Problem 1: Combustion of Propane

(a) Balance the equation:

The balanced equation for the combustion of propane (C₃H₈) is:

C3H8+5O2→3CO2+4H2OC3H8+5O2→3CO2+4H2O

(b) Moles of oxygen required to burn 1 mol of propane:

From the balanced equation: 1 mol C3H8 requires 5 mol O21 mol C3H8
requires 5 mol O2

(c) Grams of oxygen required to burn 100 g of propane:

1. Calculate the molar mass of propane (C₃H₈):

Molar mass of C3H8=3(12.01)+8(1.01)=36.03+8.08=44.11 g/molMolar
mass of C3H8=3(12.01)+8(1.01)=36.03+8.08=44.11g/mol

2. Calculate moles of propane in 100 g:

Moles of C3H8=100 g44.11 g/mol≈2.27 molMoles of C3H8=44.11g/mol100g
≈2.27mol

3. Calculate moles of oxygen needed:

Moles of O2=2.27 mol×5=11.35 molMoles of O2=2.27mol×5=11.35mol

4. Calculate the mass of oxygen required:

Molar mass of O2=2(16.00)=32.00 g/molMolar mass of O2
=2(16.00)=32.00g/mol
Mass of O2=11.35 mol×32.00 g/mol=363.2 gMass of O2
=11.35mol×32.00g/mol=363.2g

(d) Volume of oxygen required at STP to burn 100 g of propane:

1. Volume of 1 mole of gas at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure) is 22.4 L.

Volume of O2=11.35 mol×22.4 L/mol=254.24 LVolume of O2
=11.35mol×22.4L/mol=254.24L

2. Volume of air required (since air is 21% oxygen):

Volume of air=254.24 L0.21≈1210.67 LVolume of air=0.21254.24L
≈1210.67L

(e) Volume of CO₂ produced when 100 g of propane are burned at STP:
From the balanced equation, 1 mol of C₃H₈ produces 3 mol of CO₂.

1. Calculate moles of CO₂ produced from 2.27 mol of C₃H₈:

Moles of CO2=2.27 mol×3=6.81 molMoles of CO2=2.27mol×3=6.81mol

2. Calculate volume of CO₂ at STP:

Volume of CO2=6.81 mol×22.4 L/mol=152.54 LVolume of CO2
=6.81mol×22.4L/mol=152.54L

Problem 2: Photolysis of Ozone

O3+ℎ𝜈→O2+O∗O3+hν→O2+O∗

Given:

• Enthalpy of excited state O*: 438 kJ/mol

• Wavelength 𝜆λ for photolysis:

Using the energy relation: 𝐸=ℎ𝜈E=hν 𝐸=ℎ𝑐𝜆E=λhc

Where ℎh is Planck's constant (6.626×10−34 J⋅s6.626×10−34J⋅s), and 𝑐c is the speed

of light (3.00×108 m/s3.00×108m/s).

Convert energy to joules: 438 kJ/mol=438×103 J/mol438kJ/mol=438×103J/mol

𝐸=438×103 J/mol6.022×1023 mol−1=7.27×10−19 JE=6.022×1023mol−1438×103J/mol
=7.27×10−19J

Solve for 𝜆λ:

𝜆=ℎ𝑐𝐸=(6.626×10−34 J⋅s)×(3.00×108 m/s)7.27×10−19 J≈273 nmλ=Ehc
=7.27×10−19J(6.626×10−34J⋅s)×(3.00×108m/s)≈273nm

Maximum wavelength for photolysis is approximately 273 nm.

Problem 3: EDTA for Calcium Complexation

Given:

• Concentration of calcium in waste: 20 mg/L

• Volume of waste in drum: 44 gallons (1 gallon = 3.78541 L)

Calculate total volume in liters:

44 gallons×3.78541 L/gallon=166.56 L44gallons×3.78541L/gallon=166.56L
Total mass of calcium:
20 mg/L×166.56 L=3331.2 mg=3.3312 g20mg/L×166.56L=3331.2mg=3.3312g

EDTA forms a 1:1 complex with calcium. Molar mass of calcium (Ca) is 40.08 g/mol, and
molar mass of EDTA is 292.24 g/mol.

Calculate moles of calcium:

Moles of Ca=3.3312 g40.08 g/mol≈0.0831 molMoles of Ca=40.08g/mol3.3312g
≈0.0831mol

Calculate mass of EDTA required:

Mass of EDTA=0.0831 mol×292.24 g/mol≈24.27 gMass of EDTA=0.0831mol×
292.24g/mol≈24.27g

Problem 4: Calcium Sulfate Solubility

Given:

• Initial mass of CaSO₄: 0.5 g

• Volume of water: 1.0 L

Solubility product constant (Ksp) of CaSO₄: CaSO4(𝑠)↔Ca2++SO42−CaSO4

(s)↔Ca2++SO42− 𝐾𝑠𝑝=[Ca2+][SO42−]Ksp=[Ca2+][SO42−]

The Ksp value for CaSO₄ is 2.4×10−52.4×10−5.

Set [Ca2+]=𝑥[Ca2+]=x and [SO42−]=𝑥[SO42−]=x: 𝐾𝑠𝑝=𝑥2=2.4×10−5Ksp

=x2=2.4×10−5 𝑥=2.4×10−5≈4.9×10−3 mol/Lx=2.4×10−5≈4.9×10−3mol/L

Concentration of dissolved sulfate: [SO42−]≈4.9×10−3 mol/L ≈4.9 mM[SO42−

]≈4.9×10−3mol/L ≈4.9mM

Therefore, the concentration of dissolved sulfate in the water at equilibrium is

approximately 4.9 mM (millimolar).