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the “sublimis anhelitus” of Horace, in his famous ode entitled
“Nireus.” I have often wondered that such a learned physician as
Julius Cæsar Scaliger, in his celebrated critique on Horace in his
Poetics, should have remarked on this expression: “Ex toto
Galeno non intelligo quid sit sublimis anhelitus.” Galen, in fact,
treats fully of the “sublimis anhelitus” in various parts of his works.
See in particular On Difficulty of Breathing.
[694] Galen has given us a lengthy Commentary on this case,
but a great part of it relates to the characters and to other matters
not of any very great importance in this place. As he remarks, it is
a striking example of an acute fever induced by immoderate
fatigue. It appears from his Commentary, moreover, that some of
the older authorities had added “drinking” to the excesses which
induced his affection; that is to say, they proposed to read πότων
instead of πόνων. The symptoms, upon reference to the
Prognostics, are all such as indicated a fatal result, namely, the
blackish and thin urine, “the fumbling with the bedclothes,” the
coldness and lividity of the extremities, the meteorism, and so
forth.
[695] In Galen’s Commentary on this case there is not much of
any great interest to the professional reader of the present day.
He animadverts again on the omission of all mention of the
treatment, although, as he states, venesection and the other
usual means had no doubt been tried; indeed the report implies
as much. Hippocrates, he repeats, never thinks of mentioning the
usual routine of practice, as he takes it for granted that the reader
will understand that it was not neglected. It is only on special
occasions, then, that he thinks of making any particular reference
to the treatment. Galen remarks, that ileus being an inflammation
of the upper intestines, is a particularly dangerous affection.
[696] As remarked by Galen in his Commentary, this was no
doubt a case of ardent fever or caucus, complicated with an
incidental miscarriage. There is no reason for looking upon it as
being a case of puerperal fever. Galen thinks that the last word
(caucus) is an addition made by the copyists, having been
transferred from the Glossarium to the text in the course of
transcription. Galen, as usual, directs attention to the characters
of the urine, which in this case are particularly unfavorable, being
defective both in quantity and quality.
[697] Galen’s remarks on the circumstances of this case are
sufficiently to the purpose, but there is nothing very striking in
them. He states that the abortion may have been occasioned
either by external causes—such as the application of pessaries
for this purpose, and the like—or internal, such as hemorrhage
from the neck of the uterus. and so forth. As in the former case,
he pronounces the last word (phrenitis) to be an addition to the
text, as Hippocrates never enters upon the diagnosis of diseases,
as is done in the work On Diseases. I suppose he means that our
author’s real works are all founded on Prognosis; whereas the
other, being derived from the Cnidian school, is founded on
Diagnosis. See our observations on this subject in the Preliminary
Discourse, and the Argument to the Prognostics.
[698] Galen remarks, that with such a combination of fatal
symptoms, namely, coldness of the extremities, fetid vomiting,
etc., it is wonderful that this patient stood out until the fourteenth
day. He thinks, however, that this is to be explained from her age
and constitution. He justly remarks that the occurrence of the
epistaxis could not be supposed sufficient to carry of such a
combination of unfavorable symptoms. He once more protests
against the last word of the report (causus) being admitted as
genuine. He confesses himself unable to determine whether “The
Liars’ Market” was in Athens or elsewhere.
[699] This is entitled the pestilential constitution by Galen. By
constitution, he explains, is meant not only the preternatural state
of the atmosphere, but also of everything else which influences
the state of the general health.
[700] Galen remarks, that in the First Book of the Epidemics
three constitutions of the year are described and also that others
are described in the Second Book; but that these are not carefully
drawn out for publication like those of the First and Third. He
further remarks on this head, that the constitution of the season
might prepare us for the putrid diseases, which are described
below, as heat is the active, and humidity the material, cause of
all putrefaction.
[701] Galen remarks that erysipelas is occasioned by a bilious
defluxion, but that it is not always of a malignant and putrid
nature; on the contrary, when the defluxion is mild, and the bile
which produces it is natural, it is not attended with any
considerable injury to the body, if properly managed; but that the
humor which produced the erysipelas about to be described was
not such, but of a malignant, corrosive, and septic nature, being
engendered by the humid and calm state of the weather in such
persons as were of a choleric constitution.
[702] According to Galen, aphthæ in general are superficial
ulcerations in the mouth, produced by the acrimony of the nurse’s
milk, and which are easily removed by an astringent application.
But in the present instance the aphthæ were of a malignant
nature.
[703] The carbuncle (anthrax), Galen says, is always
dangerous, and the product of bad humors. See Paulus
Ægineta, Vol. II., pp. 78, 79. Galen, in his excellent work On the
Difference of Fevers, writes thus: “In constitutions of the year,
similar to those which Hippocrates describes as taking place in
Cranon (See Ep. ii.). I have known cases of anthrax prevailing
epidemically in no few numbers, the formation and other
symptoms of which were exactly as described by him.” (Tom. vii.,
p. 293; ed. Kühn.)
[704] Galen explains under this head that the term epidemic is
not applied to any one disease, but that when many cases of any
disease occur at the same time in a place, the disease is called
an epidemic; and that when it is remarkably fatal it is called a
plague.
[705] The history of the epidemical erysipelas here described
cannot fail to prove interesting to the modern reader. I need
scarcely remark that epidemics of a similar nature are
occasionally met with in Great Britain at the present day. I myself
have encountered two such epidemics in the locality where I am
now writing, the one in 1823, and the other in 1846. As described
by Hippocrates, the disease sometimes supervened upon a slight
injury, and generally terminated in gangrene. On epidemical
erysipelas, see De Haen (Ratio Medendi), Bartholinus (Hist.
Anatom. Rat. Hist., 56), Wells (Transactions of a Society for the
Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge), Cooper’s
Surgical Dictionary; and Cyclopædia of Practical Medicine, under
Erysipelas.
[706] Galen amply confirms this statement, that when
erysipelas fixes on a particular part of the body it is more
formidable in appearance than in reality, and that the disease is
attended with most danger when it leaves an external member,
and is determined inwardly.
[707] The classical reader will here call to his recollection a
striking passage in the celebrated description of the Plague of
Athens, as given by Thucydides: “For the mischief, being at first
seated in the head, spread over the whole body, and if one
survived the most formidable symptoms, an attack on the
extremities manifested itself; for it was determined to the genital
organs and to the hands and feet, and many escaped with losing
them, and some with the loss of their eyes.” (ii., 49.) The passage
is thus rendered by Lucretius: