quadratic combi-
nations of the field-functions in the form of the functional Gaussian integral which has
the form
<PX Dtp. (9)
Here x = ±1 in Bose or Fermi-cases correspondingly, J is the value of the functional

integral in the right-hand side (9) when % = 0. If the sources % belong to the space E%
then the space of integration Ef consists of all the functions q> of the type
<p = K-ixeEv, (10)
If we write Z0 in the form of the functional integral by means of (9) and put this result
into (6) we will get the following expression:
Z = J-1 j* exp i ^ i Q i - f^(AeKt) y — eyyipA — IA — y-q rjip DADxpDyj • Gv,
(11)
where the spaces of integration, EA> Ev, E^ are:
A = D0I € Ea , if) = Scrj € E?, (12)

J is the value of the functional integral in (II) when the sources I, t], rj and the inter-
action eipyyA are switched off.
^ ( J e x t ) = §(Aext) — &{Aexi)/2 where the operators § , & are defined in (2.19).
For the functional Z one can get the following set of the functional equations
»Z Ö2Z
• Ò I(x)
I{x) Z — etr y
örj(x) òr](x)
(13)
, > » \ òZ = —iì]Z.
dr](x)
(These equations coincide with those for the generating functional given in the work
(Fkadkin [23] (1954, 1965a)).
The equations (13) generate a set of equations for the Green functions S. Let us intro-
duce, as usual, the functional
W = i In Z, (14)
which is the generating functional for the connected Green functions and the following
definitions
ÒW ÒW
= D(xy),
Ò I(x) ,-=„=„ dl(x)61(y) 71=1 = 0
(15)
Ò2W
= S(xy),
6r](x) drj(y) ri=rj=0
which make sense under 7 = 0 :
cc(x)|i=0 = (A(x)) = out(Ö| T A{x) S |0) in • C-\
D{*y)\i=o = out<Ö| T A(x) A(y) S |0) in • C"1 - (Ä(x)) (Ä&)), (16)
S(xy)\r=o = out(Ól T ftx) f (y) S |0) in • C~K
After the differentiation of the set (13) with respect to the sources we get, by taking into
account (15), the following
0S(xx)
• D{xy) — 6(x — y) + tr y
àl{y) '
'S + « + i AJ S(xy) = -d(x - y), (17)
• <x(x) = I{x) + ie tr yS(x, x).
The set (17) is an analogue of the Schwinger set for the case under consideration. It
may be transformed, like in the usual case, to the integral form
ie tr y = f JI(xz) D{zy) dz,

à l(y)
öS(xy)
ie y f £(xz) S(zy) dz, (18)
6I(x)
2*
400 E. S. Fradkin and D. M. Gitman
n(xy) = -ie2 try J S{xz) r(zz'y) S{z'x) dz dz',

E{xy) = -ie2y f S(xz) r(zyz') D{z'x) dz dz'.
In the general case the field tx which parametrizes the Green functions D{xy) and S(xy)
is complex and does not determine, in common with the field Aext, the mean value of the
exact electromagnetic field in the system.
in(0| A(x) |0)in 4= (JJx)). (19)
The relation (19) turns out to be the equality only in the case when the external field
does not create pairs. Indeed,
in(0| A(x) |0) l n = in(0| S*1 T A(x) S |0)in.
For the fields which do not create pairs one can suppose that i n ( 0 | = i n ( 0 | ei<p,
-i
e v _ S [0)in i.e., vacuum is stable with respect to the radiative ¿'-matrix. In this
case out(0| = in(0| and the relation (19) turns out to be the equality.
One can obtain a closed equation for the field (A(x)). The simplest way to do so is to
construct an analogue of the effective action r by the Legendre transformation of the
functional W (we will put everywhere the sources rj and rj equal to zero).
r = Lx-W, (20)
where the source I in the right-hand side of (20) should be expressed through a with the
aid of (15). From
and the first relation (16) it follows that the field (A(x)) gives the extreme value to the
functional r. Thus, the finding of the functional r is equivalent to the establishing of
the closed equation for (A(x)).
We will obtain the explicit form of the functional P in terms of powers of radiative
interaction, the interaction with the field Aext will be kept exactly. We will get to the
zeroth order with respect to the radiative interaction by using the explicit form of the
functional Z (6) the following
Z<o) = IDo'lj • Cv, WV» = j ID0CI + i In Cv,

(22)
im. = • r<°> = 4- a • a - i In C„.
For the quantities

/X w = w - pf<°>, a r = r - m
we will get from (20), (21)

One can show (VASIL'EV [25] (1976)) that the Legendre transformation of the functional
of type of W leads to the single-indecomposable diagrams for the A r only. Therefore
we get, finally, by taking the single-indecomposable part of (23)
r = 4- « • « — i In GV — single-ind. part of A W ( I = • a). (24)

¿t
By doing the partial summing in (24) which is equivalent to the exact keeping of the
interaction with the whole field A = AeKt + « w e get
r = i- a • « - i T r In G0{~|_) + i T r In SC(A)IS0C
Jd
— single-ind. vacuum diag. of A TF(<§c(-4)) • (25)
The A is the notation for the functional A W, ' n which the Green functions S c
are taken for the field A in the same meaning shown in formula (8).
One can conclude by taking into account the above said that the effective action con-
structed in accordance with (24) and (25) with the aid of the causal electron propagator
Sc for the fields Aext which do not create pairs determines in fact the real mean electro-
magnetic field. For the field creating pairs the extreme lines of the functionals (24), (25)
determine the field (A (x)) only. Thus, the problem of constructing the equation for the
real mean field (19) and the corresponding functional generating this equation is to be
solved for the pair creating fields in the following section.
V. Mean Field
Consider here the problem of determining the mean electromagnetic field in QED with
an intense external electromagnetic field which can create pairs from the vacuum. This
problem cannot be reduced in the case under consideration to the problem of calculation
of the Green functions connected with the transition processes as it has been shown in
the previous section. The similar problem in gravitation and in gauge theories, in our
opinion, is of great importance since it is in fact the problem of determining the quantum
corrections to the Einstein and Jang-Mills equationa. As to the technique the problem is
in the calculation of the mean value of the operator potential in the Heisenberg picture
with respect to an arbitrary initial state which is given, e.g., in the form (2.15).
(A(x)) = (m\A{x)\in). (1)
It is convenient to treat the proposed problem with functional methods. Let us intro-
duce the generating functional Z which depends on the doubled number of sources.-
z = in(0| V / ' ^ I m ) U A h V l V l ) |0>,n, Zll-2 = 1- (2)
I t may be written in terms of the scattering matrix corresponding to the external sources
in the Heisenberg picture (Fradkin [23] 1954; 1965 a)
Z = ,„<01 S'-\I2rl2Th) S ' t f r f M ) |0) in ,
UA'(ttln) = UA(ttin) • S'(ttia), 8' = S'(iout, iin),

v , (3)
&' = T exp {— i[IA + ipr] + #]},
i.*'-1 = exp i [ l A + fr> + w ] T .

402 E. S. FRADKIN and D . M. GITMAN
It is adopted that the symbol T when placed to the right of an operator functional
arranges the operators involved into it in the antichronological order. (The functional Z
in the form ( 3 ) was considered in ( F R A D K I N \23\ ( 1 9 6 4 ) ) when-the generalized unitarity
relations for the exact Green functions were being obtained).
Define the Green functions as the functional derivatives of the functional Z with re-
spect to all the sources.
a nmv,n m x'y'z')
'4xyz,
\n+m+v+n''Z
+m -t-v
f ¿\n+v+m'l»\m+n'+v'
= in(0| ••• f(xn) fp{yx) ••• f{ym) i ( z x ) ••• i(z„)

X T tyfai) ••• y>(x'n.) f(ih') f(y'm,) i ( Z l ' ) - i « . ) |0)in. (4)
The sign of the T-product in (4) acts both to the right and to the left.
The Green functions (4) give the possibility to find the expectation values of the Heisen-
berg operators with respect to any w-states for which the creation and annihilation ope-
rators may be expressed explicitly through the field operators in the Schrodinger pic-
ture or, what is the same, in the Heisenberg picture at i = i in . E.g., we will get by using
the relations (4.2) and (2.9) that the mean field in the system with the initial vacuum-
state and in the system with an electron in the initial state is
in<0| A( x ) l°)in = #000,001 (»).

