Turbomachinery Uthariam

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PREFACE
·L
-
The objective of this book is to cover comprehensively the basics of turbo
L
machines. Turbo machines has been an essential subject in the engineering
curriculum and is often perceived as a tough subject mainly due to the unavail-
ubility of stumhmJ textbooks. I huvc mudc un uttempt here to provide 11dequate
material for the study of both compressible and incompressible flow turbo
L
machines. The book adopts the SJ system of units throughout. fl Includes nu-
merous solved and unsolved problems in each chapter to assist students in
understanding the subject.
L
Chapter I introduces the basics of turbo machines. The Euler's equation
has been derived in this chapter. Chapter 2 deals with the geometries of blades
and blade rows of different types of turbo machines. The blowers .a nd fans are
L
low-pressure compressible flow machines and are principally the same as the
compressors. Therefore, these machines are combined with compressors.
Centrifugal con{pressors, blowers and fans are discussed in chapler 3. L 0
Axial flow compressors and fans are described in chapter 4. Jn the same
chapter, multi-stage compressors are also covered. '\xial flow gas and steam
turbines are combined and discussed in chepic:r 5. Problems in axial flow tur-
bines are solved by both analytical and graphical methods in this chapter. Chapter
l
6 deals with inward and outward flow radial turbines. Velocity triangles and
enthalpy - entropy diagrams have been frequently used 10 explain the thermo-
dynamic aspects of these compressible flow machines.
l
Chapter 7 includes dimensional and model analysis of turbo machines and
" types of similarities. A brief discussion on non-dimensional numbers is pre-
sented here.
L
Cc11trifug11l and nKiul now pumps are discussed in detoil in chapter 8. It also
includes the study of positive displacement pumps. Hydraulic turbines such as
Pe hon, Francis and Kaplun turbines urc discussed Jn chuplcr 9. Governing o(
l.
hydraulic turbines is also included here. Power transmining turbo machines
_and their characteristics are discussed in detail in chapter I 0.
The reference direction in velocity triangles for centrifugal machines is the
l'
tangential direction and that of axial machines is the axial direction. This is the
convention adopted here. Computer software has been developed for some
selected problems in turbo machines and is given in the Appendix.
4
j viii -,. Tu~oo MAc1nNES
This book will be useful to teachers and students of Mechanical Engineer-

J ing, candidates of AMIE. competitive examinations like UPSC, TNPSC and
GATE and practicing engineers..
.. CONTENTS
I welcome comments and suggestions from readers.
b!:.!I The material in this book is based on the concepts already developed over
the years by various authors. which can be readily gathered from the list of
references given at the end of the book. I owe my gratitude to all of them.
Preface vii
8] I acknowledge with appreciation the encouragement and suggestions given
by my colleagues ns well ns my students. 1. Basic Concepts of Turbo Machines 1
I am grnteful to my family members for their moral support and sustained Definition 1
encouragement throughout the preparation of this book. Classification ofTurbo Machines 1
l!ill
Basic Laws and Governing Equations 2
I place on record my sincere gratitude to my college Chairman
·The Prin~iple of Conservation of Mass 2
"J Dr. Tmt. Radha Thiagarajan, the Correspondent Thiru. Karumuthu T. Kannan
and the Principal Dr. V. Abhnikumar for their support.
I sincerely thank Mr. P.K. Madhavan, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, for
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The Newton's Second Law of Motion
2
3
4
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
publishing this book. I am indebted to my students Mr. H. Prasanne and Efficiencies of Compressors 5
J Mr. A. Prad~ep Chakkaravarthy for their help in proof reading. Total-to-Tot.al Efficiency
Static-to-Static Efficiency
6
' 6
Polytropic Efliciency 6
I
A Valan Arasu Finite Stage Efficiency 8
J. Preheat Factor in Compressors 9
Efficiencies ofTurbihes l1
J Tot.al-to-Total Effic.i ency

Total-to-Static Efficiency
Polytropic Efficiency
11
12
12
Finite Stage Efficiency 14
j Reheat Factor in Turbines 14
• Solved Problems J8
Exercises 34
J 2. Blade Theory
Aero-foil Section
37
37
Symmetrical Aero-foil 37
J· Non Symmetrical Aero-foil
Drag and Lift
37
38
Lift and Drag Coefficients 39
J ~
')>
Energy Transfer in Tenns of Lift and Drag Coefficients
Blade Terminology
Cascade Nomenclature
40
42
43
Turbine Cascade Nomenclature . 45
"· l !
~
-----------
L
,
i.; :;... TullllO MACIUNES '
COHTnmi -. xi L
Cascaded Testing and Curves 46
. Working Principle 126
Cascade Lift and Drag CQCfficients . : · · .
Cascade Lift and Drag Cocffidents' for Turbine Blades
Losses in a Cascade
49
52
52
> Velocity Triangles for an Axial Flow Compressor Stage
Energy Transfer or Stage Work
Mollier Chart
127
128
128
.L
Solved Problems 53 130
Short Quesllons 61
Exercises 62
Work Done Factor
Stage Loading (or) Pressure Coefficient
Reaction Ratio .
131
132
l
3. Centrifugal Compressors and Fans 63 Effect of Reaction Ratio on the Velocity Triangles 133 -
Introduction
Components and Description
.. .. .
63
63
Static Pressure Rise
Stage Efficiency
134
13.S l
Pressure Coe.flicient 136
Velocity Diagrams for a Centrifugal Compressor 65
Slip Factor
Energy Transfer
66
69
Compressor Stall and Surge
Rndial Equilibriwn Method
Radial Equilibriwn Theory
136
137
138
l
Power Input Factor·
. . 69 Types of Blades 139 fl
Molli er Chart 70 Free Vortex Blade 139 !~l!1:;J
. Inlet Casing 70 Forced Vortex or Solid Rotation Blades 140
Impeller 71 I Constant Reaction Blade 141
Stage Pressure Rise and Loading Coefficient
Pressure Coefficient
Diffuser
I
;
73
75
76
Multistage Compression
Comparison Between Centrifugal Compressor and
Axial FI.ow Compressor
141
143
l.,
Volute or Scroll Collector 77 Direction of Flow Across the Compressor 143
Vaneless Diffuser
Vaned Diffuser
Degree of Reaction
. . 77
78
80
I
Pressure Rise per Stage
Isotropic Efficiency '
143
143
l
Range of Operation 143
Effect of Impeller Blade Shape on Perfonnance
· Pre-whirl and Inlet Guide Vanes
81
84
Frontal Area
Working Fluid
144
144
~1fil!J
·1n1et Velocity Limitations 85 Starting Torque '. 144
Mach Number in The Diffuser
Centrifugal Compressor Characteristic
88
88
. '
Construction
Multistaging
'
144
144
rl
Surging 89 Applications 144
Rotating Stall 89 Characteristic Curve 144
,Choking
Characteristic Curve
Solved Problems 93
90
92
I
Solved Problems 145
Short Questions 172
Exercises 174
·l
Short Questions 117
Exercises 119
4. Axial Flow Compre~sors and Fans 125
5. Axial Flow Steani and Gas Turbines
Inlroduction
181
181
l
181
. ., Description
· Introduction
Advantages of Axial Flow Compressors
125
125
Velocity Triangles for an Axial Flow Turbines
Stage Work and Diagram Efficiency
182
183 ·l
Description of an Axial Flow Compressor 125 h-s Diagram for and Axial Flow Turbine . . lltd
_____ ........~..,...............~~~~;--
I xii ,. Tu11.oo M11r1t1NEs

CUHTE><l~ ... xiii
7. Dimensional a~d Model Analysis 287

Stator (Nozzle) and Rotor Losses 186
..
' Introduction 287
Total-to-Total Efficiency (17 11 ) 186 287
Fundamental Dimensions
Total-to-Static Efficiency (11,,) 186 Derived Dime~sions 287
',
Blade Loading Coefficient 188 Advantages of Dimensional Analysis 288
Blade Types 189 Dimensional Homogeneity 289
Impulse Binding 190 Dimensional Analysis Method 290
Compounding (or) Staging 191 Buckingham Pl Theorem 290
Two Stage Pressure Compounded Impulse Turbine 191 Method of Selecting Repeating Variables 291
Two Stage Velocity Compounded Impulse Turbine 192 Model Analysis 291
Velocity Triangles of the Two Stage Impulse Turbine 194 Similitude 292
~ Diagram Efficiency of a Two Stage Curtis Turbine

Reaction Blading
195
197
Geometric Similarity
. Kinematic Similarity
292
293
The Reaction Turbine 197 Dynamic Similarity 293
294
~ Velocity Triangle Diagram for Reaction Turbine Stage 199 Classification of Hydraulic Models
294
.I Stage Efficiency ofa Reaction Turbine 200 Undistorted Models
Maximum Stage Efficiency 201 Distorted Models 294
Reaction RBtio 202 Non-dimensional Numbers 295 .
F Stage Efficiency, Turbine Efficiency and Reheat Factor

Free Vortex Design
205
207
Reynold's Nwriber (Re)
Euler's Number (Eu)
295
29S
295
Constant Nozzle Angle Stage 207 Froude's Number (F,)
r Impulse Turbines Versus Reaction Turbines

Internal Losses in Turbines
Governing ofTurbines
207
208
210
Weber's Number (W,)
Mach's Number (M)
Specific Speed
296
296
297
r Solved Problems 2 JI
Short Questions 247
Exercises 249
Pump Specific Speed
Expression for Pump Specific Speed
Specific Speed of Turbine
Derivation of the Turbine Specific Speed
297
297
298
299
6. Radial Flow Gas and Steam Turbines 255
I Introduct1on
Description
255 ·
255
Model Testing of Hydraulic Turbo Machines
Unit Quantities
Unit Speed
301
'303
303
3().t "
Velocity Diagrams 256 Unit Discharge
I,
- ......_
The Thennodynamic!> offlow
Stage Efficiencies
257
259
Unit Power
Use of Unit Quantities
3o.t
305
Spouting Velocity 160 Solved Problems · 305
261
m
.\
Degree of Reaction
An Outward Flow Radial Turbine (LJungstrom Turbine) 263
Short Questions . 321
Exercises 323
Velocity Triangles and Stage Work 264 325 .
Stage Work 264
8. Hydraulic Pumps
IL Solved ~rob/ems 266
Short Questions 282
., Centrifugal Pumps ,.
Introduction
325
325
Exercises 283 ..
~·
~llfCT\tv,., - ., • u•:n:11u-om .. . . . . .-
RiffJNP031ldIRf91 lkOf M8Dlfi!R'J!Ra•?"'•1re~;znc;nr .. u ., •r ' ' - .. -.,-::r: ••n=w
----- 1·
xiv ,. Tuuo MACHJNES
Main Parts of a Centrifugal Pump · · Air Lift Pump

CONTDH> "' xv
352
' t
325
Impeller
Casing
Suction Pipe and Delivery Pipe
Work done and Velocity Triangles
325
326
327
•I Submersible Pump
Solved Problems 354
Short Questions 379
.. 353
r-
-;327 Exercises 380
~'
tl
Head Developed 330 9. Hydraulic Turbines
. .
t •••• ,. ,.4,1. ''f' .' : t . 'I; 383
~
. Static Head (H.) . 330

Manometric Head (Hm) 331 Introduction . 383
IF~
Pwnp' Losses and Efficiencies 331 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines 383
Impeller Power Loss (Disc Friction Power Loss (P )) 331 According to the Type of Energy at the Inlet 383
0
Leakage Power Loss 331 According to the Direction ofFlow through the Runner 383
Casing Power Loss
Mechanical Efficiency
Manometric (or) Hydraulic Efficiency
Overall Efficiency
I •
332
332
332
333
According to the Head at the Inlet of Turbine
According to the Specific Speed of the Turbine
Pelton Wheel
Parts of the Pelton Turbine
1
• •
I
384
·384
384
384
r
Volumetric Efficiency 333 Velocity Triangles and Work Done for Pelton Wheel 385
' 387
r~
Impeller Efficiency 333 Hydraulic Efficiency
Minimum Starting Speed Pelton Wheel Losses and Efficiencies . 387
333
Net Positive Suction Head 334 I Pipe-Lin~ Transmission Efficiency 387 rm
Priming 335 I
I·
Nozzle Efficiency 387
I
Performance Curves of Centrifugal Pumps 335 Nozzle Velocity Coefficient 388
Constant Efficiency or Muschel Curves 336 Number of Buckets 388
Iii\~
Multistage Centrifugal Pumps 337 Overall Efficiency 388
Puritps Combined in Parallel 337 . Governing of Pelton Wheel Turbine 388
Pumps Combined in Series 339 · Double Governing of Pelton Wheel 389
390
Pumps in Series 340 Characteristics of an Impulse Turbine :.-~l
Pumps in Parallel 340 Radial Flow Reaction Turbine 391
Axial Flow Pumps 341 Main Parts of a Radial Flow Reaction Turbine 391
Description 3.:11 Vel ocity Triangles and Work done 392
393 ---:
·'~~~
Velocity Triangles 341 Net Hcnd Across Reaction Turbi ne
The Workdone on the Fluid 342 Radial Flow Turbine Losses 394
The Energy Transfer (or) Head 343 Govemins of Reaction Turbines 395
Axial Pump Characteristics
Cavitation
Method of Preventing Cavitation .
343
344
346
Characteristic Curves for a Reaction Turbine
Axial Flow Reaction Turbine
Velocity Triangles and Work Done
396
397
399
1
Positive Displacement Pumps 346 Governing of Kaplan Turbine 400
· Gear Pumps
Vane .P ump
347
349
Comparison of Hydraulic Turbine Efficiencies
Sek tion of Hydraulic Turbines
401
401 1
Piston Pump ·' 350 Draft Tube 402
Miscellaneous Types of Pumps
.Jct Pump ,
351
351
Types of Drnft Tubes
Draft Tube Theory
403
403 1
.A
. .
L
.~;-· ·_.-
:~ ·:•. .
:i •
xvi ,. TUIUIO MAt"lllNF.s
~
Efficiency of Draft Tube 405
Cavitation in Turbines 405
Solved Problems 406
Short Questions 435
1
L Exercises 436
10. PowerTransmittingTurbo Machines 441
Introduction
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
L The Hydraulic Coupling
Working Principle
441
441
442
TURBO MACHINES
Efficiency
L Slip
Torque Converter
442
443
444
Characteristics of Fluid Coupling & Converter 445
·L Exercises 447 DEFINITION
l,.·..
Appendix 449 ' Turbo machine is defined as a device that extracts energy or impans encrgY to a
References 460 continuously flowing stream of fluid by the dynamic action of one or more routing
b Index 461
blade rows. The prefix '.t.urhn: is a latin word m._eaning_'~pin' or 'whirl' implying that
turbo machines rotate·in some way.
If.the machine adds energy to the fluid, it is commonly c&lled a pump. lrit extracts
energy, then it is called a ~ine. A device which pumps liquids. is Slmply called a
L pump, but if ii pumps gases, then three different tenns may be used de~_i!!J upon•
the pressure rise achieved. Up10..nCJT.!.Y_O.q7_~ar preuure rise, the dcvlCi;_~__?II~ a
~(fill~, betweenJ}...Q7 11mU.~r absolute pressure itTsCafled a..:.!*>~!'· and__~ ;l
bar absolute pressure itj~_<;!!lled a ·~mJ!.~r'.· .
b The difference between the turbo machine and the positive displacement machine is
that in the former, the fluid is moving continuously across the machine unlike in the
latter, where the fluid ·cnlcrs a closed chamber, which is isolated from the inlet and
~
O!!.!.let sections of the machine. for a very short periodOftfme-within which work is
done on or by the fluid.
CLASSIFICATION OF TURBO MACHINES

