{io- i-¶c

- m-Nm-cy-kzm-an-If
- p-sS Zu-Xyw
kzman \µm-fl-Pm-\µ (]-{Xm-[n-]¿ {]_p-≤-tI-cfw,
{iocm-a-Ir-jvW-aTw Xr»q¿)

{]-Xy-£-ß-fm-bn-tXm-∂p-∂ {`-am-Xv-a-I-X-bn¬ A-`n-c-an-°p-∂ Im-e-tØm-fw im-¥n-bp-tS-bpw k-am-[m-

\-Øn-t‚-bpw N-{I-hm-fw A-\y-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂ apJyk-tµ-iw \-ev-In am-\-h-cm-in-°v {]-Im-i-Øn-te-°p-
f-f ]m-X-sbm-cp-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv k-\m-X-\-[¿-Ω-sØ G-‰-hpw B-I¿-j-Wo-b-am-°p-∂ L-S-Iw. th-Z-
ß-sf A-Sn-ÿm-\-{]-am-W-am-°p-∂ Cu k-\m-X-\-kw-kv-Im-cw A-Xn-\p-f-f h-gn-bm-bn Im-Wn-®p-X-cp-∂-Xv
cm-K-tZz-jm-Zn-I-f-I-‰n-s°m-≠p-f-f B-fl-⁄m-\-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-b Po-hn-X-sØ-bm-Wv. k-\m-X-\-[¿-Ω-
Øn-s‚ km-cmw-iw \-ap-°v Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-fpw Ko-X-bpw th-Zm-¥-kq-{X-ß-fp-a-S-
ßnb "{]-ÿm-\-{X-b'-Øn-em-Ip-∂p. th-Zm-¥-a-X-sa-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Cu k-tµ-i-km-c-Øn-s‚ ap-Jy-kz-cw
D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-fm-Wv. D-]-\n-j-Xv-a-X-sa-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂ Cu th-Zm-¥-a-X-Øn-em-Wv Nn-¥-I-sf-
√m-sam-Sp-ßp-∂ t{i-jvT-am-b X-e-sØ tem-Iw Xn-cn-®-dn-™n-´p-f-f-Xv. B-[p-\n-I im-kv-{X-Øn-\p-t]m-epw
a-\- n-em-Ip-∂ hn-[-Øn¬ bp-‡n-bpsS D-d-t∏m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xpw A-\p-`-h-Øn-s‚ ssI-sbm-∏p-ap-f-f Cu th-
Zm-¥w "im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ a-X-sa-∂pw a-X-ß-fp-sS-sb-√mw im-kv-{X'-sa-∂pw Nn-¥-I-∑m-cm¬ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-
s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-µ≥ \-sΩ Hm¿-Ω-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv th-Zm-¥w tem-I-c-£-bv-°p-
X-s∂ A-\n-hm-cy-am-b G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\ Im-cy-am-sW-∂m-Wv. Cu D-]-\n-j-Xv k-tµ-i-ß-sf kzmw-io-I-cn-
s®-Sp-Øn-s√-¶n¬ bq-tdm-]y≥ P-\-X X-I-cm-\n-S-h-cp-sa-∂p-Iq-Sn kzm-an-Pn ]m-›m-Xy-sc Hm¿-Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p-
≠v. _p-≤-a-X-Øn-s‚ A-[x-]-X-\-Im-e-Øv A-aq-ey-am-b Cu th-Zm-¥-kw-kv-Im-cw H-cp h-en-b XI ¿-®-sb
A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. B k-a-b-Øv i-¶-cm-Nm-cy-kzm-an-I-fm-Wv D-]-\n-j-Xv tI-{µo-Ir-Xamb k-\m-
X\m-Z¿-i-sØ ho-≠pw tem-I-P-\-X-bv-°p ap-ºm-sI ]p-\x-{]-h-N-\w sN-bv-X-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.
a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ im-¥n A-Y-hm Zpx-J-\n-hr-Øn B-fl-⁄m-\w-sIm-≠p-am-{X-ta D-≠m-hp-I-bp-f-fq-
sh-∂m-Wv D-]-\n-j-Øn-s‚ A-`n-{]m-bw. tam-£-sa-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Cu im-¥y-h-ÿ-bpw {io-_p-≤≥
]-d-™p-X-cp-∂ \n¿-∆m-W-hpw H-s° B-g-Øn¬ t\m-°n-bm¬ H-∂p-X-s∂-sb-∂p a-\- n-em-°m-hp-∂XmWv.
]p-\¿-P-∑w, {]m-]-©-ÿn-Xn-°m-[m-c-am-b "A-hn-Zy, Im-aw, I¿-Ωw' F-∂n-h-bp-sS hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww F-∂n-
ß-s\-bp-f-f Dƒ-°m-gv-N-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b ]T-\w \-sΩ \-bn-°p-I _p-≤-t‚-bpw k-tµ-i-km-cw D-]-\n-j-Xv-a-
Xw-X-s∂-bm-Ip-∂p F-∂m-Wv. "Ko-X-tKm-hn-µ-'Øn-s‚ I¿-Øm-hm-b P-b-tZ-h≥ {io-_p-≤-s\ {io-Ir-jv-W-
s‚ X-s∂ A-h-Xm-c-am-°n ln-µp-_u-≤-[¿-Ω-ß-sf k-a-\z-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw _p-≤-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-bm-b Aa-
c-tIm-i-I¿-Øm-hv {io-_p-≤-s‚ ]-cym-b-am-bn "-- A-ssZz-X-hm-Zn-' F-∂p tN¿-Øn-´p-f-f-Xp-sam-s° a-\- n-
emt° -≠-Xv Cu X-e-Øn¬ \n-∂p-sIm-≠m-Wv. A-Ø-c-Øn-ep-f-f D-]-\n-j-Øv-k-tµ-i-ß-fp-sS a-Ip-S-a-Wn-
bm-bn hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂ A-ssZz-Xw A-\p-`-h-Øn-s‚ B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv i-¶-cm-Nm-cy-kzm-an-I-fp-sS Im-e-Øm-Wv.
