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Ion-scale Cnoidal Waves in a Magnetized Anisotropic Superthermal Plasma

Muhammad Khalid, Fazal Hadi, and Ata-ur-Rahman

J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 88, 114501 (2019)

© 2019 The Physical Society of Japan

 Person-to-person distribution by the author only. Not permitted for publication for institutional repositories or on personal Web sites.

Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 88, 114501 (2019)

https://doi.org/10.7566/JPSJ.88.114501

Ion-scale Cnoidal Waves in a Magnetized Anisotropic Superthermal Plasma

Muhammad Khalid1,2, Fazal Hadi3, and Ata-ur-Rahman1+
1
Department of Physics, Islamia College Peshawar (Public Sector University), 25120, Pakistan
2
Department of Physics, Government Post Graduate College Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
3
Department of Applied Physical and Material Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19200, Pakistan
(Received June 22, 2019; accepted September 24, 2019; published online October 30, 2019)
The ion acoustic cnoidal waves (IACWs) are investigated in a magnetized anisotropic electron ion plasma with
superthermal electron distribution. The ions are warm and manifest pressure anisotropy. The reductive perturbation
technique is used to explicitly derive the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation which shows the existence and evolution
of cnoidal waves (CWs). The upshot of various physical plasma parameters on the properties of IACWs is considered at
length. The relevance of present investigation to the magnetosphere and near Earth magnetosheath is pointed out.

naturally occurring magnetic field exists like space, earth

1. Introduction
Many space observations1–3) and laboratory experi-
ments4–6) show distinctly the wide-ranging presence of
suprathermal particle populations. It was initially due to
Ref. 7 who introduced the kappa (κ) distribution which is
apprehended to be particularly suitable for modeling various
plasmas having specific suprathermal species (electrons
and=or ions). While κ, the real valued spectral parameter is
involved here, stands for the slope of the energy spectrum at
the tail of the distribution function: the less the value of κ, the
greater is the electron’s concentration in the superthermal
region of the distribution function. The infinite κ leads to the
Maxwellian distribution-a particle distribution function in
plasmas which is close to equilibrium. In recent past,
experimental observations have revealed that the spectral
index, κ for solar wind plasmas is

2:88) while for the
Earth’s magnetosphere it lies typically in the range 2 

 8.9) It is important to note that we have used the original
version7) of the kappa distribution instead of the one’s
employed in Refs. 10 and 11. Understandably, there is a
rapidly growing interest in plasmas with an excess of
superthermal species, (e.g., see Refs. 12–17) to look for the
effect of superthermality on plasma dynamics. In this context,
Sultana and Kourakis15) used multi-scale perturbation
technique to explore the dynamics of solitary waves and
the associated modulational instability of electrostatic wave-
packets in the presence of the κ-distributed superthermal
electrons. Later on, Williams and Kourakis investigated
the effect of superthermality on the linear and nonlinear
dynamics of multidimensional low-frequency electrostatic
excitations in electron-ion16) and electron-positron-ion17)
plasmas. Quite recently, Khan et al.13) also looked at the
dynamics of weakly dissipative dust acoustic solitons in the
presence of superthermal particles who found that the
structural characteristics of weakly dissipative solitons show
remarkable dependence on the superthermality parameter.
Naturally occurring plasmas in space such as solar wind,
magnetospheric plasma and some laboratory produced
plasma from recent experimental developments often indicate
that they are thermally anisotropic in the presence of a
magnetic field. In a magnetized plasma the ambient magnetic
field B0 significantly affect particle trajectories and therefore,
in particular becomes anisotropic, responding differently to
forces which are parallel and perpendicular to the direction of
B0 . Anisotropy plays an important role in regions where
114501-1
magnetosphere and astrophysical environments. In a colli-
sionless plasma the anisotropy effect is important which
yields different behavior of plasma in different directions.18)
Such anisotropic plasmas are appropriately delineated via the
Chew–Goldberger–Low (CGL) theory which was initially
presented by Chew, Goldberger, and Low in 195619) and is
applicable when no coupling exists between the perpendic-
ular and parallel degrees of freedom.20) In recent years, many
efforts have been devoted to understand the properties of
nonlinear electrostatic waves in the presence of ion pressure
anisotropy. Examples include the study of large amplitude
dust ion acoustic (DIA) solitons and double layers in a
magnetized plasma using CGL theory,21) the study of small
amplitude electrostatic solitons in a magnetized plasma
including the combined effect of the pressure anisotropies
of lighter and heavier ions of opposite polarities,22) the study
of IACWs in a Maxwellian anisotropic magnetoplasma,23)
and so on.
The investigation of nonlinear periodic (cnoidal)
waves24–29) in field free or magnetized plasma and in other
dispersive media has achieved a great deal of attention owing
to their applications in diverse areas of physics including the
nonlinear transport phenomena.24,30) Nonlinear periodic
waves can be expressed in terms of square of the Jacobian
elliptic cosine (cn) function for different moduli (0 < m  1)
and thus entitled as cnoidal waves (CWs). One extreme limit,
i.e., m ! 1 turns the CWs into the solitary pulses while the
other extreme, i.e., m ! 0 switches this wave into a
sinusoidal wave. It is believed that nonlinear periodic waves
exist in the defocussing region of the ionospheric plasma.31)
In the experiment carried out by Kauschke and Schlüter,32,33)
it was pointed out that the nonlinear periodic signals
observed at the edge of plasma can be explained in an
appropriate way via the CWs. It was firstly due to Konno
et al.24) who investigated theoretically the IACW solution of
the KdV equation in a two component plasma. Yadav et al.25)
extended the earlier works and used the reductive perturba-
tion approach to investigate IACWs in a magnetoplasma
having warm adiabatic ions and two temperature electron
species. Similarly in 2009 Yadav and Sayal34) applied the
reductive perturbation approach to study oblique propagation
of CWs in a dusty magnetoplasma having variable dust
charge. More recently, Ref. 35 studied the effect of external
magnetic field on oblique propagation of IACW in a
nonextensive plasma by employing the KdV equation
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J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 88, 114501 (2019) M. Khalid et al.