<5>
in<0| a„(in) A(x) a„+(in) 10)in = f +<p+(y) #100.011 (V> y°+<Pn(«) dy
respectively.
To determine the mean field (1) let us build the perturbation theory in which the inter-
action with the external field is kept exactly. For this purpose let us write the functional
Z in terms of the scattering matrix S' (see (4.5))
Z = ln(0| S'-i{I2r,2rl2) S V t f ¿ ¡ J |0>ln. (6)
The the generating functional (6) may be written in the form
UXP 6 {¿r/! 7 6rjx SI1 6rj2 7 drj2 SI2 J
Z0 = ,„(0| /So'-ViW?») W i > M i ) |0)ln,

So = T exp \ —i[IA + fty + rjy]},
So'-1 = exp i[IA + f r) + rjf] T.
One can derive explicitly the functional Z0 by using the following formulae which are
the generalization of the formulae (6.16) and may be easily proved.
_ _ _ _ _ _/_
(0| <*(,) T FW) |0) = exp £ ( A £ ^ + + k ** 4 ) 0("2) F(9i)
n r^r
9?(0) = (0| <p 10), <ptp == (0| T<pcp |0), <pq> = (0|W|0>, <p<p =(0| WT|0).
u
B y deciphering the abbreviated notation for the case under consideration we get
Z0 = exp % j ^ i S ! ^ ! + rj 2 S c rj 2 + »h<S<+>??2 —
2" [ W A + I2DjI2 + hD^h - W'/ilJ,
where the propagators S c , S ( ± > are defined by the expressions (3.6), D„ c , D 0 ( ± ) a r e the
propagators of the free electromagnetic field (BOGOLIUBOV, SHIKKOV [20] (1959)) and
Dj(xy) = -¿<01 A(x) A(y) T |0> = -D0°*(xy),

(?)
SKxy) = i in (0| v(as) f (y) T |0) in .
T h e final expression for Z may be written in a compact form by introducing the matrix
propagators and the vertex
(8)
exp i rjS0(A^)V-jIDoi (9)
V = V = ,/ /1 , AeKt =
Aext
Aext
r = n«l)(xyz) = — y) — z)» A, a, /? = 1, 2 .
So(êxt) =
Sc,
-3<->
S(+)
Si
, Do =
-D
D0\
0 <-\
X>0(+)
D j
3 (A™*) S 0 ( ^ e x t ) = -1. DD0= 1,
0 0
=
0,
• = 0,
Here and elsewhere the following notation is used
[B(A)].f=Baf(A.), a,/? = 1,2.
The representation (8) for the generating functional Z is equivalent to the perturbation
expansion and diagrammatic technique for the Green functions (4) where the interaction
with the external field is kept exactly. T h e same perturbation theory one can obtain b y
the straightforward usage of the W i c k technique and their generalization in the sense of
the appendix A if one writes with the aid of (2.20) the Green functions (4) in the form 4 )
&nmv,n'm'*'{xyz> x 2/ z )
= in(0| S-^xJ ••• tp(xn) f (i/i) ••• f (ym)
X A{Zl) - A(z,) T - ip(x'n.) f(yi') - f(y'm.) A&) - A{z'v.) S |0) in .
4)The construction of the perturbation expansion and diagrammatic technique for the Green
functions of the type of ôoo.MMV i n statistical physics was considered in (KELDYSH [25], (1964)) by
ordering along a contour.
404 E . S . E R A D K I N a n d D . M . GITMAN
The diagrammatic technique in terms of the matrix quantities (9) has the JTevnman
form. Thus e.g., the expansions for the mean field (1) (A(x)) in the cases when the initial
state is the vacuum state or a single-electron state have, respectively, the form
a) lin) = |0) in , (A(x)) = f 2V c t (z - y) J (y) dy + - ,
D0Tet(x - y) = d(x° - y») D0(x - y ) = D0°(x - y) + D0(+)(x - y).
b) |in) = a„+(in) |0) in ,
(A(x)) = + ¿ L ^ j ^
= f D0*\x - y) [J (y) + My)] dy + •
jn{x) = e+yn(x) y+>pn(x),
n fly
o = +<Pn+{x) <52« • ¿(a;0 — i i n ), = y<>+<pn{x) duô(x° -tin).
The shaded circles denote the sums of all the connected Eeynman diagrams with the
corresponding number of the external lines and with the matrix vertices and propagators
(9).
Let us get the functional representation for the generating functional Z5). For this rep-
resent the functional Z0 (9) in the form of the Gaussian functional integral with the aid
of the formula (4.9).
Z0 - J exp i -A • A + \pD(Aext) + IAA + + tpi] + vjip DADipDip. (10)
Here the number of the fields in integration is doubled in comparison with the integral
(4.11)
A = xp =
0
§{Aext) =
0, —$(Aext)
J is the value of the functional integral in (10) when the sources I, t], fj, are switched off.
Since the matrices • and A ext ) are diagonal, one can suppose at first that the integra
(10) is equal to the product of two integrals, each depending on its own sort of sources
This, however, does not correspond to the starting representation (9). The matter is that
though the integrand in (10) really factorizes with respect to the sorts of the sources, the
domains of integration over the fields corresponding to the different sources are inter-
dependent. When deciphering the definition (4.10) for the domains of integration EA,
5
) Y. A. Kutshin also took part in this.
Ev, Ey we will get

A = JD0IeEA, (11)
<l> = S0(A°*) ij 6 Ev, (12)
^ = ijS 0 (^ e x t ) (13)
It is clear from (11 — 13) that the fields A1, A2; tp2; iplt ip2 are, in a sense, inter-
dependent. E.g., for the fields At, A2 in (11) one can get the following equations:
A, = ¿ V • A + Dol+)A2,
A2=D0<-> OA, -Df a A*,
which put reciprocal restrictions on these fields.

To make the domain of integration in (10) independent one should go on to new fields in
integration.
1, Do (+) D
A = QA A , QA =
A)<->n, i
A, = A,' + ¿V + ) C M . ' , AJ = D0% € EAl, (14)
A2 = A2' + D0(-) • A/, = 2 V 4 e JSA„

l,
V>1 = Vi + Sw'9(A««) y>2', W = ScVl 6 EV1, (15)
W2 = W + Si-^(A^) Vl', y,2' = 3% 6 Er„
1, §{Aext) £<+>
$ = 0? =
Vl = Vl + v V ^ e x t ) -5'-), Vi' = e , (16)
V2=V>2 + Vl '&(A<*)8I+>, y>2 = €
After making the change of variables (14—16) in the integral (10) and acting on the
result obtained according to the rules (8) we will get the final expression for the f unctio-
nalZ.
Z = J-1 j exp iL • ZMj • DA2 • DVl • Dy>2 • Df{ • D%p2, (17)
L = j A •' A + y+qQ-.y. Qwip . AQaA + IAQaA + tpQ^ +
•, • D0<+> •
•' =
J<+> ^ ( 4 e x t )
?'(Aext) =
$(AeKt) $<-> $(Aext), —^(Aext)
406 E . S . F R A D K I N a n d D . M . GITMAN
The result (17) might have been obtained in a simpler way if, instead of the standard
representation (4.9), we should have made use of the representation:
<pKcp Kf Dtp.
exp|— in = J-1J expî X P
The domains of integration over the fields Alt A2, iplt i?2> Vi> Wz i n the integral (17) are
interdependent. They are defined by the formulae (14—16).
For the generating functional Z one can get the following set of the functional equations.
_ ÖZ I Z - e
d2 Z
try-z—
or] drj
(18)
Ö \ dZ
(
A — iA —) —r = —iriZ.
ext
Ol j 07}
The equations (18) under X — 1 coincide formally with the equations (4.13). The equations
(18) generate a set of equations for the Green functions. Let us introduce, as usual, the
functional
W = i\nZ. (19)
which is the generating functional for the connected Green functions and the following
definitions
dW d2w d2W
a, dldl >7=n =0 D, = S. (20)
~öfij=JJ=0 <5TJ drj !J = i)=0
After the differentiation of the set (18) with respect to the sources we get, by taking into
account (20), the following
• D = 1+
SS
ietry—,
3 -A(cc+ t A j J S = —1, (21)
• a= I -f- ie tr yS.
The set (21) is an analogue of the Schwinger set for the case under consideration. It may
by transformed like in the usual case to the integral form
ie tr y — = II • D,
• öS ^ „
n = -ie 2 tr y S-T
-S,
2 = —ie2ySrD, (22)
( • - 7 7 ) 2 ) = 1,
{§(Aext - Aa) — 2} S = -1.