t
~ Turbo machines are broadly classified as _filirouded or U.nshr.Ql.lde.d turbo machines.
If the rotating member is enclosed in a casing or shrouded in such a way that the
wo!_kingJ!uid c~~not be divcned to flow around the edges of the impeller. it is called
I n shrouded turbo machine. Examples of this are tui-bincs,_p~_!!!Q!. etc. If the Hu!~
~ · flo~s around the edges of the impeller which is not shrouded. then it is called an '
unshrouded turbo m_a chlne. Examples of this are wind mill.or aero-generau:>r and
.. aircraft propellers. -' -
b Turbo machines may fall into any one of the two classes depending on w~
~~~~Ej~-~~~--~~-flui~ on_!!t~!.Q.l!!l..!!B.J!l~mber <examples: hyJira.Mlic t_umi~ m .·
tur~ine, etc.) or:..~9rkfa.<!.Q!!~-~Y_t!!~<?.t.!~~ng_ ~-e,~~r ~~ !!!e~~~-i~ (examples: .~~P·
~
compres~r, etc.). .
J
2 :I>- TURBO MACHINES
BASICCONCEPTSOFTURBOMACHINES -( 3
..
J
(The 1urbo machines can also be classified by lhe energy transfer from or 10 1he or
rolating blades, which arc fixed onlo a shaft. In the work absorbing machines lhe
fluid pressure (or} hc:_ad., (i!!__lhe case of hydi::auE<,: .f!!~~hincs) ~br) the enthalE!Y.. (for
CQ!!Jp~essible flow machines) incr?:~es from i_nlel 10 oullet. But in work delive~
[Q - W = m!t.h + t.ke +Ape) l .J
machines the fl~Q_Qr.<:.m!fC or enthale.>.:, dc:£!:.e.~ frQm !lJe inlet to the outlet.
This equation is known as steady flow energy equation(SFEE}. A 1urbo machine,
The product change in head or enthalpy, and the mass flow rate of lhe fluid lhrough
I.he machine, represenls 1he energy absorbed by (or) extracted from the rotating blades.
In turbo machines, 1he energy 1ransfer is accomplished by changing the. anguta'r mo-
being operated essentially under the same conditions for long periods or time, can be
conveniently analysed as a steady flow device. This equation, when applied u) a lurbo
J
mentum of I.he fluid and so the shapes of the blades and rotating 'm embers differ from machine, may be simplified pertaining lo the type of turbo machine, because many
one type to anolher. ·
Turbo machines can also be classifed based on the direction of flow of fluid
across the rotating member. If the flow is axial, the machine is.called an axial flow
of the terms are zero (or) get cancelled with others.
3. The Newton's Second Law of Motion

J
machine. lf the flow is oniy radial, it is known as radial flow or cenlrifural ma.:_
£!!_~. If the flow is partly axial and partly radial, the machine is known as mixed flow
~
According 10 this law, the sum of all the forces acting on a controlled volume in a
particular direction is equal 10 the rate of change of momentum of the fluid across the t~l
controlled volume in the same direction.
BASIC LAWS AND GOVERNING.EQUATIONS

The basic laws of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics arc used in turbo machines.
Cit1
J
The important laws and governing c;quations used in turbo machines are as follows:
1. The Principle of Conservation of Mass

-)----
J
The conservation of mass is one of the most fundamental principles in nature. Mass,
like energy is a conserved property, and it cannot be created or destroyed. The con- I
servation of mass principle for a controlled volume undergoing a steady flow process,
requires lhal the mass now ratc:(m) across the controlled volume remains cons1ant.
t:d
Mathematically,
rn~
Im =Pl Ai Ci = P2A2C2 j Figure /.I Movement offluid purtic/t across a controlled vol™
where . subscripts I and 2 denote the inlet and outlet conditions respectively.
The conscrva1ion of mass equotion is often referred ' to' as 1he continuity In 1urho machines, the impeller~ uro rolullng and 1ho power ou1pu1 la
flill
equation in fluid mechanics. In C~£.~J~JDac.hincs,Jhe mass flow rote cxprcsse(] as the product or torque and angular velocity and. so angular
(kg/s) is eitclusively used while in hydraulic machines the volume flow rate (m 3 /s} momentum is the prime parameler. Consider a fluid particle moving acroITTCOO-
is preferred. trolled volume as shown iilFlgl:l. The Fluid particle travels from point A"to point ' '
2. The F_lrst.Law of Thermodynamics

B while simultaneously moving from a radius ri to radius rz. If C.ct and C.. 2 a.re
components of absolute v_elQCj_ti~s. in the .1angc;_nti;il di_i:.<:£_tion, the"illh"Cium of all the ..b
1orques acting on the system is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum.
The first law of thermodynamics which is also known as lhe conservation of energy
principle ~talcs that energy can neilher be crea1ed nor destroyed; it can only change
from one fqrm .to anot.hcr. 111c conservation of energy equation for a.general steady
Malhcmatically,
I:r = m(r2C.r2 -r1C.. i)

L
~o.w system can be expressed verbally as ·
{Heat tninsfcrred) - (Shaft work)= (Mass flow rate) [(Change in enthalpy per unit
·-----
If the machine revolves with angular velocity w, then the power (W) is I!
::: mass) +{Change in kinetic energy per unit mass) + (Change in potencial energy per
unit mass))
.
Erw = m (wriC.rl ·- wriC.. 1)
•
' .
~ (
41 ;.. TIJRBO MACHINES
BAsrcCoNCEPTSOFTIJRBOMACHINES <s
Thus
~ Since
wr =U ·. /Tds =!!_h - vd~-)
IL
___
where U is the impeller tangential velocity
- -·-·-- ·--------- -·- :;;..__
:. I =
_;.,
I
The second Tds equation is eittensively used in the study of compressible flow
machines. In terms cif stagnation properties
W m(U2C.r2 - U1C.r1)
Tds = dho - tJQdPo
This equation is known as the general fonn of Euler's e;:Jion. = 0} as in
~
For an~~e fluid undergoing an isentropic process (~ds
Euler's turbine cq'Uation is - - ~) the ideal change in stagnation enthalpy is ·
1W = m(U1C.r1 - U2C.r2>\t[l I(Aho),= voAPo = APo/Po =A.Po/PI

L Euler's pump equation Is
Iw = m(U2C.r2 - U1C.r1) > ol

Since Va= I/Po and
-
Po= p
K_ EFF=ICIENCIES OF COMPRESSORS
b 4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics leads to the definition of Entropy, and is defined
Fig.1.2 shows the reversible and irreversible adiabatic compression processes on the
enthalpy-entropy diagram. The initial condition of the fluid is represented by state- I.
a The stagnation point corresponding to this state is 01. The final condition of lhe fluid
ID is denoted by state:2 and the corresponding stagnation point 'is 02. If the process
IB!l loQuu=TdSJ were reversible. the final fluid static and stagnation conditions would be 2S and 02S
respectively.
EntrOPY ChB.f!ge.J.~ caused b_l heal transfc!J. mass flow, and irrcversibilities. The en-
b tropy change during a yrocess is 29sitJve fpr a~U?le process or~t.a re-
versible process. Thus, work producing devices such as turbines, deliver more work,
and work consuming g~i£.e.s_s1.1.i;h as pumps and compressors consume less work
.....1_1_~n-i_~\:Y CiiJC'ra·i~-iii_!:rsibly. . ,,___
pl
b The differential form of the conservation of energy equation for a closed stationary
system (a fixed mass) can be expressed for a reversible process as
SQuu - olV,,. = dU
0
~ But
oQuu = TdS
h
P,
oW,,.u = PdV
b Thus
TdS = dU + PdV
~
(or) on unit mass basis
Figuu 1.2 Rt!vt!rsiblt! and i"t!Vt!rsiblt! compression proussu
~I
ITds =du+ Pdv I~ Process !1_i_s__~~-«;.!l~~c2m~sion process and is accompanied by an increase .
Thi?equation is known as lhe First Tds equation or Gibb's equation. The second in entropy. Proccs~J .~S)~ _!h_iU4~J._~mpression proccss.(The efficiencies of com-
m Tds equation is oblained by eliminating du from the first Tds equation by using the
definition of enthalpy (h u + Pv)=
pressors may be defined in terms of either s!!lg_n~ti<?n or_s~_t!c prope~ of the fluid
or even a combination oJ both. The following are the commonly used compressor
efficiencies: ---
.! dh =du+ Pdv + vdP
\ill
/
6 ):> TuRBO MACHINES

r-
BASICCONCEPTSOFTuRBOMAtHlN6' "{ 7
J
l
1. Total-to-Total Efficiency, Differentiating equation ( 1.2) and substituting equation ( 1.1 ), we get
. ~ t ~ .· .
It is an effic.i ency based on stagnation properties at entry and exit.
I·
W1d~a1 hou - ho1
dT. T/p = [r ~ 1 x P-0)] dp x constant J
'11-1=---= -Constant value is obtained from equation ( 1.2).
Woe1uol ho2 - hot
2. Static-to-Static Efficiency
Therefore,
r
dT
· rip-
- ( r - l ) · dp
r P
(1.3)
J
It is an efficiency based on static pro~_r:ties at entry and exit.
1/s-s = ---
W;Jtnl
Wnctunl
= hu -
hi -
h1
hI
Integrating between the limits of the full compression from
T2) r- I I (Pi)
P1 10 Pi we gel
,J
')'
In ( Ti =- r - . ri , · In Pi
.-.- - ·-·---···# ··-- . ··-·-·....1- .. ----·'l;· .:. ..
3. Polytropic Efficiency
A compressor stage can be viewed as madd up of an infinite number of small stages.
To account for a compression in n11j11finitcsJm.!1 stage, polytropic efficiency is defined
Rearranging,
I
Ti = ( Pi) .,.,
cl
~
J
for an elemental compression process. Consider a small compressor stage as shown ~.);<}:. (1.4)
in Fig. 1.3 between pressures P and P+dP.
_!)__ _.!.!._____
The polytropic efficiency of a compressor stage is defined as If the irreversible adiabatic compression process is assumed to be equivalent to 1J
a poly tropic process with ~J.>'.~i£..Lnd~.Jl•..th=. following relationship between
dT, temperature and pressure will exist.
'Ip= dT
---rnc-~
( 1.1)
·.. ., ·-
/ -
t P}_r" ..i;1 (~~) = (~) ~ ( 1.5)
J
h .
. Equating eqns ( 1.4) and ( 1.5 ),

t=.I c.J
1J
( ~~ )"'' = ( ~~) •
Comparing the power,
I
rn~
I'.- I 11- I
=---
P1 11" • r II
or I~
r~ ~ r - I n
Cl/ T/p=--·--
~The pol~~o pi:_:ffic~ is

-- -- r n- I
bu
1
also called as !~all sta~ or l~fu).!~'im!l stage e.lJi-
ciency
A typical valuc of polytropic efficiencx for a compressor is 0.88 and in the initial
Is ~
Figur• J.J CumprnsitJn procus in injinitt:simal and jiniu comprt:ssor..st11/lt'S
dcsig_n calculation il"is o flcn"nssumcdlhal(IJ p_=..Ti.,=J where 11, !he stage efficiCJ9'.
r-or lln isentrupic process. lhe relationship between pressure and temperature is given Alternatively, polytropic index of compression in the actual process is
by
"7t=r\
pl,- I
T
= constant ( 1.2) I = J:"r<I-:::-;;;>
n
fT/p J
.~
a. 8 > TURBO MACHINES BASIC CONCEPTS OF TURBO MACHINES <{ 9
~
4. Finite Stage Efficiency
A st~i:.~lh a fi.l.ll!.!<_P!£.~~!lr~_<k.c:>.P.Js a lini~E sl~g~. Toking€'1i.c)values oftcmpcruturc PREHEAT FACTOR IN COMPRESSORS
nm.l_ ~~c (Fig .. 1.2) and nKsumins pcrfoc@s111ge efficiency is defined ns
Consider. 11 1wo stage compressor working between Poi and Pol an shown in
Fig. 1.4. Jn isentropic now, the outlet conditions of the@for the first stage
I T2s - Ti
,,, = -T--2-·--T-, and second st11gc arc at 021 and 031 respectively, where as the actual outlet
h Poi
The finite stage or s.!!!ge efficiency can be cit pressed _i_n ~erm_s ~.f th_e t'!!~ll stag_c;_or
I pollt!_~ic effi~ •
Tu-T1=.T1(~~ -1)=r1((~~)~ -1) Pol
L and
,_, )I Poi
L Ti - Ti = Tr (Tr - I) :=
T2
Ti ( Pi •·op
( Pr ) -
'Ill ere fore,
L ,,.l
r~-:fO) i~ '11 -
P2)';'
( -P_1_ _-_ I
__
( p ) r:=.I Flgurl! J.4 Prthtal tfftct In a mu/tutagt comprtssor
2 ' •r
- -I
~. Pi
For a multistage compressor whh~a con~t~s'Ui~~ssure ratio, the overall pressure
conditions are at.02 and 03. Corresponding to first stage and second stage respectively:
The subscripL'.£ refers to constant entropy and 'O' refers lo total conditions of the
ratio is given by - - - - - ------ fluid. If the stage ef.IifJE.~ies were the same, the total actual w~!!EUt l_ll the different
individual stages would bC
L- = ( P2)N
---
PN+I
Pi Pr W = ;f, [W, + W11J =:= ;!; [(huls -
1 hod+ (holJ - h.,2))
2
where N_j_s_~~l!!!ID.~ stag~nd PN+I is the prcssur~ ~ the end ofJhc..N'h stage.
L- Therefore, the overall efficiency is---- --- - - - · - w = 111"/, I: w,,
1=1
(1.6)
P2)N('; 1) I 2
( P1 L W, 1 is the isentropic work input to the two stage compressor and is the sum
~
where
T/c = - I
i=i
(P
~1)N(~;f;!) or 1hc singe iscnlropic works. Fo~.~2!1.P..~:.~~~-~it~.·11· stages,
- I
I N
1
-r:w,,
~ W= ( 1.7)
The overall cfnclcney In terms of overall prcss~.!£.-ratio is
- -- -----··---- . .. ·~· _..--- __
,,,_,... T/s l=I
-·-·"'·"'-·-··· ......
~· -·- -.
r-1
Pot PtiJ.
.. (!ff)-, Consider now, a single stage compressor raising the fluid pressure from lo
~
-I The actual work
. .
input. that would be.supplied is
'1c =
(P;;I )''r _
c.::.J
I I
r W= - . W, (l .7a) .
~!J£_·--r·
rm
- ~
~-
10 )> 1\JRBo MACHINES
where 'le is the overall compressor efficiency and Ws is the isentropic J..ork.
BASIC CONCEPTS OFT\JRBo MACH!NIS ~
Consider again Fig. (1.4) for a first stage compression, state 02 may be obtained
11
I
after an ideal compression from 0 I to 02, followed by "prehcatin" of the fluid from
Ws = ho3,, - ho1
The actual work input is the same for both single stage and multistage compression
:
stale 02, to 02 at constant pressure (To2 > Tois).
(_This inher-ent.tlt_enn<>Qy.i:i~i!!·~Cf~cnhal reduces µie efficiency of"a·multisiagc.com-
I
processes. .· ; pressor is culled the puJuateffect. ) --- -- ·· · · --- - - - - -
Then from equ's 1.7 and l.7a,

w = ho3-hot
EFFICIENCIES OF TURBINES J
The enthalpy-entropy diagram for flow both reversible and irreversible through
'11
- =
E. Ws1
, .. f .
- -
N
( J.K)
a 1urbine is shown in Fig. 1.5. The static condition of the fluid al inlet is
de1crmincd by state I, with stoic 0 I. ns the conuponding stagnation slate.
Th<! final static proper1ies ore dctennined by lhe slllte 2, with 02, as the
J
'le
-- W 1
.
(Sine~ lhc con.s11~n1 prcssu~ lj_r:i~-~i~~~gc i!] lhe direction of increasing l'.l}!.ffi$'. on h-s .• h n
d iagram, 1hc iscntiOpic enthalpy rise across each stage increases even for a cons1an1 Po1
~
stagnation pressure rise 6. Po across each stage. Then, ~_:~~-~f_t_h~ stas.e isentropis_
enthalp~ rises is greater than the~enlrfill.is:..M1hll.RY ri~ in a ~g~ stage compression. P1
For a two stage compressor i~
cttl
(ho2, .- 1101) + (ho3 1 - ho2) > (ho3,, - ho1)
Po2
i.e. L~=I W,1 > W,
For N s1agcs,
N
P2
J
"}:W,;
'
Equation ( l .S) can be written as
~>
w, J
'le w,
-= "N.. ~ =PF
T/1 L..1 .. 1 w,, . (I.Sa)
f'lgur1 I.S Rf.vusihlf. 11111/ irrtvtrslblt txpanslon pror11111 1J
N corresponding stagnation stale. If lhe process were rc:versible, the final fluid static
L
That is, the ratio of W, to
i= I
W1 , is known as the Preheat factor (P.F) state would be 2s and the stagnation state would be 02,.
Process I - 2 is the actual expansion process and process I - 2s is the iscntropic
or ideal expansion process. In turbines, the efficiencies may be defined using either
J
P.F.= the static or the stagnation propcnies of
the fluid or even a combination of both. The
The preheat factor is less 1han unity. Then, equ111ion (I .Sa) becomes
commonly used turbine efficiencies arc
j
1. Total-to-Total Efficiency
T/c <I II is un efficiency bused on s111gnu1ion propcnies at inlet und outlet.
or
'ls
j
Waciua/
l T/c < T/s I '11 - 1 = W 1J,al
i.e., the overall compressor efficiency T/c is less 1han the compressor stage efficiencies
·-~c· ~ -,,.,___,....-roo·k ·--- ·, t/1 - 1
hot - ho1
= hot - hois
j
T/s.
......
i · ··.: I2 > TURDO MACHINES
BAStCCONCEPTSOFTUltBOMAOllNES ~ 13
dT T
2. Total-to.Static Efficiency But dT1 = - end constant= - ()
~ p ~
'1 p r
II is an efficiency in which the ideal work is based on stagnation property at inlet and
then
static property at outlet.
= _I_ [p-<ttr > . ~] dp
·1 W1c1t11I = ho1 - his
dT
. 'Ip p(Cfl) r
. ,,,_, = ---
W11.·11.111
= lro1- lro2 dT r - I dP ( 1.11)
I W1dt11t hot - hir -r='lp · -;-·-p
\
L 3. Polytroplc Efficiency Integrating between the limits of the overall expansion between Pt and Pi
---;
I
A turbine stage can be considered as made up of an infinite number of small or infinites- In~T2 ) r- I
( 7t =rir · - r· l n -Pt
(Pi)
imal stages. Then 10 account for e11pnnNic1n in nn · inflnitcHintnl lurhinc
Rearranging,
r,
= (Pi)"'(9)
h
c Ti
Tt P1
( l.l 2)
Assuming the irreversible adiabatic expansion (1-2) as equivalent to a polytropic

P- dP process with index n; the temperalii'rcand pressure arc related by
L \
T2=(Pi)•
!:!
-.--->rpl
(1.13)
"' Tr P1
[ Equating 'Cqns. (1.12) and (1.13),
/ (~~)",(9) = (~) ~
[ Figure 1.6 Expansion process In Infinitesimal and finite turbine stages Compnring the powers,
stage, a smell stage or infinitesimal stage or polytropic efriciency is defined. Consider
[_ a small stage (Fig. 1.6) between pressures P l!nd P -dp . The efficiency of this tu rbine·
stnge is defined as
'1 p (
r - ')
-;:-
- I
= n-;;-
or
~
l ~
( 1.9) r
'Ip= (r - 1) · -n-
n-\
For an isentropic process Altemativcly, the index of expans}on in the actual process is expressed as
l p
T
- (c=-!
- ) = Constant (I. I 0) n=-----
r
. r-(r-l)'lp
r
' ..
=
~~
Different\ating eqn. (I.I 0), we get When 2,e I, n = r. The actual expansion of process curve ( 1 - 2) coincides with
·' the iseiitroj3iccxpansio0' line (I - 2s}.
dT1 = Constant [ p - Cl/rl · (r ~ I) Jdp
lW
I!
\ .J
14 );» TURBO MACHINES
BASICCONCf.PTSOFTURBOMACHJNES < 1.5
'
10 a final st~t.e~-.21 which. h~ .~.ig~er .cn.~opy than 1hat of state 02.r. '.fhe c0n'e5ponding
J
4. F!~~te S~-~!-~ffi~!_ncy .
,. exit conditions for ihe second stage arc 03s and 03 respectively.
The stage efficiency. considering slatic value of temperature and pressure (Fig. 1.6.).
ili defined t.li
The isentropic work done by Lhe 1wo stage turbine is the sum of lhe stage iscntropic
works.
1
uSi
h
~
uJ
The.stage efficiency cnn now be ell.pressed in tenns of polylropic efficiency
Ti - Tl> = Ti ( 1 _ ( ~) ~l) .J
and
T1 -1; = (1 - ~:)=Ti(• -(~r-")

T1
j
Therefore,
J
1- (Pi) ··<~-I) Figure J.7 Reheat tffut in a multistage turbine
'11 =
Pi .
2
I
:LW,, = w, 1 + w, 1 =J
1-(~) ~ /cl
= (ho1 - ho21) + (ho2 - ho3s)
(1.14)
The same equation can be used to detennine the overall efficiency of a multistage
turbine, except that the stage pressure ratio is replaced by the overall pressure ratio.
Consider now a turbine in which the fluid t:llpands from Poi to Po3 in one stage.
The iscntropic work is
J
The overall efficiency, fo!:_~.N-~a,~ turbine with a constant s_tagc pressure ralio, can
be expressed as IW, = ho1 - hoJ,, J (l.15)
J
PN+t
Pt
= (fli)N
Pt In both the cases. the actual work done is
• - ( ~) Ne·';-n)
w =hot -hoJ
n:J1
I
The constant pressure line diverges in Lhe h - s diagram as the entropy increases.
,,, = ·nicrcCurc, th_!: isenlropic enthn!Et drop ncross a Sl!l&~_i~ for a con1tant ~
(~)N(tfl)
I_ nation pressure drop A Po across each stage. Consequently,( the sum of the stage
iscntropic enthalpy drops is greater than the iscnttopic enthalpy drop in a single st.age
expansion.) That is
J
REHEAT FACTOR IN TURBINES
Consider a turbine with two stages where the Ouid (perfect gas) expands from P01
or
(hot - ho21) + (hoi - ho3,) > (hot - ho3,,)
J
to POJ as shown on the h - s diagram, Fig. 1.7. State-01 is the initial condition
at the entry of the first stage and 02.r is the condition that would bC reached at the
first 5tage exit if the expansion process had been iscntropic. The actual expansion leads
2
I:w
/= I
1, > w
1 J
'I
::.~
l 16 )> TuRDO MAClllNES

BASIC"CONC'El'TSOFTURBOMAC'lllNES < 17
·,
For a turbine with N-slages, we have
I N
E w,,
The reheat factor for the expansion of a perfect gas in an N-slage turbine. assuming
that the stage efficiencies 171 and the pressure ralios Po,/ Po,.,. where I =
I. 2. · · · . 11
for all the stages are equal, is expressed in terms of stage pressure ratio as follows.
!..::.!..__ > 1 ( 1.16) For the first stage,
w,
I N
The ratio of E W, 1 to W, is called the reheat factor (R.F).
__ _ 1...1__ .. '·-- ·
To2, = ToiCP02/Po1) !.=-I'
so that
1 R .F= !.::1_ > l

N
E w,,
I (1.17) Let
Toi -Toi,= Tor [1 - (Poi/Po1>Cfl] (1.22)
w, ,_,
i The "!~g~l!!~~ of_ th_e r_e_~ea~
factor in multistage
If the stage efficiencies were !he same, the Iota) actual work ou1pu1 from the vnrioui;
t.!!f~SJ!_aboutM3 ~~
Tiicn .
µ = 1- (Poi/Poi)'
Individual Ainge~ would be

t W=11, LW,1
/cl
N
, ( 1.18) and
Toi - To2, =Toiµ
risToiµ
L The actual work-output that would be obtained from a single stage expansion is
W=111 W, ( 1.19)
or
Toi - Toi=
ITo2 =Tod I - JLT11) I (1.23)
l where Tit is the overall lurbine efficiency. Combining equarions ( 1.18) and ( 1.19), we
get
- //_, N
For the second stage
L!:'-"Y J> _)..,/",, ;1V) ' l E w,, Toi - To3, = Toi [ 1 - (Po3/ Poi> !.=-I]
'
~- /. ~
.- -
/_ · .
-
<...t.- <.» - f ' l / f / OJ_; /,
_., - .
". '11
- ::: - --
Tis
l=i
WJ
( 1.20)
but
From eqn. ( 1. 16), we find that Po3 Poi
t -- ,.,, > ,.,,
TI1at is, the overall turbine efficiency l"/r is greater than the turbine stage efficiencies
Therefore
Poi = Poi
Tis • --- - ~ ..·- - - -·-.. ••- ~ • -• • • ~• •,o• • -..- - ... - -
l • .. • · ' • - • • • • - - ...... -- ~\'-...""V~--
• ..IE
Toi - To3 1 = Toiµ
L- Combining cqns. ( 1.. 17) and ( 1.20), we have the following relation.
IR~F = '11/1"/s I ( 1.21)

and
Toi - To) = TJs Toiµ

b- Cons ider again,, Fig.( 1.7) for a first stage expansion. It is seen that the final stale -02
may be ob!Jtined nflcr nn idcnl cxpnnliion from 0 I - 02, followed hy n 'rchcnting' of
the fluid from state 02, to 02 at constant pressure (T0i > Toi,)
or
2
H.;nce, !he nu id at 02 has a grcaler availability than lhe nu id at 02, (ho1 > hoi, ). An
To3 = To2CI - ri,µ) =Toi Cl - µ17,) (1.24)
ft expan!ion from slate 02 to a lower pressure must necessarily result in a larger output
~ For the Nth singe
than that obtainable from stale 02,. This effect that makes RF> I is called the reheat
effect. ITo,...+1 = To1(l - µri;>N-11
br
j
18 )> TURDO MACHINES
The actual work output .is For nn isi.:ntropic compn:~~ion ,

BASICCONCEPTSOFTUIUlOMAClllNES '< 19
J
W =
=
Cp1J,µ[To1 +Toi+···+ ToH+iJ
Cp1) 1 µ.Tot (I+ (1- µI),)+ (I - µ.1),)2 + .. . +(I_ µ.1],)N-1]
D.ho, =
=
1'ot:.Po =~CD.Po)
I
-(10-1) x 102
J
1000
=
The tenns within 1he brackets are or the fonn I + r + r 2 + · · · + rn-I which is a
· wll· 11 common rut lo r. ·n1c fiO Iuuon
· sc:ric:11
gc11111c:1m:
1 -r"
· ·1s - --, Uy uclin i1ion
0.9 kJ/kg
j
. I -r
In this case, r = (I - µ1], ). Then, the equation reduces to t:.ho,
'111 =
:::::: CpT01 (1
N .
- (I - JllJs)N]
( 1.25)
:. D.110 =
D.ho
ti.ho, -
-;,;- -0.15
0.9 J
= lj, L: w. 1
= 1.2 kJ/kg
l=l
The iscnt.ropic work output from a single stage eitpansion from Poi to Po,N+•• may
This is the work of compression.
(b) If the fluid is air as a perfect gas
J
be ob1ained from eqn. ( 1.25) by setting 1/s = I.
W, = CpT01 (1 - (I - µ.)N]
ti.ho, = Cp(To2, - Toi> j
= CpT01 [1 - R;-1] ( 1.26) From isen1ropic relation
r-1
where; Ro = PotH+ul Poi represents ~e overall pressure ratio. Since T02, _

-
.,.. (Po2)-r
'01 -
. Poi
J
1.4 - I
J
N
R.F = ,,.,.,
L: w,,;w•. = 283(10) 1.4
..
= CpT01
----;;;- [ I - (I - µq,) NJ/ CpToi [ d]
I - R0 '
Therefore,
54<1.4 K
il
(1 - (I - µl]s)N] D.ho, = 1.005(546.4 - 283) t;.J
R.F= 1/s
[I - R~-1/r
]
= 264.70 kJ/kg
and :1
SOLVED PROBLEMS ti.ho =

ti.ho,
,,,, \ ' ·~
Example 1.1 The initial and final 101al pressures of a fluid arc I bar and IO bar
rc:spectively. The initial total temperature is 10°C, What is the work of compression =
264.70
0.75 -------- j
for.adiabatic steady flow with a tolal: to-tolal efficiency of75% if (a) the fluid is liquid = 352.94 kJ/kg
waler and (b) the fluid is air as a perfect gas.
Solu'tlon
= I bar = 10 bar = 283 K.
Hence;, 1hc adiabatic work or compression· per kg or fluid is 352.94 kJ.
Example 1.2 Gases from a combustion chamber enter a gas turbine at a total
J
.
Poi Po2 Toi 1]11 = 0.75
pressure of 7 bar and a toial temperature of 1100 K. The total pressure and toul tern·
(a) If the fluid is liquid water pcrature at the turbine exit are 1.5 bar and 830 K. Taker =
1.3 and molecular weight I
Since the fluid is incompressible 1'o =constant = .!.p ,p = density of water. of gases= 28.7. Evaluate total-10-total efficiency and the total-to-stat.ic efficiency if
'the citit velocity is 250 mis. Assume adiabatic steady flow.
f 20 )> TURDO MAClllNES
8ASICCONCEPTSOFTuR90MACNJNES < 21
Solution
Solution
1· Poi = 7 bar Tor = I JOO K Poi = 1.5 bar 6ho = lro1 - ho1 = 6kJ/kg
To2 =!DOK C2 = 250m/~ r = 1.3
r (a) Total-to-Total efficiency
,,,, = ho1 - ho2

lro1 - ho2,
Toi - Toi
= ----
Toi - To2,
To1
(a) Finding the type of turbo machine

= 303 K Pot = 1 bar
Since the change in enthalpy is positive (6 kJ/kg) this turbo machine would be a work
nb,orbing mnchinc.
[ Using isentropic relation

!
(b) Exit total temperature
For air es a perfect gas. 6ho = C p ll. To.
Toi (Poi) 7 1
Toi, = = 6ho
[ =
Poi
1100 ( 1;5 ) 1fjl

:. To2 -Toi
To2 =
Cp
To1+-
ll.ho
Cp
= 771.1 K 6
=
[ 111ernrorc, . c
303+--
1.005
308.97 Kor 35,97nc
1100 - 830
= (c) Total pressure ratio
= 0.821
l
'711 1100- 771.1
(i) If the fluid is air
82.1%
u., ':_,,/l;}~l.JJ!.,A> ' (//Y,,;yy) 0r
(b) Total-to-Static efficiency .
,;. I
--· .
· I ·
-.
,,,_, _
-
ho2, - ho1 _ Cp(To2, - Tor)
ho2-ho1 - Cp(To2-To1>
m~ '71-s =
lror - ho1 _ Toi - Toi
ho1 - his - Toi - Tis
>y~ c.->"'"-:--~p__,v J2.- J ~ Cf
Cp:::
)'j 12- CpT01[(~)t;l -I]
Tis =
c22 . I
Oy .::
I
--
C.~· __:1-' = Cp(To2 - Toi>
l
T.02 - -
-------· rR
I
-
2Cp
R 8.314 .·
jZ. ~ fL I ;::ll-q_ Po2 = n (6h o)]r/r-1
I+.,,_,
Cp = - - and R = - =- - = 0.2897kJ/kg- K ('A ! )... <1i· ':i- [ CpT01
Pot
r - . 1. M
J_J x 0.2897" .. ., ..
-0.3- - = 1.255 kJ /kg -
28.7
i ]H
l .. Cp
Tis
=
= ?71.1 - 2 x 1255
2502
K !
=
o.75 x6
[ I + 1.005 x 303
1.053
= 746.19 K
l ,,,_, = 1100- 830
1100- 746.19 = 0.763
(ii) If the fluid is liquid water
6.Po = p6ho,
= 76.3%
I~
where
Example 1.3 Suppose a turbo machine is operated such that the change in total 6.ho, = 1J1-1(6ho ) = 0.75 x 6
enthalpy is 6 kl/kg of fluid when the inlet tot.al temperature is 30°C and the inlet total = 4.SkJ/kg
l preli§Urc I~ I tmr. {11) Whnl genernl rypo of lurho mnchino would thlR bo7 (h) Whnl IR
the e~it total temperature if the fluid Is air? (c) What is the total pressure ratio across
the machine if the adiabatic total-to-tolnl efficiency is 75% (i) if the fluid is air and
:. ti[\> •
=
4.S x 1000
45 bar
(ii) if the fluid is liquid waler. Poi = 45 + I = 46 bar
il
U!i-::11 : u ,1.i'
...-- - ·--- ]
(J1_;-;uk7 : Cor,-,p
:?:? > TURDO MAClllNES BASICCONCEPTSOFTuRBOMACHrNES, < 23 1

·, The pressure ratio is Solution
Po1
Poi
= 46
N = 4 Po2/Po1=0.4
For the first two stages, T/s 0.86
For the last two stages, 1Js = 0.84
= ·1
""*Example 1.4 A power scneru1ing 1urbo machine develops I 00 kW ou1put when (Refer Reheat Factor Section.)
1he now through lhe device is 0.1 m 3 /s of oil having a density of 800 kg/m.l. The
101al-to· to1al efficiency is 75%. Evaluate (a) the change in total pressure of the oil,
and (b) the change in static pressure of the oil if 1he inlcl and exit flow veloci1ies are µ = I- ( -
Poi
Po1)7' = 1-(0.4)¥-{ ' 1
3 and 10 mis rcspcclively. = 0.23
Solution
W = 100 kW Q ~ 0.1 m 3 /s p = 800 kg/m 3 7Jr-r =0.75 The actual work output from the first two stages is
]
Mass flow rate of oil m pQ = •; W1 .l = CpJtT01 [I+ (I - µq,)) x T/s ~
= 800 x 0.1=80 kg/s = Cp Toi (0.23) [I +(I - (0.23 x 0.86)}) x 0.86 j

The change in total enthalpy 0.356 CrT01
Aho =
=
-W/m = 100/80
-1.25 kl/kg
The actual work output from the last two stages is
W3,4 = CpT03µ [I+ (1 - µq,)) x 'Ir

J
The: iscnllopic change in total enthalpy
(Aho,) = Aho -1 .25 To1 - the temperature after the end of the first two stages is j
1J1-1 = 0.75
= -1.67 kJ/kg To3 = Toi (I - µq, )1 = Toi( I - (0.23)(0.86)) 2
(a) The change in total pressure of the oil

800
W3,4
=
=
0.644 '/01
Cp Tot (0.644)(0.23) [I +(I - (0.23)(0.84))) 0.84
J
APo = p(Aho,) = x (-1.67) 0.225 Cr Toi
j
:;:::;
100
= -13.4 bar
Total actual work output from the turbine
(b) The change Jn static pressure
= 0.581 CpT01
J
W =Wu+ WJ.4
(Ci - C?)
AP = A Po - p ~2-000-~
The tollll isentropic work due to a single stage compression is
800(102 - 32 )
= -13.4 - - - - -
2000 x 100 = [I -
=
=
-13.4 - 0.364
-13.8 bar
Ws
=
CpT01
Cr Toi (1 -
(I - µ)H)
(I - 0.23)4 ) J
0 .649C,..To1
The negative sign implies 1hut the pressure <.lccrcuscs during un cxpunsiun process.
Example 1.5 In a four stage turbine handling air, the stagnation pressure ratio
belwecn the exit and the inlet of each stage is 0.4. The stage efficiencies of the firs!
Overall turbine efficiency 'l J
two stages are 86% each. while those of the last two stages arc 84% each. Find 1he
r.7) T/1 = w, / w ::: o.581 /0.649
overall efficiency of the turbine.
0 = 89.5%
J
1 24 )> TURBO MACHINES BASIC CONCEPTS OF T URBO MACHINES <( 25
Example 1.6 A low pressure air compressor develops a pressure of 1400 mm Alternative method:
I W.G. If the initial and fin al states of air are Pi =
1.0 I bar, Ti
determine compressor and the infinitesi.mal stage efficiencies.
305 K, T2 = =
320 K,
(MKU -Apri/'99)
P2) t.;J _ I ( 1.14734) Y:2 _ I
Solution
( Pt
I t;.P
Pi
=
=
1400 mm W .G .
1.0lbar, T1 = 305K, T2 = 320K
'le =
P2 )~ - 1 - (1.14734)#.;
-
. ( Pi
--
1~1
_ .-.:...._1_.0_1--'--=""'"--
-1
ICP
i t:i.P =
=
1.4 x
0.13734 bar
x 9.81=13734 Pa
IJp = 75.67%
Example 1.7 A high pressure compressor changes lhe state of air from
= = =
' P2 = P1 + t:i.P = 1.01 + 0 . 13734 = 1.14734 bor Pi 1.01 bar: Tt 305 K to Pi 3 bar. The compressor efficiency is 7.5%.
Determine the infinitcsimol e fficiency of the compressor.
From isentropic relation
Solution
~ T'n
= (~:)~j
P1 = 1.0 I bar T1 = 305 K P2 = 3 bar
Ti Pi/Pi = 3/1.01 = 2 .97 bar
( 1.14734) yj
(p2)~
iJ =
= 1.037
I.OJ Tis = Ti Pi =305(2.97) u4
f.1
= 416.27 K
= 1.037 x 305
t' Tls =
=
1.037 x T1
316.285K
IJc =
T21 - Ti
Ti-Ti
(a) Compressor efficiency 416.27 - 305
tr IJc =
Ti. -
=
T1
316.28 - 305
T1 -Ti =
= 148.36
0 .15
T2-Ti 320- 305
~ = 75.23%
T1 = 148.36 + 305 = 453.36K
(b) lnfinlteslmal stage efficiency
IJp = c- 1) ln(P2/P1)
h ,,,, r- I
r
ln(P2/ Pi)
ln(T2/Ti) =
(0.4)
r
1.4
ln(T2/Ti)
ln(3/l.01)
ln(453.36/305)
1.4-1) !n(l.14734/1.01)
~r
( I .4 ln(J20/)05) = 78.5%
0 .7588
Note that the infin itesimal stage efficiency is greater than the compressor efficiency.
= 75.88%
.. This difference is due lo preheating.
f'tr Since lhe pre~Jure ri~ in rhe compreRM>r i~ low, lhc two cfficiencicHore close to Example 1.8 The prcasure rotio across a gu turbine is 2.2 and efficiency is K8%,
each other. The temperature of gas al inlet is 1500 K determine polytropic efficiency.
b
-1
26 :;.. TURBO MACHINES BASICCONCEPTSOFTURBOMACHIHES , <( 27 ~
~~
Solution Actual exir 1empera1ure is determined from the overall compressor efficiency ex-
Pi
l'l
= 2.2 '1r = 0.88 Ti = 1500 K
pression.
TN+ is - Ti
j
ci M
,.,,. =
T21
Ti
= (-PiPi) ' = (-2.2I ) ~ =0.798 TN+i -Ti
Tis = 0.798 x 1500 = .p97.45 K

Ti -Ti
TN+ I
560.56 - 308
0.8 +3
08
,J
1500-T2 TN + I 623.7 K
'1r = Ti -T21 = 1500- 1197.45
1.500- T2 = 0.R8(1.SOO - 1197.45) un<l !j
7~ = 12.1:1.76 K PN+i = !!.16 x Pi= 8. 16bar
'"IP = ( r ) ln(Tif T~)

r - I ln(P1/ i>2)
(b) Polytropic efficiency J
= u-~) ln(l500/1233.76) = r - I) ln(PN+ 1/P1)
J
l}p (
0.4 ln(2.2) r ln(TN+1/Ti)
= 86.7% 0.4) . ln(8.16)

'"IP
=
/~Ole
( 1.4 ln(623.7/308)
that the poly1ropic efficiency is less than the turbine efficiency. This is on
account of reheating.
Example 1.9 An air compressor has eight stages of equal pressure ratio 1.3. (c) Stage efficiency
,,,, = 85%
J
The flow rate through the compressor and its overall efficiency arc 45 kg/s and 80%
rcspecrivcly. If the conditions of air ar entry are I bar and 35°C, derennine
Ca) state of air at compressor exit,
j
(b) polytropic efficiency, and
(c) cflicicncy nr cnch Singe. IMl\IJ - Nm· 'WI/
Solution
p,
J
.Pi. . : = 1.3 m = 45kg/s 'k = 0.8 = v•
Pi = I bar T1 = 273 + 35 = 308 K
(a) State of air at compressor exit '"Is =
( I. 3) r::tiilm - I
84.43~
J
Overall pressure ratio,
PN+I
= (P2)
8
= (1.3)8 = 8.16
Since lhe pressure ratio in each stage is the same, the s1age efficiencies arc also Che
same. j
Pi Pi !.=..! Example 1.10 The overall pressure ratio through a three stage gas turbine is
T"!.±2!..
P;i~•) = (8.16> H 11.0 and efficiency is 88%. The ccmpcrature at inlet is 1500 K. If the temperature rise
Ti
=
=
(
1.82
'
in .each stage is the same, de1ermine for each stage (a) pressure ratio and (b) stage
efficiency
J
Ideal exir temperature
TN+ls =
=
1.82 x Ti
560.56 K
= 1.82 x 308
Solution
PN + I
"""Pi =Tl
I
11r =0.88 T i = 1500K J
~ 28 )> TUIWO MACIJINf:S
BAStCCONCEPTSOFTVRBOMACHINES ~ 29
...
~
T1 - TN+I = '1r(T1 -TN+I!) (b) For the second stage
= '1r T1 (I - T,~: 11 ) T3 = T1 - (l1T>11n1r

( -p;-) ,_) = 1281.67 - 218.33
~
PN+I .,.
= '1r Ti I - ( = 1063.34 K
Pressure ratio
= o.88 x 1500(1 - <n>H)
= (T2)"''~-11 =
& (ti. T),,uuu//
=
=
654.68 K
655 K
"2
R
- = 2.183
T3 .
(1281.67)d.fu,
I063.34
TN+I = 1500 - 655 = 845 K PJ
L l)p = - r- I n -
T1 -
r - 1 TN+t
I( In -P1- )
PN+r ·
Stage efficiency
( ~) In( 1500/845)
I- (-1-)0.l~~·O.•
=
t l)p = 0.837
0.4 In(! I) '11.1 . = 2.183
I -( I )¥1
(a) For the first stage = 85.2% 2 . 183
L
'11.l
( t:i. 7')1111tt111/ (c) For the third stage
( t:i. T l.t11111• = 3
655 T4 = T3 - (ti.T>11a,rt
= -- = 218.33 1063.34 -
~ =
3 218.33
Ti = Ti - 218.33 = 1500 - 218.33 = 845K
= 1281.67 K
Pressure ratio
~
Pressure ratio,
P1 = (Ti) .,,.1:-11 = (~) ~·~ J.nJm

PJ
P4
= (i)",.6-n = (1°:;34) ~
Pi I')
Ti 1281.67 = 2.61
~
Pi P4
P2
= 1.93
Stage efficiency
Stag'= efficiency
~ 1-(-1)~
I- (p)~
2 • '1s.3 =
2.61
'ls. I = Pi 1 )H
(p)t:J I - ( 2.61
~ I
I -
-
2 •
Pi
( I ) IA ··
U.ll•U4
1)1,) = 85.51%
1.9] 1( Example.1.11 Each.stage of a 4 stage air compressor delivering 45 kg of air per
~ " =
1 ( 1 )°·'
second operates at a pressure ratio of 1.2, with a stage efficiency of 65%. Calculate
overall efficiency and pressure ratio. CalculaLC power required to drive the compressor
84.9;% J:93 [1
if air tempcratu~ al inlet is 20"C.
'ls, I = (MU, April '96 & Ocr. '971
L.r
WJ
·- j
....,
30 )> TURDO MAClllNES BASICCONCEPTSOFTURSOMAClllNES ~ 31
'J
Solution Example 1.12 Air /lows through a blower where in its total pressure is increased
Pi
N =4 = 45kg/s = 1.2 hy 20 cm W.G. The inlel 101al prr!ssure and lotal 1cmperaturc of air arc 1.04 bar
m -
Pi
(a) Overall pressure ratio
'ls= 0.65
and l 8°C rcspcclivcly. The 101al-to·to1al efficincy is 72%. Evaluate (a) the exit 1otal
pressure and 101al temperature (b) isenlropic and aclual changes in total enthalpy.
l
......
PN+I
Pt
= (fli.)N
Pt = (l.2)4
Solution
6. Po =0.2mW.G . Poi= l.04bar j
= 2. 1 Toi = 273 + 18 = 291 K q11 = 0.72
(b) Overall efficiency (a) Exit total pressure and temperature
.
'
Pi)N<!fl>
( Pi -I
ti Po = 103 x 9.81 x 0.2 = 1962 N/m2 J
lit-= P2 = t.Po +Pi = 0.01962 + l.04
(~)H(~) - I = 1.0596 bar
J
'lp is ob1ained from 1he following equation:
[(ti) 9 _ JToi l
J
"' ~ (~f;-1
'111 = Toi - Toi
1.0596) H - I 291 J
(PtPz) •;
(1.2) H
-1
- I
Toi - Toi =
[( "'.'j'j}.j-
0.72
J
0 .65 = Toi 293.16 K
(1.2)•,oA, - I
( I. 2) .;2;'4 = 1.0823 (b) lsentroplc and actual changes In total enthalpy sJ
Taking log on bolh sides, we gel
t.ho = Cp(ATo) = Cp(To2 - To1)
'lp = 0.6589
(I .2) 4(0·'>
n -1 t.ho
=
=
1.005(293.16- 291)
2. 171 kJ/kg
.,
~
J
:. 'le = ... o"'
( I. 2) l!O.m;;:n - I and isenlropic change in Iota! cnlhalpy is ~
'le = 62.28% ~
( c) Power required Alro,s = (Aho) x '111
= 2. 171 x 0.72
w = mCp(TN+I - T1)
t.=..I
Aho.s = 1.563 kJ/kg J
TN+I = . Tt ( -
PN+1) ,.,
-
Pt
=
=
293(2.1) n-Mm
404 K
Example 1.13 Air flows 1hrough an air 1urbine where its stagnation pressure is
decreased in lhe ratio 5:1. The total-tcrtotal efficiency is 0.8 and lhe air flow rat.e is
5 kg/s. If the 101al power outpu1 is 500 kW, find (a) inlet lotal t.emperaturc (b) lhe
J
w = 45 x 1.005(404 - 293) actual exit to1al 1emperature (c) lhe actual cxil slJltic t.empenuurc if lhe flow velocity
w = is JOO mis and (d) lhc 1otal-10-sta1ic efficiency oflhe device. (MSU, Nov. '96] I
5019.98 kW
•
;.
I 32 }> TURBO MACllr NES

BAsicCONCEPTSOFTuRDOMACHTNES < 33
.J Solution
Pr
-P2 =5 ,.,,, = 0.8 m = 5 kg/s W = 500kW
(d) The total-to-static efficiency
,,,_, - Toi - To2
J (a) Inlet total temperature
W = mCp(To1 - Toi)
T2.J =
Toi -T2.J
To2.J- - 2
c2
2Cp
To2.J = 0.631 Toi = 0.63 I x 337
' ~
' t!ill
Taking C fl of nir as 1.005 kJ/kgK. = 212.65 K
1002
T2s = 212.65 - 2 x 1105
w 500 x tc>3
.J Toi -To2 =
=
mCp
99.5 K
= 5 x 1005
:. TJ1-1
=
=
207 68 K
99.5
337 - 207:68
·, lt:'!J
The turbine totnl-10-total efficiency is TJr-s = 76.94%
Toi - To2
Example 1.14 In n three stage turbine the pressure ratio or each si.ge is 2 and
'711 - Toi~ To2,
the stage efficiency is 75%. Caleula1e the overall efficiency and the power developed
if air initially nt a temperature or 600°C nows through ii at the rate or 25 kg/s. Find
l To2, = Tor ( Po2) ';'

Por
reheat factor.. (MU, Oct. '96 & Apr. '971
5 f:~ Tot
(') Solutlon
l :. Toi - Toi,
=
=
Toi - To2
,,,,
= 0.631 Toi
N=3 P1/P2=2
(a) Overall efficiency
'11=0.15 T1=600+273=873K m=25kg/i;
l Tor - 0.631 Tor

Tot
=
=
99.5
0.8
337 K 'Ir = TrTI -T2s
- T1 I - (-
= __ Pi
'
Pz)N(!.!.!.'..::.!.!)
1-(~)N(!f1)
l (b) The actual exit total temperature
1Jp is determined using 11 1 eitpression.

Tor - Toi = 99.5
l- :. Toi · = Tor - 99.S

= 337 - 99.5
Toi = 237.5 K T/1 =
I -(~r,(~)
l- (c) The actual exit static temperature

I -
1- P...(i t::.1'
(~
Pi
Gf' Y::)
~ :
r
0.75 =
I~ .. T1 = Toi - Ci
2C"
1oo2 1-G)~
= 237.5 -
2 Gr,(~) =
~L
T1 = 232.5 K x 1005 0.865
...~ ]
34 l> 1\JRBO MAClllNES

BASIC CoNCE1•rs OF Twrno MAC"IUNJOS '< JS
)
Taking log on ei1her side,
0.4 )
,.
1.8. Deline 1he following efficiencies of power gencru11ng 1urbo machines.
(a) To1al-to-Total Efficiency
(b) Toial-to-Slatic Efficiency
]
Tip ( 1.4 ln(l/2) = In 0.865
1.9. Draw the h-s diagram with static and stagnation states for the compression and
:. Tip = 73.23%
Then
expansion pro<;esses for a gas.
I. I 0. What is preheat factor in a muhistage compressor? Prove that preheat factor is
less 1han unily. ·
J
I - GY(~lll~J) j 1. 11 . Prove that the compressor slagc efficiency is greater than 1he compressor overall
'Ir
1-UY(Yi)
efficiency. .
1. 12. Wha1 is reheat factor in a multistage turbine'! Prove that R.F is greater than
unity.
J
2 1.13. Prove that 1he lurbine overall efficiency is grea1er than the turbine stage effi·
'lr = 78.76%
J
ciency.
1.14. Define poly1ropic e.flicicnc:y of a compressor.
j
{b) Power developed 1.15. Derive lhe polytropic compression efficiency through an infini1esimal comprcs·
sion stage. ·
=
\V mCp(T1 - TN+1)
1.16. Define poly1ropic expansion efficiency.
J
where
= mCpT1
[ I - (Pi"°) ~]
PN+I , 1.17. Derive the polytropie cxpunsion cflicicncy through un inlinitcsim11I 1urbinc
stage.
1.18. Derive 1he rehent factor in terms of 1hc singe and overall prcS&urc ratios.
1.19. Air flows 1hrough a blower wherein i1s 101al pressure is increased by 15 cm of j
PN+I = ( P2)
3 liquid water. The in lei 101111 pressure and the temperature of the air are 1.05 bar
and I 5°C respectively. The total-to-total efficiency is 70%. Evaluate (a) 1he exit
-
Pi P1
=
8
25 x 1.005 X 873 [I -(~) rnp;E1
to1al pressure. (b) the exit isentropic total temperature. and (c) the isen1ro'pic
and ac1ual changes in 1<>1al enthalpy. (MU-April '961 j
8 (Ans. (a) 1.065 bar, (b) 289.2 K. and (c) 1.206 lcJ/kg, 1.723 lcJ/kgl
1.20. A compressor has a 1otal-to-to1al efficiency of80% and an overall total prci;sure
= 7738 kW j
(c~ Reheat factor
J
ratio of 5: I. Calculate the small s1age efficiency of the compressor.
(Am. 83.9%)
1.21 . Air flows through an air turbine where its stagnalion pressure is decreased in
·
J
TJr 0.7876 the ra1io 5: I. The total·to·to1al efficiepcy is 0.8 and the air flow rate is 5 lcg/s.
= -=--
R.F
=
TJs
1.05
0.75 If 1hc 1otal power outpu1 is 405 kW. Find (a) the inlet total 1empcreture, (bl the
ac1ual exit l<>lill temperature, (c) 1he actual cid1 s1atic temperalure if 1he exit
flow velocity is I 00 mis. and (n) 1he total-10-sta1ic efficiency of the turbine.
J
EXERCISES \ !Ans. (a) 273 K. (b) 192.4 K, (c) 187.4 K, and (d) 76%)
I . I.
Ddine Turbo machine.
h 1.22. A turbine has a small s1agc efficiency of84% and an overall touil pressure ratio
of 4 .5: I. Calculate the 101al-IO·total efficiency of 1hc 1urbinc.
j
1.2 .How are devices pumping gases classified? (Ans. 86.74%)
1.3. Whal are shrouded and unshrouded 1urbo machines? 1.23. A gas lurbine is required to develop 7360 kW wi1h an air flow ralc of 50 lcg/s.
. J 1.4.
..:, 1(· ·1 1.5.
Classify turbo machines on ihe basis of work 1ransfer.
Define lhe 1ypes of 1urbo machines based on fluid movemenl lhrough 1he ma·
If the turbine inlet 1emperu1ure and pressure arc IOOO"C and 8 bar respectively.
Calculate the exit temperature and pressure if the isentropic efficiency of the
(Aiu. (a) 1127 K. and (b) 5 bul
J
chine .
I turbine is 90%.
J
. .( 1.6. Derive lhe general Euler's expression for a 1urbo machine. 1.24. A low pressure air compressor increases the air pressure by 1500 mm W.G .