im-¶-c-Z¿-i-\-Øn-s‚ {]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ
{_-lv-aw am-{X-am-Wv D-◊-bm-bn-´p-f-f-sX-∂p-f-f A-ssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥-{]-Im-cw Po-h-∑m¿ hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬
D-◊-sb-hn-´v {]-tXy-I-k-Ø-bp-f-f-h-c-√. A-t∏mƒ Cu Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ P-K-tØm? A-Xv A-hn-Zy- ap-Jm¥ncw
tXm-∂p-∂-Xm-Wv. {_-lv-a-Øn¬-\n-∂pw th-dn-s´m-cp A-kv-Xn-Xz-an-s√-∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ -D-]m-[n F-s∂m-∂v
F-ß-s\-bp-≠m-bn? F-∂-sXm-cp tNm-Zy-am-Wv. C-hn-sS i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ ]-d-bp-∂-Xv D-]m-[n -A-hn-Zym {]Xyp]-
ÿn-X-sa-∂m-Wv (A-hn-Zy-bn¬ D¬-]-∂-am-sW-∂v). Nn-Ø-ip-≤n-bn-eq-sS A-hn-Zy-bv-°p- \m-iw h-cm-Øn-S-
tØm-fw Im-ew a-t\m-_p-≤ym-Zn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂ Po-h-\v A-kv-Xn-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Po-h-\v ⁄m\
-em-`-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ \m-a-cq-]m-fl-I-P-K-Øn-s‚ {]-Xo-Xn \-in-°p-I-bpw ip-≤am--b {_-lv-aw km-£m-Xv-I-cn-
°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-øpw. Xm-s\-∂ t`-Zw tXm-∂n-∏n-°p-∂ Cu A-hn-Zy-sb A-ssZz-Xm-\p-`q-Xn-sIm-≠v \-in-
∏n-°p-tºmƒ Hm-tcm Po-h-\pw X-s‚ D-◊-sb-s¥-∂v, kz-`m-h-sa-s¥-∂v A-dn-bm≥ I-gn-bp-∂p. Xm≥ {_-lv-
aw X-s∂-bm-Wv F-∂p-f-f Cu Xn-cn-®-dn-hn-s\ tI-{µo-Ir-X-am-°n-bp-f-f-Xm-Wv A-ssZz-X-Z¿-i-\w. Po-h-s‚
D-◊-bm-b Cu {_-lv-a-sØ C-t∏mƒ C-hn-sS Po-hn-®p-X-s∂ A-\p-`-hn-°m-hp-∂XmWv. A-Xn-\m-bn-s√-
¶n¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv h-en-b \-jv-Sw X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw (\ tN-Zn-lm-th-Zo-∑-l-Xo hn-\jvSn) F-∂pw-Iq-Sn
D-]-\n-j-Xv \-sΩ Hm¿-Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. C-hn-sS-bp-f-f-Xv {_-lv-aw am-{X-am-Wv; tem-I-Øn-s‚ D-]-mZm-\-Im-c-Ww
am-{X-a-√ \n-an-Ø-Im-c-W-hpw A-Xp-X-s∂. Po-h-\pw b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ {_-lv-aw-X-s∂-bm-Ip-∂p, "-- Po-thm
{_-lv-ssa-h \m-]-c'- -{_-lv-a-Øn¬ \n-∂-\y-am-bn F-s¥-¶n-ep-ap-s≠-∂p-h-∂m¬ {_-lv-aw A-\-¥-a-s√-
∂p h-cpw, A-\-¥-a-√m-Ø-Xp km-h-b-hw, km-h-b-hw hn-`m-Pyw, \-iz-cw. A-Xp-sIm-≠v ]-c-a-k-Xy-am-b
{_lvaw -X-s∂-bm-Wv Cu \m-sa-∂p-f-f k-Xyw a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p-f-f h-gn a-\- n-s\ ip-≤-am-°p-I-sb-
∂p-f-f-Xm-Wv. A-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv \n-jv-Im-a-I¿-Ω-a-\p-jvTn-t°-≠-Xv. A-Xm-b-Xv sN-øp-∂ I¿-Ω-߃
D-]m-k-\-bm-bn-Øo-c-W-sa-∂¿-∞w.
i-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ C-Ø-cw I¿-Ω-Øn¬-\n-∂v hn-Sp-X¬-In-´p-I, ⁄m-\-Øn-s‚ D-Øpw-
K-{irw-K-Øn¬ H-cp Po-h≥ {]-Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ am-{X-am-Wv. B-flm-h-v H-∂v F-∂ _p-≤n-bp-f-f-h-\v,
A-ssZz-X-km-£m-Xv-°m-cw t\-Sn-b-h-\v cm-K-tZz-jm-Zn-Iƒ D-≠m-hp-I-bn-√. F-√mw Xm≥-X-s∂-sb-∂p -]Tn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ tem-I-Øp-Im-Wp-∂ bp-≤-߃-°pw shdp-∏n-\p-sam-s°-bp-f-f a-dp-a-cp-∂m-Wv Cu ssh-Zn-
I-Z¿-i\ - w. c-≠v F-∂p-ff - t- ∏m-gm-Wv I-el
- a
- p-≠m-Ip-∂X - v. ssZz-Xa
- m-Wv I-el
- Ø
- n-s‚ aq-ew, A-ssZz-XØn¬
I-e-l-sa-∂p-f-f-Xv D-≠m-hn-s√-∂¿-∞w. Cu t{i-jvT-Z¿-i-\-sØ Pm-Xn-hy-Xym-k-Øn-\pw a-X-I-e-l-Øn\pw
cm-jv-{S-߃- X-Ωn-ep-f-f In-S-a-’-c-߃-°pw bp-≤-߃-°-sam-s°-bp-f-f {]-Xn-hn-[n-bm-bn am-\-h-P-\-X
a\- n-em-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Z¿-i-\w Xym-K-Øn-em-Wv kp-J-sa-∂v ]Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v hy-‡n-I-fp-tS-bpw
kw-L-ß-fp-tS-bpw A-im-¥n-sb C-√m-Xm-°n \nXym\-µ-{]m-]v-Xn-°p-f-f- h-gn Xp-d-∂p-X-cp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.
A-\m-fl-hm-Z-Øn-t\m, \n-co-iz-c-hm-Z-Øn-t\m H-∂pw C-hn-sS ÿm-\-an-√. F-¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ A-ssZz-X-
Z¿-i-\-{]-Im-c-ap-f-f Cu-iz-c≥ \-Ωp-sS D-f-fn-em-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. B Cu-iz-c-s\ C-t∏mƒ-Ø-s∂ H-cp-h-\v
A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-am-hpw. Cu tem-I-Øn-\p ]p-d-Øn-cn-°p-∂ H-cp Cu-iz-c-\n¬ am-{X-ta \n-co-iz-c-hm-Zw
^-en-°q. C-hn-sS i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ \n-co-iz-c-hn-izm-kn-I-tfm-Sp ]-d-bp-∂-Xv "\o-bm-cv- -F-∂-t\z-jn-°q' F∂mWv.
-"\o \n-s∂ A-dn-bp-I-, A-t∏mƒ \n-\-°vCuiz-c-s\ A-dn-bm≥ I-gn-bp-sa-∂v' ]-d-bp-∂ {io-cm-a-Ir-jv-W-
\pw C-°m-cy-sØ-Ø-s∂ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. A-t∏mƒ B-flm-hn-√ F-∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv X-s∂-Ø-s∂
\n-tj-[n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-Sv Xp-√y-am-Ipw. AXp- sIm-≠p-X-s∂ A-\p-`-hm-[n-jvTn-X-hpw {]m-tbm-Kn-I-hp-am-b
B-Nm-cy-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\p ap-ºn¬ Ip-bp-‡n-hm-Zn-Iƒ-°p ]n-Sn-®p-\n¬-°m≥ I-gn-bm-sX-h-cp-∂p. \n-co-iz-c-
hm-Zn-Iƒ-°pw im-kv-{X-Ip-Xp-In-Iƒ-°pw H-s°-ap-ºn¬ \n-h¿-∂p-\n¬-°m≥ Cu Z¿-i-\-Øn-t\ I-gn-bp-∂p-
f-fq F-∂p km-cw.