Under / = 0 the iteration of the set (22), starting with the bare Green functions, the
vertex (9) and the field a = 0 leads to the correct perturbation expansion for the corre-
sponding exact quantities.
Let us now construct the effective action T which is connected with the functional W by
the Legendre transformation. (Later on we will put everywhere the sources t] and fj equal
to zero).
r = la - W, (23)
where the sources I in the right-hand side (23) should be expressed through a with the
aid of (20). From dr/dl = I and the relation
{A(x)) = in<0| A(x) |0)in = ^(aOli-o = -o»(*)li-o (24)
it follows that the column ai(x) = (— l) i ~ 1 {A{x)) gives the extreme value to the func-
tional r . Thus, the finding of the functional f is useful, in particular, since it enables to
get a closed equation for the exact mean field (24).
We will obtain the explicit form of the functional F in terms of powers of radiative
interaction, the interaction with the external field will be kept exactly.
We will get to the zeroth order with respect to the radiative interaction by using the
explicit form of the functional Z (8) the following
Z«» = exp | — I D 0 l j , WW = i ID0I,

(25)
/(") = • « , r<°> = y a • a.
For the quantities
aw = w - w<®>, zir = r - r < ° >
we will get from (23), (25)
i dAr ^ dAr /r 8/ir\ (26)
=
One can show ( V A S I L ' E V ( 1 9 7 6 ) that the Legendre transformation of the functional of the
type of Wleads to the single-indecompozable diagrams for the AT only. Therefore we
get, finally, by taking the single-indecompozable part of (26)
r = -i- a • a - single-ind. part of AW (I = • a). (27)

Zt
The functional r is equal to zero in the stationary point since it coincides with W(I = 0)
= 0 in this point.
B y doing the partial summing in (27) which is equivalent to the exact keeping of the
interaction with the whole field A = A ext + Aa we get
1 ¡S (A)
r = — «•«+ i Tr In 0 'J single-ind. vacuum diag. AW(S0(A)\. (28)
In the expression (28) the external fields taken as arguments of the Green functions
which constitute the matrix S0 now differ from A cxt. However, one should construct the
in and out vacua in the field definitions of these Green functions as before, by means of
the field A ext. This corresponds to the perturbational consideration of the field « .
408 E . S . FRADKIN a n d D . M . GITMAN
Get now the linearized equation for the mean field {A(x)) (24). For this consider the
equation dT/da = 0 following from (27) in e 2 -approximation.
{ • - /Z<2>} a = J,
nf^xy) = -ie2 t r yS^xy) ySfl(yx), A, ^ = 1/2, (29)
Jx(x) = ie t r ySn(x, x).
From (24) it follows that in the equation (29) one can at once consider oc2(x) = —a1(x),
then we get a closed equation for <xi(x) = (A(x)), e.g., from the first equation (29) with
I = 1.
/ [ • d{x - y ) - nm(xy)] (A(y)) dy = J(x).
Here
nW(xy) = —¿e2{tr y§c{xy) ySc(yx) + tr yS^(xy) yS<~>(yx)}.
It is easy to establish that 7T(2>(xy) is real and may be written in the form
nv>(xy) = 2e2B(x° - y°) I m t r y8^{xy) yS<~>(yx)
2 c
= 2e 6(x° — t/°) I m t r y3 {xy) ySe{yx).
Thus, it is sufficient to calculate the quantity
IIcW(xy) = —ie2 t r ySc(xy) ySc(yx),

then
IIW(xy) = 26{x° - iif) R e IIcW(xy).
6. Appendix
Generalization of the Wick Technique to Unstable Vacuum
In a number of cases when the vacuum vector is unstable with respect to the creation of
particles it appears that the matrix elements of processes and Green functions of quan-
tum field theory have the following typical form
(0| a ... T F(<p) a+ ... |0), (1)
where {a + , a} is a complete set of creation and annihilation operators, |0) is the correspond-
ing vacuum vector (a |0) = 0), <p(x) are the field operators in some representation where
they are linear with respect to the operators {a+, a], F(q>) is an arbitrary operator func-
tional admitting the series expansion in powers of <p, {a+, a} is a set of operators related
with the operators (a+, a} by a similarity transformation of linear type
1
a = F aV = 0 i a + !fV+ + fu
a+ = V-la+V = W2a + &2a+ + /2, (2)
[a, a+]_„ = 1, [a, a]-* = [a+> = 0
(01 = (01 V and V is, generally, a nonunitary operator.

Consider here the generalization of the Wick technique which makes it possible to cal-
culate efficiently such matrix elements.
W e say t h a t the transformation (2) admits a transition to a generalized normal form

with respect to the vacua (o| and |0) if the explicit and single-valued representation
a = Aa + Ba+ + y,
(3)
a+ = Ca + Ea+ + <5
is possible. T o make it possible the existence of the matrix 0 2 _ 1 ' i s enough. Indeed, if
one considers equations (2) as a set of linear equations for [a, a+] one sees t h a t the so-
lution m a j ' exist if
d 6 t (o (4)
I f the condition (4) holds then
A = <P, - S^r1»*«, B = tfW1, y = + fx,
c = y2, E = <Z>2-1, à = -<Z>2"72 .
I n the case the transformation (2) is canonical the Bose-type matrix 0 2 l — ( ^ i * ) " 1
always exists (BERESIN [25] (1965)). I t may not be the case, however, for a Fermi-type
cannonical transofrmation.
I f the linear similarity transformation (2) admits a transition to a generalized normal
form with respect to the vacua (0| and |0) then any field operator <p linear in («+, a} may
be represented in the form
<p(x) = <p(~>(x) + <pW(x) + <p<°Kz), (5)
where
<pl-){x) |0) = (Ô| (p*~+){x) = 0 , <p(<>){x) = (01 <p(x) |0) (Ô | 0 ) - 1 . (6)
At the same time

[?><->(:>;), <p^(x')U = [?<+>(*)> <Pw(z')U = 0
(7)
[ç>(-'(a;), ç = c-number.
(The quantities / 1 ; / 2 , y, <5, <p<°> in the Fermi case belong to the Grassmann algebra).
T h e proof of representation (5) —(6) is based on the remark that with the aid of (3) any
operator linear in {«+, a} can be linearly expressed only in terms of the operators a and a +
being-numbers due to (2). I t is evident that (p^-^x) is the part of the operator <p(x) t h a t
contains only the operators a and q>{+)(x) is its part containing only a+. The second re-
lation in (6) is obtained by averaging (5) between different vacua with the usage of t h e
first two properties in (6).
The form whose every form has all its operators 9?(+>(a;) placed to the left of all its opera-
tors 99<~>(x) is called the generalized normal form of the operator functional F(<p). The
product of operators <p{x) is called the generalized normal product if it is reduced to the
generalized normal form with all the commutators or anticommutators between r/>(-)(.T),
9?<+>(a;) being considered zero while the reduction is being performed. The generalized
normal product will be denoted by the symbol Jv (...). I t is evident t h a t
(ô] lo> = <0 | o > 7 7 ?<«>(*). (8)