paradigm. In spite of the fact that a considerable amount of
> 3=2 for a physically valid distribution.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi Also the most
research work on CW structures has been done in recent past, probable speed  ¼ ½ð
 32 Þ=
ð2T=me Þ is regarded as the
the study of IACWs in anisotropic superthermal plasmas, effective thermal speed, where me and Te are, respectively,
however, has not been considered so far. We have, therefore, the mass of the electron and the characteristics electron
made a detailed probe of IACWs in non-Maxwellian plasmas “temperature”. The Maxwellian distribution can be retrieved
in the presence of ion pressure anisotropy. In this regard, a from (6) for infinite κ.
parametric investigation has been carried out to study the The expression for the number density of κ-distributed
propagation characteristics of IACWs by taking into account electrons, ne , can be obtained by integrating (6) over the
the combined effect of electron superthermality and ion velocity space as
pressure anisotropy.  
þ1=2
e
The structure of the paper at hand goes in the following ne ¼ ne0 1  : ð7Þ
way. In Sect. 2, the model equations for the plasma system ð
 3=2ÞTe
have been presented. Using the reductive perturbation At equilibrium, the quasi-neutrality condition is ne0 ¼ ni0 ,
technique the KdV equation has been derived in Sect. 3, where the subscript “0” refers to the unperturbed (equi-
whose CW solution has been determined in Sect. 4. A librium) number-density values.
parametric investigation is carried out in Sect. 5 and finally
the summary is given in Sect. 6. 2.1 Scaling
The ion continuity and momentum equations in normal-
2. Model Equations ized form can be written as a system of (scalar) equations
We consider a collisionless, magnetized (B ¼ B0 z^ ≠ 0 @n @ @ @
where z^ is the unit vector along z axis), two component þ ðnvx Þ þ ðnvy Þ þ ðnvz Þ ¼ 0; ð8Þ
@t @x @y @z
plasma consisting of kappa distributed electrons and warm  
@vx @ @ @
ions. The ions are inertial and demonstrate pressure þ vx þ vy þ vz vx
anisotropy owing to the presence of external magnetic field. @t @x @y @z
The equations describing the dynamics of ion fluid are ¼
@
þ vy 
p2 @n
; ð9Þ
@x n @x
@n  
þ r  ðnvÞ ¼ 0; ð1Þ @vy @ @ @
@t þ vx þ vy þ vz vy
@v Ze Ze 1 @t @x @y @z
þ ðv  rÞv ¼  r þ ^ 
ðv  B0 zÞ ~ ð2Þ
r  P:
@t m mc mn @ p2 @n
¼  vx  ; ð10Þ
@y n @y
Here n, Z, ϕ, v, and P~ represent the ionic density, ionic  
charge state, electrostatic potential, the ion velocity and ion @vz @ @ @ @ @n
þ vx þ vy þ vz vz ¼   p1 n ; ð11Þ
pressure tensor, respectively with e is the electronic charge @t @x @y @z @z @z
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
and m stands for ionic mass. The strong magnetic field where n, v, and ϕ are scaled by n0 , the IA speed cs ¼ Te =m
introduces anisotropy into the plasma system and resultantly and e=Te , respectively. The space (x) andptime (t) variables
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
the pressure behaves differently in parallel and perpendicular are, respectively, normalized
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi by D ¼ T e =4n 0e
2 and
1 2
directions to the external magnetic field. Thus the pressure !pi ¼ me =4n0 e , where D is the ion Debye length and
tensor e
P19,36) becomes !1
pi represent the inverse ion plasma frequency. We have
3p
defined the dimensionless parameters:  ¼ !pii , p1 ¼ n0 Tk0e ,
P~ ¼ p? I^ þ ð pk  p? Þb^ b;
^ ð3Þ
and p2 ¼ np0?0Te , where Ω is the scaled ion gyro-frequency with
in which b^ is the unit vector along B0 and I^ is the unit tensor. i ¼ eB 0
mc , while p1 and p2 respectively, represent the scaled
In accordance with the CGL theory, pk (parallel component) ion parallel pressure and perpendicular pressure (scaled viz.,
and p? (perpendicular component) can be expressed as the thermal pressure). We have used r ¼ ð@=@x; @=@y; @=@zÞ,
 3   where vx , vy , and vz are the velocities of ion fluid,
n n
pk ¼ pk0 and p? ¼ p?0 ; ð4Þ respectively, along x, y, and z axes.
n0 n0 The scaled Poisson’s equation can be expressed as
with equilibrium values as, pk0 ¼ n0 Tk and p?0 ¼ n0 T?
@2  @2  @2 
where n0 stands for equilibrium number density. Note that þ 2 þ 2 ¼ 1  n þ 1  þ 2 2 : ð12Þ
for isotropic plasma pressure p? ¼ pk and in such a situation @x2 @y @z
~ P~ ¼ rp. While ϕ is obtained from Poisson’s equation, i.e.,
r: In (12), we have performed Taylor expansion of (5) upto
2 second order and the expansion parameters 1 and 2 are
r  ¼ 4eðne  nÞ: ð5Þ
only dependent upon κ and are defined as
In the latter equation, electrons are assumed κ-distributed and
 1=2
þ 1=2
the standard form of isotropic (three-dimensional) κ-distri- 1 ¼ 2 ¼ 1 : ð13Þ