k¿-∆-cn-epw H-tc B-flm-hp-X-s∂ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p-sh-∂v Im-Wp-∂-Xn-\m¬ a-‰p-f-f-h-cp-sS \-∑ X-s‚
kz-¥w-Im-cyw-t]m-se D-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-f-f {i-≤-bpw Xm¬-]-cy-hpw A-ssZz-Xw P-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu AssZz
-X-k-¶¬-]-am-Ip-∂p ss\-an-jn-I-hpw [m¿-Ωn-I-hpw k-∑m¿-§n-I-hp-am-b Po-hn-X-Øn-\v G-‰-hpw t{]-c-I-hpw
kzm-`m-hn-I-hp-am-b A-Sn-ÿm-\w. Cu F-I-Xz-⁄m-\-Øn-te-°p-f-f (B-fl-Z¿-i-\w) D-]m-bw iaw, Z-aw
apX-em-b-h-bm¬ kw-kv-I-cn-°-s∏-´ a-\- m-Ip-∂p(i-a-Z-am-Zn-kw-kv-Ir-Xw a-\ B-fl-Z¿-i-t\ I-c-Ww). ]-c-
am-\-µ-Øn-\v B-h-iy-am-b Cu -a-t\m-a-e-Xym-K-am-Ip-∂p A-ssZz-X-Øn-te-°p-f-f tkm-]m-\w. a-\- n-s‚
ae-ß-fm-Ip-∂p a-\- n-s‚ Nm-cn-{Xy-ip-≤n-sb \-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. i-¶-c-Z¿-i-\w Nm-cn-{Xy-ip-≤n-°v C-{X-tbsd
{]m-[m-\yw sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-f-f Im-c-W-hpw C-Xp-X-s∂. Nn-Ø-ip-≤n-bn-√m-sX tam-£-an-s√-∂mWv BNm-
cy-a-Xw. cm-h-Wm-Zn-Iƒ-t]m-epw P-]-hpw ]q-P-bpw A-·n-tlm-{X-hpw A-\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw Ah-sc
cm-£-k-cm-bn I-W-°m-°m≥ Im-c-Ww A-h¿-°v (Ko-X-bn-epw a-‰pw ]-d-bp-∂) "ssZ-ho-k-º-Øv' C-√m-Ø-
Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv({_-lv-a-N-cyw, A-lnw-k,k-Xyw A-kv-tX-bm-Zn-Iƒ). "a-Xw A-\p-`q-Xn-bm-Wv, Nm-cn-{X-ip-≤n-
bm-Wv A-\p-`q-Xn-bp-sS am-\-Z-fiw'- F-∂ hn-th-Im-\-µ-hm-Wn-Iƒ Cu Z¿-i-\-Øn-s‚ hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-am-bn-
Im-Wm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. a-\- n-s\ ip-≤-am-°m-\p-f-f G-‰-hpw ]-‰n-b-am¿-§w `-‡n-b-s{X. Cu `-‡n-bp-≠m-hm-
\m-bn sN-tø-≠-Im-cyw Cu-iz-cm¿-∏-W-_p-≤n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn kz-[¿-Ω-a-\p-jvTn-°p-I-bm-Wv.(kz-I¿-Ω-Wm Xa-
`y¿-®y kn-≤nw hn-µ-Xn am-\-hx, tkz tkz I¿-Ω-Wy-`n-c-Xx kw-kn-≤nw e-`-tX \-cx). A-Ø-c-Øn¬
ip≤X h-∂ Po-h-\p am-{X-ta {i-h-W-hpw a-\-\-hpw \n-Zn-≤ym-k-\-hpw sIm-≠v A-\p-`q-Xnbp≠m-Iq. -]-cn-
ip-≤-\p-am-{X-ta A-\p-`q-Xn-bp-≠m-hq- F-∂m-bn ]-d-bp-∂-Xpw C-tX Im-cy-am-Wv.
]-c-a-am-b e-£y-{]m-]v-Xn-bv-°v k¿-∆-kw-K-]-cn-Xym-Kn-bm-b k-∂ym-kn-am-{X-ta B-[n-Im-cn-bm-bp-f-fq
F-∂ _p-≤-s‚ kn-≤m-¥w-X-s∂ i-¶-c-\pw,- k -- -∂ym-kn-t° t\-cn-´p-f-f {_-lv-a-⁄m-\w -ssIhcp∂p≈q
sh∂ co-Xn-bn¬ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Kr-l-ÿ-\pw I¿-Ωn-°pw \n-jv-Im-a-I¿-Ωm-\p-jvTm-\w-sIm-≠v ]-c-
º-c-bm tam-£-{]m-]v-Xn-bp-≠m-Imw F-∂-√m-sX k-∂ym-kn-am¿-°p-≠m-Ip-∂ t\-cn-´p-f-f {_-lv-a-⁄m-\w
In-´n-√. am-{X-a-√ Kp¿-∆-\p-{K-l-Øn-\pw km-{º-Zm-bn-I-bv-°pw i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ h-f-sc-tb-sd {]m-[m-\yw \¬Ip-
∂-Xm-bn Im-Wp-∂p-≠v. k-{º-Zm-b-an-√m-Ø-h¿ D-t]-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-sW-∂m-Wv im-¶-c-a-Xw, ""-A-k-
{º-Zm-b-hm≥ k¿-∆-im-kv-{X-hn-Z-]n aq¿-J-h-Zp-t]-£-Wo-bx-''. A-\m-Zn-Im-ew ap-X¬ `m-c-X-Øn¬ \n-e-\n-
∂n-cp-∂-Xpw D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-fm¬ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´-Xpw, Ir-jv-W-\m-bn A-h-X-cn-®v e-fn-X-hm-Iy-߃ h-
gn kw{K-ln-®v A¿-÷p-\-s\ \n-an-Ø-am-°n-s°m-≠v Ko-X-bm-bn tem-I-Øn-\v In-´n-b-Xpw, hym-k≥ A-Xn-
s‚ bp‡n-I-sf hy-‡-am-°n-b-Xp-am-b ssh-Zn-I-[¿-Ω-sØ-Ø-s∂ `m-jy-ß-fpw {]-I-c-W-{K-\v-Y-ß-fpw-h-
gn Ipsd-°q-Sn kw-{K-l-hpw kp-c-£n-X-hp-am-°p-I am-{X-am-Wv B-Nm-cy-kzm-an-Iƒ sN-bv-X-Xv. B a-X-sØ
C-ßs\ kw-{K-ln-°mw.
