Literature Reviews

Many authors, psychologists, and criminal professors have proposed their views on Police Stop and
Search and their impacts. The effects of Police stop and search on people are to be noted and valued in
terms of the impact police stop and search is causing on the public. In what ways over the years has the
public perception changed and in many instances the affected people complain of being harassed without
any logic? Also adding up to the fuel is the police's judgment that people of color or Asians are more
likely suspect-able in any stop and search activity. Mental health is to be of given utmost importance and
police must be seen as someone people can trust especially teens who should not feel vulnerable at the
hands of police.

Time again and again down the path of history many incidents have occurred where police have misused
their power and also events have taken place where police stopped black, Asian, or minor ethnicity for
stop and search purposes out of the group of people which mainly included white people. Many authors
have debated with proper proof against these stop-and-search biases by the police. Many authors have
mastered the root cause of 'the gap' between the police and people which is the major reason to act as fuel
to the cause fire of the already existing ready to be flamed vulnerable emotions.

Often these kinds of vulnerable emotions have gone into flame leaving behind days of riots, unrest, and
more misunderstandings s between the police and the general public. Originally my research also aims to
fill the gap between what has made police stop and search a problem and what is seen as a disturbing act
by the public. To get a broader view of police stops and searches and their impact over the years some
literature reviews have also been listed for me. I have studied their outcomes and found out what they
meant to publish in their writings and what in-depth messages they needed to give to their readers about
the police stop and search.

Stop and Search and Police Legitimacy by Ben

Bradford
Bradford is a criminology lecturer and a person who has done research in corporation with state police to
help police better understand the public point of view. In this regard, this book of his is stimulating and
deeply discusses stop and search and its effects and this book gives a broad opinion about what effects
police have on the public. Ben has labeled stop-and-search interaction with the police as one which
drowns the person held in shame, trauma, and a state of worry. Alongside it also damages the relationship
between the police and the public and causes a huge imbalance in the trust which people have in the
police.

The author sees police stops and searches as a power used by the police. A power that is publically used
to such an extent that it makes the public worrisome instead of making any betterment. Till the present
day stop and search policing act is used as a form of power amongst the public and in longer terms the
patterns trigger stress in the person held and also cause mental tension at the same time.
Police stop and search has been one of those police acts filled with great tension whereas police claims to
bring maintain order, keep the peace, and fight crimes through this act. Making people feel unsafe and
targeting different ethnicities to be held at random in police stop and search is also a traumatic practice.
The police do not realize that once a person is affected by a stop and search how his/her confidence and
self-belief can deteriorate and that person can also be left with a lifetime of trauma.

Furthermore, the author has also debated presenting his opinion that the different patterns of police stop
and search have caused social problems, and elevated lopsidedness while dealing with different
ethnicities alongside Bradford has also added evidence of how people have reacted to police stop and
search in terms of conformity, validity, cooperation, and fairness.

I would like to conclude that people's emotions have been best portrayed that how someone can feel when
held on trial randomly on a street for stop and search. Bradford aimed to fill the gap between the public
and police with this book of his and in this regard he has done a fabulous job. Given the wide range of
applications to which stop and search power is unavoidably put and the magnitude of its consumption, it
may not come as a surprise that none of the mentioned paradigms could explain its distribution on its
own. Getting the grip on policing functions as a formative social practice and is organized and carried out
as necessary to explain the stop-and-search phenomenon.

Stop And Search: The Anatomy Of A Police Power-

Rebekah Delsol
A detailed and in-depth view of all the controversies this book has records from history that explain many
stop-and-search incidents and recalls their impacts. According to Delsol stop and search is one of those
police acts which involves bringing police and the public face to face in a conflict in a very unhealthy
manner that is too public. Officers may utilize their legal authority in the event of an escalating
confrontation or if parties to a dispute refuse to surrender to police authority.

The author has further discussed alarming effects in how even in history stop and search has advanced
into a merit component of police responses to many incidents considering it was first put into practice in
England and Wales during the early 19th century to take action against people loitering around and
homeless unknown people. This methods usefulness is mainly taken lightly and has received little serious
inspection. Particularly police officers insist that the "use of stop and search is a powerful tool to combat
violence and weapons" and hold an almost mystical conviction in its effectiveness as cited by the
Metropolitan Police in 2014.

Over the years the government has given more power to this point of view of the police by stressing stop
and search as a highly effective program that has dramatically reduced crimes. It has been over rendered
as such an act by government officials which is important to prevent gang crimes, knife crimes, drug
abuse, and carrying prohibited items.
To conclude that whatever way we look at a police stop and search is by far an unfair practice used by the
police and to this day and in every way government has over the years supported it. No further
enhancements have been made to use it for the betterment of the community or to at least make it better to
help the public understand it better. To this day justice demands to be served as we can still clearly recall
the events of the shooting of 18-year-old black boy Michael Brown who was unarmed and was shot dead
by a police officer in stark daylight after a heated argument. According to this literature review, all the
core issues surrounding police stop and search and their effects on people's well-being and mental health,
and the devastation which some events have brought to the community, in the long run, have been fairly
debated.

Youth Mental Well-Being Following Witnessed Police

Stops-Jackson, D.B., Testa, A., Semenza, D.C
This specific study has reflected upon the effects on youth after being held out for random police stops
and searches publicly. This thing is clear here that youth is particularly more vulnerable to trauma and
they are already going through a lot in their lives they are in a stage of development and on their journey
to accepting the world or not. Slight misconception can leave a bruise on their memory lane which can
haunt them forever.