i=1 ¿=1
410 E . S. FBADKIN a n d D . M. GITMAN
The functions
= <P(X) <p(y) — N(p{x) <p(y), (9)
<pWw(y) = T <p(x) <p(y) - N<p(x) cp{y) (10)
will be called, respectively, the generalized coupling and generalized chronological

coupling. Relations (7) indicate that the couplings (9), (10) are c-numbers and may thus
be represented as follows
<p(x) cp(y) = <01 <p{x) <p(y) |0> <0 | 0)"1 - <pW{x) ?«%), (11)
j v w v j
<p(x) <p(y) = (0| T <p(x) cp{y) |0> <0 | 0)-* - cpW(x) <pm{y). (12)
Evidently, one can use by replacing the normal products and couplings by their genera-
lized analogues the conventional versions of Wick's theorem in order to reduce an ar-
bitrary operator functional F(q>) to the generalized normal form. The corresponding func-
tional formulations are similar to the usual formulations and have the form
Sym F(<p) = N exp j A ^ A .F((p), (13)
TF(cp) = N exp A ^ A. F{(p) . (14)
B y combining (8) with (13), (14) we obtain
<Ö| Sym F(<p) |0) = <Ö | 0) exp j A ^ A F(<p) (1&)
<0| T F(?) |0> = <0 | 0) exp j A i], A F(ip) (16)
The formulae obtained allow us to calculate the matrix elements which have the form (1).
To do so one should, evidently, reduce T F(tp) to the generalized normal form with the
aid of (14), substitute it into (1) and perform, as usual, corresponding commutations. As a
result the problem reduces to the calculation of matrix elements (1) where F((p) = 1.
They also may be calculated by reducing the product of the operators a . . . a+ to the
generalized normal form. B y using the suitable functional formulation of Wick's theo-
rem (VASIL'EV [26] (1976)) we will get the formulae
<0| a(^) ... a(k„) a+(xn+1) ... a+{xn+m) |0)
oa I LJ oa,j oa-i oaf oaf | | oaf J
X «i(&i) . . . ai+ m (x n +m) a,(*,)=<ola(*i)IO>. (17)

Oi+(x1) = (<![a+(xi)l0>.
Thus, the indicated tnatrix elements may be expressed in terms of coupling of the opera-
tors a+and their C-numerical parts in the sense of the decomposition (5) only. All these
F u r r y Picture for Quantum Electrodynamics 411
values may be expressed in terms of the sinilarity tansformation coefficients (3) :

1
ää = (01- W & - yr,
U
a+a+ = — 02-^2,
l~J (18)
U
1
<ÓI ö |0) = —S ^ r / . + /i> <Ö|«+ |0) = -02-V2•
References
[J] D. M. GITMAN, Izvestija VÜZOV SSSR, Fizika 10, 81 (1976); 10, 86 (1976); J . Phys. A I O ,
2007 (1977).
[2] D. M. GITMAN, S. P . GAVRILOV, Izvestija VUZOV SSSR, Fizika 1, 94 (1977).
[3] E. S. FRADKIN, D. M. GITMAN, Preprint MIT, H U T M P 77, v. 68 (1978); Preprint P h l A N ,
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412 E. S. F e a d k i n and D. M. Gitmak
Correction
to the Article "The Pomeranchuk Theorem and Its Modifications " (J. Fischbk and R. S a l v , Fort-
schritte der Physik 28, 237-258 (1980))
page, formula instead of should read
244, bottom E = E + r2/E f = E + r*IE
247, (6.9) 1/ln En c/ln En, c>0

250, (7.14) ifinE c/ln En, c> 0
252, (8.4) and (8.5) Aa(E) [Aa{E)\
252, r.h.s. of (8.5) lim — lim
£-» oo E-* oo
252, (9.1) E Z
Table 1, (6.5) lim Lim
E—> oo E—> oo
Table 1, (8.4) Aa(E) ln \Ao(E)\

ISSN 0015-8208
Fortschritte der Physik 29, 4 1 3 - 4 4 0 (1981)
Multidimensional Unified Theories

CLAUDIO A . ORZALESI
Istituto di Fisica dell'Università di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy,

and
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano
Contents
Abstract 413
1. Introduction 414
2. Projective formalism for extended spacetime with isometries 416
2.0. Notation 416
2.1. The projection 417
2.2. The vertical Lie algebra 419
2.3. The vertical isometry group 420
2.4. if-frames 422
2.5. Gauge fields and extended metric 424
3. Multidimensional unified theories 426
3.1. Coordinate and gauge transformations 427
3.2. Riemann connection and curvature 429
3.3. Einstein-Hilbert action principle 430
3.4. The hierarchy of constraints 433
4. Summary and concluding remarks 437
Acknowledgements 439
References 439
Abstract
An extended spacetime, Ml+N, is a Riemannian (4 + iV)-dimensional manifold which admits an

jV-parameter group G of (spacelike) isometries and is such that ordinary spacetime M* is the space
Mi+NIO of the equivalence classes under (^-transformations of Mi+Jf. A multidimensional unified
theory (MZJT) is a dynamical theory of the metric tensor on Mi+N, the metric being determined
from the Einstein-Hilbert action principle: in absence of matter, the Lagrangian is (essentially)
the total curvature scalar of M i + N . A MUT is an extension of the Cho-Freund generalization of
Jordan's five-dimensional theory. A MUT can be faithfully translated in four-dimensional lan-
guage : as a theory on M*, a MUT is a gauge field theory with gauge group G. A unifying aspect of
MUT's is that all fields occur as elements of the metric tensor on Mi+N. When the isometry genera-
tors are subjected to strongest constraints, a MUT becomes the De Witt-Trautman generalization
of Kaluza's five-dimensional theory; in four-dimensional language, this is the theory of Yang-Mills
3 Zeitschrift „Fortschritte der Physik", Bd. 29, Heft 9