"]-cw k-Zv -{_-lv-ssa-hm-k-Zn-Z-a-Jn-ew Po-h-\n-e-bw
 P-K-Xv kzo-bmƒhn-Zym-hn-e-kn-X-an-Zw Nm-\p-`-h-Xn
hn-\-jv-Sm-bmw b-kymw kz-]-c-hn-j-bm-ssZz-X-I-e-bm
kz-Io-bm-am-]v-t\m-Xn {]-Ir-Xn-an-Xn Nm-ssZz-X-]-Z-ho-'
B-Nm-cy-kzm-an-I-fp-sS a-X-{]-Im-cw ]-c-am¿-∞-k-Xyw Cu-iz-c≥ am-{X-am-Wv. Po-h-\pw P-K-Øpw Cu-iz-
c-¶¬-\n-∂p `n-∂-a-√. Po-h-s‚ Po-h-Xz-hpw P-K-Øn-s‚ P-K-Xz-hpw an-Yy-bm-Wv. {_-lv-aw X-s∂-bm-Wv Po-
h-\m-bpw P-K-Øm-bpw {]-Xn-`m-kn-°p-∂-Xv.
-th-Zm-¥-kn-≤m-¥-\n-cp-‡n-tc-jm
{_-lv-ssa-h Po-hx k-I-ew P-K-®- -
Po-h-\pw P-K-Øpw {_-lv-a-a-√m-sX th-sdm-∂m-bn tXm-∂p-∂-Xv A-⁄m-\w \n-an-Ø-am-Wv. F-t∏mƒ
A-`ym-kw \n-an-Øw A-⁄m-\w \-in-°p-∂p-thm A-t∏mƒ C-Xp {]-Xy-£-am-bn A-\p-`-hn-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.
Po-h-s‚ k-kz-cq-]-{]-Xn-jvT A-Y-hm k-kz-cq-]-⁄m-\w X-s∂ tam-£w. C-Xm-Wv im-¶-c-a-Xw.
Cu Z¿-i-\w Pm-Xn, a-X-h¿-§-hy-Xym-k-߃-°p ÿm-\-an-√m-Ø-Xpw A-‘-hn-izm-k-sØ \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-
\w sN-øp-∂-Xpw k-∑m¿-§-\n-jvT-bn¬ A-Sn-ÿm-\-ap-d-®-Xpw Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-tc-bpw kz-[¿-Ωw sN-øm-\p-]-tZ-
in-°p-∂-Xpw ]p-tcm-ln-X-X-{¥-ß-°p bm-sXm-cp ÿm-\-an-√m-Ø-Xp-a-s{X. A-Xv F-√m Po-h-∑m-cpw Cu-iz-
c-\m-Ip-∂ A-·n-bp-sS kv-^p-enw-K-ß-fm-sW-∂pw A-Xn-\m¬ k-a-∑m-cm-sW-∂pw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂ km-tlm-
Z-cy-Øn-s‚ Z¿-i-\-am-Ip-∂p. A-fl-kz-cq-]-Øn-\p-am-{Xw {]m-[m-\yw \-ev-Ip-tºmƒ a-Xw, Pm-Xn F-∂o co-
Xn-bn-ep-f-f hn-`-P-\-߃ A-{]-k-‡-am-bn-Øo-cp-a-t√m? "-- k¿-∆-`q-X-ln-tX-c-Xmx-' F-∂p Im-Wp-∂ X-e-
Øn-te-°p-f-f D-b¿-®-bm-Wn-Xv. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ B-Nm-cy-kzm-an-Iƒ ⁄m-\n-bpw, `-‡-\pw, tbm-Kn-bpw,
I¿-Ωn-bpw F-√mw H-∂n-®p-tN¿-∂ H-cp a-lm-flmhm-bn-cp-∂p. tkz-iz-cw, \n-co-iz-cw F-∂o co-Xn-bn¬ tem-
I-Øp-f-f a-X-߃ c-≠p-X-c-am-Wv. A-Xn¬-Ø-s∂ tk-iz-c-a-X-߃ km-Im-c-co-Xn ]n-¥p-S-cp-∂-h
H-tc-sbm-cp A-h-Xm-c-]p-cp-j-s\ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I \n-an-Øw ]-e-t∏m-gpw k-¶p-Nn-X-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.
F-∂m¬ tk-iz-c-a-X-ß-fn-se th-Zm-¥-a-Xw \m-\m-co-Xn-bn-ep-f-f A-h-Xm-c-߃-°p ÿm-\w \¬-Ip-I
h-gn \n-e-hn-ep-f-f-h-bv-°pw `m-hn-bn¬ hcm-\n-cn-°p-∂ a-lm-fl-°-sf-°q-Sn Dƒ-s°m-f-fm≥ ]-cym-]v-X-am-b
X-e-Øn-te-bv-°p-f-f hn-im-e-X-bn-te-°p-b-cp-∂p.
A-ssZz-X-a-X-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-bn i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ ]-d-bp-∂-Xv A-\p-`-h-sØ-bm-W-t√m. "A-\p-`-hm-
h-km-\-Xzm-Xv-`q-X-h-kv-Xp-hn-j-Xzm-® {_-lv-a ⁄m-\-ky'- -F-∂-t±-lw {_-lv-a-kq-{X`m-jy-Øn¬- ]d-bp-
∂p. {ip-Xn-sb-t∏m-epw {]-Xy-£-⁄m-\-Øn-\p -hn-cp-≤-am-sW-¶n¬ X-f-fn-°-f-bm-\m-Wv A-t±-lw ]Tn-∏n-
®-Xv "\q-dp-th-Zw H-∂n-®p-\n-∂ Xo-bv-°v X-Wp-∏m-Wv-' F-∂p ]-d-™m¬ {]-am-W-am-In-√ F-∂p ]-d-™v th-
Z-tØm-Sv sh-√p-hn-fn \-S-Øp-∂ A-t±-lw H-∂mw ÿm-\w \-ev-Ip-∂-Xv A-\p-`-h-Øn-\p- X-s∂-bm-Wv;
c-≠mw ÿm-\w {ip-Xn-bv-°pw, aq-∂mw ÿm-\w bp-‡n-bv-°pw. {ipXn-sb-∂m¬ A-\p-`-h-ÿ-cp-sS (B-]v-
X-∑m-cp-sS) hm-Iy-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠v c-≠mw ÿm-\-Øp \n-ev-°p-∂p. bp-‡n-bv-°v ÿn-c-X-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-
≠m-Wv {ip-Xn-bv-°v bp-‡n-tb-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-am-Wyw I-ev-∏n-®n-´p-f-f-Xv (\ Xp {]-Xy-£-hn-j-tb {ip-
tX {]m-am-Wyw). bp-‡n-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS cm-Pm-hm-bn-´m-Wv a-lm-fl-Pn i¶cm-Nm-cy-sc hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
{]-Xy-£m-\p-`-h-am-b Cu A-ssZz-X-km-cw a-\- n-em-°m-\p-f-f h-gn km-[-\-b-\p-jvTn-°p-I F-∂-Xp-am-{X-
am-Wv. H-∂p-ta I-Æpw-]q-´n hn-iz-kn-°p-hm≥ A-hn-Sp-∂p \n¿-_-‘n-°p-∂n-√. "-t{im-X-thym-a-¥-thym \n-
Zn-≤ym-kn-X-thym-' -F-∂-s{X B-Nm-cykn-≤m-¥w. A-Xm-b-Xv Kp-cp-hn¬-\n-∂pw a-lm-hm-Iyw {i-hn-® in-
jy≥ \n-c-¥-cm-`ym-kw A-\p-`q-Xn-]-cy-¥w sN-ø-W-sa-∂v A-hn-Sp-∂p \n¿-_-‘n-°p-∂p. B-Nm-cy-\v a-Xw
sh-dpw hm-°p-I-fp-sS Iq-´-a-√. \n-c-¥-cm-`ym-k-^-e-am-bp-≠m-Ip-∂ A-\p-`q-Xn-bm-Wv. A-Xn-t∏mƒ C-hn-sS-
h-®p-X-s∂ A-\p-`-hn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv(A-{X {_-lv-a k-a-iv-\p-tX) i-¶-c≥ `-‡n-tbm I¿-Ω-tØ-tbm tbm-
K-tØ-tbm H-∂pw-X-s∂ \n-tj-[n-°p-∂n-√. a-dn-®v A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ aX-Øn¬ F-√m-‰n-\pw ÿm-\-ap-≠v.
