 Structuralism: Structuralism is a method of interpreting and analyzing

such things as language, literature, and society, which focuses on

contrasting ideas or elements of structure and attempts to show how
they relate to the whole structure. For an example, Everything works as
a structure, Literature, society, and language, nothing makes any sense
alone. Sayan Chattopadhyay takes an example of a building, he says, a
window in a building makes sense only if the window is put in the
building and its purpose is to make a person able look outside of the
wall, but if that particular window is put alone on a road or an open
ground, that will be useless and won’t make any sense. Things make
sense in a particular context and not in isolation.

 Structuralism is the theoretical position that finds meaning in the relation

between things, rather than in things in isolation. In other words, it gives
primacy to pattern over substance. To take a crude example, the colors
red, green, and amber take on the
meanings “stop,” “go,” and “caution” in relation to each other, in the
context of a traffic light. In some other context, and in opposition to other
colors, red may mean something completely different, such as socialism
or communism, or humanity or sacrifice. Such meanings may be either
part of a universal pattern or culturally determined.

 Post-structuralism expresses the belief that individual meaning and

values are taken from their milieu and the common meanings of a group
of individuals, so that their reality is contextualised and socially
constructed, and mediated by language and discourse.
 New Historicismm: a method of literary criticism that emphasizes the
historicity of a text by relating it to the configurations of power, society,
or ideology in a given time.

New Historicism is a literary theory based on the idea

that literature should be studied and intrepreted within
the context of both the history of the author and the
history of the critic.

New Historicism acknowledges and embraces the idea

that, as times change, so will our understanding of great
literature. Current literary criticism is affected by and
reveals the beliefs of our times in the same way that
literature reflects and is reflected by its own historical
contexts.

The New Historicist also acknowledges that his

examination of literature is "tainted" by his own culture
and environment. The very fact that we ask whether
Shakespeare was anti-Semitic — a question that wouldn't
have been considered important a century ago — reveals
how our study of Shakespeare is affected by our
civilization.

 New Criticism: New criticism is all about existing in the present

moment, as it encourages a style of criticism that focuses only on what
can be seen on the pages of the text. No more need to study the
historical context, biographical data and philosophical contribution of a
text to what it means.
It emphasized close reading, particularly of poetry, to discover how a work
of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object.
The movement derived its name from John Crowe Ransom's 1941
book The New Criticism.
The work of Cambridge scholar I. A. Richards, especially his Practical
Criticism and The Meaning of Meaning, which offered what was claimed to
be an empirical scientific approach, were important to the development of
New Critical methodology.[