1.7. Define the following efficiencies of power absorbing turbo mach ines.
(a) Total·to-Total Efficiency
.I If the initial and final conditions of air arc: P1
=
= 1.02 hor, Ti ;;; ~00 K 11ntJ
Ti 315 K, determine und compare the compressor and the infinitesimal stage
(b) Slatic-to-Static Efficiency
I efficiencies. [Ans: (a} 78% and Cbl 7R.R fl.I
l 36 )> TURUU MAOllNES
L vl.2S. The lnitiul state or nir flowing through n compressor is Pt = 1.02 bar, Tt
300 K. The exil pressure is 2.5 bar and lhe compressor efficiency is 75%. Deter-
=
mine the infinitesimal efficiency or the compressor. Comment on the deviation
2 __ _ _ _ _ __
l in the efficiency. [Ans: 78%]
1.26. The overall pressure ratio acros~ a three stage gas turbine is 11 and its efficiency
is 88%. If the pressure ratio of each stage is the same and the inlet temperature
is 1500 K determine (a) pressure ratio or each stage, (b) polytropic efficiency
BLADE THEORY
l and (c) stage efficiency.
[Ans: (a) 2.22 (b) 83.7% and (c) 85.2%)
1.27. For an index of expansion of 11 :::: 1.3 and C p/ Cu = 1.4, calculate the polytropic
efficiency. (MU, Oct.'97)
l [Ans. 80.77%)
1.28. Air enters a compressor al a static condition of 150 kPa and 15°C ahd a velocity
of 50 mis. At the exit the static conditions arc 0 .3 MPa and I 00°C and a velocit)I
The energy transfer in turbomachincs is effected by changing the angular momentum
of the nuid. The change in angular momentum is caused .by the dynamic action of
of 100 mis. Evaluate (a) isenlropic and actual changes in enthalpy and (b) total one ·or more rotating blade rows. The dynamic action of the rotating blade rD'tlJCts
L efficiency. [MU, Oct. '961

(Ans. (a) 63.39 kJ/kg and 85.43 kJtkg (b) 75.29%)
1.29. Jn a centrifugal compressor· the air is compressed to double the pressure. The
up forces between the blade row and the fluid, while the components of these forces
in thcdir~clion of blade motion give rise to the energy tra11sfcr between the blades
and nuitl. The theory of compressor and turbine blades is discus!:Cd in this chapter.
inlet temperature is 27°C and the final temperature is 107°C. Calculate the
L efficiency of the compressor and the power required to drive it if 30 kg/min of AERO-FOIL SECTION
~
air is compressed. (MU. Apr. '98) An aero-foil may be defined as a mcnmlincd fom:i. bounded_Frincipnlly by 1wn
(Ans. (n) 82.13% nnd (h) 40.2 kW)
llauencd curves whose length and w!~.~f.L.arc vc_ryJqrg_c. relative to its · thicknes.~.
~. 1.30. A centrifugal compressor takes in air al 101 kPa and 25°C and compresses it
= Aero-foil .is classified as symmetrical aero-foil and non-symmetrical aero-foil. '
~ through a pressure ratio or 3.5: I. The index of compression n 1.65 because
of frictional heating. The mass now rate of nir handled by the compressor is 29
Symmetr!cal Aero-foll
kg/s. Find (a) overall efficiency of compressor and (b) power supplied by the
motor with mechanical efficiency of 95% The aero· foil whose axis of symmetry is parallel to the direction of undisturbed vcloe·
L- [Ans. (a) 67.4% and (b) 5809.2 kW)
I .3 I. Hot air enters a 3 stage turbine with total head properties of750 kPa and 900°C
ity of approach is called symmetrical aero-foil. The flow pattern around a symmetrical ,
aero-foil placed.in a stream of gas is shown in Fig. 2.1. The flow divides around the
. al the rate of 25 kg/s. The final er.it pressure is I 05 kPa: The pressure at exit aero-foil at the leading edge· and "then rejoins at the trailing edge. Though there is
L of I and JI stages arc 500 kPa and 250 kPa respectively. ·T he individual stage
efficiencies for the 3 stages are each 75%. Find (a) reheat factor (b) overall
efficiency and (c) power developed.
some local disturbanc·e , there is no permanent deflection of the main stream. The
forces exerted in this case arc only due to friction and the local disturbance.
[Ans. (a) 1.05 (b) 78.75% and (c) 9980 kW) I

--=>
L- ~
[w-
Figure 2.1 Flow pattern arou1111 a symmetrical aerofoil
P.
..
~r Non-symmetrical Aero-foll
If the oero-foil axis is inclined at an angle•;•, called as the angle of arrack, to the
direction of the undisturbed approaching flow, then it is called I'.!: non·sym~trical
b
-- l
. ..cl
3K :» TURUO Mt\C'l llNl!S Bt.AnEnu:oRv ott. 39
and the pressure has a much lower value , with the fluid near the surface leaving in a
J
aerofoil. Fig. 2.2 shows a non-symmetrical
aero-foil placed in a stream of gas. Unlike
the symmetrical areo- foil, in this case, there
is a pronounced disturbance which results
low energy region called the ivakt! (Fig. 2.4 ). Measurements of pressure and velocity
in the wake can give the loss of energy due to the prc3ence of lhe body and the drag
can be calculated. Alternatively, the drag can be measured as an eciual force by means
J
in greater local deflection of flow. To in· ofa balanceJrom the wind tunne l tes t.
traduce such a high deflection over the gas ~
stream, the aero-foil must exert a force on
' LIFT AND DRAG COEFFICIENTS
it, and hence an equal and opposite force of ""''
J
reaction is exened by the gas on the aero- Lift cocffic ienl is a measure of the ability ofa given section 10 support a weight when
foil. The components of the resultant force Figure 2.2 Flow pt11ltrn around a 11011· caused to move through a fluid, as in the case of aeroplane wing, or, alternatively, to
arc discussed in the following section. s_vmmtrrical aero-foil transfer energy 10 a fluid, as in a pump or compressor, or 10 transfer energy to a rotor
when a fluid is caoscd to now over ii, as in turbines. It is defined as
DRAG AND LIFT

The resultant force nonnal to the aero-foil consists of two components, namely lift
CL=
L
(0.5pW~A) (2.1)
J
and drag. The forces of lift and drag on a blade section arc shown in F ig. 2.3 Drns coefficient is a measure of the loss of energy assoc iated with the useful task of
with lift nonnal to the direction of the ap-
proach velocity and the drag parallel to
producing lift. It is defined as
J
~ yx
· ·r.Y
D
it. ·nic lifl is due to 1111 unhnlnnccd force Co = (0.5pW~A) (2.2)
J
(pressure distribution) over lhc aero-foil
surface and is denoted as L. The drag de·
onoted as D. is due to the shearing stress where Wm is the mean relative velocity, A is the area of lhe body and the factor
Ora of 0.5 is inscncd for convenience as 0.5p W~ is defined as dynamic pressure. Some ""
at ,the surface and the consequent bound-
care is needed in the evaluation of area associated with a given value of C 0 . For
ary layer. The drag force is made up of a
friction drag, due to the pure skin friction
effects, and a pressure drag, due to an un-
C2/
"' (•)
Drag
(b)
~ bodies of revolution which arc symmetrica l about an axis and parallel to the flow, A is
take n as the projected area normal to the direction of the now (e.g . spheres, cylinders,
J
balanced _eressure distribution around the etc.). For other bodies (e.g. blades, aeroplane wings, elc.) which arc nonnally either
bladC.-- - - -- - - - - -
The boundary layer is usually laminar for
Figure 2.3 Tlie forct!S of lift n11d drag 011
a) Conrprusor blade b) Turbirye blade
a _~f;~~~down~irc!am. of the lending edge, then it becomes turbulen t. The dras
unsymmetrical or not aligned parallel to the flow, or both, the area is evaluated in
terms specifically defined as required. II may be noted that Co as given in equation
(2.2) is the ratio of the actual dr?g force to the force which would be exened if the
.J
due to a laminar boundary is less than a turbulent layer. Thus for low pure friction representative area of the body were acted upon by the dynamic pressure.
drag:TiTsi ;np0i1a'"n! to maintain a laminar
as possible.
boundaryl aycr over as much of the surface
If the pressure gradient is severe, that is if the rate of change of aero-foil profile is 100
II is apparent that the maximum energy transfer implies the largest possible fluid
deflection or lift coefficient, while maximum efficiency requires the lowest possible
loss of pressure o r drag coeffic ient. The conditions for a blade section should a11emp1
J
.to approach those for. laminar fl ow over a flat plate, as this gives the lowest possible
rapid. then the fluid in the boundary layer is brought to rest and leaves the surface in
confused eddies. This phenomenon is called separation, break-away, or flow re\•ersal
Fig. 2.4 and manifests itself in sev-
drag coefficient. But it is difficult lo achieve this in practice, because
(I) blades must have the curvature to change the direction of the fluid. introducing
· a pressure gradient and a tendency for flow separation,
J
eral other ways as well as in the sim- Boundary ,
~
r
ple case of diffusion in a straight
duct. Flow: separation due to ad- FJ~flo
layer Wake (2) blades must have a finite th ickness from considerations of strength., and
(3) the fluid has a high turbulence level. j
verse prcs~url'. g~.!!fli~n~ d;;~cases the
lif~ and i~~~~~-~.~~-~!~~( In prac· Scparall n The best conditions arc
lice, the adverse pressure gradient
near the tail causes a thick bound·
ary laycr and possibly separation;) ·
Figure 2.4 Stparci1io11 u11d \Vnkt
a) the hlade should have a shape such that the separation is minimised and
ll) for the now to be above the critical Reynolds number (2 x to5). When Reynolds
number reaches the critical value and the boundary layer b::..:omes turbulent, Co
iJ
L 40 )> TURDO MAClllNES BLADETHEORY < .41
L drops abruptly because the separation point moves back lo give a smaller wake
on the downstream side of blade.
In compressors, the blades form a diverging passage i.e lhe area al inlet is less than
Force acting in the direction of the blade rotation (x direction) is given by
Fx = L cos /Jm + D sin fJm

at outlet and therefore the Ouid is decelerated in the passage. In turbines, the blades = L cos fJm(l +(Co/Ci) tan ,8,,,)
L fonn a converging passage, i.e. the area at inlet is greater than that at outlet. Thus, the
fluid is accelerated in the passage.
A fluid can be accelerated over a wide range with high efficiency, but the process of
~w,
diffusion cannot be carried out so rapidly due lo the onset of separation.on the suction
l side of the blades, anti consequent stalling. This is similar to the included angle or
a diffuser being loo great and separation taking place along the diffuser walls. The
maximum rate of efficient diffusion within the blade rows is equivalent to a cone
~~
~~m
~~.
L
angle of about 7° or 8".
Tire curvature of compressor blades is less when compared lo the curvature of tur- c.
bine blades. Because, if the rate of change of compressor blade prolile is high, flow
separation will.occurdue to adverse pressure gradient. Whereas in a turbine, the pres-
b sure gradient is favourable and with a very large curvature, i.e. 90° or even more, can
be employed without severe losses. As a result, the angular turning of the relative
,/ Wm
I
W2
velocity vector is much greater in the turbine than in the compressor. Typical blade ~-
sections arc shown in Figs. 2.4(a) and 2.4(b). Flgurrl.S Uft and dragforcts on a comprtssnr rotor bladt
L w,
it
w,
where
D . ,
....
_,,
/'i'y ~ ·co= co.spwiA> I I F,
L Y7\
f__~•u'
and
i
L I~/
])J)_-u CL=--,
(0.5pW,;;A)
where the blade area A is the product
.J, w,v 2 of the chord 'c' and the span 'l' (blade
w, height) and putting F,
b (a) Compressor blade pa!"sage (b)

Figurt 2.4
Turbine blade passage
Flgurr 2.6 Rrsolving bladt forces
into the dirtction of rotation
Ca
= cos/3,,,
L ENERGY TRANSFER IN TERMS OF LIFT AND DRAG
COEFFICIENTS we hnve
Wm
Consider a rotor blade shown in Fig. 2.5. with relative velocity vectors W1 and W2 Fx = pC~(c/)CL sec fJ,,,[I +(Co/CL) tan t!ml
(filr al angles {J1 and /Ji. This system is similar to flow over an aero-foil, so that lift and 2
drag forces will be sci up on the blade. The drag force is acting in the line of the
Tl)c power delivered to the air is given by
mean velocity vector Wm at angle f1111 to the axial direction and the lift force acts
r pe.cpendicular to this. FxU = m(t:..ho)
b The forces on the air will act in the opposite direction as shown in the Fig. 2.6. The
resultant force experienced by the air is therefore given by the vector R in the figure. where 6./ro is the change in total enthalpy across the rotor and m ·= pCufs
= pCals(.t:.ho)
b :. Fx U
J
-
42 }- TURSO MAClllNES
BLADETllEORY • 43
J
where the now through one blade passage of width's' has been considered. The blade
loading factor is given by
r Maximum 1hickncu
Power delivered Lending edge ~ ,- ,

&iually spaced
').~Trailing
~1a1ions
edge
J
'/1.1 =
mU 2
= (ti.ho)/ u 2 j
= Fz/(pCnlsU)
=
C,,(c/s)sec/j(CL + Cotanf3ml
2U
Base profile j
<P(c/s) sec fl,., (CL +Co tan /3m I Figure 2. 7 Paramtttrs used in dtscribing bladt shapes and configurations of bltuks
=
where <P is called the now coefficient and is defined as.

2
2. Maximum thickness It is a useful parameter for describing an aero-foil and
it is c:ilpressed as a percentage of the blade length. j
3. Position of maximum thickness ri ;, an ano1her u~ful parame!Q" which
J
is specified as a percentage of rhc blade lcngrh.
Axial velocity <C,1 )
<P= 4. Leading edge (Nose) It is usually a circular arc blended into the main
Blade speed (U)
profile and specified by its radius as a percentage of the maximum thickness.
For maximum efficiency the mean llow angle /J111 is usually about 45G and. substi -
tuting this into the blade loading factor equation, the expression for optimum blade
5. Trailing edge ll is ideally sharp, i.e. of zero radius. but as this is impossible
from strength considerations, ii is also a circular arc specified as a percentage of the
maximum 1hickness.
J
loading factor 1/11111,, is obtained.
6. Camber line
1/110111 =
tf>(c/s)(Cr. +Col
..ti
If the axis of the
linear profile is given some predeter-
mined curvature. 1hen it is called cam-
Profile stations J
ber line. The base profile is fiued on
I (CI> is much smaller than CL, .which usually occurs in .the case of a well -designed
blade:. then
10 the curved camber line. 111is camber
line is formed either by one or more cir-
cular arcs or one or two parabolic arcs.
J
A single circularorparabolie arc is qui te Camber line
common as it is geometrically simple
(Fig. 2.7(a)) Figure 2. 7 (a) Bladt numencfaturc J
BLADE TERMINOLOGY
Blade profiles an! usually of aero-foil shape for optimum performance:. But. simple
CASCADE NOMENCLATURE
A cascade is a row of geometrically similar blades arranged al equal distance& from
J
geometrical shapes composed of circular arcs and straight lines arc used when cost is each other and aligned to the now direction. The various imponant nomenclatures
more imponant than the efficiency. Many blade profiles arc formed by bending a sym-
metrical aero-foil section on a curved mean line. The parameters used in describing
blade shapes and configurations of blades (Fig. 2.7) are as follows
(Fig. 2.8) of a compressor cascade arc
a) Camber angle TI1e angle between the camber line and the axial direction is
J
called camber angle, denoted by a '. The camber angles at inlet and outlet arc a; and
1. Base profile II is defined by dividing the major axis into equally spaced ai respectively. ll is also called as cascade blade angle.
stations designated as a percentage of the blade length and specifying the height from _,
axis to profile at each station. •
,j
44 .l> TURDO MACHINES BLADETHEORY < 45
j The deviation angle 6 is caused by the air not remaining auachcd to the bla4c over
o
its total curvature. is given by the empirical relationship
Io= mO(s/c) 1 12
j
J where
m = 0.23(2a/c>2 + 0.1 (a2/50)
J and
•a· is the distance along the chord to the point of maximum camber. For a circular
arc camber line, (2a/c) = I, and this blade form is often chosen .
.I • h) Air deflection angle The difference between the inlet air angle and the
I '
cul outlet air angle is called as the air defteclion angle, denoted as£. Mathematically,
le= at -a2 I
~
From the definitions of differe nt angles, it can be seen that they arc related by the
WJ following expression.
Figurt 2.8 Compressor cascudt nomt nclaturts
li:=B+i-&J
L b} Blade camber angle The difference between the inlet and outlet camber
angles is called the blade camber angle, denoted by 8. Mathematically i) Stagger angle · ·T he angle between the axial direction and the chord is known
E= (a; -a~) j
as stagger angle, denoted by ¢ 1 , and it represents the angle at which the blade is set
in the cascade.
L c) Chord The chord is ·the maximum width of the blade profile in a direclion
parallel lo the chord line, i.e. the distance between the blade leading and trailing
TURBINE CASCADE NOMENCLATURE
edges, and is denoted by c. The selling of blades inn turbine cascade is invariably at a st.ngger angle (t/>,). i.e. the
r: chord lines of the trubine blades are lilted towards the blade curvature as shown in
b· d) Pitch 'l11e pitch or blade spacing, dcsignaled s, is the dislance between the Fig. 2.S(a).
corresponding points of adjacent blndes and is expressed either hy the pitch to chord
ratio (.r/c) or ahcrnntivcly the solidity (c/.r). When the blades arc evenly spaci;d Camber angle The tangents to the camber line at the entry and exit malcc the
around a rotor. the pitch is the circumference at any radius divided by the number of camber angles a; and a2with the axial direction. ,
L- blades. ' In contrast to the compressor cascade, the blade camber angle for the turbine cascade
is defined as the sum of the inlet and outlet camber angles.
e) Air angle The angle between the direction of velocity relative to the blade
l
and the axis of the blade row is the air angle, and is denoted by a . The air angles at
the inlet and ou1le1 .are a1 and az respectively. The cascade air angle is equal 10 the
Io = a;_+ a; I .
compressor or turbine relative air angle. · · ' The air angles a1 and a1 arc different from the blade angles a; and a2
f) Angle of Incidence The difference between the inlet air angle and the inlet Angle of incidence The difference between the air and the blade angle Ill the
~ur ' camber angle is known as the angle of b1cidence, denoted as i. entry is known as the; angle of incidence.
[i = a1 - a;/ ji =at -a;j

l- l
.
g) Deviation angle The difference between the outlet air angle and the outlet
camber angle is known as the deviation angle, denoted as o. Mathematically,
As in the compressor ca5cadc, the incidence angle can be positive or negative. Flow
at a large positive iqcidence is associated with positive stall, i.e. flow separation on
Io= az - a; I
the suction side of the blade; conversely, a large negative incidence is associated with
l- negative stall, i.e. now separation on the pressure side of the blade.
J
....,
46 » TuRno MACHINES
BLADcTllEORY <{, 47 J
. .
• ...
.
• ~ •• ' t •
11 ..;.!
Deviation angle The diffcrcn.ce between 1he air angle and blade angle al exil is
n:km-J 10 as dcvialion. ·
lo= ai -a2 I J
It is different from the deviation angle for compressor cascade and the difference is
J'
due 10 the different convention used 10 define lhe stagger angle and lhc exit angles in Fluid out
turbine cascades. ·
~
Air deflection angle The deflection angle for the turbine cascade is ddincd as
the sum of the air angles al the entry and cxit.
[£ = c.r1 +c.r2 [ J
111is is again differer11 from that of the compressor cascade. It is also expressed in
1erms of other :ingles us
E=O+i-o
'
J
Figure 2.9 Cascade test
any wind 1unnel boundary layer effects, and suc1ion slots or porous me!Jll inserts arc liJ
oflen provided in the lunnel walls 10 con1rol 1hc boundary layer. The pressure. vclocily
und air flow angles arc measured al the inlet und outlet of the cascade.
111e resuhs obtained from the cascade 1es1ing requires com:c1ions because of the
differences between the flow in, the actual machine and now through the cascade.
j
·n1cse differences arc as follows:
J
In 1he actual machine,
a) Annulus wall boundary layers exist at 1he blade hub and tip.
b) Adjacent blnde rows interfere with lhe How pallern around the blade row.
e) The solidity decreases from hub lo tip.
d) Blade velocity varies from hub to tip and this afTeclS the blade inlet angle.
From 1he last two points, it is evident that a cascade lest only applies for one radius
and inlet angle. and therefore it may be necessary to carry out a number of 1cs1S to
J
C2 obtain a reliable picture of the How in the blades.
Figure 2.8 (a) Turbine cascade nomenclature Fig. 2.9 is known as a linear cascade and can be imagim:d as n row of compressor
or turbine blades unwound from the rotor to fonn the cascade. um
CASCADE TESTING AND CURVES The air deflection angle and the stagnation pressures at the inlet (Poi) and (Po~) are
measured in the traverse along s. The results nre usually presented as in Fig. 2.10.
The How around blades 'in compressors and turbines is different from How around The stagnation pressure loss is ploued as n dimensionless number given by s1agnatio1,1
isolated ncro-foils. hccause of the .:ffec1 of ndjuc.:ent hludes, i.e. thc gns flow around pressure loss coeflicient = (/'01 - J'0 i)/(0.5pCf). ·me pressure defect corresponding Ul!l
a blade is affected by the How around an adjacent blade. This effect increases as the 10 1hc regions close 10 .the trailing edges of 1he blade represents the loss due 10 the
solidity ratio (c/s) increases. 111e solidity of axial How compressor and gas turbine ·blade wanes, caused by the houndary layer and possibly separated How. Jn between
blades is high, whilc th.: hludcs of axial now pumps and hydraulic turbines nre of 1he blades the fluid undergoes almost no loss of energy. The plot of air deflection I
low solidi1y. In order to determine the perfonnnnce characteristics of a hladc section, ~
angle shows 1hu1 the air is not dcnected unifonnly. bul with the maximum effect near
groups of blades of constant profile are mounted in parallel fashion at the end of the trailing edge. The air between the blades again is relatively unaffected.
a wind tun11cl as shown in the Fig. 2.9. The number of blades comprising the cas-
cade has to be sufficient (usually 8 or 10 wi1h an aspect .r atio of3 or above) to eliminate
A number of such curves are obtained for different incidence angles and the mean de-
flection and pressure loss coefficient for each curve, tm nnd [ (Poi - Po2)/(0.5pCf) )..,
arc plollcd againsl incidence angle Fig. 2.11. The delltclion increases with angle of
L
L· 48 )lo TURDO MACllJNES
BU.DETuEORY < 49
b incidence upto a maximum defle~tion angle (t:111n.1 ) . This is the stall point where sep-
aration occurs on the suction surface of the blade. But this angle may not be well
dependent mainly on the pitch/chord ratio (s/c} and a2 . A plot between &n and a1 for
different values of (s /c) is shown in Fig. 2. 12. These curves arc particularly useful
to the designer when any two of the three variabies arc fixod.
L 40 04
3.5~
$0
30 er 40
~
cu
·a
Ii:
Q.
25~
II
20 ...
.
...
c:
~ 0.3 Trailing .g 30
edge positions ~
L ]13 i;:::
~
~ v1' 0.2 ·ii
::!~ 20
a~ 3
·~
.gc '
.. fl.a 0.1 z 10
bu c
""
~
!3
(/)
o' ({ p:11 I I Y r Y I I Kjl '4 I J 0
-to so
b 2 3 4 5 6
Dislllncc ~1long trailing c<lge of cascade
7 10 30
Air outlet angle, a 2 (deg~
70
Flgurl! 2.10 Cascadi! di!jlection and pri!SSUTI! loss curves at one angli! of lncldtnce Figure 2.12 Cascade nominal defkction angle versus air owlet angk
~ r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--.40
CASCADE LIFT AND DRAG COEFFICIENTS
Fig. 2. 13 shows two blades of a cascade having chord, c and pitch, s. At sections I
30 ...•
I c! and 2, the total pressures are Pot and Ptn respectively with corresponding velocities
·~ of Ci and C2. The density cha~ge across the cascade is assumed to be negligible. i'be
~ 20
c::;
~
static pressure change across the cascade is given by
'1T•
10
0 .075
:E
0 (P2 - P1} = p(C? - C~}/2 - (Poi - Po1)m .
~
~..,a 0.050
Minimum prc••ure 105•
0
where the difference (Po1 - Po2) is obtained from the cascade test. It should be
._<.
...,,,,._,, 0.0251- ~ noted thal Pot > Po2 1 because no work is in the cascade and the flow is proceeded
irreversible. Hence, the above equation will be written as
I · ---- "'..........-i
Ifill -20 -15 -10 -5 TO 5 10 6.P = p(C? - C~}/2 - P0rn
Incidence. i (deg)
where 6.P = (P2 - P1) and 1'l.n =(Poi - Po2}m
lfill
Figure 2. I I
.Cascadi! ml!an dejli!ction and pri!Ssurl! loss curvu
defined in some designs and it is taken as the angle of incidence, where the mean
. The summation of all forces acting on the air in the control volume x and y d.i~tions
must equal to the rate of change of momentum of the air towards lhese di~tions.
pressure loss is twice the minimum. The plot shows that, for a wide range of incidence, Considering the forees and lhe changes in velocity in the di~tions x and y, the
. the pressure loss is fairly constant, and it is possible to select an angle of deflection following relations are obtained for drag and lift.
"tn (cailed nominal deflection angle) which is also compatible with low pressure loss
!Jf as representative by the particular design. The nominal deflection angle is generally
Drag D = s Po..; cos a,..
taken as 0.8 times the moximum deflection angle (i.e. tn 0 .8£mn.r }. It has been = Dividing the drag by 0.5pC!c gives lhe drag coef'8clcnt (Co)
der.ennined from large number of cascade tests that the nominal deflection angle is
Co= 2((s/c)(1'!.n/pC'1,.)cosa'"
~
j
>
SO TuRBO MAClllNES
,/c, ,.----------------.u
BLADEThOORV "!- 5I
J
c.J'
/ c, ~~
~·•
o.s
\J'
j
J
.J
a
.!!
ia
0 .07S 0 ·~
e
l~ o.oso ~
5
0 .02S
o.___ _..__ __,.___ _.__ __.._ _....__ __.

J
2 -20 -IS - 10 -S 0 s 10
lncidcnc:o analc, t (dca)
I
l1i!J
C2 Figure 2.U U/t and drag coefficients versus incidence angle
2.0
Figure 2.13
since Ca= C1 cosa1 and Cm =Ca/cos am

Velocities and forces in a cascade
u
J
j: .'Co = 2{s/c)(P0m/PCf)(cos3 a:/c~slai) j ...,~
.J
.I!
c:
1.0 ..,
I.le
!fr!/
The lifl L = (pC~s cosa'")(lan a1 -
Then the lift coefficient CL = L/0.5pC~c
tana2)/ cos2 am) - ·(s Pon. cos am) lan am
i
.::
::i
1.0
= 2(r/c)cosam{tana1 - t.ana2)- Cotanam o.s o.s Ibl

The air inlet velocity C1, the incidence angle t and the air inlet angle a1 are also
L.
0 .....___ _..__ _..__.....____._ _.___,
known. The deviation angle£ is read from the graph between Em and l for the given
- 10 10 )0 so 70
angle of incidence and Air oulld anale. a 1 tdcJI
Iam = 1an- 1[{tana1 + tana2)]/2 j Co rnp Figure 2.15 Cascade lift coefficient versus air outlet angle
where c1..fT): ~, [uc:.?'k;it-+-Vfl~>Vz.

To the profile drag as given by C 0 , two further drags must be added to lake the I
various cascades losses into account. There arc drag effects due to the walls of the lwi
ai = (a1 -£) compressor, called the annulus drag and the secondary losses caused by trailing whirls
(vortices) at the bl11de tips. Empirical relationships exist for these drags as follows:
Knowins (s/c), values of Pu,,./0.5pC~ can be read from the same gruph (£ vs I)
for various incidence angles and substitution of theSe variabl~ into equations for CI>
and CL. curves of Ct. and Co may be plotted against the.incidence angle as shown
Annulus drng cuclllcicnt is given try
C DA 0 .002(s I I)= L
1n Fig. 2. 14. finally, the lift coefficient cun be ploucd against thc·air outlet angle az where I is the blade height, and
for the noll\inal yalue of En for a whole series Of different geometry Cascades, to give
the variation of CL with air outlet angle for a particular (s/c) ratio (Fig. 2.15).
The drag coefficient is very small in comparison with Ct. and is therefore often
s.ccondary losses by
Cos= 0.018CL
L
ignored. So that equation for C1. becomes · ·
L
The total drag coefficient is given by
Ct.= 2{s/c)cosa,.,{tanat - t.ana2) ICor =Co+ CoA +Cos I
L 52 )> TURDO MAClllNl'.S
BLADl!Tui:oltY .< 53
L CASCADE LIFT AND DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR

TURBINE BLADES
3. Secondary loss This occurs at the hub and tip due to the three dimensional
nature of the flow and the blade curvature. · ·
4. Tip clearance loss Lo&S due to lip clcaran·c c is caused doe to the leakage
Turbine rotor blades arc designed based on the cascade data which is similar to the
L comprei;1;or roror blade~. 1l1c lifl and drag coefficients arc obtained from the ca~cadc
data curves. The drag c0efficicnl is expressed as
of the flow from the pressure side to the suction side of the blades through the: tip
clearance. This loss is sometimes considered as a secondary loss.
Losses in a blade cascade of compressor and turbine arc principally the same. The
C" = 2(s/c)( l'n,,,/pC~)(cos·' am/ cos 2 a2) mugnitude and mechanism of these losses differ rrom compressor to turbine.
L and the lift coefficient

Ct. = 2(s /c) cosano (tan a1 +tan a2) + Co tan am
SOLVED PROBLEMS
Example 2.1 . An aerofoil having a chord length of 2.25 m and a span of 13.S m
[ whereano = tan- 1((tana2 - tancri)/2) moves at a velocity of 125 mis through standard aunosphere at an elevation of 2500
~ Pressure losses can then be determined and an estimation of the efficiency be made. m. The angle of attack being 5°25'. Calculate the weight which the wing carries and
The drag coefficient must again be modified due to the blades actually being in ·
annular form. Real boundaries exist at the hub and tip while the ideal flow pattern is
the power required to · drive the aerofoil. Take corresponding to i =5°25'. CL =
=
L
0.465 and CD 0.022. Density of air= 1.25 kg/ml.
disturbed by the preceding and succeeding blades. The drag coefficient is modified
by tip clearance loss C oc and secondary flow loss given by Solution
Coe= nC£(kc/ls) C = 2.25 m I = 13.5 m

=
6 and
Cvs = Cl,>..c/s
c 125 m/s
Co= 0.022
Ct= 0.465
p = 1.25 kg/ml
weight carried by the aerofoil should be equal to the lift force.
~ where k is the clearance between the casing and blade tip while n is taken as 0.25
for tip-shrouded blades and 0 .5 for unshroudcd blades. The parameter).. is estimated
from a functional relationship of the form
:. w = L
c2
= CL· p · -2 ·A
125 2
b )..
=
f
[(Blade outlet area normal to flow)
Blades inlet area norrnnl to flow
2
I (i + Hub radius)]•
Tip radius
=
=
0.465 x 1.25 x -2- x (2.25 x 13.5)
137.93 kN
Hence for 111urhinc, Drag force
b- ICor = Cn + Cnc + CM I D = Co · P·-·A

2
c2
where Co is obtained from cascade data. Thus the linear cascade data may be effect- . 1252
~ =
ively used to determine the lift and drag coefficients for the cascade and then be 0.022 x 1.25 x -2- x (2.25 x 13.5)
modified by the addition of annulus drag and secondary losses in order to approximate
the drag coefficient for an annular cascade. = 6525.88 N
Power required = Dxc
~
Losses in a Cascade
The following losses occur in a cascade. =
=
6525.88 x 125
815.73SkW
·7~.
J'b'
1. Profile loss This occurs due lo the boundary layer growth on the blade surface. v .
k This loss increases when the boundary layer separates from the blade surface and -is
governed by blade profile for given flow conditions.
Example 2.2 Cal1culate the diameter of a parachute to be used for dropping an
object weighing 980 N so that the maximum terminal velocity of dropping is 5 m/5.
The drag coefficient for.the parachute, which may be treated as hemispherical, i& 1.3.
2. Annulus loss This occurs due to the boundary layer growth on the floors and
The density of air is 1.22 kg/m 3
iw
I
ceilings of the blade passages. · ·
~J
.. :,..1·
54 , l>- TuRBO MACHINES BLADETHWRY < SS ...,l

' .J
Solution Determine (a) the mean radius, (b) the blade height, (c) the pitch and chord and (d)
W ~ 980 N the number of blades.
Drag force
C = 5 m/s Co = 1.3 p = 1.22
Solution ·j
c2 m = 25 kg/s p = 1.1 kg/m 3 Ca 157 m/s =
D = Co·P· - ·A · N=l50rev/s U=200m/s l/c=3 s/c=0.8 ,
2 i
but D W = 980N (a) Mean radius l
= uJ
5 u
:. A = 980/ (1.3 x 1.22 x ; ) rm = 2rrN
... 49.43 m 1
=
' 200 I
2rr x 150 d
Projected area of the hemispherical parachute = 0 .212m
= ~Dl
A 4
(b) Blade height j
rr x 4 = 7.93 ~
The blade height is found from the annulus area of flow.
:. D = J 49.43
A =
m
Example 2.3 A wing of a small airplane is rectangular in plan (I 0 m x 1.2 m). pCa lj:;j
The total aerodynamic force acting on the wing, moving at 240 km/h, is 20 kN. If the 25
I in-drag ratio is I 0, calculate the coefficient of lift and the total weight the plane can I.I x 157
carry. Take p o( air= 1.2 kg/m 3 .
= 0.145 m 2
\.'..:.:J
Solution
240 x 103 . . Blade height
A= lOx l.2 = 12m2 C= . .. =66.67m/s F=20kN L/D=IO A
The total force, = 2rrrm ~"'
F = ./Dl + Ll 0 .145
= 2rr x0.212
= ./(O.IL)2 + L2
= 0.11 m
I
I
F2 = 1.01 L 2 \,"'
The weight that the plane can carry is the lift force. (c) The chord and pitch
:. L = 20.01)1/2
x 10-'
.
Blade aspect rauo
span(/)
= chord (C ) I
= 19.9 kN 61v
and :. c
CL =
L
pAC2/2
=
19.9 x 103
66.67 2
=
3
0. 11
3
L
I.2x 12x - -
2 = 0.037 m
= 0.622
Blade pitch L
'\-Example 2.4 An axial flow compressor has the following design data:
mass How rate of air - 25 kg/s, density - 1. 1 kg/m 3 , axial velocity - 157 mis, rota-
tional speed - 150 rcv/s. Mean blade speed - 200 mis, rotor blade aspect ratio - 3,
pitch chord ratio - 0.8.
S =
=
=
Pitch= chord ratio x chord
0 .8 x 0.037
0.0296 m
ul
~
L 56 ~ TURDO MACHINES
BLADE THEORY ' < 57
(d) Number of blades
l -
Circumference at mean radius
Pitch at mean radius -~,,
Since there is no incidence ori i.he blade al = a1
9 = a1 - a2 + 0.2338
(1:>
2:rrrm = 45 - 15 + 0.2338
L =
=
s
2:rr x 0.212
Alternatively
(} = 39.11°
0.0296
~.
~.
45 E= 9 +I - o
• Example 2.5 Determine for a compressor blude with a circular arc camber line Since i = 0
and the following data·. Pitch-chord ratio -0.8, relative air angle at inlet -45°, relative
= (} - s = 9 -
l air angle at outlet -15". Assume 7.ero incidence.
(a) nominal deflection angle
(b) the blade camber angle
(c) the deviation angle
E
9 =
e
1 - 0.233
0.233(}
30
= - -
l
(d) the blade stagger
0.767
Solution (} = 39.11°
s/c = 0.8 /31 = 45° /32 15°= Therefore, de'rivation angle is
Note that cascade air angle is equal to the compressor relative air angle. That is
~
llii ..
Ls(
err = ·13, and a2 = /32
.
0 = 0.233 (39.11)
(a) Nominal denection angle 0 = 9.11°
(d) The blade stagger

L- En =
=
a1 - a2 = /t1 - /32
45 - 15
For a circular arc cascade the blade stagger is given by
(· = 30°
tl>s = a; - ~2
tJ/ '
Lr {b) Devlat10n angle
= a1 - -
(}
8 = m8(s/c) 112 2
45 - 39.11
~ m = 0.23(2n /c) 2 + 0. 1(a2/50) = --2-
~ For a circular arc camber 2a/c =I = 25.450
:. m = 0 .23(1) + 0.I )( G~) Example 2.6 A compressor cascade is constructed from circular arc aero-foil
L- =
s =
0.26
0.26 )( 0(0.8) 112
'blades (camber angle= 25°) set at a stagger angle of 300 with a pitch-chord ratio of
1.0. The momentum thickness chord ratio is 0.031 . The nominal value of incidence is
5°. Determine the cascade blade angles and the nominal air angles. (MKU-.'.pri/'95)
s =
~
0 .233(}
Solution
(c) Blade camber angle (} = 25° tl>s = 300 · s/c =I in = 5°
(} · = al - a~ (a) ·cascade blade angles
L- ' but a2 = C't2 - 8
: . 9 = a; -a2 + S
9 = a~ -a2 = 25°
~ 9
= a~ - a2 + 0.233(} = a1- =.30 0
~~
-
"'· 2
J
58 );> TURBO MACHINES BLADETH'EoRY < '59 )
I 25 = 107.9N/m 1
Ct1 = 30+2
Ct1
I
= 42.5° =
107.9
0.5 x 1.25 x 752
j
and = 0.0307
~
a2 = al -8 (b) Drag coefficient
Co = 2(s/c)(l'u..,/pCh<co1 3 a,../co1 2 ai)
J
... 42 ..S - 25 v,~
= = uin- 1 [Ctana1
+ tana2) /2]
(b) .Nominal air angles
a2 17.5° a,,.
1
= tnn- [(1an48° + tan25°) /2] J
in = I a,,. = 38.25°
J
a1.n -a,
3
:. et1 .n = in +aj .:. Co = 2(1/0.91) ( l07.9 ) (cos 38.25)
l.25 x 752 cos2 48
= 5 +42.5. = 0.0365
9
= 47.5°
(c) Lift coefficient :!l.!1
Nominal c:xit air angle is determined from the following empirical r.:lation:
Cd'n?fCL = 2(s/c)cosa,,.(tnna1 -111na2)-Cotanam
tana1.n - tana2.n = l.55
1.0+ 1.5 (~)
=
=
2(1/0.91) COS 3B.25°(tan 48° - tan 25°) - 0.0365 lan 38.25~ •
1.083
J
= tan ai.n _ 1.55 Example 2.8 Air enters the test section of a turbine blade (a1 =
40°, a2 65°) =
tan a2.n
1.0 + 1.5 (~) cascade tunnel at l 00 mis (p =:- I .25 kg/m 3 ). The pit.ch-chord nido of the cascade
is 0.91 . The average loss in the stagnation pressure across the cascade is equivalent
to 17 .5 mm W.G. Determine for this cascade (a) the pressure loss coefficient, (b} the
J
= tan47.5 _ 1.55
1.0 + 1.5(1) drag coefficient and (c) the lift coefficient. j
tan a2.n = 0.471 Solution U!.'l
a2.n = 25.22° a 1 = 40° a2 = 65° C1 = 100 m/s p = l.25 lcg/m3
= =
s/c 0.91 Po.m 17.5 mm W.G .
Example 2.7 A cpmprcssor cascade has the. following dnln: vcloci1y of air
cnlry • 75 111/li, nir angle nt entry • 48°, nir nnglc 111 cxil a 25°, chorJ·pilch rulio =
0. 91, stagnation pressure loss= 11 mm W.G, density of air= 1.25 kg/rn~. D·c1crminc
111
(a) Pressure Joss coefficient J
f'o.m
loss coefficient, drag and lift coefficients. = O.SpCf
Solution 17.5 ~1
l.!1i
C1 = 75 m/s a1 = 48° a2 = 25° !03 x 9.81 x hr
c/s = 0.91 Po.m = 11 mm·w.a . p = 1.25 kg/ml = 0.5 )( l.25 x 1002
(a) Pressure loss coefficient = 0.0275 '1.:.1
-
Po.m (b) Drag coefficient
= ---2
0.5pC1 Co = 2
2(s/c)(Po.m/PCf}{Cos3 am/cos a2) lI
Po,,,. = JOl x 9.81 x ..!.!.
)()3 a,,. = lnn- 1 (Ctana2 - tanoq) /2]
fi"'jllJIOO,iff.;j•J1l·lt'!fi'i<tfJll1.'.ql?drel-""¥0 ' "¥ . ' · -
.. ---
60 > TURDO MACHINES BLAOEl'HooRY ~ 61
I =
=
tan- 1 [(inn 65n - Inn 40° ) /2)
33.13° j 2. 1.
SHORT QUESTIONS
What is the function of blades in a turbomachine?
j :. Cn 2 9
17.5 9 81
103 x · x JO·
J) (cosl 33. 13)
2.2.
J 2.3.
Deline an aero-foil section.·
Classify the aero-foil· sections.
(0. l) ( 1.25 x 1002 cos 2 65 2.4. Whal is a symmetrical aero-foil?
2.5. Whal is a non-symmetrical aero-foil?
~ (c) Lift coefficient

""' 0.0823
1-wbitt.
2.6.
2.7.
2.K.
Define the tenns lift. and drag.
Dl·.~crihc the Oow pnttern nnluiul nn aoro·foil.
The drug i" mutlc up of ~ ·----- drag and--·- --- - drag. ·
m C1. = 2(s/c)cosano(lnna1+1nna2) +CD tnnam 2.9. Flow 5cparation due to adverse pressure gradient
(a) decreases lift and increases drag
I = 2(0.9 J) cos 33. J ~(Inn 40 + tan 65) + 0 .0823 Ian 1 ' ·I J (b) increases lift arid decreases drag
- C1. = 4.601 (c) decreases lift and decreases drag

2.10. The lift is to the drag.
I L
Example 2.9 A jel plnne which weighs 30,000 N and has n wing ;: n-.1 or 20 m 2
flies nt n velocily of 250 km/h when the engine delivers 750 kW. 65'1 or the power
is used to overcome the drng resislance of the wing. Calculate the cocflic1cnts of lift
2. 11.
2. 12.
Deline (a} lift c0cfficient and (b) drag coefficient.
Lift coefficient should be as high as possible for maximum energy transfer. ·
(True/False}
p and drag for the wing. Take densily of air equal lo 1.2 1 kg/ml .
Solution
W ::x 30, 000 N =
A = 20 m 2 c 250 km/h = 69.44 m/s
2.13.
2. 14 .
J
2. 15.
For maltimum efficiency, the drag coefficient should as low as possible. (True/False)
Define blade loading factor and flow coefficient.
For a well-designed blade, the optimum blade loading factor is
L Power required 10 overcome drag resistance (a) ¢(c/s)C1
~ = 0.65 x 750 = 487.5 kW J (b) ,P(c/s)C1/...fi

(c) ¢(c/.r)C1/2
L Power required In overcome drag rcsislnncc in lcrms of drng force is 1?iw•1 ny 2.16. Lisi the imponant blade terminologies.
= 2.17. Define (a) base profile, (b) camber line.
~
Dxc
2. 18. What is a cascade?
487.5 '
:. D = .4 x 10-
69 4
= 7020.5 N 2.19. What is blade camber angle?
L 2.20. Whal nre chord, span and pitch for a blade cascade?
But
~
2.21 . Differentiate between angle of incidence and deviation angle.
D 2.22. Air deflection angle is the difference between the - - - - - and the
CD = 0.5pc2 A
'- 2.23. What is stagger angle?
~
7020.5 2.24. . ____ • _ __ angle .represents lhc angle Ill which lhc blttde is set In the eu-
= IT;J:2fx 69.44 2 x2o cadc.
CD = 0 . 120 2.25. Whal is cascade testing?
2.26. Why do the results obtained from cascade testing need corrections?
~
The lift force should be equal to the weigh! of lhc plane.
2.27. Whal is pressure loss coefficient?
L = W = 30, 000 N 2.28. The value of nominal deflection angle in terms of maximum deflection angle
~ is
L
:. CL =
~:!a 0.5pc 2 A (a) 0 .88 Emnz
(b) 0 .9 Emar
30, 000
...... = 0.5 x 1.21 x 69.442 x 20
(c) 0.8 E mn.z
2.29. What are the cascade losses?
I . CL = 0.514 2.30. Whal arc profile, annulus and tip clearance losses?
_ - · ~ ="' .... P.t?.o.M:ilim!lllill!['.1lli1f!L'lt1Jimrai