The authors in this regard have pointed out that youth being stopped by the police most of the time were
found to be already depressed and mentally unwell. Their levels of emotional damage were further
elevated when they were stopped and searched for.

Another noticeable thing was that the youth of color black and different ethnicities responded stiffly or as
if numb and later on their happiness and self-esteem depleted. All in all, this is proven in many interviews
on the BBC as well as by the authors after their extensive research and comparison also proven with
statistics that police stop and search has adverse effects on youth mental well-being.
Imagine next time whenever a youth will hear a police siren who was stopped and searched a couple of
days ago and went through sheer humiliation will recall all those bad memories by the sound of the
wailing siren and will also face difficulty in trusting the police for the rest of his/her life.

The only solution to help eradicate this problem is for the police and public can have education sessions
about stop and search in which it can be educated that whether you are from any ethnicity being stopped
and searched does not make you a criminal and the intention is not to humiliate you but just to search you.
Other than that police need to keep in mind the public health approach that they need not harm anyone in
the process of their stop and search acts but keep in mind strategies that will cause no harm to youths'
well-being.

I had like to conclude that this literary piece, all in all, combines how police stop and search has adversely
affected youth and this problem needs to be addressed by identifying risks and only in this way harms
caused by police exposure could be eradicated.
Children's Social and Emotional Wellbeing in Schools-
Debby Watson, Carl Emery, Philip Bayliss
Children are not to be molested and treated as someone who is a mule. This is utterly outrageous and also
against basic morals. Police stop and searches often neglect the children's rights as they just claim to be
doing their duty.

This literary piece highlights the challenges of the idea of well-being as it pertains to kids, especially in a
school-based setting. Using a publish-structural perspective, it proposes that experiences and well-being
be exposed at the level of the experiential kid.
A kid held by the police for stop and search can be affected for days to come. It may even take longer
than that for that child to build back his/her confidence. The UK has children's rights but the unfair use of
police stop and search is not included in that list.

This is in contrast to recent accounts that limit children's wellness to unbiased lists of necessities for a
happy life. This book resourcefully highlights the need to stop unnecessary and bad behavior in police
stop and search carried out on children.

Deaths After Police Contact Constructing

Accountability in the 21st Century-David Baker
This book is more than just addressing police stops and searches it also highlights the deaths caused by
traumatic police experiences. It has jolted down details of deaths in England and Wales after police
encounters. The author has highlighted that black people, Asians, and minor ethnicities are at more of risk
falling prey to unfair police acts. Police contacts resulting in deaths have caused a serious traumatic
impact on societies wherever such type of incidents occur.

When at the time police were expected to be the savior but they acted as a brutal force causing forceful
control. The minor ethnicities, black people, and Asians who are already depressed and on their road
downhill were just given a final push off the cliff by a traumatic police encounter and they give up their
lives as a result. The legitimacy of police power is the main thing to be noted here.

The author also added up to his argument that responsibility is established by a very random regulatory
structure that helps to evaluate such isolated death occurrences rather than attempting to conclude yearly
trends and patterns that could foresee-ably cause future deaths. It will be very interesting to academics
and advanced students of criminal justice and policing.

I concluded from this piece of study that policing errors do exist and need to be addressed even when they
are in the form of stop and search unnecessarily causing the molestation or shooting of Michael Brown.
References:
Tiratelli, M; Quinton, P; Bradford, B; (2018) Does Stop and Search Deter Crime? Evidence from Ten
Years of London-Wide Data. The British Journal of Criminology. The UK: University College London
Thesis Corner.

Maeve Kenan (2020) Stop and Search: can we continue to justify the use of this police power? London;
UK: Kingsley Napley.

Israel Campos and Paul Murphy-Kasp(2022) Stop-and-search: How being stopped by police can affect
mental health. The UK: BBC.

Emily Ford and Sophia Seth(2021) Basingstoke police discuss stop and search laws with teens. The UK:
BBC.

Kehinde Andrews, (2016). Stop and search is a disgrace across the UK – not just in our cities. The UK:
Guardian Media Group.

Ben Bradford, (2017). Stop and search and police Legitimacy. London; New York: Routledge

Gabby Hinslif and David Lammy, (2023). Regrets, Rwanda flights, and racism. The UK: Guardian Media
Group.

Rebekah Delsol, (2015). Stop And Search: The Anatomy Of A Police Power. The UK: Palgrave
Macmillan.

James F. Albrecht, Garth den Heyer, (2021). Enhancing Police Service Delivery. The Uk, Springer.

Mike Rowe., (2023). Dissembling Police Culture. London; New York: Routledge.

John MacInnes, (2022). Statistical Interference and Probability. The UK: Sage Publications.

Alisdair Gilespie, Siobhan Weare, (2021). The English Legal System. The UK: Oxford University Press.

Adam Barnard, Verusca Calabria, Louise Griffiths, (2023). Key Themes in Health and Social Care: A
Companion To Learning. The UK: Routledge.

Matthew Bacon, Jack Spicer, (2022). Drug Law Enforcement Policing and Harm Reduction. The UK:
Taylor & Francis Group; Routledge.

Jackson, D.B., Testa, A., Semenza, D.C. and Fix, R.L., 2022. Youth Mental Well-Being Following Witnessed Police
Stops. Journal of Urban Health, 99(5), pp.783-79.
Watson, D. and Emery, C., 2012. Children's social and emotional wellbeing in schools: A critical perspective.
Policy Press.

Baker, D., 2016. Deaths after police contact: Constructing accountability in the 21st century. London: Palgrave
Macmillan