414 CLAUDIO A . ORZALESI
gauge fields coupled to gravity. With weaker constraints, a MUT appears to be more natural
than a Yang-Mills theory as a physical realization of the gauge principle for an exact symmetry
of gauged confined color. Such weakly-constrained MUT leads to bag-type models without the
need for ad hoc surgery on the basic. Lagrangian. The present paper provides a detailed intro-
duction to the formalism of multidimensional unified gauge field theory.
1. Introduction
The Yang-Mills (Y-M) construction [1] of a gauge field theory (GFT) originally started
from a matter Lagrangian invariant under a global symmetry group; gauge fields were
then introduced from the requirement of invariance under spacetime-dependent group
transformations. As Yang and Mills indicated1), this requirement of local gauge in-
variance can be motivated on general grounds. A Y-M GFT corresponds to a well de-
fined geometric structure [2— 5] which is, however, defined independently of the matter
fields. Therefore, it becomes more natural and conceptually clearer to consider the GFT
geometry as structurally given ab initio, and the invariant interaction with matter fields
as a successive construct 2 ). Indeed, this attitude is adopted in the standard geometric
formulation of GFT's, where the geometry of the theory is identified with a principal
fibration with connection determined by the Y-M potentials [3—5]. However, this
identification is somewhat imperfect, because it sets aside the physically important
geometric property that spacetime has a Riemannian metric structure (be it preassigned,
as in special-relativistic theories, or dynamical, as in theories including gravity).
As was first emphasized by D E W I T T [6] and by TRAUTMAN [3], the Riemann metric of
the base space can be extended to the total bundle space of the Y-M G F T : the extended
metric can be obtained by a suitable combination of the spacetime metric with an in-
variant metric on the structural group manifold. The resulting theory [6—8] is then
equivalent to a multidimensional unified theory (MUT) which generalizes the Kaluza-
Klein (K-K) theory of electromagnetism and gravitation [9, 10] to a general compact
gauge internal Lie group.
In essence, a MUT is a theory of the metric tensor in an extended (i.e., multidimensional)
spacetime having certain preassigned symmetries. The unifying aspect of a MUT lies
not so much in the reduction of coupling parameters as in the unified role of gauge and
gravitation potentials, which all occur as elements of the metric tensor on the extended
spacetime. The geometry of a (generalized) K - K MUT is that of an extended spacetime
with a (gauge) group of constrained isometries3). The total curvature scalar of such ex-
tended spacetime yelds the Y-M Lagrangian with gavitations included, so that the Y-M
GFT is equivalent to the Einstein-Hilbert "gravitation" on an extended spacetime with
constrained isometries4).
See Ref. [2]: "The orientation of the isotopic spin is of no physical significance . . . As usually
conceived, however, this arbitrariness is subject to the following limitation: once one chooses what to
call a proton, what a neutron, at one space-time point, one is then not free to make any choices at
other space-time points. I t seems that this is not consistent with the localized field concept that
underlies the usual physical theories".
2 ) Of course, only the geometric structure is independent of the matter fields: e.g., the value of the
bundle curvature form (the gauge field strength) depends on whether or not matter is present. In a
way, the attitude of considering the gauge geometiy per se is a return to the roots, since the gauge
invariance in Maxwell's theory was originally found and discussed without referring to the sources.
3 ) Essentially, an isometry is constrained when the isometry generators are subject to constraints;
the K - K constraints fix the length of the generators, see sect. 3.4 below.
4 ) As such, a gauge theory can be founded on a generalized equivalence principle, see ref. [22] for a
heuristic discussion.
Multidimensional Unified Theories 415
The K - K constraints leading to the Y-M GFT appear rather artificial for an exact gauge
symmetry 5 ) and it seems more natural to consider a MUT where, saving the bundle
structure of GFT's, these constraints are abandoned. The resulting theory is the CHO-
FREUND [12, 13] nonabelian generalization of t h e JORDAN-THIRY [14, 15] five-dimen-
sional theory." Again, this is a theory of Einstein-Hilbert "gravitation" on an extended
spacetime with isometries [1S\; as in Kaluza's theory, the gauge fields appear as the
Killing covector fields generating the isometries. Local gauge invariance is simply the
reflection of the covariance of the theory under isometric coordinate transformations [1I\.
The theory can be rewritten as a theory on ordinary spacetime, and in this language it
appears as a generalization of a Y-M GFT, where additional scalar fields occur with
covariant and gauge-covariant interactions 6 ).
When one translates a GFT into a MUT, the usual attitude, of considering ordinary
spacetime as "primordial" and the GFT as a construct on the four-dimensional base,
gradually loses its focus. As soon as the translation of the GFT into MUT language is
completed, it becomes rather more natural to consider the extended spacetime as
"primordial" and ordinary spacetime as a construct. Such a shift in attitude is not
without consequences, for it naturally leads to questions which are not as clearly formu-
lated within the conventional setup. For example, one wonders what the origin of Y-M
GFT's might be: in MUT language, this amounts to asking for a mechanism to generate
the K - K constraints, so t h a t a partial answer could be obtained from a study of the
Cho-Freund theory, where these constraints are not imposed ab initio. More generally,
one might ask how the isometries are generated from a theory where no preassigned
symmetry is imposed on the extended spacetime. Since the isometry is responsible for
the equivalence of a MUT with a four-dimensional gauge theory, answering questions
such as these might deepen our understanding of the origin of the gauge interactions
occurring in Nature and of the four-dimensional appearance of the physical world. 7 )
I n any case, and leaving aside matters of mathematical elegance and general questions,
the fact remains t h a t a MUT can be regarded as "yet another formulation" of a GFT
(and, geometrically at least, a very natural formulation). Since it usually pays to look at
the same physical theory from various viewpoints and with varying techniques, MUT's
are candidate helpers for a better understanding of GFT's. This is sufficient motivation
for the present paper, which aims at providing a systematic and detailed introduction
to the Riemannian multidimensional formulation of GFT's.
I n sect. 2 we discuss the projective formalism for an extended spacetime Mi+N with an
_/V-dimensional isometry group G. This formalism generalizes to (4 + N) dimensions the
five dimensional projective theory developed in ref. [16]. The projection leading from
Mi+N to ordinary spacetime Ml is discussed first, then we consider the isometry G:
as always in gauge theories, Ml is the quotient Mi+N/G. To prepare the code for trans-
lating a MUT into four-dimensional language, we introduce a class of preferred frames
on Mi+N: we call-them K-frames and use them to study the theory by means of associa-
ted ^-connections on Mi+N.
I n sect. 3, we first discuss gauge transformations, seen here as originating from the co-
variance of l£-frames under certain coordinate transformations on M i + N . The Riemann
connection and Ricci tensor are then calculated in a /C-frame. A MUT is defined (at last!)
as a dynamical theory of the metric tensor on Mi+N, where the metric is determined from
an Einstein-Hilbert action principle, with the Lagrangian identified with the total curva-
5
) Indeed, in this case the constraints appear to contradict the general motivation outlined in
footnote 1 ); see also sects. 3.3, 3.4 and 4 below for further discussion.
6
) See sect. 3.3 below.
7
) See also the general discussion in ref. [12], where gauge theories are looked upon as the result of
spontaneous breaking of general co variance in 4 + N dimensions.
3*
416 C l a u d i o A. O r z a l e s i
ture scalar of Mi+N (modulo a possible cosmological term). This theory is an extension
of the-Cho-Freund generalization of Jordan's theory. We explicitly construct the asso-
ciated GFT on M*. The fact that, because of the ¿^-dimensional isometry group, a MUT
on M i + N can be translated into four-dimensional language, is ultimately responsible for
the "tactile" unobservability of the additional N dimensionals, which play a role of
"internal" coordinates (see sect. 4 for further discussion of this point).
Various models, which originate from a general MUT by imposing certain constraints on
the isometry generators, are discussed in sect. 3.4. The strongest constraints lead to a
Y-M GFT with gravity included. The possibly remarkable physical interest of theories
with weaker constraints is enphasized: on the one hand, such theories appear as more
natural candidates than Y-M GFT's when dealing with an exact gauged symmetry of
confined color: on the other hand, they lead [17] to bag-type models without the need of
the drastic ad hoc modifications made in the derivation of such models from a QCD-type
Lagrangian.
The concluding sect. 4 contains a reasoned summary, some remarks and indications on
possible developments and uses of MUT's.
Conceptually, sects. 2.2, 2.3, 3.2 and parts of 2.5 and 3.3 are an elaboration and reorgani-
zation of ideas discussed in refs. [6, 8, 12, 13]. Our presentation is, however, perhaps
simpler and more detailed. On the other hand, our K-frames and associated iT-coordina-
tes(sect. 2.4) lead to more explicit constructions than those in the literature quoted: in
particular, we use them to spell out in sect. 2.5 the dependence of the metric on the
vertical coordinates, insect. 3.1 the correspondence between coordinate and gauge trans-
formations and in sect. 3.3 the faithful translation of a MUT into a corresponding gauge
theory in four dimensions. By the same token, our hierarchy of constraints (sect. 3.4)
can be discussed directly in four-dimensional language. Thus, our methods can be of
practical use, and in particular we found them helpful to understand how matter fields
can be introduced [17], covariantly and gauge-covariantly, in MUT's.
2. Projective Formalism for Extended Spacetime with IsometriesjJ
2.0. Notation
Extended spacetime, Mz, is a ^-dimensional differentiable manifold 8 ) with symmetric

Riemannian metric y having signature (Z — 2). For £ 6 Mz, we denote by rl\(Mz) and
Tf*(Mz) the tangent and cotangent space to Mz at f. Greek indices run from 1 to
Z = 4 -f- N, N > 0. Local coordinates £ -> (£") 6 Rz on Mz near £ define coordinate-
based generators and d£", forming the natural frame (SJ on T((MZ) and coframe (d^)
on T(*(MZ) associated to the (£"). For a vector u (and covector u*) the natural frame
components are denoted by u" (and «„*), so that u = u"da (respectively-, u* = ua* d$").
For a generic frame {ex) on 1\{MZ), its dual coframe (e*a) is defined from e*"(e^) = <5/.
A change of frames, (e„) -^(fe„), induces a change of the dual coframes with the inverse
matrix:
11« = a/e^ k*° = e*i>bf: b/af = 6f. (2.0.1)
In particular, for the triangular matrix
< = <V + cbAdA*, aA°= dA\ b=l,...,Z0- A =Z0 + 1,..., Z, (2.0.2)