~~~~~"""'~'~<i..l!Zllli: I~~
~~'!I
._,
62 > TuRBo MACHINES
..
EXERCISES ~
'· 2.1. Derive the expression for energy transfer in terms of blade !ift and drag coeffi-
cients.
; 2.2. Explain the blade terminologies with a neat sketch.
·
2.3. Explain the vD.rious cascade nomenclatures with a neat and illustrative sketch
3 _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I
prove t11nt E= (} + i - o.
2.4. Write notes on cascade tcsiing. Draw the cascade curves. How is the nominal
v11lue of dellection obtained?
' 2.5. Enumerate and explain briefly the different cascade losses.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS ~
:, 2.6.
AND FANS
~
A 16 m diameter rotor is required to lift and propel a 2500 kg helicopter at a
speed of 15 mls. Calculate power required by the helicopter assuming a drag
coefficient of 0.0056 based on the rotor area. Ambient condition is 1 bar and --.
I
22°C. (MKU-April '96 & MU-April '99)
[Ans: 2.24 kW) /
I
INTRODUCTION
Comp.resS()!~as well as_ p~~p~ nnd fans are the dc:viccs used to inc~ .tll!tP..Ja!.W"C
of a fluid. But, they differ in the tasks they perform. A fan incrcaiCI the pi-e&sun: of a m
gas slightly and it is mainly used to move a gas arouna.Aeomi>rcsSOr is capablCof
- comy~~~~~jl ~~e gas to very high p~e.ssures. ~mps work very much~~ ~!_iil'~rs
exceet tha!._!hey handle lig~id~ -~r:i~t~-~~f g~. . -
Centrifugal compressors and fans.µc turbo machi,!1~mployi~g~l!i.fu.&!1 cITC£.~
~
!.Q. i!!c!~!ls_e the pres.s ure of ihe -ftuid.(Singl~. ~.!8&~..9~!1tr!fugal .col'!lP~.!!.~·~~ the
~
-lll'.~~5.~.re ~~~io-oT•EQ\The best efficien.cie~ are.generaUy _3 10 4 per ~nt below ~osc
obtained from an axial flow compres.~r designed for the same dut~. However, at yery
low 1'!1.~s -~ow rates, the ~!'ia!Jl~':'..=~~.P.~~~!~cj~n9_d.!.oPS dow.~.~ .
The ~clva111agcs of centrifugal COf!!Prcssor, over the axial ftow compressor arc N)
~
sm_~\ler .!~iig'.!1..i (2) !ids,;.!'nngc of mass . fto.~ rat.c 9f. g~. Although thc _cc;nui.~
compressor has been sh'pcrsedcd by the axial How compressor in jct aircraft engines,
(it is usdul where a short overall engine length is required and where it is likely that
tlcpn~ils will he formed in the air paKsagcs. llecausc of the relatively ~hort pa~sage
length, loss of performance due to build-up deposits will no.! be.as great as the axial
1:0111presson~ ·n1ereforc. the working fluid 11111y even be a c'oiiHlmimucd gH, like c.11·
haust g~,The d.i.~!i_d_y~n,~~gi:s arc-larger frnn.t!I) an:E and lower maximum.e~ci~.~.Y·
m
If the densi1y ratio across the compressor is less than about 1.05, the term 'fan' is
used TO a escribe the machine. In that case the 'fluid is treated as being incompr1:ssible;
otherwise compressible flow equations must be used . The term 'blower' is oft.en used ~
in place of 'fan'. In this chapter. the centrifugal compressor and fan nrc considered to-
I
gether as the theory applied lo both machines is the same. TI1C ccnuifug~I compressor
is mainly found,.in .turbo chargc'.s.
COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

Fig. 3.1 shows a typical centrifugal compressor.
ii I
~1ummwwwu1~•·=·111111·• IAl'I -
'
~
64 )> TURBO MACHINES
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS ANO FANS · < \6S \_,_.
"!;!·~~'.'·
L Collector (Volute)© VELOCITY DIAGRAMS Fellt A CENT"IFUGAL C8MPRESS9"

The gas enters the compressor at the eye, in an axi!ll di~..ti~..!!.wi~ !l!!..~!i~l.!!.1~..v.eJc:1ci1y
~
(('!)ind moves into the inducer section, which can be ~p_8:f8te form. or l,>c; ~1>!!1
L \,
of the blades. The inducer section transfers the gas onto the blades and enables it 10
'iTIOvcsnlOolhly into the radial direction. Enei:gy is imparted 10 the gas by the rotating
blades, thereby increasing its static pi-essUrC; as n moves from r8diu~,,ri 10 r2 , and the '
gasmoves !he blade with absolute velocity c.2.
L It should be noted thnt the blades arc r•·
dial i.e. the blade angle {Ji Is 90" while
lhe·relative velocity vectot W2 is at angle u
f3'i because of ~lip. Idcailv. the compo-
L . / ;.. t_._ ,; I ../'_,-'
nent C.r, equals U1. Biit it is rcdticed due
·~-~UP.'...The relative Velocity vector W1 is
obtained by subtracting U 1 from C 1• The · ...
Flgurt1 3.1 Typical c~ntrifugal com/ffssor
L ,;.,~,r...
The principal components. are the impelier nnd the di(fusu, Wlien the impeller is
fluid enters the blade pas'sages with an
absolute velocity c,·; here_q-1 = C0 • So,
the impeller tangential velocity vector U 1 . «1=90
rot<ill.~&..1!! ..~g~ .~peaj, nir is drawn in through th~eye of the impeller. Thft.!!bsolute is at right angle to C1. Where U1 = wr1,
c 1=c.
L.
velocini.of the inflowJtir iU&i.111.(The magnitude and direction of the entering relative
velocity depends upon the J!!!_ear veloc_i!y_of..th~l!l}~!!~'!L IJJ!'JJ1di11l pos.iti.on of
~~. eye llf.~Jll as th'= ~~gni~u?e.~~--~!~~tion of ~e-~'l~~ri!l& ..~Q~9J.l!~~ v~l~ity.'fthe
~_'.._being tlt!Ll!.llglll!r_ veloc&_?J_the im_:
pell er. The resultant relative velocity vec·
tei'fat the inlet is Wt as shown in Fig. (a) lnlt/ vtlocity triangl~
-,}.. '
im~l!~.i:.'ianes at the _e~..c:~e ~nt so as to provi~hockless entry for. the entering'A~w 3.3(a)
l at its relative entry angle. The air th~'!..~~~!!JJ!r;J.ially_tllrough the irn~ller pas~~ges due
t~£~1l!!°ifl,!g_!JJQ..~·; The !Q!.BJ mecha.nic;u.l ~nergr dri.ving the.compreli~I is ~mitlE_~
to..!~~ fl~id stream in t~e impeller where il.i§.C.Ol\.Ve_rted _in!o _ldnetic energy, p~e.s~ure <:) ;~ ~ : B:i."' ii o -oC~,c.-i. = u"L
and heat due to friction) The function of the ~iffus~r is t?_£?.!!_Vel_1 lh.e kin~tic_t;!"ergy, f2 I . .,
1..)1=· B·1 - ·<> c .. .1 _. c ;<.i.
b of air that leaving the impeller, into pressure. The air leaving the diffuser is collected
in a spiral passage (scroll or volute) from which it is dischargedlrom the.compr.~ssor.
The"pressure-and velocity variatiqn nc;oss the compressor is shown in Fig. 3.2. 6.Cx
__ - -No slip
- - - - - With slip
~ . I
b . J_,v
I . q . .
,P/l f ( 1.('.. -• Fl'./f <Ji.t'::>!1·('VL-,..i ,..,~ )/?;.J,1 r I I- j
..,1_/l'. J Cfp>/~n
"
· ·
-r
--' - · - _ :._ _ _ (.}< .
\:
LJ Radial
Clearance
(b) Outlet velocity triangle
distance
------r Flgiua 3.3 Vdoc:ity trianglts for a radial in~llu
(refer Fig. 3.3(b) and Fig. 3.4). For zero slip situation, {32 == 90" and so c 9 U2_ =
t£jJ
- .-- - - - - - - --- - - and C11 = ~where C, is the radial component of lhC 11bsolute velocity and ii
perpendicular to the iangent at inlet and outlet. c.., i1 the component or the inlet
~
ab.solute velocity vector resolved into the tangential' direction. W.r and C.r are often
.. Pressure end velocity
called as the relative and abso@..~.idJ:Ou,RQ.ni;nts, respectively. A.If ~glcs are
measured from the larigcntial direction.
Flgurt 3.2 PrtsSUrt! and vt/oclty diagram for ctntrifugal compressor When Pt = /31, this is referred to as the 'no shock conditicin' at entry. In this cue,
'·
the fluid moves tangentially onto the blade. ·
~
·J
66 l> TURBO MllCHINES C ENTRI FUGllLCOMPRJ:SSORSANDF!INS ~ 67
-j I~
U1 -J
••••• Ideal (u:n> 1lipl .......
- - Ac1uaJ (with llip)
J
J
J
p2 • Actual blade angle I
111· Angle., which lhc nuid lc.vca lhc impeller j
C • Cimilalioa around a 1iaglc blade
Figure 3.4 Velocity triangles for a backward curved impeller Figure 3.S Slip and velocity distribution in centrifugal pump impeller blatks
=
When /Ji p~, there is no fluid slip at the exit where P' refers to the ang1c of relative . factor 1s
Slip . de ti1ned as Dl::.2 =- c';(..'-- - c. ':x.. 1 llU.:!
vc:loci1y vec1or:
· SLIP FACTOR
c;,
a,= c..l ~
TI1c fluid leaves the impeller at an angle Pi other than the actual blade angle P2. This ~;\I;·'
is due to 'fluid slip'. Angle Pi_is less than angle fh. · / \A 1' Referring to the above figure, for the no-slip condition,
In centrifugal compressors, the air trapped between the impeller vanes is reluc'tant
to move round with the impeller, and this results in a higher static pressure on the C,, 2 = li2 - W.r2
U •J
I
leading face of the vane than on the trailing face of the vane. This problem is due and
to the inertia of the air. Then the air tends to flow round the edges of the vanes in
the clearance space be1ween.impcller and casing. One explanation for this is that of W.r2 = cot /Ji · Cr2
the relative eddy hypothesis. Fig. 3.5 shows the pressure distribution built up in the C,,2 . = U2 - Cr2cot /Ji IJ:-!J ...
impeller passages due to the motion of the blades. On the leading side of the blade S lip factor
there is a high pressure region while on the trailing side of the blade there is a low
pressure region; the pressure thus changes across the blad.e passage. This pressure
c;2 (C,,2 - aC,,)
I
distribution is similar to that of an aerofoil in a free stream and is like-wise associated = c:;;
with the existence of circulation around the blade, so that on the low pressure side
a,
= C.r2 """
-
the fluid velocity is increased while on lhe high pressure side it is decreased, and a
non-uniform velocity distribution results at any radius. Ind~, the flow may separate
from the suction surface of the blade. So, the mean direction of the. ft ow leaving the las= 1-~I (3. 1)
impeller is P2. and not P2 as is assumed in the zero-slip condition.

Stodola proposed the exis~'.1.:.C?~!~ relati-".e eddi wi~-~.: ~lade pas~~~ as shown
S~p·-~~-~-!.~~~~-·by .i!!cr~ing the num~r of im~H~r: y~ne_s . an~.!~~~!!'$_~~ in,Fig. (3.6). By definition, a £ric~ionless ~u!~~~ich ~ssc(lhrough-the blade pas- I!
-~~C::-~P.~~· Thus C.r2 is reduced to C~ 2 and the difference l::.C.r is defined as the
slip. -
sages have
. ··-- __ __,. Therefore at the OU~ eassage the rotatiOO~OUld be
·. no. rotation.
·~
-
I
L CENTRJFUO/\LCOMPRESSORSANDFANS < 69
68 }> TURUO Mf\CHINES
l 2e/sin ~ 2
where A iind B arc functions of /Ji, z and ri/r1.
The Stan//z slip Jae.t or is given by
g IUs= 1 - 0.637T/{z(l - (C,2/U2)cot/J2ll I

~~o is best used in the range 80° < Pi < 90".
If /Ji = 90°, then u, =
I - (0.63rr /z) . "fypically, slip factors lie in the region of.0.9,
while slip occurs even if the fluid is ideal.
l ENERGY TRANSFER
By Euler's pump equation, without slip
L IE=
E =
W/mg I
(U2Cx2 - U1 C.r i)/g
l Figure 3.6 The rd~tive eddy bttwun imptllu bfadts
1:$-rg, Now, the impeller has an angular veloci!Y_'..~_', so that, relative lo the impeller, the
From inlet velocity triangle (Fig. 3.3(a))
Cxi =0
~ust have ari angular velOi:ily '-w...'.JQ..miuc;h with the zero-relation condition.
L lf'lhe radius of a circle that may be inscribed between two successive blades at outlet
and at a tangent to the surfaces of both blades is
l!.Cx =we
'e';
then the slip is given by
For ideal condition, U2 = Cx 2 , from outlet velocity triangle (Fig. 3.3(b))
E = U2Cx2 _ Uf (3.3)
.. ...___L_:
l The impeller circumference is 2rrr2 and therefore the distance between the blades
is 2rr r2/z if we have 'z' blades of negligible thickness. This may be approximated to
2e/sin/h and upon rearrangement
and with slip, the ~h_e~~~cal wo~ is
g
L l!.Cx
e =
=
(rrr2/z)sin/Ji
(U2/zr2)(rrr2 sin /32)
IE= Us~f I (3.4)
= (U2rr sin /32)/z Although equation (3.3) has been modified by the slip factor to give equation (3.4),
equation (3.1) becomes !I,J.Uifg is still the 'thwretical work' done on the air, since slip will be present even
l U2rr sin/h
Us= l - - - - - -
z(U2 - Cr2cot/J2)
if the fluid is friction-less (ideal fluid).
In a real fluid some of the power supplied by the impeller.is used in overcoming
losses that have a braking effect on the air conveyed by the vanes~ncnhesc 1nctilcfe
windagc, disc friction and casrrlg friction. The total power per unit weight of fltlw is
L For purely radial blades, which arc often found in a centrifugal comprci;sor,
be 90~ and the Stqdola slip factor becomes
/12 will
therefore modified by a power input factor.
Iu 1 =I - rr/z(since cot 90° = 0) I \lPOWER INPUT FACTOR ))
L With radial vanes, a very high pressure rise can be obtained, and arc suitable for
high-speed machines.
The power input factor (or) the work factor
"1 = Actual work sup,Plied

The Stodola sllp factor equation gives best results for the blade angle in the range
L 20° < {32 < 30°. For the range 30° < /h < 80°, Buseman slip factor equation
m1iy be employed.
Theoretical work supplied
}P' l)'.pically takes va]u'es from 1.035 to 1.041.

·s~;lii~ ·actual energy transfer becOrn"Cs~
B(Cr2/ U2)cottJ2]
f' <11 = [A[I -- (C,2/ U2)cot/J2]
(3.2) E =1/ru Vi!g
1
;;;I
J
70 )o TURUO MAClllNES
CEN'TRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS AND FANS "'(.,. 71 )
·y,· is also known as 'stage loading coefficient'. Upon leaving the impeller the gas Total enthalpy al section- I, i.e. inlet of the impeller, is
enters a vaneless space where it moves in a spiral path before entering the diffuser,
·in which the static pressure is further increased. The clearance between the impeller hot= h1
c2
+ .....!.
2
j
blades and inn~ wal Is of the casing must be kept as small as possible to reduce leakage
and in some cases the blades themselves are shrouded. and since no shaft work has been done and assuming that adiabatic steady How occurs
MOLLIER CHART /too = hot [from S .F .E .EJ J

Since ~~. Qc~!!_~g_with n gas a!!d since the rise j!l~'!!(l:«ratu.!_~.f!.nd pr~l!~_ure causes T hus,
the density to change, it will be convenient to examine the performance of the machine
i~ tcnns of the thcrll'lodynamic properties of the gas and this is done through the
ci
ho+ .....!.!. =ht
ci
+ ...!. (3.5)
j
Motlier Chart. Thc h - s diagram for the compression process across the centrifugal .- 2 2
compressor is shown in Fig. 3.7. -·
2. Impeller
~~r~ is ~-O_l).!!_9!.l .t~~ ~ !-!iq !!cross the imp_c;.tlg nnd the static pr~ i~~rcased from
j
Pi to P2. Writing the work done per unit mass on the fluid in tenns of enthalpy. we
get
w/m = '102 - hot

J
~ From Euler's pump equation
.c:
2
w/m = U2C.r2 - U1C.r1 J
~ Equating the two equations and afler substituting for ho
"'Lll
-5 P,
ci 2
c2
J
...!. - UtC.r 1 = h1 + -
-:----- +--..1.-
I= h1
.. . . 2
- U2C.c2
hoo=ho1 where •r is the impeller constant.

h02= hoo . In general
I = h + C 2 /2 - UCx
J
=
Entropy. s =
h +cc;+ c;12> - uc"'
+ (W 2 - W] + C})/2 - UCx
h J
Figure 3.7 Mollitr charlfor a centrifugal compressol'
= h + (W 2 - (U - Cx) 2 + C}J/2 - UCx
1. Inlet Casing
w2 vi ci
= It+ - 2 - -2 - .2.
2 + .t
cz
UC.r - UC + .2.
2 J
= h+w 112-u 2 12
The cne~y equation along a streamline may be written as
Total enthalpy. ho =:..!!.±.!£..=
constant
. Therefore, for the fluid drawn from the aunosphere into the inducer section. the total
or
I/ = ho.r.el - cJ ;2 J 2
J
enthalpy is
-
where Ito .rel is the total enthalpy based on the relative velocity of the ftuid. Thus
c2 (3.6)
hoo =ho+_...!!_ h2 - hi =((Vi - Uf}/2) + ((Wf - Wf)/2)
2
t· 72 > TURDO MACHINES CENTRJFUGALCOMl'RESSORSANDFANS < 73
Since 11 = '2 in equation (3.6), the chief contribution to the static enthalpy rise is flow velocity C 0 at inlet must therefore be. increased and this increases the loss due
from the 1erm (Uf - Uf)/2. to friction. A compromise is usually made; slip factors of about 0.9 arc being used
m Usually. C.r 1 = 0 is assumed in preliminary design calculations. Allhough, this is for a compressor with 19-21 vanes. ·
nol always the case, from the actual energy transfer equation, the work done on the It may seem that increase in •1/t' increases the energy transfer, but the rate of decTeasc
flu id per un it muss becomes of isentropic efficiency with increase in 1{t ,negates (nullifies} any apparent .clvant.age.
:~
So. the ideal condition is to have a power input factor of unity Ct = 1).
I B (w/m) = Exg
The pressure ratio increases with the impeller tip speed. but materiaJ strength should
1102 - hoi = iJ!u,uf be more as centrifugal stresses arc proponional to the square of the tip speed; and for
.
= Cr To and rearranging the cqn .. we gel
-1 Substiluting ho
To2 - Toi = iJ!a,Uf/Cp

a light alloy impeller, tip speeds are limited to about 460 m/se1;. This gives a pressure
ratio of 4: I. Pressure ratio of 7: 1 is possible with titanium impellers. Equation for
pressure ratio can be written in tenns of fluid properties and flow angles. ·
----~-·~---~
where, C p is the mean specific heat over this temperature range.

Since e15
I
=
rRT01 and Cr= 'rR/(r - I}, then PoJ/Po1 ::s (I+ rtc'/la,(r - I)
,
uifa5t1~
J Since. no work is done in the diffuser, ho2 hoJ and so
lo'}. :: . ,;;_, .$
=
To3 - Toi = 11/Ju,Uf /Cp (3.7)
The change of pressure ratio with blade tip speed for various 'rte• is shown in Fig.
3.8. .
'
..~ -- · --- ·.. --

tl With reference to the h-s diagram and equation (3.7), a compressor's overall total·
to-total isentropic efficiency ''le' is de!lned as
7
a01 = 340 mis
r= t.4
Total.isc..!ll!!Jp,i,eenthalpy rise b'e tween inlet and outlet a= 0.92
'le = Actual e'~thalpy·rise between same total pressure limits _6 'I'= 1.04 --o-1
........
hoJ,, - ho1
-
p..O
p ..8 5
[ ho3 - lroi
.2
~ 4
where the subscript 'ss' represents the end state on the total pressure line PoJ when e
~
the process is iscntropic. "'~ 3
[ 'le =
(To1,, - Toi) ·
(ToJ - Toi)
....
p..
2
~ ---·-~-~
l But,
= .,. ((To1,,)/To1 - I)
1 01
(To3 - Toi) 380 ' 400 420 440 460 480 500
Blade tip speed (mis)
/ PoJ/Po1 =
l =
(To~11 /Tot)'lr-I
I 1 + 'k(7in - To1)/Tot)'/(r-t)
Figure 3.8 Overall p~ssurt rarw versus lmpel/~r tip spud
STAGE PRESSURE RISE AND LOADING COEFFICIENT

=
l (I + 'lciJ!a,Uf/(CpTot)J'lr-I ·
The slip ~lor should be as high as possible. s ince it limits the energy transfer to the
The static pressure rise in centrifugal SUIJ.!!. occurs in the impeller. diffuser and the
~ .
. No change in stagnation enthalpy occurs in the diffuser and volute. In this se1;tfon, the
fluid even under iscnlropic conditions, and it is seen from the velocity diagrams that
p~risecir pressureriuoacrossthestage for an isens~ic p~ is dctc;rmincd.
r_ C.rl approaches U2 as"th~.s!J.P_factor is increased. The slip factor may be increased
byfncreasing the number ofvanes.bQt.!_hi.s. increases the 'solidit)•~at the impeller eye,
resulting in decrease in the flow ar!:a .!!.~~~~ inlet. To have a same mass Aow rate, the
l _ _ ,7"'_.....,...~~~- ~~'"(•.t?'.'tZ~
.... ..~•1 1-'"1''"'•'1;'.r.~,.. .,..._...-=:~~=-,~.':t1='.~'~'·
:J .• .":t~·. {l'_ ~.._·.-:,.~ ..~:.r;.~ ...... 1.~~.1<-. ~. - ·' ··-~.• ,~.::~~"'-J-5:1;:'~ :~·~~~4J.!MF . . ~~'5
.~~'7.'\~ .(e··..:. ..:::zm:::~~~ ~~ . ~ ·=ae
:.&
•
j
74 )> TlJRBO MACHINES CENTRJFUGALCOMPRESSORSANDFANS ({ 75

J
=
Work supplied ho2, ·-ho1
-I
= Cp(To2, - To1) o._d
--,
Toi,- · )
= C pT01 ( - 1
Toi
J
= C p To 1 [ ( ~:)
\ t:l
' -
J
I.
Figure 3.8 (a) Velociry triangle
= CpT01 [ R:;' -1]

From Euler's equation
w
= U2 x C:x2 = U2(U2 - C,l COi /Ji)
J
(3.8) m
w = ufo - <Pi cot /Ji)
where Ro-stagnation pressure ralio
From Euler's equation,
m
Uf (I - ¢7. cot /J2)
J
Work supplied "" U2Cx
2 / // : . lftp = uf
= U2(U2 - Cr2 COi Pl)
J
1
"' ..?,.,..;.%/A,~ <......JJ_,fl...,._
----=
lftp · (I - ¢7. cot /32)
·- equation (3. 11) in equation (3.10), we get
t-~U;y>lr'.:.~W;~I~/'.~-:- Substituti.ng
(3. I I)
J
= U22 ( J - Cr2
U cot /J2 )
2
--i
= uf c1 - </>2 cot /J2) Cv1.. (3 .9) Ro_ -Po2
- = [ 1+-"'--2 '''Puz]~ . ._,J
'f' ==- "'U1:. . Poi CpToi

Equating (3.8) & (3.9),
In tenns of static pressures, following the same procedure, we get
,_, ~j
Cp Toi CR;( - I)= Uf(I - </>i cot /32)
- -
R- P2= [ l + - - 2 iftpU2]~ '
where '¢7.' is the flow coefficient at the impeller exit.
</>i = C,2
P1
These two ratios are known as stage pressure ratios.

CpT1
J
Ui
Pressure Coefficient
J
Ro= [1 + (I - ¢2
CpT01
cot/Ji)U~J ~ (3.10)
The pressure or loading coefficient is also defined as the ratio of isentropic work to
Euler's work.
The loading or pressure coefficient is defined as -

Y,p = Work done/kg
2 Cp(Tois - Toi)
U2 VtP = U2Cx2
From the outlet velocity triangle [Fig. 3.8(a)],
C:x2 = U2 - C,2 cot /h

For a radial vaned impeller,
Cx2 = U2 -
L 76 ~ TURBO MACHINF.S
CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSORSANDFANS < 77
L Now, iscntropic work

,,,
't' P = Cp(To2,U22-
=actual work x isentropic efficiency
To i )
(a) Volute or Scroll Collector
A simple volute or scroll collec1or is shown in Fig. 3.9 and consists of a circular
passage of increasing cross-sectional area. The· feature of the simple volute is its
Lu = C1• C7i1~ - Toi) x 1/c low cost. The cross-sectional area increases as the increment of discharge incrcascs
Then. around the periphery of the impeller and it is found that a constant average velocity
around the volute results in equal pressures around the compressor casing, and hence:
L But
!/Ir= 11,.£JjT02 - Toi)
u22
no radial thrust on the shafL.
Any deviation in flow rate from the design condition will resull in a radial thrust.
which ultimately results in shaft bending. Of the available: kinetic energy a1 impeller
outlet. 2.5-30 per Cl!nt may be recovered In a simple volute.
L Cr(To2 -- 7i11)
ll1us the pressure coefficient mny he written as
= t/lo,uf
L l{lp
j,_1{1-p- =-
= l{lu,uf
11.. --2-
U2 •
l··---c- c/).-> UJ_,rY
l Another definition for !/J p is
1/1
-11-
~ c;;:
,.u-=;,
,~ ~,;P C.n)!;~
. ·- )
- - -· - ··· -- ··- ......-. Work done/ kg
Impeller
!/Jp = u212
L . 2
·-······ ·-.. '(611~>. .
= Uf/2
increasing
where llho is the ideal stagnation enthalpy change across the stage.
L
cross-section
If the stage pressure rise is so small then the fluid can be treated as incompressible.
Figure 3.9 Volute or scroll collec·tor
(Aho)J. = t. Po/p
so that
l !/Jp
Ii Po
= (pUl/2)
(b) Vaneless Diffuser
Here diffusion takes place in a parallel-sided passage and is governed by the principle
of conservation of angular momentum of the fluid. .
L TI1i~ definition for 1/11• has a numericul value twice that ofihe equation
I{! 1• = (I - · t/J2 cut/J2)
The radial component of absolute velocity is controlled by the radial cross.sectional
area ofOow 'b'. A vanelcss diffuser passage is.shown in Fig. 3.10.
Moss now role ~m' 01 nny radius r Is given by ·
l DIFFUSER Im ·=pACr = p(2.rcrb)Cr I

II plays an important role in the overall compression process of a centrifugal compr-
l essor. The impeller imparts energy lo lhe air by increasing its velociry. The diffuser
conv~rts this imparted kinetic energy into pressure rise. For a radial bladed impeller,
the diffuser does compress and increase the pressure equal lo 50 per cent of the over
where 'b' is the width of the diffuser passage perpendicular to the peripheral area
of the impeller and is usualiy the same as the impeller width. Let the subscripccd
variables represent conditions at the impeller outlet and the unsubscripted Vlriables
~ all static pressure rise. represent conditions at any radius 'r' in the vaneless diffuser, then from coatiouicy
I~, equation
iJ
·- - - -]
78 > T\JRBo MACHINES
:·. -
CENTIUFUG,.LCOMPRESSORSANDPANS <( {/9 ]
Stationary
•. puuge
diffuser
J
~· ., . I
·.·J'. ,' Diffuser Q ·1 J
I 11
,,
. ~~- -- Free vortex flow
,. /
J
ldl11h : . Impeller
· in diffuser.passage
·, ,11 . . .••..
:· 1: •
FiKJI." 3. l 0 \.bneless diffuser

---(I) Volute
Flgur1 J.ll VaJUd diffuser
The poi,nts to be considered lo fix up the number of vanes on the diffuser rin& a.re:
J
prbC,
c,
=
=
P2'2biCri
P2'2,biCri/prb
1. Diffusion increases with the increase in the vane number. Bui increaaing the vane
number increases.the friction loss. '
2. The number of diffuser vanes has no common factor with the number of impeller
J
If frictioolcss flow is assumed, then by conservation of angular momentum (mC.rr) vanes. But, ·wh.en the number of diffuser passages i1 le11 than the number of
I ' impeller p11Ssagca, a more uniform total flow occurs. _J
<;.. r = C.riri ~· The cross-section of the diffuser channel should be squared to give a max..imum
hydraul!c radius (cross-sectional area/channel perimeter). ·
aod C.r = C.rlri/r Change from the design mass How rate and pressure ratio will change the smooth flow
But C:c » C, (usually) and so the absolute velocity 'C is approximately equal to direction into the diffuser passage and will therefore result in lesser efficiency. This ........
Cx or may be rectified by utilising variable angle diffuser vanes. The velocity of air leaving
the diffuser should be as small as possible as this eases the problem of combustion
C = Cxiri/r ...,·.1• \
· constant
i.e. C:cr = C.riri =constant (or) C = - - -
\ .
chamber. The diffuser outlet velocity is usually designed at about 90 m/scc.
The diffuser efficiency .J
r
Our aim la to reduce 'C. 1b achieve thia, 'r' must be large and therefore, for a large
c') L_:'l.-:1:'.:'.J3 I 71D
Ideal enthalpy drop
= Actual
----~-"'-
enthalpy d!J>p
rbductloo in the outlet lcinetic energy~ a diffuser with a 19Jl~ radius is required.
..
. A vanclcss diffuser has wide range of mass flow rate. But because of long fJow path From lhe h - s diagram (Fig. 3.7), l.2_';' ~;,
~ltflhls r)ipc of diffuser, friction effects are impcirtan1 and the efficiency is low.
• ' " I • •
I
(c) Vaned Diffuser I

hJs - hi
_-2E.- = h) - hi
t.
In the vaned diffuser as shown in Fig. 3.1 the vanes arc used to diffuse the outlet
kinetic energy at a much higher rate,.in a shorter length and with a higher efficiency Ti(T3s/T2 - 1)
(k:Dgtb o! Oow path and diameter are reduced) than the vanelcss diffuser. = (T3 - T2)
A ring of diffuser vanes surrounds the impeller at the outlet, and after le11ving the
impieUeriid.e air moves in logarithmic spiral motion across a short vanelcss space
bdcn cetering the diffuser vanes. Once the fluid has entered ihe diffuser passage,
the'comrolling rariable on the rate of diffusion is the diVergence angle of the diffuser - r1 [(~)9 -I] L
.,.....-o. which is in the orderof8- l O", and there ahould be no separation ofboundary
layer on die pat&age walls. - --·~.:-:lfl...::.J2)
. ... :·· : --
·~ -
L 80 )> TUIUIO MAClllN~S
CENTRIFIJGAI. CO~IPRESSORS AND FAl\S -i 81
For adiabatic deceleration of the fluid from absolute velocity C2 to C3 with a corre-
L sponding increase or static pressure from P2 to P3,
ho2 = ho3 (or)

Substituting equation (3.13) and equation (3.14) in the equation for degree of reac-
tion, we get
Uf0 -¢2cotf32)- ~Ui(rJi~+Cl -cf>2cotfJ2) 2]

h1 + Cif2 = lr3 + Ci/2 R =
L o( 'DEGREE OF REACTION
= I -
<f>i +
-=-------
u;( I - "'2 cot /32)
(I - ¢2 ~Ol /32) 2
The degree or reaction of a centrifugal compressor stage is given by 2( I - ¢2 cot fh>
l R = Change in static enthalpy in the impeller

Chungc In atagnation cnlhalpy in lhc stage
. = 1
_
,
<Pi+ I + l/>I cot 2 /32 -
2( I - <1>2 cot /Ji)
, 2
2¢2 cot p2
= 1
_ <f>i(l +cot· f3i) +I - l/>2co_t/J2
L =
hi - h1
lto2 - lro1
(lro.l - 1101 = ho2 - ho1 as /Jo2 = ho3 J
= 1
2( I - 4>2 cot /32)
_ <t>icoscc 2{32 + I - 2<f>i cot /12
2( I - ¢2 cot /32)
If the velocity of the gns approaching the compressor inlet is negligible (C 1 ::: 0),
2 - 2"'2 cot fJi - ¢~cosec 2 /32 - I + 2¢2 cot /J2
L then h I ::: hot and hi = ho2 - C?f2
:. R = (ho1 - hot) - c~ ti
.
_
-
2
I - <t>icoscc f32
2(1 - ¢2 cot /Ji)
(ho2 - ho1) R =
L ho2 - hot
..._.. ~~-
= UiCz2
...- - -- ·
= U2(U2 - W.r2)
For ~adinl vanes (/J2
2( I - ¢2 col /12)
= 90°),
= CV{ - U1Cr1 cot /12)
L = :~i (I - (;: ) cot /32) (3. 12)

and l/Jp
R =
=
I
I
2
2 -~>
-(I •
ho2 - ho1 = Uf(I - ¢2 cot /h) where '¢2' is the flow coefficient. because Y,1, = (I ~ t/>1. cot /32)
l From the outlet velocity triangle [Refer Fig. 3.8(a)],
Effect of Impeller Blade Shape on Performance
Ci = c;2 + c;2
The different blade shapes utilised in impellers of centrifugal compressors can he
L and Cz2 =
ci =
U2 - \Vx2
c;2 + (U2 - W x2>2
classified as (refer Fig. 3.14)
(i) Backwar.d-fncing blades (ii) Radial blades (iii) Forward-facing blade!>
uµ -
and Wxz = C,2 cot /32 (i) Backward:.curved blades ..?-'-'
b c2
2 = c~ + (U1 - c,1 cot {12)2
= c;2 + Uf (I - C,i / U2) cot pi)2
/32 < 90°
= C~ + Uf( I - r/!2 cot /32) 2 We know from the out"let velocity triangle, Cx~ = U1 - C 11 cot /12
I The energy transfer E = UiCx,/8
®! (or) c2
2 = u{ (cc; I u{> + o - t/>2 cot /32) 2J Then,£= U2(U2 - CIJ cotf32)/g
(or).
= Uf [rJii +(I - ¢2.cot/32) 2] (3.13) I . • ..
l ,. J /_.> 1'-'' /1L.•".JV,1
E = CUf /g)-(mU2cotfJi/pgA)
o, ~
61 From the stage pressure rise expression (eqn. 3.9),

·m . .·01""'-4
ho2 - hot = U{( I - ¢2 cot /32) (3.14) where -
pA
= C, 2
~
J
---
8:? :;. TL'RBO MACHINES CENTKlfUGAL COMPRESSORS ANO F ... NS .... !I:\
J
The above equation is in Lhe form E = a - bm, where a = Uf / g and . L) ~ p
b=U2cot/Ji/pgA. . ,
As 'm' increases, E decreases. The characteristic is therefore falling.
(/1) Radial blades
Forwll!d· facing
J
/Ji
cot 90°
=
=
90°
0
.J
I£ = a I
The energy transferred is constant at all flow rates and hence the characteristic is
neutral.
J
(iii) Forward-curved blades
/Ji> 90" J
r£;: a+ bm I m
Whc:n ·m' increases.Eis ircreased. The characteristic will then be rais ing. /h would
be typically 140 ~ for a mulli-bladed cc:ntrifugal fan.
lnesc equations arc plllltcd in Fig. 3. 12.
Figure J.JJ Actual churacrerisricsfor varying blade outlet an.~/e J
Fnrwurd-henl hludes have hig he r pressure ratios. But the follow ing disadvantages
132> 90
arc the hurdles for its wide range of applications .
I. Low efficiency owing to large slip factor (between I and 2).
2. Operating range is closer to the surge line even under normal runn ing conditions
J
thus narrowing the stable operating range.
Energy
E
P=90
2 Beller efficiencies can be obtained from backward-bent blades than with radial vanes. c:>I·
but the pressure ratio is lower. So, when a high cor;-,pressor efficiency is desired.
machines with backward curved vanes arc u~ej.
P2<90 The radi al-hladc impellers are usually preferred hccause
<Ull
I. l.!a~e uf manufacturing
2. Lowest unit hlildc stress for u given dinmctcr nnd rotutionul Npccd (tu:ncc lightc.~t
weighl.)
m~
3. Equal energy conversion in impeller and diffuser giving higher pressure ratios IUl\I
Figuu J.12 Theoretical charactuisticsfor varying out/ti blade ~nglt with good efficiency.
I
Actual characteristics for various blade outlet angles are shown in Fig. 3 .13. Due 10 these advantages the radial blade impellers arc used in aircraft centrifugal I
I
For hoth radial and forward facing blades, the power is rising continuously as the ft ow compressors. Experimental results snow that the slip factor value for radial blade
impellers is about 0.9. Hence, where a large pressure rise is required for a machine of
b
rate is incrc:ased. ln the case of backward-facing vanes the maximum efficiency occurs
in the region of maximum power. If m increases beyond 'designed m' (mo). it will small s.ize, radial blades are used. The reason for the decrease in efficiency in forwurd -
cc;l
resuh in a power decrease, and therefore the motor used to drive the compressor may
be safely rated at the maximum power. This is said to be a '.relf-limiting characteristic'
In case of the radial and forward-facing vanes, if the compressor motor is rated for
bent .b lades is that, as the slip factor increases increases), the energy conversion
required in the diffuser increases as a result of which diffuscr inlet vclocity is higher
and the diffuser efficiency rapidly falls. Therefore it is very rarc to find m11chim:s with
L
maximum power, then it will be under-utilised most of the time, and extra cost will forward curved vanes.
Ci
have to be incurred for the extra rating. WhercilS, if a smaller motor is employed,
rnh:li nt the dcsi11n point, then. if 111 i11crc11~cs nhnvc 11111 the motor will he ovcrlomlcd
and may fail. So, it is more dif!icuh to decide on a choice of motor for these vanes.
It should be noted that the exit kinetic energy /2 increases quite rapidly ns /12
incrcnscs. Bui muchincs with lurgc exit nngles (/12} will he less efficient thun machine~
with small exit angles.
L
,.
.J·
'
84 J> TllRIJO M/\t"lllNl:S CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSORSA"DFASS < 85
INLET VELOCITY LIMITATIONS

~Cx2---o1
',=·~·
i.:ui W2 U2 U2 Controlling 1hc Mach number at the eye of a centrifugal compressor affects the inlet
p~ p(~ \ ~~
relative velocity W1. Two cases may be examined for the same mass flow rate having
uniform absolute velocity C1, whh 1.cro whirl velocity (C~ 1 = 0) at the 1=ntry to a
centrifugal compressor.
"'1;.J
Case 1: Large eye tip diameter From continuity equation the axial velocity
Forwarding-facing vanes Radiatvanes Backward-racing vanes C 1 should be low (m = Pt A 1C1 ). Blade speCd is high. These arc shown in the velocity
L. Figurt 3.14 Ct'ntrifugal compussor outlet velocity triangles/or varying blade

0111/et angle
triangle. (F~g 3. I 6(a)}
Case 2: Small eye tip diameter The axial velocity is large. b11t 1he blade
speed is small. It is shown in the velociiy triangle diagram (Fig. 3. 16(b))
L If)-- PRE-WHIRL AND INLET GUIDE VANES

To re~trict the Much numher 111 inkl lo an acceptable vnlue, pre-whirl should he
imparted on the air entering the eye. 111is can be done by placing guide vanes al the
.
L inlet.
Fig. 3. 15 clearly shows thnl the inlet guide vanes impart a whirl component C.ti lo
the fluid, thus reducing W1 to an acceptable value. However, the work capacity is
U1 ~U
C1
1
reduced since c.•1 is no longer zero. ' ~
L /c, /
(b)
TCx,
L /~~
u
'~ Wx 1
+ (, );!> u,.,))/-~ hl1
{,)(' I I
Eye tip (or)
shroud
radius
Hub radius
L \ w, ,. . __l_ ,., .__",,_u 1 i'-_,.;uw1

_ ,
"10..
/~ I l'i: ', • I/ ' -
\ I l~r'}r.- :j)u;J:,,,};. , 1
1..,
I ., . L
,1, { ' /
- . I Hub }
shroud Eye
'\: <._ I •·,~ I '( .9 '?1-1C·Jf.1,.. 1/ (.., 'U· , '/-'"
L -----Wi1hou1guidcvoncs
- W i t h guide vanes
' I .'
~
· ,1
-' -
9' ..-
. :J
-
-',;!u"c '/,,,P ( j.JJ/ '
•
Figurt 3.16 Vtlocity triangltfor a) lafjt and b) stnall inltt arta
Figurt .1.15 Effect of inltt guide vant!S on tire inlet relatlvt 1•t'loc1t_v For both of these extreme cases, the relative velocity vector W1 is high. but it must
L It is not necessary to impart pre-whirl down to the hub, ns in this region, the fluid is
nowhere nl!ur ~onie com.li1lo1111duelO1h1! lower blade speed. 'Inc pre-whirl is therefore
reach a minimum value when moving from one exlremc to another. After dctcnnining
this relative velocity by proper design, the Mach number effects can be avoided.
Flow inlo the eye lakes pince lhrough the nnnulus formed by the ~hroud radius 'R'
gradually reduced to zero by twisting the inlet guide vanes. .
IL.;;r Apnrt. from tcdudng the Mneh numhcr, the pre-whirl hos another ndvnntnge of
reduced curvature of the impeller vanes at inlet. Pre-whirl vanes have 1he d isadvantage
nnd the hub rndiu~ 'r' . '
For uniform axial flow into the eye,
of inlroducing additional parls and additional weights, which should he nn important
parameter to be controlled in jet airplanes. Also there is a danger of possible icing in m =PtAtCt
L the -.ones under unfavourable operating conditions i.e. at higher allitudes.
Limiting values of Mach number are usually kept between 0 .7-0.8, for flow over
the blades.
From the velocity triangles (Fig. 3.16), we get
t C1 = W1 cos f11 and U1 = Wt sin f11

b ....
·---- \-
L ~J
r 86 ...
CENTRIFUGALCOMPRf.SSORS1'NDFANS ~ 87
1•
LJ
I·, TURDO MAcinr-Es
We know
The flow area is
A1 = 2
rr(R - r 2) , I
..,
a1 = (rRTi) l and [
2 2 ao1 = (i RT01) !
= rrR (1 - r /R 2 )
= rr R2k Therefore,
(i
:. m
and w
=
= U1/R
2
Pl (rr R k)C1
ao1
a,
= (To1)l = + (r -
T1
[i l)Mf
2
]! (3.19)
1....
rrUw~ k) C1 .:··.
2 l
:. m = Pl ( w, cos/31 d
C1 W1
L
Mi = -a1 = a, an MI.rel = -a1
wh.:r.: ·CJ 1· is Lhi: in le t tangi:ntial vi:locity of the impeller at Lhc shroud radius and 'w'
is th~· an~ul ar velocity.
2
mw /rirrk = UfC1
.. w,
a1
=
M1
- - =Mt.rel
cos /31
·
L
Fc-.r iscntropic relationship
= w?(sin 2 /Ji). (cos/J1) (3.1 5) (or) M 1 = M1.rc1cos/31
Substituting for a1 and M 1 from equations (3.19) and (3.20) respectively in equation
(3.20)
LI
(3.18).
-
Pi
·Ti
=
Pi
-x-x-
Po i
Toi
Ti.
Poi
Toi
mw2 _
rrkrP01(rRToi)112 - [
M?.rc1(sin 2 ,81 )(cos ,Bi)
r _ r 2 ]lr-t/2Cr-ll
(3.21) [
= -Poi [ 1+
Tot
- I Mi, ] ~ .1+--M
r --
2
r - I
1
c 2 .
2]
, I+ -2- M1.rc1Ccos2 Pi>
Mach number
\
L~
cx,=0 P01 =101.~ kPa
= -Poi [ l +r--- M
I 2] RI 0.3
To i 2 1 r = 1.4 Toi= 288 K
Now Pl = P1/RT1
~ 0 .25
~
g 0.2
·;:
M 1. ..1 L
I 2]'~\ ti
Pl = ( -1'01
-) [ l + r- -- M (3.16) ff 0.15
RT01
Sub~tituting for Pt from equa1ion (3.16) in equation {3. 15),
2 1 , ....
0
V)
~
0.10 L
0.05
2
'R ·r I kP, W?(sin /31)(cosf3t)
mw '01.rr· Ot = { r-1 2]~·
l+-2- Mi
(3. 17)
0 I0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Relative flow angle 13 1 at the shroud
L
(deg)
Writing the relative Mach number based on the relative velocity
·. w, = Mire/ ·a1
w1, Figure J.17 Optimisution of tht mass flaw func1ian
II should be remembered that equation 3.21 is applied at the shroud radius • R' . The
L
mw2 RT01 Mt."1a:(sin 2 relative blade angle at radius •R' is /31 . Al this radius • R' . the maximum value of
rr/.: Poi
=
r - I
[I + - -
2
/31)(cosf31)
/ltl]
I
;-.!,
(3.18) rda1ive velocily onto 1he hlude occurs.
St\ fur u gas of known inlet stugnutioncomlitions (e.g. thcntmosphere). Lhc right hand
s ide of equati on 3.21 may be plotted with the change of blade an3lc /3!. from which.
L
j HR ).> Tunno MM'lllNES CENTRIHIO'°'L C OMPRU.SSORS '°'ND F'°'NS -.t 89
'·
the optimum value of hoth can be determined. This maximum value is then equated
J to the left hand side of equation 3.2 1 and the maximum mass flow rate is determined.
rig. 3.17 shows tlrnt the hlndc nnglc is nlmmt constant at (iO" for maximum mass
lluw. Su. hy srcclfying the relative Mach number (M.rel), the maximum value of mass
Further increase in mass now reduces the pressure ratio to state-3. But at this point.
the efficiency is maxi.mum compared with state-2. Thus the value corresponding to
point-3 is sa.id to be design mass now rate and the pressure ratio.
Further increase in mass now decreases the pressure ratio and reaches zero pressure
J
now may be calculated. ratio at point-4. Corresponding to this point. all the power absorbed by !he compres-
Relative Mach numbers arc usually restricted to about 0.8 to ensure that there is no sor is used to overcome !he internal friction and thus the compression efficiency is,
shock-wave formation 111 the impeller inlet. zero. Point-4 could be reached only theo retically. So. the curve just described is not
ohtainablc practically.
J MACH NUMBER IN THE DIFFUSER

The absolute Mach numherofthe fluid leaving the impeller may exceed unity. There is
no loss in efficiency caused by the formation of shock waves as long as the rndial now
But the actual curve is differing from the ideal curve due 10 1he following reason~.
Surging
J vcloci1y C,1 is !iuhsonk. When the cnns111n1 nnRulnr momentum wilh voncx motion
I~ mnlnlninctl in the vnnck•ss space hctwccn impeller tip and diffuser. the supersonic
diffusion can tnkc pince in the vaneless spncc. This reduces the Much n11111hcr nt inlet
The phenomenon of a momentary increase in the delivery pressure re~ultin[I in un·
Mendy, periodic nod rcvcr~nl u( now through the: compres~or is cullc:d surging. Con-
sider a compressor operating at point-3 on Po3/ Pot - vs m ./Toi I Po, curve. i.e. on
to the diffuser vanes lo ahnut 0.8. the ·negative s lope of the curve. A reduction in mass Oow· rate (due to momentary
"j High Mach numhers at inlet to the diffuser vanes will cause high pressures al the
stagnation points on the diITuscr vane tips. which leads to a variation of static pressure
blockage) makes the point to move on to the left. Further reduction in mass How rate
increases the pressure .ratio uiitil it reaches the maximum v;iluc. Operati ng the-com-
around the circumference of the diffuser. This pressure variation is transmitted radially pressor on the negative slope rcgiqn ( 1-2) cstablishcs.; stable operation'. Because. the
across the vanclcss space and cnn cause cyclic loading of the impeller which may lead d elivery pressure • Po3' increases, which.in tum will control the further reduction of
I ~
to enrly fotiguc failure. now rate. 'It is self-correcting.
Now, the compressor ls operating at point 6 on lhc posi1ivc slope (2-4) of the curve.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS Upon mass flow reducti~n the pressure ratio decreases, unti.1 it reaches the Po.1 / Poi '
axis i.e. 7.CrO mass flow ' rate. The mass flow even hecomes negative through the
L Using the groups of varinhles. the characteristics of comprcssihlc flow machines nrc
usually descrihcd . The chnrnctcristics nre generally given ns a series of curves ~f
. t hc mass now parnmctcr -
Po3/ Poi p Iottcd agamst m./Toi,li
- - ior 1xcd specd 'mtcrvals of·
compressor. When the back-pressure Ptu has reduced itsclr.furthcr sufficiently due
to the reduced flow rare,; the positive now becomes established once again and the
compressor picks up u·ntil the "restricted mass now rate" is reached again. when ·
Poi pressure red uction takes place once again. The compressor operates in an unstable
L N/ffoi.
An idealised fixed-speed characteristic is shown in Fig. 3.18_ .
Consider a centrifugal compressor delivering through a flow control valve situated
fashion. · ·
The pressure therefore surges back and forth; if the dowristrtam conditions are
unchanged. This phenomenon is known as 'surging' or 'pumping'. Thus, when the
after the diffuser. There is a cer-
compressor has to operate at rcduccrl mass flow rates. the ilir surges and pulsate$
L- tain pressure rntio l'o.1/ Poi. even
if the valve is fully closed, and is
indicated by point I. This pres-
2
1hroughout the compressor and the compressor docs not give a steady flow or air.
Surging, if severe enough, could lead to failure of the compressor pans. Surging
occurcnce can be reduced by making the number of diffuser vanes on odd-number
sure ratio is solely due to the
L vanes moving the 11ir about in

the impeller. The pressure head
it<> developed i~ cnflcd "Hhtll off"
..fiiL
r,11 .s ChukinJl point
multip le of the impc'llcr vanes. In this way, a pair of diffuser passages will be supplicrl
with air from on odd number of vanes and pressure fluctuations arc more likely to
be evened oul around.the circumference than if exact multiples of diffuser vanes arc
employed .
l
head. As lhc now control valve
is opened, the air starts flowing Rotating Stall
and the diffuser conlrihutcs lo the
pressure ratio. Thus, at point 2, f
m .ff;;;" ot
4
The phennme11011 ofa reduction in mass flow rate through the blade passage at higher
L the {llaximum pressure ralio is

reached but the efficiency is just
below the maximum efficiency.
Figurt 3.18 ldtalistd fi:ud spud charactuistic
of ctntrifugal camprtssor
angles ofincidence is known as rotating stall. It is a separate stall phenomenon. which
may lead to surging but can exist on its own in a stable operating condition. Figure
3 .1 9 illustrates the air flow directions in a number of blade passages.
~
ts
-----1
w
I
.90 > TuRBO MAClllNES i
CENfRIFUGALCOMPRESSORSANDfANS "( ' 91 UO;)
Increased a,ngle of attack . If choking occurs when the relative velocity equals the acoustic velocity
(i.e Wi
2
= ar = r RTi ), the above equation becomes
/ I
I/'
/ /
""'
Decreased
./ auack
angle of ~ tj}
( v--~~?. { Toi = Ti + (r RT1 -
,
U0/2Cp
I
L...J
B ·· A
ond dividing t/y Toi gives
\ .J.:a/
Ti . rRTi Uf
= -+----
Toi . 2CpT01 2CpT01
uz
1+--1- = -Ti ( I +rR)
-
2CµTo1 Toi 2c1, """'
... Since rR -
Cp =
Direction of stall propogation .
vi
r-1
Ti ( I+--
I !.,....
Figure J.19 Air flow direction in rotating stail phenomenon 1+--1-
2CpT01 = -Toi r-1)
2
--I
If the air angle of incidence onto blade A is excessive, perhaps due to a Par\ial
blockage (or) uneven flow in the diffuser the blade may stall. Because of this, the
mass flow decreases which in turn increases tho angle of incidence' to the left of bludc
T1
To1 = -2- [ 1+ - -uZ
r +I
1-
2C1,To1
J (3.22)
'
t:V
A, (due to the low mass flow rate through ~e passage, the entering air gets deflected, For isentropic flow, !..
resulting in large angle of inci"ence] whereas angle of incidence decreases to the right
of blade A. Thus blade B will be the next t~ stall while blade A will be unstallcd and
the process is repeated about the periphery of the disc.
Prolonged cyclic loading and unloading of lhe rotor blades can lead to fatigue failure From the continuity equation,
!P1/Po1 = (Ti'/To1) 11'-i I u .
I
·, or even immediate catastrophic failure. Th'e stall propagates in the opposite direction
m = pAa ! !
·to the blade motion at a frequency related to shaft speed. In compressor tests, ·rotating
stall may be audibly recognised as a high frequency 'scruch' • . - m/A =pa = Po1ao1(T1/To.1.>''+ll/2(r-i) (3.23)
'Clf
At low speed and starting the front stages are more likely to stall. But al high. speeds,
(a= ao1 x (T1/To1) 112 J .
the stall occurs in the Inst Singe,, Low speed and stnrtina ~loll mny he climinuted hy 1 2
Sim:ct1aT 1 . Sub~1i1u1i11g from equation (3.i2) and rearranging,
'v11.tiuble inlet guide van.: rows. · •.!..!)
. .
C~oklng mt\= · ·'

rrP01Pod2(1 + Vr/2t~~oi)/r +I]
}'+l/l(r-i)
(3.24)
When the mass flow is incrcised to the right of point-3 on the negative slope of the
characteristic curve (as in Fig. 3.18) a point-5 is reached where no further increase in ~~
~-- ,-[ vrPo1/Po1
, 4jv~ [ao 1 = vrRT01 c-J k..~
mass flow is possible no matter how wide open the flow control valve is. This indicates
that the flow velocity in the passage reaches the speed of sound al some point within Equation (J.'.?4) Jplies that the cho~ing mass flow rate increases with impeller l
speed. :
the compressor and the flow chokes. Choking means fixed mass flow rate r<!gardless
Ma."<imum mass fl w rate equation for isentropic flow al the throat of a coverging
l..
o(pressure ratio. Choking may take place at the inlet, within the impeller, or in the
·diffuser section. It will occur in· the inlet if stationary guide vanes are fiued . nm~e l·
In stationary pasi.ages like nozzles. the velocity that is choked is the absolute velocity.
In the rot.ating impeller, it is the relative velocity ·w·
that is the choked velocity. m A= {rPooPoo(2/(r J l))(r + l)/r - 1.}
112
(3.2.5) ....
Now
In the diffuser passages, equation (3 .25)p s also valid with the subscripts changed 10
ho1 = +c 1;2 ~
111
l CC\__ • the impeller ou1le1 conditions. :/ - -, l IL..
= hi+ (Wf-@!2 m/A "= [rP02Po2(2/(r + l)J(: ~ l)/r - 1]" 2
(3.26)
ij
CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSOllSANDFANS ~ 93
92 ;. TURBO M.\ClllNES
,j TI1e areas in equations (3.24 ),(3.25)and (3.26) refer to the flow areas at the respective
locations. "
SOLVED PROBLEMS
Example 3.1 JO kg of air per second is to be compressed in an uncooled

OCJign centrifugal compressor of the single sided impeller type. The ambient air conditions '
'J· l
4.0 '
poin1
,~. , 72%
arc I bar and 20°C. The compressor runs at 20,000 rev/min. has isentropic efficiency
of 80%. and compresses the air from I bar static pressure to 4.5 .bar total ·pressure.
The air enters the impeller eye with a velocity 150 mis with no prewhirl. Assuming
~ '2::.0 that the ratio of wh irl speed to tip speed is 0.95. calculate: i) rise in total temperature
~
....
a.o
.g J.O
I Surge
line
during compression. if the change in kinetic energy is negligible, ii) the impeller tip
speed and tip diameter, 'iii) power required to drive the compressor. iv) the eittcmal
diameter of the eye. for which the intemnl diameter is 15 cm. ·
.J C!
tJ
!3
VI
VI
tJ
Solution
I) Rise In to.t a/ temperature of the compressor
Q: 2.0 m = 10 Kg/s Pi = I bar T1 = 293 K N =20,000 rpm Tic = 0.8
·j Poi = 4.5 bar C1 = 150 m /s C.r1 = 0 C.r2/U2 = 0.95
Stagnation temperature at inlet
Design moss now
= Ti+ C 2 /2Cp
.I
I;:!..)
f .0 i i --i i i I . i I I I ,,,{ I
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
I
Toi
293 l 5 D2
mT~i2tP0 i(relative to design value)
= +2x 1005
<"
I ::::: 304.19 K
: ;
I
Fig11re J.20 Centrifugal .compressor characteristic c11rves ·
'l!lll Stngnnt ion pressure at inh:t
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
I~ Fig. 3.20 shows the overall pressure rnt.i o and efficiency plotted against mTd(2 /Poi at Pot ::::: p (~.· )''r-l
12
fixed speed intervals.of N / T0 ( • It is usual to transfer constant efficiency points onto
the corresponding constant speed curves of the pressure rntio characieristics and the n I (304.19)1.4/0.4
:::::
join those points together lo form constant efficiency curves. The following salient , 293
L features can be observed from the graph.

I . At all speeds the range of mnss flow over which the centrifugal compressor w ill
operate before surging or choking occurs is quite wi.de. but this range decreases The temperature after isentropic compression from
1.14 bar
Poi to Poi is
L
as the speed increases.
2.' Maximum efficic_ncy (dotted line) occurs well within the surge point, making this
type of compressor relatively insensitive to mass fl ow changes.
To2.1 ::::: i;
01
(Poi
-
Pot
r-1/r
3. For a particular speed, the mass flow rnte decreases ns the pressure ratio increases.
4. For 11 given pnmurc rnlfo, the mnss flow rule lncrcnses' wlLh increase in speed.
= 304. 19 ( 4.5 )°.4/1.4
tlT Under such condilions, the efficiency however falls rapidly.
= 450.32 K
1.14
TI1e onset of surge occuring at increasingly high mass flows, as the speed increases,
while the locus of the limit of slability is called the surge line. The limit of max imum
L flow i9'usually set by choking in the impeller, while the surge limit of mi nimum mass
flow is set by stalling of the flow into the diffuser vanes.
Actual rise in total tempcrature:is detennined from the definition of iscntropic effi·
ciency
To2J - Tot
~....,
'fie=
. To1 - Toi
. -1
._J
94 l>- TURBO MACHINES CENTIUFUGALCOMPRESSORSAt-i DFANS "'( 9S

-l
I.-)
or iv) Eye external diameter, (De)

Toi,,- Toi =
To21 - Toi Density of air 111 entry,
l
_J
'le
Pi = ..!.!._ _ I x 10~
=
=
(450.32- 304.19)/0.8
I r
Eyoo"'ulu• A - ~ RT -
I 287 x 293 = I.I 89 kg/m' I
182.7 K
Now, 1- 4<D; - Di) _l
II) Impeller tip speed and impeller tip diameter
From Euler's equation I
m = P1A1C1
W/m = Cx2U2 10 = 1.189 )( ~cv;
4 .
- O. JS 2) )(ISO J
but D, = 0.306m I
I
\V / m = Cp x actual rise in total temperature :. The eye external diameter D, = 30:6 cm ~1
I
= Cp(To2 - To1)
Example 3.2 20 m 3 of air per second at I bar and 15°C is 10 be compressed in
== 1.005 )( 182.7 o centrifugal compressor through a pressure ratio 1.5: 1. The compression follows the
I
law PV 1.s = constanl. The velocity of tlow at inlet and outlet remains constant and is I
= 183.61 kJ/kg
equal to 60m/s. If the inlet and outlet impeller diameters arc respectively 0.6 m and
• ...J
1.2 m and speed of rotation is 5000 rpm. Find (a) the blade angles at inlet and outlel
of the impeller, and the angle at which the air from the impeller enlers the casing;
·and (b} breadth of impeller blade at inlet and ·outlet. It may be assumed no diffuser is
Cx2 filled and the whole pressure in ~rease occurs in the impeller and that the blades have
U2
= 0.95
a negligible thickness.
I
183.61 x 103 = 0.95U2 x U2 Solution -l
U2 = 439.62 m/s Q1
p,
= 20 m 3/s P1 = 1 bar T1 = 288 K.
....: = 1.5 =C 2 = 60 m/s = 0.6 m
Thus the impeller tip speed is 439.62 mis
If D, is the tip diameter, then
Pi
D, = 1.2 m
C1
N = 5000 rpm
1 D1i
J
rrD,N
U2 = '60 (a) Blade angles and now angle
Pcnpheral velocity of impeller at inlet __,
U2 x 60
D, = rrN rrD1iN
439.62 x 60
U1 = 60
= T'( x 20,000
0 .6 )( 5000
T'( )(
60
= 0.42m ::::: 157. 1 m/s
:. 1ip diameter= 0.42 m or 42 cm From the inlet velocity vector diagram,
Ill) Power required to drive the compressor C1
G
tan,81 =
Power required = m >< Work done/kg U1
uI
= /31 . ( 60- )
10 x 183.61 or = tan -1 -157. 1
= 1836.1 kW /31 = 20.9° c,
L 96 > Tu1100 MAc-tllNES CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSORSANOFANS < 97
L :. The hlade angle 111 impeller inlel is 20.9".

Pcriphernl velocily of impeller top nt outlet
or
~o
rrD2N bi = 2 x 1T x 0.3 x 60
U2 = 6o = (rr x 1.2 x 5000)/60
t~ 314.16m/s
b1 = 0.177 m
:. The bread1h of impeller blade at in lei is 17 .7 cm.