 3=2 2ð
 3=2Þ
bution function is given by16,38)
 ð
þ1Þ
ne0 ð
þ 1Þ v2 3. KdV Equation
f
ðvÞ ¼   1þ 2 ; ð6Þ
3
ð
2 Þ 2 1


 To derive the KdV equation for IACWs in anisotropic
2 magnetized electron–ion superthermal plasma, we use the
where Γ is the gamma function, the spectral index κ measures reductive perturbation technique involving the stretching of x
the strength of superthermality and it is important to note that and t in terms of a small expansion parameter ϵ
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J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 88, 114501 (2019) M. Khalid et al.

& ¼ 1=2 ðl1 x þ l2 y þ l3 z  tÞ and ¼ 3=2 t; ð14Þ @ @ @ @3 

þ A þ C1 l3 þ B 3 ¼ 0; ð26Þ
where μ is the phase velocity of the CW, whereas l1 , l2 , and @ @& @& @&
l3 are the direction cosines along x, y, and z axes, with A (a nonlinearity term) and B (a dispersion term) have
respectively, such that l21 þ l22 þ l23 ¼ 1. Further, the depend- been defined as
ent variables can be expanded around their equilibrium 3 2 12 þ p1 l23 12  2l23 ð2 =1 Þ
counterparts in a power series in ϵ as A¼ ;
2 1
 