F-∂m¬ {]-Xy-£m-\p-`q-Xn-bpw. \n-cm-Im-c-\-b Cu-iz-c-s\ \n-jv-Im-a-ambn G-Xp-cq-]-Øn¬ D-]m-kn-®m-
epw Nn-Ø-ip-≤n-t\-Sm-sa-∂v ]-d-bp-∂ A-t±-lw im-‡-\pw, ssi-h-\pw, ssh-jv-W-h-\pw H-s°-bm-Wv. am-
{X-a-√ i-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sS kq-jv-a-X-bv-°p-ap-ºn¬ In-S-]n-Sn-bv-°m≥ tem-I-Øn-se a-s‰m-cp -kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\pw
I-gn-bp-I-bn-s√-∂v {_-lv-a-kq-{X-`m-jyw Cw-•o-jn-te-°v B-Zy-am-bn X¿-÷-a-sN-bv-X tUm: Xo-t_m-bp-sS
hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-epw C-hn-sS {it±-bam-Wv.
A-hn-Sp-sØ Z¿-i-\-Øn-s‚ Kw-`o-c-am-b {]m-tbm-Kn-I-X-bm-Wv a-s‰m-cp {]-tXy-I-X. k¿-∆-im-kv-{X-ß-fp-
tS-bpw km-c-am-b {]-ÿm-\-{X-b-Øn-\v kzm-\p-`q-Xn-sb A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n `m-jy-sa-gp-Xn-b A-t±-lw A-h-
bn-se D-]-tZ-i-ß-sf B-{i-bn-®v a-≤y--a-µm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ-°m-bn kz-X-{¥-Ir-Xn-I-fpw F-gp-Xn-sh-®p. a-\- v hn-
c-‡-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ A-Xp ip-≤-am-°-Ww, A-Xn-\p-th-≠-Xv \n-jv-Im-a-I¿-Ω-hpw. A-Xn-\m¬ km-[m-c-W
a-\p-jy-\v B-h-iyw hn-c-‡n-]-cy-¥-ap-f-f I¿-Ω-a-s{X. H-cm-fp-tS-bpw hn-izm-k-sØ l-\n-°m-sX-bpw km-
[m-c-W-°m-cp-sS _p-≤n-sb H-´p-ta {`-an-∏n-°m-sX-bp-am-Wv i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ X-s‚ Zu-Xyw ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-®-Xv.
-"Xm-\-Ir-Xv-kv-\-hn-tZm a-µm≥ Ir-kv-\-hn-∂ hn-Nm-e-tb-Xv-' F-∂ Ko-Xm-h-N-\-Øn-se {]m-tbm-Kn-I-X-sb
A-hn-Sp-sØ Zu-Xy-Øn¬ D-S-\o-fw Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw. tZ-h-X-I-fn-ep-f-f hn-izm-k-hpw `-‡n-bpw Nn-Ø-ip-
≤n-°m-bn {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-S-W-sa-∂pw F-∂m¬ ]-c-am¿-∞-k-Øpw \-Ωp-sS kz-cq-]-hp-am-b {_-lv-a-sØ A-
dn-™n-s√-¶n¬ tam-£w In-´n-s√-∂p-am-Wv A¿-∞-i-¶-°n-S-bn-√m-Ø-hn-[w A-hn-Sp-∂v D-Zv-t_m-[n-∏n-®-Xv.
A-¥x-k-∂ym-kn-bm-b Kr-l-ÿ-s‚ \n-e-bpw B-Nm-cy-kzm-an-Iƒ k-Ω-Xn-®n-´p-≠v.
A-hn-Sp-sØ Zo-\m-\p-I-º-bm-Wv a-s‰m-∂v. `n-£-sb-Sp-°m≥ t]m-b ho-´n-se Zp-c-h-ÿ-I-≠ Im-cp-Wy-
hm-\m-bn "I-\-I-[m-cm-kv-tXm-{Xw' sNm-√n-b kw-`-h-hpw tcm-Kn-Wn-bm-b A-Ω-tbm-Sp-f-f Im-cp-Wyw {]-I-Sn-
∏n-®v \-Zn-sb K-Xn-am-‰n H-gp-°n-b-Xpw in-jy-\m-b a-fi-\-an-{X≥ \-ev-In-b kz-Øv A-t∏mƒ-Ø-s∂ ]m-h-
߃-°m-bn ]-Ip-Øp \-ev-Ip-I-bpw sN-bv-X Im-cy-hp-sam-s° kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv A-hn-Sp-∂p-f-fn¬ kq-£n-®
Zo-\m-\p-I-º-bp-sS hym-]v-Xn-bm-Wv. ]-Ww Z-cn-{Z¿-°v sIm-Sp-°m-\m-Wv k-ºm-Zn-t°-≠-sX-∂p Kr-l-ÿ-s\
]Tn-∏n-°p-∂ i-¶-tcm-]-tZ-i-hpw C-hn-sS kv-a-c-Wo-b-am-Wv (tZ-bw Zo-\-P-\m-b N hn-Øw--- ˛ `--- -P-tKm-hn-µw).