8
) The few notions, from differential geometry and Lie group theory, needed in the present
paper, can be found e.g. in refs. [18, 19].
the transformations (2.0.1) become
kb = e„ + cbAeA, kA = eA; k*b = e*b, k*A = e*A - cbAe*b. (2.0.3)
The components y[k^ of the metric y in a frame (fcj are
= (K • = , (2.0.4)
where yyi are the components of y in the natural frame. The inverse matrix elements of
and yyi are denoted by y"^ and yy>.
Ordinary spacetime, Ml, is a 4-dimensional differentiable manifold with symmetric
Riemannian metric g having signature 2. Low-case Latin indices run from 1 to 4. We
denote by xa the local coordinates of x 6 Mi. If n : Mz -> Ml is a differentiable map by
71(f) = x, we write na{£), na{£") for the xa-, and complete-coordinatizations of jr.
Whenever coordinates are used, the usual compatibility assumptions are understood:
e.g., that if (Uj cz Mz, j 6 J) is a covering for an atlas on Mz and if n: Mz —> Mi is
surjective, then [n{Uj) cz Mi, j 6 J) is a covering for an .atlas on M4. When global pro-
perties are stated in terms of coordinates, it is understood that coordinate patches for-
ming an atlas are being used and that the usual compatibility properties hold in inter-
secting patch domains.
Capital Latin indices run from 4 + 1 to Z — ^ N and will label coordinates in the
"vertical" internal space, see below.
2.1. The Projection
The first property assumed of the extended spacetime Mz is that the ordinary spacetime
Ml is somehow "contained" in Mz and can be obtained from Mz by a projection 9 ):
Assumption I: There exists a surjective differentiable map ti : Mz —> MA by x = jr(f),
called the projection of Mz onto ilf 4 , such that
(i): the four covector fields
h* a : h* a = h * a d i \ h*a = = , (2.1.1)
z
which are smooth on M , are such that the matrix
(h*a • h*b) = h*aya^*b = gab (2.1.2)
is nondegenerate at all £ 6 Mz and such that gab(£) = gab{£') for TZ{£) = jr(f').
(ii): n{Mz) with local coordinates a;0 = and metric tensor g, with components
(2.1.2) at x = 7t(S) in the natural basis (dxa), is isomorphic to ordinary spacetime M*;
(iii): for each x € ilf 4 , the fibre n~1(x) cz Mz of the projection over x is an iV-dimensional
differentiable metric submanifold of Mz, with metric G, induced by y as in eq. (2.1.6)
below, having signature N.
Remarks: a) Let denote the linear span of the h*a. The nondegeneracy of gab guaran-
tees that the h*a are linearly independent; hence, II * is 4-dimensional and isomorphic to
Tx*(Mi): a natural isomorphism is defined from
dx" = dna = k*ad¥ = . (2.1.3)
9
) A mapping n : Mz —> Ml with the properties (i) — (ii) in Assumption I is sometimes called a
Riemannian submersion, see ref. [20].
418 Claudio A. Oezalesi
From bilinearity, (2.1.2) defines a nondegenerate symmetric (co-)tensor g on Ht* and,

by the natural isomorphism, on Tx*(Mi). By (ii), n(Mz) equipped with this metric g is
identified with ordinary spacetime M*.
b) The functions na^ form a p-vector [16], i.e. they transform as the components of a
4-vector under the reparametrizations n" —> n' a (n b ) of n. These reparametrizations
correspond to coordinate changes xa —> x'a(xb) on Mi. Similarly, gab is a second-rank
y-tensor, while the four covectors h*a define Z ^-vectors hx*a, ..., hz*a.
c) With gab the inverse matrix of gab, we have
gab = ( k - h b ) = ?ab, (2-1-4)

where ha is the dual vector of h*a (see below) and yab are the components of y along
kk-
To form a coframe (k*a) on T*f(Mz), together with the four covectors h*a we must
consider N additional covectors V*A, A = 5, ..., Z. Without loss of generality, we choose
them to be orthogonal to the h*a:
. p*A) = ¿OA = frtayippÂ = 0. (2.1.5)
Choosing the V*A to be linearly independent, the matrix

QAB = (f*A . = f *AY«fSy = pAB ( 2 .1.6)
is nondegenerate (because y is nondegenerate) and by (iii) defines (from bilinearity) a

metric G with signature N on the ^-dimensional "vertical" subspace n~i(x) a Mz. For
the spaces Mz to be considered by us, the main nontrivial input from (iii) is t h a t G has
signature N: indeed, the definition (2.1.6) shows that the metric G on 7T1{x) is just the
metric y of Mz restricted to the subspace n'îx) of Mz.
To summarize, Assumption I amounts locally to the existence of a coframe (k*') on
Te*(Mz),
(it*") = (h*a, V*A), (2.1.7)
such that (2.1.1—6) are satisfied.

The associated dual frame,
(k) = (K,Va), (2-1-8)
is defined from the conditions
&*•&„) = i f . (2.1.9)
In terms of natural components, it is given by
ha" = V^gabh*b, V/ = y^GABV^, (2.1.10)

AB
where GAB is the inverse matrix of G . The components of y in this frame (fcj are given
by
9ab = (k-k) = gab, YaA = (k-vA) = o, yAB = (vA • vB) = gab. (2.1.11)
Eqns. ( 2 . 1 . 9 — 1 1 ) imply the completeness relation
8J = h*ah/ + t * A
V/, (2.1.12)
and we can express the natural basis components yap, y*P of y in terms of the components
in the (k), {&*") bases:
JV = gatk*ah*h + y* = gabhaakf + GABVA*tB?. (2.1.13)

To see how the projection works, note that any vector u = (w^SJ can be decomposed as
follows into "horizontal" and "vertical" components (uh°, uvA):
u* = ha"uha +tA'uvA:uha = h*aW, uvA = V*Au"\ (2.1.14)
this decomposition is such that
[u • w) = ley^v)» = ukagabwhb + uvAGABwvB. (2.1.15)
Covectors are similarly decomposable.
To go from (fe0) to (it*"), one inverts (2.1.10):
h*a = V* A = (2.1.16)
In general, the frames (fc„), (7c*") are not coordinates-based, and the generally non-
vanishing commutators [ha, hb], [VA, VB] and [ha, VA] have generally nonvanishing
components along hc as well as along Vc.
2.2. The Vertical Lie Algebra
We anticipate that we shall be interested in the case when the fibres n~1(x) are, for all
x € M*, isomorphic to a Lie group 0. To proceed by steps, we first investigate some
consequences of assuming a corresponding weaker property on the vertical vectors V A :
Property if: The linear span F f of the F^'s is closed under commutation and is, for all
I £ Mz, isomorphic to a Lie algebra % with structure constants C°AB.
This property is summarized by the commutation relations
[VA, F*] = C°ABVD (2.2.1)
or, in components, by
V a ^ L - Vb'K. = (2.2.2)
Locally, Property "8 states that the commutators [V A ,V B ] are vertical; globally, it
states that each component CDAB of these commutators along VD is ^-independent.
To see what (2.2.1) implies for the remaining components of the fea and fe*°, first expand
the N2 covectors
K j f B ' W = (Pii - ^B'd&> (2.2.3)
a
in the basis (k* ); by keeping in mind that
= = (2.2.4)
it is not difficult to show that (2.2.1) implies
H ^ b ' = C*Ktf. (2.2.5)