n ¼ 1 þ n1 þ 2 n2 þ 3 n3 þ    ; ð15Þ 2 2 l23
B¼ ð1 þ p2 1 Þð1  l3 Þ þ 2 : ð27Þ
2
 ¼ 1 þ  2 þ  3 þ    ; 3 22 1 1
In Eq. (26) 1 is replaced by ϕ. Importantly, both coefficients
vx ¼ 3=2 vx1 þ 2 vx2 þ 5=2 vx3 þ    ;
A and B are functions of superthermality parameter κ [via 1
vy ¼ 3=2 vy1 þ 2 vy2 þ 5=2 vy3 þ    ; and 2 as can be seen from (13) above], l3 , p1 , p2 , and Ω. So
far, in all the limiting cases, our results are seen to reduce to
vz ¼ vz1 þ 2 vz2 þ 3 vz3 þ    : the previous works. In this context, for example, in limit
Substituting (14) and (15) into (8) to (11), the lowest orders when
! 1,  ! 0 and for p1 ¼ p2 ¼ 0, we may readily
in ϵ give retrieve the textbook expressions for both coefficients A and
B,37) i.e., A ¼ 1 and B ¼ 12 ð1 þ 12 Þ. We may also add here
l3 l23
n1 ¼ vz1 ¼ 2  l2 p
1 ; ð16Þ that in (26) the term containing an arbitrary constant C1 l3 can
3 1 be removed by using the Galilean transformation. Thus one
l3 p1 l3 can take C1 ! 0 without loss of generality and (26) reduces
vz1 ¼ 1 þ n1 þ C1 ð Þ; ð17Þ
to the form as in Refs. 38–40.
l1 @1 p2 l1 @1
vy1 ¼ þ ; ð18Þ 4. CW Solution
 @&  @&
To solve Eq. (26), let us define transformation of the
l2 @1 p2 l2 @1 form ¼ &  v0 (where v0 is the velocity of the CW in
vx1 ¼   ; ð19Þ
 @&  @& comoving frame), which transforms Eq. (26) to the following
where C1 ð Þ is integration constant and depends on τ only. form
Using (16)–(19) along with the lowest order in ϵ of (12)
d d d3 
ultimately gives  ðv0  C1 l3 Þ þ A þ B 3 ¼ 0: ð28Þ
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi d d d
1
¼ l3 p1 þ : ð20Þ Twice integration of (28) yields
1  
1 d 2
Equation (20) delineates the fact that the phase velocity μ þ ðÞ ¼ 0; ð29Þ
depends on l3 (l3 ¼ cos , where θ is the angle between the 2 d
propagation vector k and B0 ), superthermality (through 1 where ðÞ define the Sagdeev potential and is given by
involving κ) along with the parallel ion pressure p1 . It is A 3 u 2 1 2
noted that μ is independent of both B0 and p2 . We may also ðÞ ¼    þ 0  E : ð30Þ
6B 2B 2 0
remark that if we set  ¼ 0 in addition to the Maxwellian
limit
! 1 as well as the cold-ion limit, expression (20) Here u ¼ v0  C1 l3 , while 0 and E0 are two integration
reduces to the earlier result given in Ref. 24. constants, and represent, respectively, the charge density and
The next higher order of ϵ provides the following equations electric field, when ϕ vanishes.
@n1 @n2 @vx2 @vy2 The CW solution of Eq. (29) is given by25,26)
 þ l1 þ l2
@ @& @& @&
ð Þ ¼ þ ð  Þcn2 ðR ; mÞ; ð31Þ
@ðn1 vz1 Þ @vz2
þ l3 þ l3 ¼ 0; ð21Þ where cn, m (0 < m  1) are, respectively, the Jacobi elliptic
@& @&
function and the modulus while the quantity R can be
@vz1 @vz2 @vz1
 þ l3 vz1 expressed in terms of α, β, and γ as
@ @& @&
  
@2 @n1 @n2 m2 ¼ ; ð32Þ
¼ l3  p1 l3 n1 þ ; ð22Þ 
@& @& @& rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
@vx1 A
vy2 ¼  ; ð23Þ R¼ ð  Þ: ð33Þ
@& 12B
@vy1 It is found from (29) that for ¼ 0, we have the initial
vx2 ¼ ; ð24Þ condition ð0Þ ¼ . In the considered plasma system, it is
@&
remarked that AB > 0 for all values of involved plasma
@2 1 parameters which means that α, β, and γ are arranged in such
n2 ¼ 1 2 þ 2 21  : ð25Þ
@&2 a way that  >   and     must hold. The cn and
Using Eqs. (21)–(25) along with the first order contributions, λ, respectively, define the amplitude and wavelength of the
and eliminate n2 , v2 , and 2 , we finally obtain the standard IACWs and are given by
KdV equation as
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J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 88, 114501 (2019) M. Khalid et al.