am-bm-kn-≤m-¥-sa-∂m¬
i-¶-cm-Nm-cy-kzm-an-I-fp-sS am-bm-hm-Zw I-ev-]-\-b-√. am-b C-√m-Ø-X-√, am-bm-kn-≤m-¥-sa-∂m¬, am-b-
sb A-t±-lw \n¿-∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xv C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv,
"k-∂m-]y-k-∂m-]yp-`-bm-fln-Im t\m
`n-∂m-]y-`n-∂m-]yp-`-bm-fln-Im t\m
kw-Km-]y-kw-Km-]yp-`-bm-fln-Im t\m
a-lm-¤p-Xm-mƒ-\n¿-h-N-\o-b-cq-]m-' -
am-b k-sØ-∂pw A-k-sØ-∂pw D-f-f c-≠p-sIm-≠pw A-\n¿-h-N-\o-b-am-Wv. A-Xv A-\p-`-h-\n-jvT-am-
sW-¶n-epw ]m-c-am¿-∞n-I-k-Ø-bp-f-f-X-√. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ k-®n-Zm-\-¥-am-b-Xv P-K-Øm-bn Zr-jv-Sm-hn-\p
tXm-∂n-°p-∂-tX-Xp-sIm-t≠m A-Xm-Wp am-b, A-Xn-√m-Ø-X-√ "-- k-Z-k-Zv-`ymw A-\n¿-∆-N-\o-bw-' F-∂m-
Wv. D-s≠-¶n-epw C-√m-Ø-Xpw, C-√m-Ø-sX-¶n-epw D-f-f-Xp-am-Wv. Cu Im-Wp-∂ P-K-Øv A-hn-Zy \n-an-Øw
{_-lv-a-Øn¬ A-≤y-ÿ-am-Wv. I-b-dn¬ ]m-ºpw, ap-Øp-®n-∏n-bn¬ sh-f-fn-bpw t\m-°p-∂-bm-fn-s‚ A-hn-
Zy-\n-an-Øw A-≤y-ÿ-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se. Cu A-hn-Zy-sb-Ø-s∂ am-b-sb-∂pw km-[m-c-W-`m-j-
bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p. A-sXm-cp {]-tXy-I k-Zy-kv-Xp-h-√. {_-lv-a-Øn-t‚-bpw P-K-Øn-t‚-bpw k-Xy-Xzw Pm-{K-
t√m-I-Øn-t‚-bpw kz-]v-\-tem-I-Øn-t‚-bpw k-Xy-Xzw t]m-se-bm-sW-∂p ]-d-bmw. P-K-Øv am-b-bm-sW-
t∂m an-Yy-bm-sW-t∂m ]-d-bp-∂-Xn-\v A-Xn-s‚ k-Xyw {_-lv-a-Øn-t‚-Xn¬-\n-∂p Xm-W-X-c-Øn-ep-f-f-Xm-
sW-t∂ A¿-∞-ap-f-fq. a-Æp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂ Ip-sd Ip-S-߃, AXn¬ Ip-S-Øn-se a-Æp am-{X-
am-Wv k-Xyw. a¨-]m-{X-ß-fn¬ a-sÆm-gn-®v _m-°n-bp-f-f-h am-bm-Im-cy-ß-fm-Ip-∂ A-h-bp-sS \m-a-cq-]-
߃ am-{X-am-Wv. A-Xp-t]m-se Cu P-K-Øpw \m-a-cq-]m-fl-I-am-b am-bm-Im-cy-߃ am{Xsa∂p ]-d-bmw.
sX-‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ
i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ "{]-Nv-O-∂ _p-≤'-\m-sW-∂ B-t£-]w Nn-e¿ B-tcm-]n-°p-∂p-≠v. F-∂m¬ _u-≤-
∑m¿ th-Z-{]m-am-Wyw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-Ø-h-cm-Wv. i-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cm-h-s´ ssh-Zn-I-]-£-]m-Xn-bpw. _p-≤-a-Xw
{ip-Xn-{]m-am-Wy-sØ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂n-√, I¿-Ω-Im-fi-sØ B-Z-cn-°p-∂p-an-√. {ip-Xn-bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂ Im-
ay-\n-jn-≤-I¿-Ω-ß-sf ap-ap-£p F-Sp-°-cp-sX-t∂-bp-f-fq F-∂m-Wv i-¶-c-s‚ ]-£w. A-Xn-\pw ]p-d-ta
A-hn-Sp-∂v Cu-iz-c-t{]-an-bm-Wv. Cu-iz-c-\n-epw Kp-cp-hn-epw H-cp-t]m-se `-‡n-bp-f-f-h-\p-am-{X-ta ⁄m-\-
em-`w D-≠m-Ip-I-bp-f-fq-sh-∂-t±-lw `m-jy-Øn-ep-≤-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. bp-‡n-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS cm-Pm-hm-bn hn-ti-
jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ A-t±-lw {]m¿-∞-\-bv-°pw hn-izm-k-Øn-\p-sam-s° {]-ap-J-ÿm-\w \-ev-In. k-I-e-I¿-
Ω-ß-fpw Cu-iz-cm¿-∏-W-_p-≤n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn sN-øm-\m-Wv B-Nm-cy-s‚ D-]-tZ-iw. A-ssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬
]-d-bp-∂ "am-bm-hm-Zw' _p-≤-a-X-Øn¬-\n-∂pw I-Sw-sIm-≠-Xm-sW-∂ Im-cy-hpw i-cn-b-√. tiz-Xm-iz-X-
tcm]-\n-j-Øn¬ {]-Ir-Xn-sb am-b-bm-bn ]-d-bp-∂ Im-cyw(am-bmw Xp {]-Ir-Xnw hn-≤ymXv am-bn-\w Xp a-
tlizcw) X-s∂ D-Zm-l-c-Ww. a-s‰m-∂m-Wv i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ I¿-Ω-hn-tcm-[n-bm-sW-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. a-\- p
ip-≤-am-°m≥ B-Nm-cy≥ D-]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv "\n-jv-Im-a-I¿-Ω'-sØ-bm-Wv, a-\- p ip-≤-am-b-h-t\ ⁄m-\-ap-
≠m-Iq. F-∂m¬ A-hn-Sp-∂v I¿-Ω-ap-]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv k-Xz-ip-≤n-°p-th-≠n-bm-Wv. D-]m-k-\-t]m-epw I¿-
Ω-Øn-s‚ Aw-i-am-Wv. A-t±-lw ⁄m-\n-°v I¿-Ωw sN-tø-≠-Xn-s√-∂p-X-s∂ ]-d-bp-∂p. tbm-Km-cq-U\v
I¿-Ω-Øn-s‚ B-h-iy-an-√. (B-cq-cp-t£m¿ ap-t\¿ tbm-Kw˛ Ko-X...). F-¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ ⁄m-\n B-
]v-X-Im-a-\m-Wv. Im-a-ß-sf-sb-√mw km-[n-®v C-\n-sbm-∂pw km-[n-°m-\n-√m-Ø-h≥ ]n-s∂ F-¥n-\m-bn
I¿-Ωw sN-ø-Ww? `-K-hm≥ {io-cm-a-Ir-jv-W≥ ]-d-bm-dp-≠v, "]q¿-Æ-K¿-`n-Wn-bm-bm¬ I¿-Ω-ap-≠m-bn-cn-
°-bn-s√-∂v, ap-gp-°p-Sn-b-\v {]-hr-Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-s√-∂pw'. A-Xp-sIm-≠v ⁄m-\n-bp-sS I¿-
Ωw hn-e-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv a-s‰m-cp co-Xn-bn-em-Wv ({ioIr-jv-W-s‚ I¿-Ωw t]m-se). ⁄m-\n-bp-sS {]-hr-