From (2.2.4—5), it is easily found that (2.2.1) implies that the commutators [ha, VA]
must vanish and that [n0> /¿¡,] must be purely vertical 10 ). Calling the component of
10
) E.g., to prove that [ha, VA] vanishes, note that (2.1.9) implies icp j = — 0 and use
(2.1.12) as follows with the components of [ha, VA]:
- =( + VB<V> - tsU*)
the first term vanishes because of (2.2.4), the second by (2.2.5) and (2.1.9). The verticality of
[ha, hb] is similarly proved analytically; for a geometric proof, see ref. [5] or eq. (2.4.23) below.
420 Claudio A. Orzalesi
[tia, hb] along VD, the consequences of Property % can therefore be summarized as follows:
[t,a, hb] = -%DabVry, lk,VA] = 0; [VA, VB] = C%BVD. (2.2.6)
The (so far arbitrary) quantities will later be related to the gauge field strengths.
2.3. The Vertical Isometry Group
An important feature of a Riemannian manifold is its isometry group, i.e. the group of
differentiable motions on the manifold which leave the metric invariant. Our next
assumption on Mz leads to a notion of gauge potentials as covectors of fields generating
isometries of Mz. It will later be seen that our notion is indeed equivalent to the standard
one. Our discussion is limited to compact connected Lie isometry groups because we
later introduce an Einstein-Hilbert action principle on Mz\ the group manifold shall
be not only metrizable, but also compact in order to have a finite action. If the latter
requirement is abandoned (or if another action is used), the discussion can be generalized
to connected semisimple Lie groups, and indeed all our results up to sect. 3.3 retain their
validity in this case and even more generally.
We recall that a Killing vector field V on Mz generates a local [18, 19] one-parameter
group of isometries of Mz. This happens if and only if the Lie derivative ly of y vanishes.
V is complete if it generates a global isometry group; equivalently, V is complete when it
is generated by a global isometry one-parameter group. An integral curve of F through £
is a local curve <ry>£ on Mz such that ffy,f(0) = £ and dav,i(t)/dt = F(<ry>{(i)) in a neigh-
borhood of t = 0. When V is complete, it has a unique global integral curve (Gr.i(t),
t € H) through each f ; conversely, a global (smooth) curve describing an isometric motion
on Mz generates a (smooth) Killing vector field, on the points of the curve, as the tangent
vector the to curve. If a smooth covering of Mz by isometric curves (one through each £)
is given, this defines a smooth Killing vector field on Mz.
We give two versions of the second basic property assumed of M z ; a short version is as
follows:
Assumption II: (i) The bundle (Mz, Mi, n) is a principal fibre bundle with connected
compact structural group 0, and (ii) the action of G on Mz is an isometry of Mz.
A longer version of Assumption I I may help in understanding what this assumption
involves:
Assumption IT: (i) The N vector fields VA are smooth and complete Killing vector
fields on Mz; (ii) the N vector fields VA satisfy Property , with '$ the Lie algebra of a
connected compact Lie group G, and (iii) for any f 6 Mz, the span of the integral curves
of (all vectors in the algebra of) the i V s through f covers the subspace 7t_1(a;), where
x = n(£).
We now outline how I I follows from I I ' : consider first the restriction VA\X of VA to 7i'l(x).
This is a smooth Killing vector field on n~1(x) and, by Il'(ii), the algebra of the F^z's is
(for each fixed x) isomorphic to '§. Since G and n~\x) are both iV-dimensional, the above
properties are sufficient to conclude [ JS] that the group of transformations generated by
the VA]X is a faithful realization of G and that G acts effectively on n'1(x). Now, by
II'(iii) it is clear that G acts on 7i_1(a;) without fixed points and that, in conclusion, G
and n~1(x) are isomorphic. That G acts smoothly and without fixed points on Mz now
follows from the smoothness of the F A 's.
Definition: A Riemannian space Mz with metric y having signature Z — 2 and satisfying
Assumptions I and I I is called an extended spacetime with (vertical) isometry G and pro-
jection n and is denoted by (Mz, G) for short.
Clearly, i f 4 is the quotient space MZ!G: thus, points of Mi correspond to an entire fibre,
isomorphic to G, in Mz.
That Assumption II' follows from II is clear from Assumption I and from the basic
defining properties of a principal fibre bundle. Indeed, the vertical vector fields VA are
the fundamental vector fields [i9] of the bundle (Mz, M4, n).
Looking back at Assumption I, now one realizes that it is, in essence, the statement that
the global metric y is compatible with the fibre bundle structure of (Mz, G): now n is
seen as the projection Mz -> MZIG, and g and G are the metrics induced through n by y
from Mz onto Mz/G and onto nîx) respectively.
Concerning the isometry aspect, II (ii), we recall that the condition of vanishing Lie
derivatives, 'f ^ (y) = 0, can be written as follows in natural components [18, i.9]:
K*y».. + + v J u = 0; (2-3-1)
indeed, the left hand side gives the components of X$ (y) because y has vanishing co-
variant derivative along any vector.
Before resuming our study of the properties of {Mz, G), we recall some notions and results
on Lie groups [6, 18~\.
Let X, Y, X • Y be elements of G and XA, YA, (X • Y)A be their coordinates in a local
chart over G. We recall that the leftand right auxiliary functions of G, LBA(X) and RBA(X),
are defined as follows (I denotes the identity of (?):
LBA(X) = d(Y- X)A/DYB\y=r, Rba{X) = d(X • Y)A/8Y*\Y=I. (2.3.2)
The differential equations characterizing the Bba are

RLARDA - RLARCA = CA1)CRAB , (2.3.3)
A A
and LB is related to RB by
LBA(X)=RBA(X~i). (2.3.4)
Knowledge of the left (or right) auxiliary functions of G is equivalent to the full know-
ledge of G.
The adjoint representation of G is defined by
DBA{X) = L-^(X)RBC{X). (2.3.5)
We will also need the inverse adjoint matrices,
D-^B = B ~ W , (2.3.6)
from which the coadjoint representation is obtained by transposition. The differential
equations characterizing DBA and £) _1B are as follows:
D i e = L ^ d c C \ d D b a = D d a C d e b R-I$, (2.3.7)
a
D-^cRjf = -C dcD^b, (2.3.8)
showing that (CB)CA = CABC are the generators of the adjoint representation. Finally, we
recall the following useful results,:
C b aeD b ° = C ' W A A (2.3.9)
= C a c e D-^D-^ d , (2.3.10)
L-'Ib.c] = - C ' a b e L - ^ b L - ^ . (2.3.11)
422 CLAUDIO A . ORZALESI
2.4. Jf-Frames
Physical measurements and observables are usually referred to ordinary spacetime;

contact between extended and ordinary spacetimes can be made natural by adopting
new coordinates on M z. The coordinate transformation used,
f = £'"(£'), (2.4.1)
is such that the first four new coordinates are precisely the functions n a expressing
the projection, while the remaining coordinates are coordinates on the fibre n^(x),
x — 7i(|). The new coordinates are compatible with the bundle structure (M z, M 4, n)
assumed for (M z, G) and n on f is the canonical projection n b{£' a, £'A) = £'b.
Dropping primes, we shall hereafter adopt local bundle coordinates, which are characteri-
zed by the conditions
(t) = S A) = (x°, X A): ji a{x b, X») = n a, (2.4.2)

so that
dji a/d£* = da a = h* a. (2.4.3)
The previously defined generators ka, it.*" can now be referred to the natural basis asso-
ciated with (2.4.2). The orthogonality relations (2.1.9) and (2.4.3) now imply the con-
ditions
h a b = dab> Va" = 0, I> B *rf c B = d c * , (2.4.4)
so that, in particular, the N x N matrix PB* A is the inverse of VB J.
From (2.4.4) and (2.2.2) with p = B one obtains
H J D A - H J C A = C%CVA B ; (2.4.5)
now, observe, that this equation has exactly the same form as (2.3.3). Therefore, we can
solve (2.4.5) by making the identification
= Ra b> RA* = RA b(X c) . (2.4.6)
With this identification, by (2.4.4) the vector fields V A are independent of the coordinates
x a. Clearly, the identification (2.4.6) amounts to a particular constructive definition of
the bundle coordinates X A (still unspecified as fibre coordinates by (2.4.2)): indeed, the
natural generators associated with the (x a, X A) can now be expressed in terms of the
generators (h a , V A ) satisfying (2.4.4) and (2.4.6). This correspondence is one-to-one; we
call a frame (fea) and a set of coordinates ( x a , X A), such that (2.4.2), (2.4.4) and (2.4.6)
are satisfied, a it-frame and a set of K-coordinates. The natural basis associated with
such coordinates,
(na) = (da) = (da,dA), (2.4.7)
will be called the natural K-basis associated to the J^-frame (ka).