cn ¼   ð34Þ
and
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3B
¼4 KðmÞ: ð35Þ
Að  Þ
In (35) KðmÞ represents the elliptical integral of the first kind.
When 0 ¼ E0 ¼ 0, then p¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 0, pleading
ffi 1 to m ! 1,
ffiffiffiffi
cn ¼  ¼ 3uA ¼  0 and R ¼ A
12B  ¼ 4B ¼ W . Also when
u

m ! 1, the Jacobi elliptical function transforms to secant

(a)
hyperbolic function, that is cnðR ; 1Þ ¼ sec hðR Þ, therefore,
the CW solution [i.e., Eq. (31)] is transformed to the solitary
wave solution
 
ð Þ ¼ 0 sec h2 : ð36Þ
W
Here 0 and W are the peak amplitude and width of IA
solitary pulses.
5. Parametric Study
Recall that A and B in the KdV equation (26) are functions (b)
of various relevant physical parameters. Importantly, the
nonlinear coefficient A is a function of the parallel
component of anisotropic ion pressure p1 , the superthermal-
ity (via the parameter κ), the obliqueness of propagation (via
l3 ) and is independent of the perpendicular component of
anisotropic ion pressure p2 . Further, the dispersion coef-
ficient B depends on p2 , κ, Ω, and l3 while it is independent
of p1 . It is instructive to note that the value of these
coefficients strongly affects physical characteristics of the
IACWs. It is therefore desirable to explore the effect of each
of these parameters individually on the dynamical behavior (c)
of IACW structures.
To obtain some physical insight into the behavior of the Fig. 1. (Color online) Plot of (a) ðÞ versus ϕ, (b) phase curves for
IACWs, the real zeros α, β, and γ of Sagdeev potential ðÞ Eq. (29) and (c) ϕ versus η, with u ¼ 0:3,  ¼ 0:3, 0 ¼ 0:02, l3 ¼ 0:94,
(with non-zero finite values of the integration constants 0 p1 ¼ 0:2, p2 ¼ 0:1, E0 ¼ 0:007 and different values of κ. The black solid
curve having
¼ 7, 0 ¼ 0, and E0 ¼ 0 corresponds to solitary pulses.
and E0 ) are determined. We may opine with no surprise, that
ðÞ ¼ 0, at  ¼ 0, for soliton structures while ðÞ ≠ 0 at
 ¼ 0, for CW structures. The Sagdeev potential illustrates In Fig. 1(c) we show the variation of CW solution ϕ versus
the fact that the particle oscillates to and fro periodically η for different values of κ (¼ 3; 5; 12) with fixed values of all
between α and β which is formally analogous to the main other plasma parameters. Again we see that taller and steeper
characteristic behavior of CWs. CW profiles are obtained with increasing values of κ, i.e., in
Effect of superthermality the Maxwellian conditions.
We look at how the CW shape changes with κ, which Effect of pressure anisotropy
shows the degree of superthermality of the plasma. It is to be We next turn to the study of the effects of anisotropic
mentioned that low value of κ corresponds to strong parallel pressure p1 for a strongly superthermal plasma. We
superthermality. In order to examine the effect of κ, we have consider the parameter values
¼ 5, l3 ¼ 0:94,  ¼ 0:3 and
shown the variation of ðÞ versus ϕ for different values of κ varying values of p1 [see Fig. 2(a)]. As p1 is increased, one
(keeping the values of l3 , p1 , and Ω fixed), as can be seen in notices a decrease in both the position of the root and the
Fig. 1(a). Note that ðÞ ≠ 0 at  ¼ 0, for IACWs (see the depth of the Sagdeev potential well. We thus find a decrease
dashed, dotted and dot-dashed curves), while for the solitary in the amplitude of the associated CWs. The same effect can
pulses ðÞ ¼ 0 at  ¼ 0 (see the solid curve known as the be seen from the phase curves shown in Fig. 2(b), where the
separatrix, where 0 ¼ E0 ¼ 0). In Fig. 1(a) we observe that inner curves and solid curve respectively represent the
IACWs corresponding to low values of κ are narrower with IACWs and solitary pulse separatrix. The CW solution ϕ
smaller amplitude. As κ gets higher values, it reverts to the versus η for different values of p1 is depicted in Fig. 2(c).
Maxwellian case. Thus higher superthermality (low κ) leads Clearly it is found that the amplitude and width of the IACWs
to smaller and narrower IACWs. Figure 1(b) displays the decrease as p1 is increased.
phase curves [using Eqs. (29) and (30)] for different values of To get into the detail of the effect of ion pressure
κ. The curves confined to the inner side are IACWs, while the anisotropy on the dynamical behavior of IACW structures,
solid outer curve represents the solitary pulses. We note that we have plotted Fig. 3 for illustration. Here we have
taller and steeper IACWs result for high κ values. emphasized on three special cases, namely p1 > p2 , p1 < p2 ,
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J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 88, 114501 (2019)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 2. (Color online) Plot of (a) ðÞ versus ϕ, (b) phase curves for
Eq. (29) and (c) ϕ versus η, with u ¼ 0:3,  ¼ 0:3, 0 ¼ 0:02, l3 ¼ 0:94,