Øn-cq-]-am-bn Im-Wp-∂ hym-]m-c-sØ I¿-Ω-sa-∂p ]-d-™p-Iq-Sm. H-cp \n-an-jw t]m-epw hn-{i-an-°m-sX
Po-hn-Xw ap-gp-h≥-sIm-≠pw sN-bv-Xp-Xo¿-Ø B-Nm-cy-kzm-an-I-fp-sS Zu-Xy-]q¿-Øo-I-c-W-Øn¬ \n-∂pw a-
\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv i-¶-c≥ I¿-Ω-hn-tcm-[n-bm-sW-∂m-tWm? ap-∏-Xp h-b- n-\p-f-fn¬ C-{X-bpw I¿-Ωw sN-
bv-X a-‰m-cp-≠v? F-∂ tNm-Zy-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. A-hn-Sp-∂v I¿-Ω-tØ-tbm, `-‡n-tb-tbm, tbm-K-
tØ-tbm H-∂pw \n-tj-[n-°p-∂n-√, ⁄m-\-am-Wv ]-c-tam-Xv-Ir-jv-S-sa-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p-sh-∂p am-{Xw. A-e-k-
cm-Im≥ t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p ]-I-cw Hm-tcm Po-h-t\m-Spw B-flm-\p-`q-Xn-bv-°p-th-≠n {]-b-Xv-\n-°m≥ A-
hn-Sp-∂v B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. am-{X-hp-a-√ tem-I-Øn-ep-f-f k-I-e-Po-h-∑-mtc-bpw B-flm-\p-`q-Xn-bn-se-Øn-°p-
∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n {]-h¿-Øn-°m≥ Hm-tcm B-fl-\n-jvT-t\-bpw B-Nm-cy-kzm-an-Iƒ X-s‚ Po-hn-X-Øn-eq-sS
t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xpw Hm¿-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
"a-\o-jm-]-©-Iw' F-∂ Ir-Xn B-Nm-cy-kzm-an-I-sf Pm-Xn-bp-am-bn Iq-´n-hm-bn-°p-∂-Xp i-cn-b-s√-∂p
Im-Wn-°p-∂p. Pm-Xn-hy-Xym-kw \n-c¿-∞-I-am-sW-∂m-Wv A-hn-Sp-∂p \-sΩ ]Tn-∏n-®Xv. hym-h-lm-cn-I {]-
]-©-Øn¬ "Nm-Xp¿-h¿-Æy-hy-h-ÿ' A-t±-lw Aw-Ko-I-cn-s®-¶n-epw Pm-Xn-bn-s√-∂m-Wv A-hn-Sp-∂v ]Tn-
∏n-®-Xv. "\ ar-Xyp¿ \ i-¶m \ ta Pm-Xn-t`-Z-,' F-\n-°v a-c-W-an-√, i-¶-bn-√, Pm-Xn-t`-Z-hp-an-√ F-∂m-Wv
A-hn-Sp-s∂-gp-Xn-b Ir-Xn-Iƒ \-tΩm-Sv D-Zv-t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. _p-≤n-am≥ I¿-Ω-߃-°p Im-c-W-am-b Pm-
Xn ap-X-em-b-h-sb sh-Sn-™n-´v im-kv-{X-a-\p-k-cn-®v I¿-Ω-Im-c-W-ß-tfm-Sp s]m-cp-Ø-an-√m-Ø-Xm-b B-fl-
kz-cq-]-sØ-kv-a-cn-°-Ww F-∂v D-]-tZ-i-km-l-{kn-bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p. ap-‡n th-≠-h≥ -Pm-Xn-\o-Xn Ip-e
tKm-{X-±q-c-I-am-b B-flm-hm-Wv Xm-s\-∂v a-\-\w sN-ø-W-sa-∂m-Wv A-hn-Sp-∂v D-]-tZ-in-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. Pm-
Xym-Zn-I-sf Xy-Pn-°-Ww F-∂v D-]-tZ-i-km-l-{kn-bn-epw ]-d-bp-∂p. kq-{X-`m-jy-Øn¬ "A-]-iq-{Zm-[n-I-c-
W-`m-jyw' F-gp-Xnb B-Nm-cy-kzm-an-Iƒ X-s∂-bm-Wv "hn-[p-cm-[n-I-c-W'-Øn-\pw `m-jy-sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p-f-f-
sX-∂p-Iq-Sn Hm¿-Ωn-®m¬ B-Nm-cy-kzm-an-Iƒ B-tcm-]n-®n-´p-f-f Pm-Xn-]-£-]m-Xn-Xzw A¿-∞-iq-\y-am-sW-
∂p t_m-[y-am-Ipw.
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS -Zu-Xyw
km-£m-Xv-Im-cm-\-¥-cw a-lm-flm-°ƒ Xn-cn-®p-h-∂v {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv hm-k-\-sIm-≠m-sW-∂p
I-cp-Xp-I h-ø. tem-I-Øn-se Hm-tcm a-\- pw k¿-∆-hym-]-I-am-b a-\- n-s‚ `m-K-am-Wv. `-‡-∑m-cp-sS lr-
Z-b-Øn¬-\n-∂pw ]p-d-s∏-Sp-∂ \n-c-¥-c-{]m¿-∞-\-bpw hym-Ip-e-X-bpw k¿-∆-hym-]-I-am-b (Cosmic mind)
a-l-Øn-s\ kv-]¿-in-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ ^-e-am-bn-´v {_-lv-a-km-£m-Xv-°m-cw e-`n-°p-∂ A-\-h-[n Po-h-∑m-cn¬
H-cp-h≥ Xm-tg-°p-h-cp-∂p-sh-∂ Im-cy-sØ-bm-Wv A-h-Xm-c-Zu-Xy-am-bn a-\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv.i-¶-cm-Nm-cy-
cpsS Im-e-Øv C-¥y ap-gp-h-\m-bn Ip-a-X-߃ \n-d-bp-I-bpw {]-N-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. Zp-jn-®pt]mb
_p-≤-a-X-Øn-s‚ A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ, ]-c-kv-]-cw t]m-c-Sn-°p-∂ im-‡ssh-jv-W-h a-X-߃, A-\-h-[n A-
‘-hn-izm-k-ß-tf-bpw Zp-cm-Nm-c-ß-tf-bpw kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂ Im-]m-en-I ]m-ip-]-X-a-X-߃, Cu-iz-c-\n-s√-
∂p ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂ kmw-Jy-a-Xw, ]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cp-sS Ip-X-{¥-߃ k-aq-l-Øn¬ \-S-∏m-°n-bn-cp-∂ ao-amw-
k-I-a-Xw C-h-sb-√mw b-Ym¿-∞-[¿-Ω-sØ C-√m-Xm-°n-b H-cp Im-e-Øm-Wv {io-i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ X-s‚ Zu-
Xyw ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-°m-\m-bn h-∂-Xv. A-t±-lw ]-c-kv-]-cw I-e-ln-°p-∂ bp-‡n-iq-\y-ß-fpw A-\m-Nm-c-P-
Sn-e-ß-fpw B-b im-‡Im-]m-en-Im-Zn a-X-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw B-flm-hn-epw Cu-iz-c-\n-epw hn-iz-kn-°m-Ø
A-[x-]-Xn-® _p-≤-a-X-Øn¬-\n-∂pw k-\m-X-\-[¿-Ω-sØ c-£n-®p. A-hn-Sp-sØ P-\-\w G-I-tZ-iw G.Un.