On account of (2.4.4) and (2.4.6), eq. (2.2.5) gives (0 = D)
R-^cmRB0 = V E , (2.4.8)
which is of course equivalent to (2.3.3). For /3 = b, eq. (2.2.5) gives
V*ARB» = - C A B c t b * c , (2.4.9)
while the orthogonality relations (2.1.9) also imply that
Pb*A = - h ^ R - ^ i . (2.4.10)
To summarize, the ¿-frame and coframe components are characterized by the following
properties:
(ka) = (K, VA): ha" = dab, k B = -P*ARAB; VAb = 0, VA* = Rab; (2.4.11)
(k*°) = (h* a , V * A ) : h$*a = V ; Vb* a = R ^ i ' , RBA,a = (2.4.12)
Note that the existence of -it-coordinates follows from the properties of the V A and the
isomorphism of JC' (X) and 0 (see also sect. 2.5 below). To actually determine a ¿-frame,
1
functions V a * A satisfying (2.4.9) have to be given.

Eq. (2.4.11) gives the useful relation
V = V - JV®ff/<V, (2.4.13)
from which the commutators [/¿0, hb] are easily computed, so as to find the expression of
in a ¿-frame:
[*„, hb] = {V*a,b] + Onetb*B Va*c) VD, (2.4.14)
%°ab = + C\cV**Vb*c.
Eq. (2.2.6) and a Jacobi identity give the ¿-frame relation
%Dab,ARBA = ~C% A % A ab . (2.4.15)
The horizontal ¿-frame generators tia are not coordinate-based, because they have non-
vanishing commutators. A frame (ka) = (ha, VA) where the horizontal components ha
are coordinate-based can be defined as follows from the (fea):
(fc.) = ( K , VA) :h a = ha+ f**VB; VA = V A . (2.4.16)
We call the frame (fc„) defined from (2.4.16) the K-frame associated to the ¿-frame (fea).
The natural it-basis components of the ka are given by
ha = da, V = V ; V = 0, VAB = RAB, (2.4.17)
and the commutation rules of the -K-frame generators are
[ha,hb] = 0, [ha,VA] = 0, [VA, VB] = CDABVD. (2.4.18)
The dual Z-coframe (k*«) of (2.4.16) is easily found from (2.0.3):
(fc*o) = (h*a, V*A): h*a = h*a; V*A = V*A — P*Ah*a. (2.4.19)
The components of the metric tensor in the natural if-basis and in the associated if-frame
are given below:
7ab = gab + GABV*AK*B; VaA = GBCV*BR-Â;

(2.4.20)
YAB = GCDR-ÂR^DB.
VK$ = V», YLAKL = YABRAB = GABK*B; Y% = GAB. (2.4.21)

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Fortschritte der Physik Progress of

Physics Band 29 Heft 9

Fortschritte der Physik Progress of Physics Band 29

Fortschritte der Physik Progress of Physics Band 29

Fortschritte der Physik Progress of Physics Band 29

Fortschritte der Physik Progress of Physics Band 29

Fortschritte der Physik Progress of Physics Band 29

Albrecht Thaer Archiv Band 9 Heft 9

Albrecht Thaer Archiv Band 9 Heft 3

Albrecht Thaer Archiv Band 9 Heft 11

VON F. KASCHLUHN, A. LÖSCHE, R. RITSCHL UND R. ROMPE

31728 EVP 1 0 , - M ISSN 0 0 1 5 - 8 2 0 8

Bestellungen sind zu richten

Zeitschrift „Fortschritte der P h y s i k "

Fortschritte der Physik 29, 3 8 1 - 4 1 1 (1981)

Furry Picture for Quantum Electrodynamics

P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, USSR

Pedagogical Institute, Tomsk, USSR

1 Zeitschrift „Fortachritte der Physik", Bd. 29, Heft 9

II. Perturbation Theory

Consider QED with an external field Aext(x). The corresponding Hamiltonian is

|in) = 2 V - c + . . . 6 + . . . a + . . . | 0 ) , <out| = <0| a ... b ... c . . . N, (2)

i„<0| 2CA |0) in - min, t = tm,

ine<0| se^ |0)f n - min, t = tln,

|0}i„ = |0>" • |0)f n , |0)ou, = |0)r • |0>«out. (5)

±<Pn{&) = ±e„ • ±<P«(X),

E W^n, -vl') I2 + l(-9»„ +<')|2} < OO,

= E K ( i n ) +<P«(X) + in) -<p„{x)},

V(x) = E (««(ont) +<pm{x) + 6m+(out) • ~<pm{x)},

•^eAitin) = E f+«A + (in) «„(in) — _e„6n+(in) 6„(in)} + xihD),

««(in) |0)fn = 6„(in) |0)fn = 0, V»,

b+, b} constructed with the aid of the spinors {±<p^(x)}

V(*) = L {«» ' +95n°(®) + V • -9»«°(*)},

^»¡^(in) = 2J {<&nl,myAmy + ^nl .my^-my)' h y =

= «„(in), J B _(in) = 6„(in), An+= an, An_ = bn,

&{AeKi) f(z) = 0, = id — eAext(x) — m,

ip{x) &(Aext) = 0, &(Aexi) = id + eAext(x) + m, (19)

M „ t = o„t(0| «(out) . . . g(out) . . . c . . . £c+ . . . 6 + (in) . . . a+(in) . . . |0)in, (21)

%j>{x) = y{-\x) + xj)[+){x), f(x) = yi'~\x) + f{+)(x)

V-Hx) |0>,n = f<(->(*) |0)i„ = out<0| p+)(x) = out(6| fM(x) = 0;

(o(m . . . 8 . . . | n . . . I . . . ) = 0„t(6| a m (out) . . . bs(out) . . . 6„+(in) ... a +(in) . . . |0)in • C„- 1 . .

§{Ae^)G(x,x'),= 0, G(x, x')t=e = d{x — x'). (25)

w(x) =. [ G(x, x') w(x') dx,

a(out) = (?(+1+) a(in) + 6?(+|_) 6+(in),

a+(out) = a+(in) G(+1+) + 6(in) G(_|+),

6+(out) = G(-|+) a(in) + £(-|_) 6+(in),

b(out) = a+(in) G(+|-) + 6(in) S(_|-),

G^liU, = j±<Pm+(x) G(xtout, x't-m) ±<pn(x') dx dx', (30)

«(in) = G(+|+) â(out) + G(+\~) 5+(out),

a+(in) = â+(out) G(+|+) + 6(out) G(~|+),

fc(in) = â+(out) G(+|_) + g(out) G(i_).

G(±| + )G( + |±) + G(±|_)G(_|±) = 1, G(±| + )G( + |T) + G(±|_)G(_|*) = 0,

G( ± |+) G(+| ± ) + G( ± |-) G(-|±) = 1, G( ± | + ) G ( + | t ) + G( ± |-) G(-| T ) = 0.

ojout^a„+(in) = a>(m\n) = G"1(+\+)mn,

From (27, (29) and (32) is follows that

d m (oat) = £ oj(m | n) a„(in) — 2J 10) 6s+(out),

5 m (out) = 2 ; <o(m I n) fc„(in) + JT a>(sm\ 0) «+(out),

6n+(in) = 2J <o[m | n) 6,/(out) + £ I'««) a «( i n ) •

V() = L {«» ' +95n°(®) + V • -9»«°()},