¼ 5, p2 ¼ 0:1, E0 ¼ 0:007 and different values of p1 . The black solid
curve having p1 ¼ 0:25, 0 ¼ 0, and E0 ¼ 0 corresponds to solitary pulses.
Fig. 3. (Color online) Plot of ϕ versus η with u ¼ 0:3,
¼ 3,  ¼ 0:3,
0 ¼ 0:02, l3 ¼ 0:94, and E0 ¼ 0:007.
and p1 ¼ p2 ¼ 0. Indeed p1 bears important effect on the
characteristic behavior of IACWs as compared to p2 . We
also note that inclusion of the ion thermal pressure (i.e.,
considering the warm ion model) yields smaller amplitude
IACWs.
Effect of obliqueness
Finally we look for the effect caused by the obliqueness
of propagation angle as manifested via l3 (¼ cos ) in our
model. Firstly Fig. 4(a) displays how the Sagdeev potential
114501-5
M. Khalid et al.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 4. (Color online) Plot of (a) ðÞ versus ϕ, (b) phase curves for
Eq. (29) and (c) ϕ versus η, with u ¼ 0:3,  ¼ 0:3, 0 ¼ 0:02, p1 ¼ 0:2,
p2 ¼ 0:1, E0 ¼ 0:007 and different values of l3 . The black solid curve having
l3 ¼ 0:94, 0 ¼ 0, and E0 ¼ 0 corresponds to solitary pulses.
ðÞ changes as θ is increased for given values of other
plasma parameters. Again it is observed that the dashed,
dotted and dotdashed curves are for CWs for which
ðÞ ≠ 0, at  ¼ 0. The Sagdeev potential and the
associated CWs get amplified for decreasing values of θ.
We may mention here that the solid curve is for the Sagdeev
potential ðÞ corresponding to the soliton structures for
which ðÞ ¼ 0 at  ¼ 0 when 0 ¼ 0 and E0 ¼ 0.
Figure 4(b) shows the plot of d=d versus ϕ for different
values of θ. The increase in obliqueness causes a decrease in
the amplitude of the CWs.
In Fig. 4(c) we can see that how ϕ versus η varies with θ.
The IACW profiles contrary to the IA solitary waves exhibit
smaller amplitude with higher values of θ (i.e., low l3 ¼ cos 
values) (see Ref. 22).
It may be added that the numerical values for p1 and p2 lie
in the prescribed limits of Tk and T? as indicated in Ref. 41.
It is further pointed out that we have used data from Ref. 36
to deal with the ion pressure anisotropy (i.e., p1 ≠ p2 ).
6. Summary
To summarize, we have performed the characteristic study
of IACWs in a magnetized plasma made up of hot anisotropic
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J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 88, 114501 (2019)
ions and non-inertial suprathermal electrons. A KdV equation
has been derived through the reductive perturbation tech-
nique which admits only a positive CW solution. The results
obtained through numerical analysis can be summarized as
follows:
–It was shown that the amplitude and width of the IACWs
decrease as p1 is enhanced.
–Larger (in amplitude) IACW profiles were obtained for
low values of θ (i.e., for high values of l3 ).
–In conditions of higher superthermality (low κ values),
the IACWs have narrower width and smaller amplitude.
–It was noticed that the dynamical behavior of IACWs is
more sensitive to p1 rather than p2 . Further, it was also seen
that including ion thermal effects gives rise to smaller
amplitude IACWs.
We apprehend that the present theoretical study may
contribute an excellent qualitative illustration of the CWs
observed in different space and astrophysical regimes having
strong magnetic fields along with ion pressure anisotropy.
Such anisotropic conditions have specific relevance to
magnetosphere and to the near-Earth magnetosheath18,21,36)
where non-thermal (energetic) electrons as well as ion
pressure anisotropy may occur.
+
ata797@yahoo.com
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