800˛ em-sW-∂v I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Kp-cp-hn¬-\n-∂pw k-∂ym-kw kzo-I-cn-®-bp-S-s\ X-s∂ \n¿-∆n-I-ev-]-k-am-
[n-bn-se-Øn-b in-jy-\v Kp-cp \-ev-In-b Zu-Xyw [¿-Ωw {]-N-cn-∏n-®v `m-c-X-`q-an-sb ap-gp-h-\m-bn A-[¿-Ω-
Øn¬-\n-∂pw ho-s≠-Sp-Øv [¿-Ω-am¿-§-Øn¬ {]-Xn-jvT -\-S-Øm-\m-Wv. A-ß-s\-sb-gp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv 16˛mw
h-b- n-\p-f-fn¬ ]q¿-Øn-bm-b `m-jy-ß-fpw Ir-Xn-I-fpw. A-ß-s\ A-hn-Sp-∂v ln-µp-a-X-Øn-se aq-e-{K-\v-
Y-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v \n-jv-Ir-jv-S-hpw \n-iv-Nn-X-hp-am-b A¿-∞w {K-ln-°m≥ I-gn-hp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v ]-cym-]v-X-
amb co-Xn-bn-ep-f-f Kw-`o-c-am-b H-cp `m-jyw {]-ÿm-\-{X-b-Øn-\p \-ev-In. hn-th-Im-\-µ-kzm-an ]-d-™n-´p-
f-f-Xv k-aq-l-sØ t\¿-h-gn-°p- \-bn-°m≥ B-Zyw B-≤ym-fln-I ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-am-Wv th-≠-Xv F-∂m-Wv.
A-Xp-Iq-Sm-sX H-cp ]-cn-jv-Im-c-hpw km-[y-a-√-X-s∂.
i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ A-[m¿-Ωn-I-ß-fpw Zp¿-_-e-ß-fp-am-b k¿-∆- B-i-b-ß-tf-bpw ln-µp-[¿-Ω-]-cn-[n-bn¬-
\n-∂pw \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\w sN-bv-Xp. F-∂n-´v ]-cn-ip-≤ ln-µp-a-X-sØ A-hn-Sp-∂v C-hn-sS ÿm-]n-®p. A-hn-
Sp-∂v A-h-X-cn-®n-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ `m-c-Xw A-‘-hn-izm-k-Øn-t‚-bpw \n-co-iz-c-hm-Z-Øn-t‚-bpw A-\m-
fl-hm-Z-Øn-t‚-bpw \n¿-Ω-X-Xz-Øn-t‚-bpw tI-fo-cw-K-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂
th-Zm-¥-a-X-Øn-s‚ {]-tbm-P-\w "C-t∏mƒ C-hn-sS-sh-®p-X-s∂ A-\p-`-hn-°m-hp-∂'-Xm-I-bm¬ H-cp \n-co-
iz-c-hm-Zn-°p-t]m-epw A-Xp \n-tj-[n-°m-hp-∂-X-√. C-iz-cm¿-∏-W-_p-≤ym th-tZm-‡-I¿-Ωw sN-bv-Xv Nn-
Ø-ip-≤n k-ºm-Zn-®v \n-Xy-am-b B-flm-hn-s‚ b-Ym¿-∞-kz-cq-]w A-dn-™v \n-Xym-fl-{]-Xn-jv-Sn-X-\m-Ip-I-
bm-Wv a-\p-jy-s‚ I¿-Ø-hy-sa-∂v am-\-h-cm-in-sb ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p i-¶-cm-Nm-cy-kzm-an-Iƒ. Np-cp-°-Øn¬
A-hn-Sp-sØ ap-Jy-k-tµ-iw a-\- n-s\ cm-K-tZz-j-ß-f-‰-Xm-°p-∂p F-∂-X-s{X. A-{]-Im-cw a-\- n-s\ ip-
≤-am-°n A-Xn-s\ D-f-fn-te-°p Xn-cn-®m¬ Rm≥ F-∂ hy-h-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ h-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ kz-cq-]w A-dn-
bm≥ I-gn-bpw. F-t∏mƒ A-Xn-s\ A-dn-bp-∂p-thm A-t∏mƒ A-Xv tZ-i-Im-e-]-cn-an-X-a-√m-Ø k¿-∆-hym-
]-I-hpw A-Zz-Xo-b-hp-am-b-Xm-sW-∂v A-dn-bm≥ I-gn-bpw, C-Xm-Wv i-¶-c-a-Xw. B-flm-hp-s≠-∂p-f-f-Xn-\v
sX-fn-hv A-Xn-s\ Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bp-sa-∂p-f-f-X-s{X. C-{]-Im-c-ap-f-f k-tµ-i-ta-In-b Cu A-ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-
s‚ ]-c-º-c-bn¬-s∏-´-h-cm-Wv C-¥y-bn-se an-°-hm-dpw F-√m ap-Jy-k-∂ym-kn-k-{º-Zm-b-ß-fpw. B k-
∂ym-k-]-c-º-c-bm-Wv `-K-hm≥ {io-cm-a-Ir-jv-W-\pw Kp-cp-ÿm-\-Øp-\n¬-°m≥ ]-cym-]v-X-am-b H-cp tXm-
Xm-]p-cn-sb kr-jv-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø-sX-t∂m¿-°p-I.
i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ tem-I-Øn-\p \-ev-In-b Ir-Xn-I-fpw B-i-b-ß-fp-am-Wv \-sΩ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-¤p-X-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - v. A-Xn-s\ "- B-[p-\n-It- em-IØ - y-߃-' (Wonders of the modern world) F∂m-
- n-se B-›c
Wv kzm-an hn-th-Im-\-µ≥ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. in-hm-\-µ-e-l-cn, ku-µ-cy-e-l-cn ap-X-em-b `-‡n-{K-Ÿ-
ß-fn-epw th-Zm-¥-{]-I-c-W-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn-epw Im-Wp-∂ Im-hy-am-[p-cn a-s‰m-cp Ir-Xn-I-fn-epw \-ap-°p ImWm≥
I-gn-bn-√. Ip-bp-‡n-hm-Zn-I-sf izm-kw ap-´n-°p-∂ I¿-°-i-th-Zm-¥-hm-Zw ap-g-°p-∂ i-¶-cm-Nm-cy-kzm-an-Iƒ
tem-Iw I-≠ H-∂m-¥-cw I-hn-bm-bn-cp-∂p F-∂p-Iq-Sn a-\- n-em-°p-I. kmw-kv-Im-cn-I C-¥y-sb \m-ep
aT߃ ÿm-]n-®v H-∂n-∏n-®p-sh-®-Xv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ a-s‰m-cp {]-[m-\- kw-`m-h-\-bm-Wv. X-Xz-⁄m-\n,
]-fin-X≥, B-kv-Xn-I≥, tbm-Kn, I-hn, `-‡≥, {]m-tbm-Kn-I ]-cn-jv-°¿-Øm-hv, kw-Lm-S-I≥ Xp-S-ßn-b
\n-e-I-fn-se-√mw Xn-f-ßn-b A-hn-Sp-sØ {]-Xn-`-sb B-[p-\n-I¿ a-\- n-em-°m-\n-cn-°p-∂-tX-bp-f-fq.
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