Whirl component of absolute velocity c...1 is obtained from Now
L Cr(T2 - Ti) = U2C.•i

( P2) ?~! . II.~
P2V2
Ti =
P1V1
T1
T1 = Ti Pi = 288( 1.5) n P1V1 T2
L :. C1 2 ~
329.68 K
1005(329.6R - 2RR)
:. Vi = -x-
T1 P2
I x 105 x 20 329.68
314.16 = 288
x
1.5 x IOS
=
b Now
133.33 m/s
l11en
V2 = 15.26m 3 /s
Wx2 = Ui - Cx2
~ =·
=
314.16- 133.33
180.83 m/s
Qi = V2 = 2:rrr2b2Cr2
15.26
bi = 2 x rr x 0.6 x 60
L From the oullet velocily veclor diagram,
tnna2 = c,l
C,2 l-cl\2-+-w~r-1
< f I •• 4 >
b2 = 0.0675 m
. . '1111.! hrcmllh or ilnpcllcr blade al ou1let is 6.75 cm.
b or
ai = Ian
-l ( 60 )
133.33
Example 3.3 A'single sided centrifugal compressor is 10 deliver 14 kg/s of air
when opern1ing al a s1agna1ion pressure ratio of 4: I and a speed of 200 revolution/sec.
~ .
ot2 = 24.2° The inle1 s1agna1ion conditions may be taken as 288 Kand 1.0 bar. Assuming a slip
factor oro.9. a power input factor of 1.04 and an overall isentropic efficiency of0.8.
~ :. The blade angle al inlel to casing is 24.2". estima1c the overall diameter of the impeller. (MKU No1·-/99/)
C,2 Solution
= Wx 2
b or
lan.82
Given
111 = 14 l;g/s Po1 = I bar
60 )
= l (
IRO.RJ Po2/P01=4 Toi = 288 K
b
.82 Ian-
.Bi = 18.36°.
N = 200 rps CTs = 0.9 "'= 1.04 '111 = 0 .R
.. The blade angle al impeller outlet is 18.36° The pressure coefficient may be wriuen as
b bj' Breadth of impeller blade at inlet and outlet

If Q1 is lhe discharge in m~/s lhen
Vt1> =
=
CTs • 1/J ' '711
0.9 x 1.04 x O.&
Q1 = 2rrr1btc1 = 0.749
l\f
-----]
98 ;.. TuRBO MACHINES
'
CENTRJFUGALCOMPRESSORSANDFANS <{ 99 J
wiI ::::;
w], + c;, I
(~~:)
9
CpT01 [ - 1] ;:;; (231.92) 2 + (85.98)~ .....J
1/lp = u 2z .. w, = 247.34 m/s
1005 x 288 x [ (4)k -1 ]

Ti
T1
=
=
2
Toi - C 1 /2Cp = 288 - - -
283.83 K
91.52
2 )( 1005 J
:. ui =
0 .749 a1 = JrRT1 = ./1.4 x 287 x 283.83
U2
U2
=
=
433.6 m/s
rrD2N
a1 ::: 337.7 m/s
J
Uz lnlcl relative Much number
:. Di =
=
rr x N
433.6
7f x 200
M1 .r =
W1
a1
J
= 0.69 m 247.34
= 337.7 I
D = 69cm
M1.r = 0.732
Example 3.4 In a centiifugal compressor with inlet guide vanes, air leaving the """',
,guide vanes has a veloci1y of 91 .5 mis a170deg. 10 1he 1angen1ial direciion. De1ermine Work done = crs U:f- - U1 C .. ,
the inlet relative Mach number, assuming frictio nless flow lhrough !he guide vanes
,.,..,,
and impeller 101al head isentropic efficiency. The other operating conditions are rr D2N rr x 0.762 x 11. 000
a) impeller diameter at inlet - 457 mm · ' Ui = ~= 60
.
b ) Impeller diameter at exit - 762 mm = 438.88 m/ s
'
i
c) . Radial componenl of velocity at impeller exit - 53.4 mis 1~ 1
d) Slip factor - 0.9 and
e) Impeller speed - 11,000 rpm
d) Suui!= pressure al impeller exi1 - 223 kPa (abs) ' I
g) Take Toi = 288 Kand Poi =
1.013 _bar. C"(7i12 - 7iii> - 0.9(438.8H) 2 - (263.21 x JJ.2>')
I
l. ~
Solution ·
Toi - Toi = 164.297
Toi = 164.297 + 288
c, =
c.. , =
91.5 m/s
~ ' . U1
1 452.29 K l
L:.
C1 · cos70° c'l = 53.4 m/s
~
= 31 .29 m/s c;1 = a, · Ui = 0.9 x 438.88
Cai =
=
c.d · lan 70°
85.98 m/s :. ci =
= 394.92
c'2
.r1
+ ci'1
L
w.. , = U1-C.r1 = (394.92) 2 + (53.4)2
: U1 =
rrD1N
60
rr x 0.457 x 11, 000
C2 = 398.5 1 m/s
c~
L
=
:. Tz = Toi - - ·
2Cp
w.. 1
=
=
60
263.2 1 m/s
263.2 1 -31.29
= 452.29 - (398.5 1)2
2 x 1005
L
= 231.92 m/s = 373.28 K
:J I~)> TURDO MAClllNHS CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORSA~DFAl'IS < 101
and (i) Eye tip diameter (D1)

J Po2 = P2 (~2 )'~l m = Pl1f
4CD,-_D11)r1
2 2 C
4m
= o;- D~
J Poi -
-
2.23 (4.52.29):u
4 373.28
.37 bar
Di =
D
Tl'PI C 11
4 x 8.3
rr x 1.0998 x 120
2
+ 0.t6
Total head iscntropic efficiency = 0.325m
Ih:u I
~) t;J -
(ii) Impeller tip diameter (D2)
Tor ( ( I)
Tic =
To2 - Toi To1 [ ( ~~~) ~ _ t]
1:....1
=
288( (~)0.286 ) 'k To3 - Tor
1.013 - J
1]
L =
149.39
164.297 To1 - Tot =
298[<4>H _
0.78
= .164.297
= 185.67 K
L ()( Example 3.5

t7,. = 90.9%
In a radial blade centrifugal compressor running at 16,500 rpm,
Also
To3 - Toi = \Jla,u?tcP
- ""'-the total pressure ratio is 4: I when the atmospheric pressure and temperature nre
= \JI p/Tlc = 0.7 /0.78
L
IJlas
I atm and 25° C. The diameter of the hub at impeller eye is 16 cm. The axial velocity
at inlet and .the absolute velocity at the diffuser exit arc both 120 mis. The mass Oow = 0.897
rate is 8.3 kg/s. lfthc adiabatic total-lo-total efficiency is 78% and pressure coefficient
is 0.7, find the main dimensions of the impeller, sta tic conditions at exit and required .• U2 =
[I 005( 185.67)] l/l
L power to drive the compressor.
Solution
(MKU·April' 94.)
=
0.897
456.1 m/s
U2 x 60 456.1 x 60
D2 = - -- =
L N = 16, 500 rpm
D11 = 0.16 m
Po3
-- =4
Poi
C,, = C 1 = 120 m /s
Poi = I bar
IJlp = 0.7
Tor = 298 K
C3 = 120 m/s
= O.S28m
rr xN 1fx 16. 500
'·
m = 8.3 kg/s Tic = 0.78 (iii) Blade. angles at eye hub and eye tip
L (a) Main dimensions of Impellers

c 21 1202
U1t = rrD11N = rr x 0.16 x 16500
60 60
T1 = To1- - =298 - - - = 138.23 m/s
L =
2c,,
290.84 K
r/r-i
2 x 1005
From inlet velocity triangle (Rcfor Fig. 3.3(a)).
P1 = Poi
(Ti
- =Ix
(290.84) A,1
-- /3h = ~n-1 (~:)
~
Toi 298
= ~n-•(~)
' = 0.918 bar
5 138.23
:. Pi = !2.
RTr
= 0:918 x 10
287 x 290.84
= 1.0998 k
g/m
3
/3h = 40.96°
L
(
L
102 }> T\JRBQ MACHINES
u, = rrD1N Tr )( 0.325 )( 16, 500

CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS ANO FANS <( I 03
Since the density and axial velocity component at the inlet of the inducer section are
' c
/31
=
=
60=
280.78 m/s
tan-
1
60
(~;)
unknown, their values on: de1ermincd by trial and error method.
Let
Pi ::::
Poi
PO I ::: RT01
c
= tan ·-1( -120)
-
280.78 =
102
287
x ta3
x 335 l.J
/31 = .23.14° = J.061 kg/m
3
(b) Static conditions at exit C1 ==

m 1--
p 1(n Dmhl w
ci3 wherc Dm is impeller mean diameter and b is the impeller blude height.
T3 = To1 - -
· 2c,,
To.l
=
= Toi + 185.67 = 298 + 185 .67
483.67 K
Dm = Dh+D,
2
= 0.1 +0.25 =O.l 75 m
2 L
and
12
~~5
I
.. i:,
T3
=
=
483.67 -
476.5 K
2 )( b =
D, - Dh
2
=
0.25 -0.I
2
=·0.075 m
5
u
.. C1 = 1.061 x l1t x 0. I 75 x 0.075)
Exit s't atic pressure
= 114 .3 m/s ·
LI
P3 =
( T3
Po3 -
To3
r/r-1 Now,
4 ( 476.5) A1 Pl = -Pi I: i.,.,-

= RT1
483.67
c? 114.3
2
P3 = 3.796 bar Ti = Toi - - . =335- -
2Cp 2 x 1005
I.
(c) Power required
w =
=
mCp (To3 - Toi)
8.3 )( 1.005(185.67)
Pi
=
=
328.5 K
Poi ( -Ti
Toi
y=i
r
= 102 (328.5
- -
335
r•
1..&
\.~
l.
w = 1.549mW = 95.24 kPa · 1...
95.24 )( 1oJ )
Example 3.6 The following data refers 10 a centrifugal compressor: tip diam· .. Pl = 287 x 328.5 = l .O I kg/m
etcr of the cye-250 mm, hub diameter of the eye· I 00 mm, spccd- 120 rps. Mass of
air handlcd-5 kg/s. lnlct stagnation pressure· I 02 kPa, inlet total tempcrature-335 K. and
5
L
Determine the air ang le al inlet of the inducer blade and inlet relative Mach number. m
tr IGV is used thcn dctcrminc 11ir angle and rclativc mach number ut the cxi t of IGV. C1 == == 1.01
[MU-Oct '96 )
Pl (n Dmb)
== 120.1 m/s
x (rr x 0. 175 x 0.075)
L
Solution
Then
D, = 0.25 m
m = 5 kg/s
Dh=O.lm
Pot = 102 kPa
N=120rps
Toi = 335 K
Pi
Pl= · -
RT1
L
Ud
104 > TURllO MAClllNC:S C~FUGALCOMPRESSOR$ANDfANS ' 105
L T1 =
=
.£.r,. = 335 -
Toi - 2(.,-;-
327.8 K
120.12
2 >< 1005
With IGV
Air unglc ul IGV cxil
v
W1 - C,,
l!w
P1 = Po1 ( -
Ti ) ;·~1 = 102 (327.8)A:: tan a 1 = U1 - LJi U1=C
90
~,
Toi 335 I
tan-I (120.66)
= a1 =
L 94.53 kPa
94.53 >< 10~ = 1.005 kg/m 3

a1 = 61.33
65.97
P1 = 287 x 327.8 Now.
6 and
Cr =
m
-= ·- -----
5
C1 =
=
Cu/sin a1
137.52 m/s
= 120.66/sin 61.33
Pl (rr Dmb) 1.005 x (rr x 0. 175 x 0.075)
120.66 m/s
l!J :. Ti
= c2,-
7i0. 1 -
Since lhe value.~ of Pl and C1 arc upproxima1cly equal lo the last iteration vnlucs, 2c,.
the ileration can now be slopped. Thus, :
L Pl = 1.005 kg/mJ
C1 = 120.66 m/s =
335 - 137.522
2:
325.59 K
L Ur = rr DmN
65.97 m/s
= rr >< 0.175 x 120 Then.
Mr.I =
W1
-=-
c,,
a1 a1
From the inlet velocity triangle (Refor Fig. 3.3(a)),
6 tan fJ1
c,
= -U1
Mr. I ·
=
= 0.334
120.66
Jl.4 )( 287 x 325.59
b· ,', /f 1 =
=
. -
lun
61.33°
1(
-120.66)
-
65.97
Nole thut the inlcl relative Mach number is reduced when IGVs :m: used .
Example 3.7 Determine the absolute Mach number of the flow at the exit of a
c radial vaned impeller of a centrifugal compressor when the radial component of the
6 This is the air angle.at entry to the inducer blade and sin fJ1 = ~. velocity nt the impeller exit is 28 mis and the slip factor is 0.9. The impeller tip speed
· W1 is 350 mis. If the impeller area is 0.08 m 2 and the total head isentropic efficiency·is
W1 = C 1/sinfJ1 ,90%, de1ermine the mass flow rate. Take Toi = 288 K, Poi = I bar.
(MKU·NO\' '95)
k =
=
120.66/sin 6 1.33
137.52 m/s Solution
C.? = 2!! m/s a_, = 0.9 U2 = 350 m/s
2
A= 0.08 m 11, = 0.9
~ .. w, W1 Toi = 288 K
~
Mr. I = ~ = JrRT1 (a) Exit absolute Mach number
137.52
= JJ .4 x 287 x 327.8 c
~ Mr. I = 0.379
Mi=_!
a2
Im"
~
id
I 06 )> TvRBO MAClllNES CENTRIFUGAl.COMPRESSORSANDFANS '\_ 107

I
ad
From <?Ullel velocity triangle (Refer Fig. 3.3(b)), From the isenlropic relation, -,
I
C2 = jc}2 +Ch = 2.806x (347.95)H t.:d
Cx2 = U2 = 0.9 x 3~0 = 315 m/s
Cls •
Pi
397.7
.. Ci · = J(315)2 +.(28)2 = 316.24 m/s 1.758 bar
I
Since !till
Thcrefore.
. i
Toi -Toi = CJsUifCp 1.758 x 105
0.9 x 35<>2 Pl = 287 x 347.95
= 1005 li.W
•
1.76 kg/m·'
= 109.7 K
1.76 x 0.08 x 28
:. To2 = 109.7 +Toi · Ill =
109.7 + 288 m = 3.9424 kg/s J
= 397.7 K
Example 3.8 A double-sided centrifugal compressor has impeller eye-root and
Now, tip diameler3 of 175 mm and 312.5 mm and is to deliver 20 kg of air per second al •
c2 16,000 rpm. The design ambient conditions are 288 Kand I 00 kPa. Calculate suitable: l~J
Ti = . Toi- _ i values for the impeller value angles at the root and tip of eye if the air is given .2 0
2Cp deg. of pre-whirl al all rad ii. The axial component of inlet velocity is constant over
2 the eye anc.I is about 152 mis. Also compute the maximum Mach number at .the eye.
397 7 - 316.24
= · 2 x 1005 •""1
Solution
= 347.95 K
In d ouble-sided cen1rirugal compressor impeller, there is an eye on either sidc of the
316.24
.. M2 = ./I .4 x 287 x 347.95
impl!llcr and the air is taken in on both sides. The double-sidcd compressor has the
;1dvantage 1h111 the impeller is suhjcc1ed 10 apprmdrnately equal stresses in the uial 11.d
M2 = 0.8458
direction.
(b) Mass flow rate
D11 = 0. 175 m 01 = 0.3125 m m = 20 kg/s I
,.
m = P'l Ai C, 2 N = 16, 000 rpm Toi = 288 K Pot =
100 kPa C,, = 152 m/s ~,J
Pi
P'l = RT2 Annulus area of now at the impeller eye
Pi = Poi (Ti
-
Toi
y=i A = 1f
4CD, --
i 2
Dh)
:
~~
I
Poi is determined using isentropic efficiency value. = ~(0.3125 2 - 0.175 2 )
= 0.0527 m2 bo:f
rJ
Poi ' .
To t [ (Poi) t=l -
'k = (a) (i) Impeller eye tip speed .
Toi - Toi !
rrD 1 N
Poi [I 0.9(109.7)] A1 u, = """''
- = 60
Poi + 288 Tr x 0.3125 x 16. 000
= 2.806 = 60 _.
Po2 = 2.806 x I = 2.806 bar = 261.79 m/s
!'
~
108 > TURBO MAClllNf:S CENTRIFUGALCOMPRESSORSANDfANS <: 109
L (a) (ii) Impeller eye hub speed :. W1 = /wJ, + ci = ,/206.472 + 1s22

u,, = rrDhN = 256.39 m/s
• (i(i 256.39
=
L
Mr.I
]'{ x 0.175 x 16:000 .,/1.4 x 287 x 274.98
- 60 Mr. I = 0.77
= 146.61 m/s
Example 3.9 A centrirugal blower takes in air at 100 kPa and 309 K. It develops
L From the velocity triangle al inlet,
c, Ca
sina lai = 9 0- 20~ = 70°) I• U, ~
a pressure head or 7SO mm W.G .• while consuming a power or 33 kW. Ir the blower
efficiency (170) is 79% and mechanical efficiency is 83%, determine the mass rate ·
and volume rate and exit p~opcrtics of air.
I521 .. --,------,___!
"'1rrt
L r, =
= sin70"
ro1 -
= 161.76m/s
er = 288 -
2C 161.762
..
Solution
P1 = 100 kPa
input power = 33 kW
Tt
'18
= 309 K
= 0.19
6.H
Tim
= 0.7SO m W.G.
= 0.83
2
L~
fl
= 274.98 K x 1005 (a) Mass rate
=
Ti ) ;-!.1
= 100 ( ·274.9R) H _!]_ _100 x HP _
/>1 Poi ( -
Toi . : 288 p = RT1 - 287 x 309 - 1.1 28 kg/m
3
L :. Pl
= 85 .05 kPa
P1 RS.OS x 10·1
RT1 = 21!7~274.9 8 = 1.078 kg/mJ
t:;.P =
=
pgt:;.H = JC>3 x 9.81
73S7.5 N/m 2
x 0.7SO
c., c.,
L tan /31.1, =
U1i - C~.
152
= U1i - (C,,/ tan ai)
Ideal work done/kg =
=
t:;. PI p
7357.5/1.128
tan /Ju, = - - - - - = 1.665
146.61 - (152/lan70° ) = 6522.61 J/kg
l and
/31.11 = 59°
Actual work done/kg = Ideal work done/kg
118
·c,,
L tnn flu = -· ~- - .. ·---·- -
U, - (C,,/tnno-1)
152
···
W/m
=~
=
6522.61
8256.47 J/kg
= 261. 79 - (I S2/ tan 70°)
L ... /31.1
=
=
0.7362
36.36"
·Actual power input =
=
Motor power input x 'Im
33 x 0.83
(b) Maximum Mach number at the eye W = 27.39kW
k Maximum Mach number occurs at 1he eye tip

w,
Therefore. the mass flow rate
w
Mr.I e m =
~ .. JrRTi Actual work done/kg
w" = u, -c. . , =
27.39 x ICP
= 261.79- (.152/tan70°) 8256.47
ft
:l.,. = 206.47 m/s = 3.317 kg/s
i3c_,_1
-:I
_)
!
110 )>- TURBO MA\lllNES C F.NTRIFUGALCOMPRESSO RS ANO FANS <{ 111

-J
'
(b) Volume rate :. C.: 1 = 33.55 - (9.15/ tan 39")
Q =
=
m/p
3.317/1.128
wIm =
=
=
22.26 m/s
33.55 x 22.26
746.823 Jikg
J
= 2.94 m3 /s
·1
(c) Exit properties of air
Fan efficiency IJ / =
Ideal work done/kg. J
Actual work done/kg
Pi - P1 = 6.P .
613.13
= 100+ lQ3
7357.5
= I
Pi = P1+6.P 746.823
J
l'l = 107.36 kPu = 82. 1%
\V/m = C 1,(T2 - T1)
" (b) Discharge I
~ = 30.9
Ti = T
1
+ mCp +
82S6.47
1005 Q = rr D2b2C, .J
Ti = 317.22 K = rr(0.89)(0.1)(9.15)
= 2.558 m 3 /s
Example 3.1'0 A backward-swept centrifugal fan dev~lops a pressure of 75 mm
W.G . It has an impeller diameter of 89 cm and runs at 720 rpm. The blade air angle a1 (c) Power required
J
'1ip is 39° and the width of the impeller is 10 cm. Assuming a constanl radial velocity
= = 1.2(2.558) = 3.07 kg/s
of9.15 mis nnd density of 1.2 kg/m 3, determine the fnn efficiency, discliurge, power
required, stage reaction, nnd pressure coefficient.
Solution
:. W
n! pQ
= m(W/m) = 3.07(746.823)
= ~292 .7 w
J
= 2.2927 kW
(d) Stage reaction .J
I C.:1
R = 1---
- U2
I_~ (22.26)
Ideal work done/kg = 6. PI p = 2 33.55
= (Pwgl!i.H)/p = 0 .6683 or
= c1e>3 x 9.81 x o.01s>11.2 = 66.83% ..,_,,)
= 413.13 J/kg
(e) Pressure coefficient
Actual work done/kg
W/m = U2Cx 2
From outlet veloci1y trinngle (Refer Fig. 3.3(b)),
l/t,, = 2C.r1
U2
since 1/tp = U2C.r1
Uf/2 -
= 2 (22.26) I
33.55 .J
Cx2 = U2 - W.: 1
= 1.327
= U2 - (C,/tan/Ji)
TrD2N ]'( )( 0.89 x 720 Example 3.11 A backward-swept <fh = 30°) centrifugal fan with impeller di-
U2 = --=
60 60 ameter of 46.6cm is required to delivt.-r 3.82 m 3 /s (4.29 kg/s) of air at a total pressure ~
= 33.55 m/s 11f 63 mm W.G. The now coefficient at the impeller exit is 0.25 and the power supplied
ol•l
I
~
J 12 j> TtJRUO MAClllNES
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS AND FANS °' I I:'
L to the impeller is 3 kW. Determine the fan efficiency, pressure coefficient. degree of
reaction. rotational speed, and impeller width al exit.
( c) Degree of reaction
I c..
Solution =
I
th= 30" D2 =0.466 m
.
= 3.82 m 3/s
R 1-- - 1 -
2 U2
b m = 4 .29kg/s 6.H = 0.063 mW.G.
Q
- ~ ( 19.86)
I 2 35.03
C,,
"''- = --
U2 = 0.25
W=3kW = 71.7%
L (a) Fan efficiency (d) Rotational speed
Ideal work done = ( -6. l'o) . N = U2 x 60 35.03 x 60
L
Ill
p rr D2 - re x 0.466
·~ Q6.Po = .Q(pg6.H) = 1435.7 rpm
= 3.82(!0 3 x 9.81 x 0.063) (e) .Impeller width at exit
L Acrunl work done

=
"
2.36 kW
HW
2.36
bl = ---=
Q
·;rv2Cr: 1f
3.82
x 0.466 x 8.76
:. Fnn efficiency = = 0.298 m
L (b) Pressure coefficient
'7/ =
3
78.7%
= 29.8 cm
Example 3.12 A centrifugal blower runs at n speed of 3000 rpm . The impclicr
L ·,,,
,,,,,=-- 2C.r2
U2
outer diameter is 75 cr:n and the blades of the impeller arc designed for a constant
radial. velocity of 57 mis. There are no inlet guide vmw:; so that the absolute velocity
at the inlet is axial. If the degree of reaction is 0.58. compute the exit hlnde angle::
From outlet velocity triangle (Refor Fig. 3.3(b)). Also determine the power input to the blower (total-10-total efficiency of 0.75) and
l c.. 2 U2 - W.r2 = U2 - (C,iftanP2>

3 x 10-'
the exit stagnation pressure. Take the total pressure and temperature at the inlet as
I atm and 25'~c respcctivdy. (MU-April '98)
U2C.1i U2 [U2 - (C,iftnnP2>J = W/m = 4 F Solution
L Since C,2 = 0.251/2 nnd /J2 = 30° N =

C.ri=
3000 rpm
0
D2
C1
= 0.75 m
=C 11
C,1 = 57 m/s
=
R 0.58 ,,.. = 0.75
3 x 103
U2 [ U2 - (0.25 U2/ tan 30"))
L 0.57Uf =
=
4.29
699.93
(a) Exit blade angle
U2
rr D2N
= ""60 rr x 0.75 x 3000
U2 = 35.03 m/s = 60
I 15.".T
C,i = 0.25U2 = 0.25 x 35.03 = 8.76 m/s = 117.81 m/s
:. C.r2 = U2 - (C,2 / tan /h) The degree of reaction is
= 35.03 - (8. 76/ tan 30°)
I_ Cx1
lrr ' ·~ 19.R6 111/s R = 2U2
2 x 19.86
i.fJ,, = ---
35.03 c..1 = 2(1 - R)U2 = 2(1 - 0.58)117.81
= 1.134 =
L 98.96 m/s
._....,
·------ !f
.__.
11-1 ;... TllRllO M.~ClllNl!S CENTRIFUG,,l. COMPRESSORS ANO fANS ..(' 115
f.,
u
From 1hc outle1 velocity 1riangle (Refor Fig. 3.3(b)). Solution !lI
\V.() = U2 - C.1·: D1=0.18m D2=0.2m C1=21m/s C2=25m/s L·
= 117.81 - 98.96 W1 = 20 m/s W2 =
17 m/~ N = 1450 rpm
m = 0.5 kg/s ,.,,,, = 0.78 p = 1.25 kg/m 3
and
= 18.85 m/s
(a) Stage total pressure rise 0
tan /12 =
C,!..
IV.r:
57 ) hut
D. Po = p(lru2 - lroi)
LI
/j2 = Hin
-1 (
18.85
(b) Power input

w
th = 71.7° ' I
and
ho,- - hoi -- 1112 - 1q .) cc; - ciI
+ ---
1
u
= U2C;r: ·: C;r 1 =0 h i - hi= (Uf- Uf) +cwt - Wh
m
= (117.81 x 98.96)/103
2 -----
2 L)
= 11 .658 kW /(kg/s) Therefore. the stage total pressure rise is ·
wI2 -w.;- + _2 I
[ u;-u~ c 2_ -c_!2 ]
(c) Exit stagnation pressure
D.Po = p - I + L·
,,. = Tot [(Po;) ~ - ]

Poi '
I
·
2
rr x 0 . 18 x 1450
2 2
60-·-'-
l/1 :: - -- - = 13.67 m/~ t
I
To2-To1 rr x 0.2 x 1450 L.'
To2 - Toi W/mC 1, = 11.658/1.005 U2 = . = 15.18 m/s
= 60
I ,
11.6K 15.18 2 - 13.67 2 202 - 172 25 2 - 21 2 ]
= D. Po = [ 2
+ +
2
x 1.25 I.....I
2
:.
Poi
-Pu1- = [ 1·+ '7rlT02 - Toi) J~ = (21.78 + 55.5 + 921 x 1.25
· Tot
I.~
D.Po = 211.6N/m 2
I.
0 .75 x 11.6 r:~
\ LI W1
[ {b) Degree of reaction

= I+ 298
L
( 6. P )rotor
= 1.106 R = (6. Po)mgc
:. 1'112 = 1.106 x IOJ.:l25 D..P = p(h2-l11)
= = P [ Uf ; Uf + Wf ; wf]
1'02 112.07 kPa
Example 3.13 A ccn1rifugal fan has the following daiai inner diameter of the
imp<!ller-18 cm. outer diame1er of 1he impeller-20 cm, the absolu1e velocity at en1ry = 1.25(21.78 + 55.5 J
L
is 21 mis and at ex.ii is 25 mis, relative velocity at inlet and exil arc 20 mis and 17 = 96.6 N/m 2
mis respectively. speed -1450 rpm. now rate -0.5 kg/s, and motor efficiency 78%.
Dctenninc (n) stage total pressure rise (b) degree of reaction and (c) power rcquin.:d
.. R
96.6
211 .6
L
10 drive 1he fan. Assume d1.msily of air as I .25 lcg/m 3 . (MU-Oct '981 R = 0.457
-L
"
116 )lo Tunno MM·111N1!s CENTRIFUGAi. C OMPRf.SSORS " ND FANS 4' 117
(c) Power input SHORT QUESTIONS

Work done/sec
= ,,,,, 3. 1. What is ccntrirugal compressor?
L Work done/sec =m(/io2 - '101 I
=m -
[
2
1+u; - u
2
w 2
I -
2
2
w 2
c
2+2 -
2
c 2
I J
J
3.2. Centrifugal eomprc.~sors and fans arc employing
1he pressure of lhe gos.
· cffects to i ncrca~
.:u. Cen1rifugal compressors can handle conlaminated ga.,, (True/False I

3.4. What :ire 1hc advangates and disadvantages of centrifugal compressorlo'!
= 0.5( 21.78 + 55.5 + 921 3.5. What arc 1he applications of centrifugal compressors'! ·
L: = 84.64 w 3.6. Difkrentinlc belween lhc following lerms.
(al Co~prcssor
114.M
:. Power input = 0.7B (b) Blower
L = 108.5 w
Example 3.14 A centrifugal fan rises lite stalic pressure of air by I 4 cm of water,
(c) Fan
3.7. The impeller vanes at the eye are bent why?
3.8: The direclion of flow of gas in the impeller of a centrifugal comprcs~r is
while running :u u speed of 650 rpm and consuming 85 metric HP as power. The stalic
lJ pressure and temperature of the air at the fan intake are respeclively 75 cm Hg and
25°C, wh ile the mass flow rate of ai r is 260 kg/min. Find the exit static pressure and
(a) Aitial
(bl Radial
(c} Tangential
lhc volume flow ralc in m·t/rnin. (MKU . April '9./)
3.9. Impeller of a !=entrifugal compressor converts all 1he mechanical energy sup·
~ Solution plied into · •
b 611=0.14 m of HiO N = 650rpm (a) pr'cssurc e nergy only
Power= 85 MHP H1 = 0.75 m of Hg (bJ kincric eneri;y only
L Ti = 273 + 25 = 298 K
I metric H.P = 0 .735 kW
(a) Exit static pressure
111 = 260 kg/ min (el kinetic and pressure energies
3. 10. Whar is the function o(a diffuser in a centrifugal compressor?
3. 11. Draw 1he pressure and velocity variation across a centrifugal compressor
3.12. It is conventional lo measure blade angles from---direction in' centrifugal
L P2
P1
=
=
P1+6P
Pu11 gH1 = 13. 590 x 9.81 x 0.75/10 3
compressors
3.13. ll1c air.flow angle at inlet, measured from the radial direction is
= 99.9811 kPa (a) 45°
L and
6P = p,,,g6H = 1000 x 9.8 1 x 0.14/103
(b) 90"
(C) 0°
3.14. Draw 1he inlet and outlet velocity triangles for a ccn1rifugal cornpre)snr with
= 1.3734 kPa
radiul/buckward-curved/forward-curved blade impeller.
b :. P1
1'1 =
99.988 + 1.3734
IOl. 36kPa
3.15. What is no-shock condition?
3. 16. What is no-slip condition?
3.17. Ang le {J; is - - - than angle /h due to slip.
(b) Volume flow rate 3. 18. Deline n·uid slip in centrifugal compressor.
b Q =
=
111/p1
260/pi
3.19. How can the fluid slip be reduced in centrifugal compressors?
3.20. Deline slip factor.
3.21 . Write the Stodola slip factor equation.
Pl = P1/RT1==99.988 x IOJ/(287 x 298)
b '
.. Q
= I, l<i9 kit/m 1
260/1.169
3.22. The Stanitz slip factor equation for radial vanes is
(n) aJ
(bJ a,
= I - 0.6~rr /;.
= I - 0.63;./rc
.- 222.4 m 3 /min a, = (I - 0.63rr )/;.
~
(c)
-,
J
J
I I !I ;. TURllO MACHINES
c1:N11111•11<iA1. roM1•u1:sso1<s ANll r,..Ns "' 11 v
'
3.23. The theoretical work done on the air in a cenirifugai'.compressor is EXERCISES
(a) GsUf · · ..' -.,
1b1· u;;:2 ·· 3.1. Draw the sketch of a centrifugal compressor stage indicating the principal pam.
I
(c) a,-U~ . I 3.2. Draw s ketches of the three types of.impellers and the velocity triangles at the tr .J
Slip occurs even if the fluid is frictionless. (True/Fa~se)
J 3.24. entries and exits.
J
3.25. Deline power input factor {or) work factor (or) stage loading coefficient. 3.3. Draw an enlhalpy-cnlropy diagram for a centrifugal compressor stage showing
J 3.26. The impeller constant is static and stagnation values of pressure and enthalpy at various sections.
<al I =
ho.rfl - ll~ /2 J .1..1. Prove that · ·
<b) I= ho - U 2/2
(C) I = ho.re"/ '.:..; w~ /2 '. u~ u;
.• ..:?7. Deline overall total-to-total isentropic efficiency. hot.rd - T = ho2.r<1 - 2
. L~l!. Deline pressure cocllicient.
.1.5. Whal is fluid slip? Define slip factor. Give three formulae 10 calcula1e the slip
.J
J 3.29. The pressure coefficient and overall isentropic effi~iency arc related by 1hc factor.
following cquauon.
3.6. Derive Stodola's relation for the slip factor?
ta) rpp =
11i • a..Jrp
(h) rpp = Th- ·Gs
3.7. What is pressure coefficient of a centrifugal compressor stage'! Derive J
(c) 'le- = </J1• /</Jas 'Pi• = I - ¢2 cot /J2
3.30. A simple volute· recovers 25-30 per cent of the available kinetic energy at
imp.: lier exit. (True/False) ·'
J.31. The diffusion efficiency of a vaneless diffuser is higher than that of a vaned
diffuser. (True/False}
:Ul. Deline power inpul factor anti compressor overall isenlropic eOiciency.
3.9. Prove that J
3..U. In a vaned diffuser. a more uniform total flow occurs when the number of 'P11 = 'h'PGs
diffuser passage is less than the number of impeller passages. (True/False) where ip1,-pressure coeflicienl. 11<- is compressor ef!iciency. a, - slip factor and \ 1.:.:!J
3.33. The divergence unglc of the diffusion passage is in ihe order of rp - power input factor. '
(a) 8 - 10''
.l I0; Wruc shor1 notes on
(b) 20- 40°
{a) Volute or scroll collcc1or !
{C) 30 - 45° =1
(b) Vanelcss diffuser
J 3.34. Define diffuser efficiency.
(c) Vaned diffuser
3.35. Define degree of reaction.
J 3'.36. The degree of reaction for radial vanes is 3.11. How is the degree of reaction of a centrifugal compressor stage defined.
I
Prove that
Cai R Cl t ¢>~)/2
= 1i;;.3
Chi R =
Cl _. <Pil/2 1 - <f>~cosec 2 {3,
(C) R = (I - cJ>;) R = - -
2( I - ¢2 cot /h>
J.J7. Whac arc 1hc dilTcrcnt blade! shapes of centrifugal impellers'!
.• .38. It is more difficult to decide on a choice of motor for radial and for~ard facing wht!rc is flow cocflicient and fl2 is blade outlet angle. t j;;C)
vanes imp.:llcrs. Explain. 3. 12. Deduce that the degree of raction R for a centrifugal compressor with radial
J.39. Forward facing vanes have higher pressure ratios. {True/False) impeller vanes is given by
3.40. Better efficiencies can be o btained from backward facing vanes. (True/False) ..__
R :::: (I - <t>i)/2
3.41 . Vane impellers arc usually -preferred in centrifugal compressors. Explain.
3.42. What arc the advantages of inlet guide vanes? J. 13. Briefly explain the effect of each impeller vane on lhe performance of cen-
3.43. What is s urging? trifugal compressor. Why is the radial tipped imp.:ller most commonly used in
3.-l-t. How can the s urging occurance be reduced? centrifugal compressor stages? ·
.'\.45. What is rotati ng stall? .1.14. Explain hriefly the purpose of inlet guide vanes. '""'
-
3.46. Rotating stall is a result of reduced mass flow rate. (True/False) 3.15. How do the Mach numbers at the entries of the impeller and diffuser a/Teel the
3.47. The stall propagates in opposite di rection to blade motion and its speed is low flow and efficiency of a centrifugal compressor stage? On what considerations
compared to the compressor speed. {True/False) ore the limiting values of these Mach numbers decided?
~
120 > TURllO MAC lllNES CENTRIFUOAL COMPRESSORS ANO FANS 4 121
I
3. 16. Explain the phenomena of surging. stalling and choking in centrifugal com- 3.21 . The data of a centrifugal compressor are given below.
mJ pressor stage? What is their effect on the performance? How to minimise or Ouier d iameter ofthe impeller= 50 cm
prevent them. Tip d iameter of the eye = 28 cm
3.17. A 580 kW motor drives a centrifugal compressor of 480 mm outer diameter at Hub d iameter to the eye= 14 cm
b a speed of 20.000 rpm. At the impeller outlet the blade angle is 26.5° measured
from the radial direction and the now velocity at exit from the impeller is 122
mis. If a mechanical efficiency of 95 per cent is assumed , what air now is to be
Speed 16.000 rp~
Mass of air handled= I 0 kg/s
Inlet total pres'surc = 1.15 bar
expected? Assume there is no slip. What arc the eye tip and hub d iameiers if a Inlet total temperature= 20°C
lJ radius ratio o f 0.3 is chosen for the impeller eye and if the velocity at inlet is
95 mlt. with 1.e ru whirl? Whnl will he the overnll tolal-tt>· totul 1sentmpic cfli·
ciency if an overall total pressure ratio of 5.5 is required'! Assume that the flow
Slip factor= 0.91
Total· t<Hotnl efficiency = 1S% for zero whirl at entry. Determine lhe toUll
pressure ratio developed and the power required to drive the compressor.
inlet is incompressible and ambient air conditions arc 101 .3 kPu and 28!! K. (MU-Oct. '97)
~il (An.~: (a) 2.47 kgls . (h) 172 mm and 51.6 mm (c) 81.8 % 1
3.18. A centrifugal compresso r impeller has 17 radial vanes of tip diameter 165 mm .
(Ans: (a) 3.3 and (b) 1596.7 kW)
3.22. A centrifugal compressor has inlet guide vanes at the eye such that free vonex
ll rotates at 46,000 rpm and the air mass now rate is 0 .6 kg/s with no whirl at -now is achieved at entry to the blades. At the tip radius of the eye the inlet relative
Mach number is not to exceed 0.75 and an impeller toial-to-total efficiency of
~
inlcl. (a) Calculate !he theoretical power lran$fcrred to the air. At inlet to the
impeller, the mean diameter of the eye is 63.5 mm while the annulus height 0 .9 is required. The air leaves the tip of the inlet guide vanes with a velocity '
at the eye is 25 mm. The static pressure and temperature at the impeller inlet of 90 mis, the impeller tip diameter is 0.45 m and the outlet diameter is 0 .76
arc 93 kPa and 29~ K respectively. Determine' (h) the hlnde nnglc 111 lhc mcnn m. The radinl component of velocity al exit from tho impeller is 50 mis and the
~
tllameler a l impeller inlet (c) the stagnation temperature at impeller exit, and impeller rotates al;l 2.000 rpm . .lf a slip factor of0.9 is assumed. find the guide
(d) the stagnation pressure at impeller cl\ it if the total-to-total efficiency of the vane inlet angle at the tip and the static pressure nt impeller outlet. Assume
impeller is 90 per cent. Tor = 288 Kand Poi = 101.3 kPa.
(Ans: (a) 83.76 kW, (b) 35.4°, (c) 437.8 K, and (d) 338.67 kPaJ (Ans: (a) 62. 1° and (b) 247.2 kPa)
~ 3. 19. A centrifugal compressor is desired to have a total p°ressure ratio 4 : I. The inlet 3.23. A centrifugal compressor compresses air at ambient temperature and pressure·
eye to the compressor impeller is 30 cm in diameter. The axial velocity at inlet of 288 K and 101.3 kPa respectively. The impeller runs at a tipspecd of 365
is 130 mis and the mass now rate is · I 0 kg/s . The velocity in the delivery duct is mis, the radial velocity at exit from the impeller is 30 mis and the slip factor is
115 mis. The tip speed of the impeller is 450 mis. runs at 16.000 rpm with total 0.9. C alculate the Mach number of the ftow at the impeller tip. If the impeller
b
0
head isentropic efficiency of78% and pressure coefficient is 0 .72. The ambient total-to· totnl efficiency is 90 per cent and the flow area from the impeller is
conditions arc I bar and I 5"C . Calculate (a) static pressure and temperature al 0.093 m 2 • Calculate the mass flow rate of air. Assume zero whirl at inlet and
inlet and el\it of compressor (b) static pressure ratio (c) work d one/kg of air radial blades. ·
(d) theoretical power required to drive the compressor. j · (Am: (a) 0.876 lb) 5. D kg/~I
b (M KU-April 1993 April 1995)

[Ans: (a) 279.6 K, 0.9 bar and 3.89 bar, 460.86 K (b) 4.32 (c) I 80.34 kJ/kg
3.24 . A compressor operating at a pressure ratio of 3.8 and a speed of 12.000 rpm
delivers 8 kg/s of air. The slip factor is assumed to be 0.92. the po~er factor
1.04 and the overall isentropic efficiency 0.82. Calculate the impeller outlc:I
and (d ) 1803.4 kWJ
c
3.20. A single-sided c:enirirugnl c:ornpressnr delivers K. 15 kg/s of nir with 11 press ure c.Jiamclcr. Assume iero whirl. The Mach number of the air leaving the impeller
I vanes is to be unity -so as to ensure that no shocks occur. If the losses in the
ratio or 4.4 to I at 18,000 rpm. The entry to the eye for which the internal
~ impeller and the diffuser are the same, what must be the axial depth of th~
diameter is 12.7 cm is axial and the mean velo icty at the eye section is 148
mis with no prewhirl. Static conditions at the eye section arc I 5° C and I bar. impeller. Al inlet Poi = 101 .3 kPa and Toi= 288 K.
111e slip factor is 0.94 and the isentropic efficiency of compression is 78%. [Ans: (a) 0.659 m (b) 23.5 mm)
!!";} Neglecting losses calculate (a) !he rise in temperature during compression if 3.25. A centrifugal con:ipressor with an overall pressure rati9, of 4 has an impeller
2
the kinetic energy is negligible (b) the tip speed of impeller eye and tip speed speed of 320 mis and the flow area at impeller outlet is 0.12 m • The radial
of impeller outlet and (c) outer diameter of impeller eye. component of the velocity at impeller exit is 30 mis and the slip factor is 0.9.
b ' (MKU-Nov. '92)

[Ans: (n) 202.2 K (h) 257 111/s nnd 464 .95 ml~. nnd (c) 49 cml
Calculate the absolute Mach number at the exit and the flow rate if the total-
lo·totnl efficiency is 90%. Tnkc T01 =
288 Kand Poi =
I bar.
(Ans: (a) 0.786 and (b) 9.87 kg/s)
~B
f~
/
I~~ ;.. Tlllllll) MAl"lllNk.'i C1'Nl Kll' U<iAI. COMl'lll'-~ SllllS ANO FANS " 12:\
u:i:
j 3.26. A centrifugal compressor works with no whirl at entry and has radial cxi1. The at the compressor intake arc 1.01325 bar and 25°C respec1ivcly. The absolule
slip fac1or is 0.91. The ro1or tip speed is 625 m/s. The mass now rule is 15 kg/s. velocity at the compressor inlet is axial. If 1hc compressor has radial blades
The ambient conditions arc 98 kPa and 23°C. The pressure rauo is 7. Calcula1e at the exit such that the exit relative velocity is 135 mis and the compressor
(a) isentropic efficiency Cb) work required per kg of air (c) power supplied for total· lo-total efficiency is 0.78. Compute the slip. slip coefficient and absolute
u1
a mechanical efficiency of 97%. · velocity at the compressor exit if the rotor diameter a1 1he outlet is 580 mm. ~
[Ans: (a) 62% (b) 355.47 kJ/kg and (c) 5496.93 kW) (Ans: (al 45 .9 mis (bl 0.8993 and (cl 431 .3 mis]
J.27. TI1e follnwin!! diun refer to a cen1rifugnl compressor. Impeller tip dinrnctcr = .l . ,.l, An uin.:ruf1 engine is lined wi1h u single-sided cen1rif~i;ul comprcs:><ir. The
=
I00 cm . ~peed 5950 rpm. mus:. flow rule of air= 30 kg/s. S1111ic pressure ru1111 airi:raft llies with u speed of 1150 km/h ut un ahi1uclc where the pressure is 0.2:\
l\ll
P1 / P1 = :?. I :?5: aunospheric pressure nncl lemperaturc arc I bur ancl 25°C. Slip bar and 1he temperature 217 K. The inlet duct of the impeller eye contains
fac1or = 0.90 and mechanical efficiency= 0.97. Find (a) 1he adiaba1ic efficiency fi xed vanes which give 1hc air prc-whirl of 25r. at all radii. The inner and
of 1he impeller. (b) lhe 1empera1urc of the air at the exit. (cl the shnfl power 11u1cr diamc1er of 1he eye ure I !10 ancl :no mm respccuvely. The diameter of i:zJ
input and <dl the pressure coefficicn1. · 1hc impeller 1ip is 540 mm und 1he rota1ional speed I 6,000 rpm. Estimale the
CM KU-Apri/-HIY.J) slag nation pn.:ssure al the compressor outlet when 1he mass now is 216 kg/min.
[Ans: (a) 82.3% (b) 385.3 K (c) 2709.3 kJ/kg and (d) 0.74::?) Assume the isentropic efficiency to he O.!I. Take the slip foc1or as 0.9 and 1hc
., 3.28. A double-sided centrifugal compressor has impeller eye root and 1ip diameters power inpul Cac1or as 1.04. !il:lll
11!0 mm and 300 mm and is to deliver 16 kg of nir per second at 16.0000 rpm. (Ans: 1.6.l hnrl
• ' The design ambicnl eondi1ions ore 11~c and I bar. Cnlcula1c sui111hlc valucs for
Ilic 1mpcllcr v:mc angles al roo1 and tip of the eye if air is given 20.. measured
J J.J4. A centrifugal fon with an efficiency of 80% runs at 720 rpm. hs impeller di-
ameter is I m. The impeller tip angle is backward curved 10 5 I~ tangent 10
from lhc radial dircc1ion of prcwbirl JI! all radii. The axial component of inle1 the wheel. The density of the air is 1.25 kg/m;; and mass now rate is 3 kg/s. u-al
velocity is constant ovcr the eye and is equal to 150 mis. TI1e impeller width al 1he exit is I0 cm. Determine the power required. pressure
I . (Ans:·(a) 57.33u and (bl 37 .33"' ] coefficient. stnge reaction. pressure head developed. and Oow coefficient at exit. I
; 3.29. A centrifugal blower takes in 180 m3/min of :ur at P 1 = l.OIJ bar and Assum\! 1.eru whirl al inlet ·und the mechanical efficiency is !12%.
11= 43' C and delivers it at 750mm W.G. Taking the effictcncies of the blower (Ans: (a) 4.35 kW (hl 1.34 (c) 0.58 (d) 1.188 kN/m 2 and (e) 0.203) US>
and drive .as 80% and 82% respectively, determine the power required 111 llrivc .\..\.'i. Air ll11w~ through 11 blower where it~ w111l prc!i!iurc is incn:11~d hy 15 cm of
the blower and the stale of air at exit. · . water.head. The inlet total pn:ssurc and tempera1urc arc 105 l;Pa and J5°C. The ! I
(MU-April '97 & Oct'99) 1oial-10-101al efficiency is 75%. Es1ima1e Wt!
[Ans: (a) 33.65 kW (b) 1.0866 bar and 324 .::! Kl (a) exit total pressure and temperature and
.t~O. A centrifugal fan with a radial impeller produces .a pressure equivalent to (bl isentropic and actual change in total head enthalpy.
100 cm column of water. The pressure and temperature at its entry arc 0.9!1 <MU·April '96)
bar and JI 0 K. The electric motor driving the blower runs at 3000 rpm. The !Ans: (a) 106.5 kPa. 2!19.5 Kand (b) 1.152 kJ/kg. 1.536 kJ/kg]
efficiencies of the fan and drive arc 82% and 88%, respectivcly. The radial
veloci1y remnins constant and has a value of 0.2 U2. The vclocily al lhe inlel
J :uo. A centrifugal compressor compresses JO kg of air per sec. l1 runs at 15.000
rpm . The ;11r enter~ 1hc compressor uxiully. The radius ul exi1 uf blude •~JOO
IUJ
eye is 0.4 U1 . If lhc blower hundlcs 200 m3 /min of air Lil the··entry conditmns. mm. The rcl a1ivc veloc11y of u1r u1exi11ip is IOO mis. The reh11 ive air angle 111
de1ermi111: (a) power required by the electric motor (b) impeller diume1er 1c) ex11 1s Ko·. Find the power and ideal head developed. ~Ill
inner diamctcr of the blade: ring (d) blade air angle at cntry and (e) impeller (MU-April '961
wicilhs a1 entry and exit. · !Ans: ta) 6416.5 kW a.nu Cb> 213.9 kJ/kg)
(Ans: (a) 45.3 kW Chl 66.4 crJl (cl 31.9 _cm (dl :?2.6'" and
(e) 15.95 cm and 7.66 i:ml
3.31, A fan running at 1480 rpm takes in 6 m3 /min of air at inlcl conditions of
L
Pi= 950 m bar and /1 = 15°C. If the fan impeller diameter is 40 cm and
the blade tip air angle is 20°, 4ctcrmine the total pressure developed by the fan
and the impeller width at exit. The radial velocity at the exit is 0.2 times the
· impeller 1ip speed, State the assumptions used, .
L
(Ans: (a) 50.67 mm W.G. and' (b) 1.21! cm]
. 3.32. A centrifugal compressor runs at 15,000rpm and produces a stagnation pressure
ratio of 4 between the impeller inlet and outlet. The stagnation conditions of air
L
J
.....,
= ., .- .'. 4
tilf:
AxlAL FLOW COMPRESSORS
I
.AND FANS
L
!
iIt-{)
INTRODUCTION
·• '~·
\:id.
Axial now compressors and fans are turbo machines that increase the pressure of the
gas nowing continuo~sly in the axial direction. Due to lack of knowl~e of the ae~
II
<!Y..~!!_lj_~~ a~.-~action ~Urbine was~~ .U:anaxiili fio_~~.~lj_
in early dnys. The efficiency was less lhan 40 per cent. Then.(s1udy of aerodynamic
brn behaviour helped in de~&!!Jng thc;.J>Jades for axial How cornpa:.ssors) Nowadays, the
cflicicncy of 1hc axinl flow compressors surpass the maximum ccntrir{,gal compressor
efficiency by about 4 per cent, But ~~_c: efficien:y.~.[~~-l!~I.~!.OQ~~cJ>!f!Pte.SS:C?!. is~
I scnsi1iv:•.~~-!.i!.£.ID!!l!~•.fi.9~~IJ1,t~. Any deviation from the design condition ca~s 1he
12.s ci'ilcicncy to drop off drastically. Thus the axial flow compressor is ideal for constant
load applications such as in-aircraft gas turbine engines. They are ai;;-uscd ~
I fuel power stations. where gas turbines arc used to meet the load exceeding the nonnal
b peak load. ·
Advantages of Axial Flow Compressors

j I. Axial now compressor has higher efficiency than radial flow compressor.
U:~ 2. Axial flow compressor gives higher pressure ratio on a single shafr with relalivcly
high cflicicncies. ·
3. Pressure ra1io: cif 8: I
_..,._,..,. or even higher can be achieved using mullistage 111tial flow
compressors.
tm1 4. The ..S~~atcs_l_ ndv.nl'l_t~-~.<:..6f the axial flow compressor is its high thrust per uni!
fron111l area. · . · : . · ·
5. ll can handle large amount of air, inspite of small frontal area. ·
The main disadvantages are.its complexity and cost.
Ifill
DESCRIPTION OF AN AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR
I
I .. An axial flow compressor consists of fixed ~nd movable sci of blad~J.n alternating
~ sequence. Moving blades are attached 10 the peflpkery of a @ h~ followed by
lixci.I hlndcs nltnched to lhe walls of lhe outer casing (Fig. 4.1) At the inle1 .of the
' cillnprcssor, an cxlrn row of fixc'ilv-nnes-ciliiCdTti/t~ guidt \'ants The~ ·do
are"filted.
i~
. .. . . , ····· . ... .
r,
·--------L
fl :-1
126 )> TURBO MAC"l llSES
AXIAL F LOW COMPRESSORS AN O FANS °' I t7 ~
R S R V
I
G
_/ VELOCITY TRIANGLES FOR AN AXIAL FLOW
0\ COMPRESSOR STAGE i1w
In studying the flow of lhe fluid 1hrough an axial compressor, it is usual to consider
~~~~
_..__
the changes taking place through a .compressor stage. The analysis for now through
the stage is assumed lo he 1wo dimensional ond to toke pince 01 o mean blade height.
The rutor und stator rows of a stage arc shown in Fig. 4}· G
' ... _;.. ..~( .,.,/) t .·-1. ( J ·l,.
I
J ~- - ·· I ' I I- J I I
w, _, 'c. ·• .I~ '-', ,,) ,.,)_ ~--- • ) •
- ~ - L..
l~
.-i <. '( r. - ·r \
;;.· L
:s~m<row
Figure ./. J An axial compressor stage ·
~U:_o_l]!I_ P~!:! of thc:..£.QJ.!l..Wl!liS.QJ: stage but arc solely tQ_ gl!!~- ~he air at t~_c_~Qrrci;i
~.!}!JIC:_'()~~ ~~fil1i!!!'w __of_n~l!U! hlmt1:s~TI1c hludcs hdHhUs ~c_crcnsl•d ns the fluid
l
"=
_f!lqves through the compri:ssor. This is IOJ1.!~~ai~. constant axial v<!L~ through
'the compressor as the density incre;m:s from _th,~lQ.W tojiigh pressure regions. A .. v c,~
I=~
... 1. I 't
4.'.at•
;.~·. constant aic.ial velocity is convenient from the point of view of dcsig_~. bur this hy
no means is a requirement. The How through the stage is assumed to take place at a c.l
mean blade height. where the blade periph~ral velocities at _inle_t and_~utlet ar~Jllc
l~·
same. There is no flow in the radial direction. Whirl components of velocii;cxist in Figure 4.2 Velocity triangles for an axial flow comprtssor stage
"ific-dfn:ction of blade mmion. --- --··----- . .
A siage consi:as of a row of moving blades auached to lhe periphery of a rotor hub
WORKING PRINCIPLE followctl hy a row of tiic.ed blades allachcd to the walls of the outer casing.
,)~~·1.1'-l-: .
TJic. kinetic energy is imparted to thp air by the rotating ,bladP.~· which is then con-
VCJJ!:5!.i.ru<LJlP~~~i~· So. th~ ~a-~!c pri!l,c_!P..1!: o~ working i~ similar i~. ~~-~-C?f. the
'Ille compressor is made up of u number of such stages 10 give an overall prc$Sure
ra!io from ihc inl_et _tc) ~\Jtle1_. · -·-- - ·- - ·· ·- ·
Air exits from the previous row of siator bladc:rs al an angle a1 wi1h absolute: velociry
· L
centrifugal compressor. - :. ,.;;. ."' C 1• The rotor row has tangenlial velocity U, and combining lhe two vcloci1y vectors
Referring to Fig. 4. l~thc air enters il:X~~~ly fro..;.. the right into th~_ [plct gui~~-~~~
where it is deflected by a certain angle to impinge on the first row of rotating blades
with !he propc;r anglc: of anack. The r_otatin~~~cs a~ kin~iic energy 10 the air. There
gives the relative velocity veclor W1 at an angle Pt· At rolor row oullt:l, the absolute
velocity vector C2 moves into the slator row where the flow direction is changed from
a 2 10 a-' with absol ute velocily CJ . If the following stage is same as the preceding
L
is a slight pre~sure rise io-iiii air. The air is then discharged at the proper angle to one. then lhc stage is said lo be normal ~!.<:>.~.~ .."-~'2~..!.-~e
L
1
ihc. first row of stator hlades, w'herc the pressure is further increased by Jiffusio;;-, I ·C· ,-. "t~• f'·'C~)}/) (_IV'}
The air is Chen directed Ill lhe second row of moving blades and 1hc sa~c process is .. · - - .
' ,JjJ >}l.:i__,J(J· (.9: ~·y~
=
Ci= C3 and a1 a3 · · ./-./.
re(ll!aled through the remaining compressor stages. ln. mQg9f..!h~.£Qffip~sors. OM
t~J_hree roJ!!S of di ffuser or sLraighlener blades are installed at the end of the last stage W:! is less than W1, showing 1hat diffusion of rela1ive velocity has taken place with
/!,
10 straighlen and slow down the air before it enlers into the combuslion chamber.
<S~r-., .~
some s1a1ic pressure rise across lhc ro1or blades.
·111c air is 111rncd towards llu.: aidul dirccliun by lhc bludc cumber 11nd lhe effective
now area is increased from inlcl lo ou1le1. lhus causing diffusion 10 111ke place. Similar
L
l I 2H ;.. TUIUIO MAt"lllNES
AXIALFLOWCOMPRESSORSANOF.\NS ._ 129
diffusion of the absolute velocity takes place in the stator, where the absolute velocity
L vector is again 1urned townrds the axial direction and a further stntic pressure rise
occurs.
Note that all angles arc referred to the ~:dul velocity vcctor.C,,. The diagrams arc
h
c:!
drawn with a large gup (for clarity) between rotor end stator bladcs: But in practice,
L there is only a small 'Clearance between them.
1j
ENERGY TRANSFER OR STAGE WORK C!

u
lu The energy given to the a_~~- pcr unit 1'.l!l~s. n~ rate is given by Euler"s eguation. Pz
IW/m = U1C,~ - u 1c ..;1 - -t-· '._:~'.... 'u<:..-~~
L '.J . :
or
£1
~
E = (U2Cxl - U1C.q )/g (4.1) P,
L From the velocity triangles, C., is constant through the stage and U1 :::: U2 :::: U.
C.t 1 =U - C,, tan/h

- t
,,_,. J.1 u'J.1.1J
ho2= hlD
ho1 rrt= hOl nl
s
and
iy Figure·4.J Mollirr charl for an axial flow compr(ssor stage
J'"".. '-'"';:'°is'
c.. , = U - C.,tan/31 ~ /
Then 1102 - lto1 (h2 - h1) + (C;l - = c;, )/2 = U(C.r C.r,)
~ ,_..... 1 -
c_.1 - c.. = C,, (tan ,81 - tan /32) or ('12 - /11) - CC.rl - c.. ,)(2U - <C.r 1 + C.r 1>J/2 =
~a·
1 0
\; . (
Rearranging · . ..,_),..-.__""I
Therefore .7 ',.,J(.µ_r _<-"' \..
-~ \,..)-1'' ,..........,_..
E = UC"(tantJ1 - tanfJi)/g (4.2). (112 - h1>-p:;~~,)(~>. + CU - C.•,>1/2 = 0

I-~- /<h 2 - h I)+ ( W.r1 - Wt, )(W,,l + W.r, )/2 =
~
0
/ .
The energy transfer may also be written in te~s o!_~~~-~-bsolute velocity now angles. .,,...:r ~ , <h2-h1>+cw]1 -w],>12 = o
,--S
E = UCa(tana2 - tanat)/g ,,.~;:2 (4.3) Bui 0-1..
~ Equation (4.2) or (4.3) may be used depending upon the information available. (W.~1 - w},> = <W}- -~f). since Ca is constant. Therefore
<.: -~
-
~ w2 2 ')... .
2+-1=h1+
.. ___ 2 TWI ~ \'"\)..-\,,.::;:.
I y-.i,
..
MOLLIER CHART h
------------ P.,1-io.~ c.a""? (4.5)
b The now through the axial flow compressor stage is shown thermodynamically on
the Mollier chart (Fig: 4.3) and is sim ilar to that of u centrifugal compressor.
Assuming adiahatic flow through the singe; '103 =
1102. and so c4uation for work
(or) hoz rrl ho1 .rrJ =
where the relntivc total enthalpy is based on the relative velocity.
Equution (4 •.5) shows thnt the tol!!l.~.!!!h!'Jp_y_Q.p$_IJ_g_11.~l'!!l~!Clocities in.~c rotor
supplied is _ ....._.__ _
f is...£Qilli!!l!l!_across the rotor and this result is afa.o vajj<JJ!!.LlM •axial Dow ga.J turbine
t rotor'. It is already proved that the change in enthalpy for a centrifugal compressar
Wf W/m = lro2 - ho1 (4.4) --·-- 2
'I / is[/ ";' ho.rd - U /2).
i Writing
.. c2 t~1l 1,~1/;- , ·~·> 1.-_>1·',,J L- .1/t.i ~ 1 - 1r 2 - h 1 = cui - Uf)/2 +cw? - wf>12 (4.6>
~7J lro = "+ ·-
2 A comparison of equation ·(4.6) with equation (4.5) indicates why ~.E!'l!~!~..
= Jr+ (C,~ + c:)/2 . ~.h~ng3,_ in a__~!~~l_e.-~.~~~-~.~~~L,Q<?.~-.-SO.IJIPr.c~so! is}.~-~~~ compare_<! .~~ ).h.~,!;fRUi~ .
fugnl compressor. The relative velocities.may be of the same order of magnitude. but
m __ •.,..-• . ~ . ·. , ,., .. ·_a• • , ., ,. ..
·-------)
130 i> TURDO !vtAClllNES A XIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS AND FANS <.: I JI J
' the axial flow compres~r receives no contribution from the change in 1angen1ial
. U)
velocity ( .
) ..J \}..
.~:. .':-'·{;A
The isentropic or overall tbial-to-'ti1fal efficiency is written as
lip 1.0
..c
~ 0.8
j
~
u
-g 0 .6
/ I
<f -:- J" fl.- ·=
Ideal isentropic work input
Actual work input
:a
'ou 0.4
4
j
To1al isentropic enthalpy rise in the.stage !3c:
= Actual enthalpy rise between the same total pressure limils i:! 0.2
hoJu - ho1
= -----
u
tl.
roul 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.1! 1.0 1.2
j
lro.1 - 1101 c..
Ca. mean
~J
which rt!duces to
Figure 4.4 Va riation of a.rial velocity along a bludt'
= Toi(T0Jss/To1 - 1)/(To~ Toi)
11.. (4.7)
The variation in work done faclor ().) wi1h slagc numbt:r is shown in the Fig. 4.5. It
Pulling Po.1 / Pot = (ToJss/Totl' 11 - 1 G Cl Co... ( r~ 1?; ,_ -t L~., 1:1! ) shows thal >.. decreases as the number of compressor stage increases.
the pressure ratio becomes
Po3/ Pot = [I+ '7cCT03 -

I
To1 )/To1 ]'/<r-t> (4.8)

I.Or . ..: .., .·l<_A:; '_, > :,. ;, ('":C ~ J
,< -' ··' ,!:::J \..:" /r :·'.J .....:.:.- c_,,1~.:; c..; '"!°~/;
Thi:_cnc!n_pp_ut 10th~ fluid will be absorbed in r11isin$J!!E.ercs~nd vcl~i!_t_of 0
..: 0.95
.' ":c.;.l '' / •..')c
. r•• I'::.·•! • ~
I ..
,., L!rJl
I
~and some will be wasted in overcoming various frictional losses. .!!
t) 0.9
However. the whole of the work input will appear as a stagnation teffi'Perature rise c
in the air regardless of the isentropic efficiency.
.g I
~ 0.85
Equating the work in 1cm1s of temperature and air angles,
~
J
I(To~ - Toi)= UC.,(1anP1 -1anPillC,:-] (4.9) o.s 0 4 8 12 16 20
Singe numberf, ~ ~ I
1!'5.1
1"/gure 4.S Vr1rlutic111 t1f work do11t fur:111r wit// numbu of stui:rs
.WORK DONE FACTOR ~ ~
_,,_,, lf /I),. t.
In practice: ·c.,' is nul constant along the length of the blade and, 10 account for this. STAG'E LOADING (OR) PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
Is
a work done factorTsiiilr'Oiluccd. It de'lined as
- ~· ~ . l
···- ·· -- -· . .
Stage loading (1/J)p is defined as the ratio of the power input to the term mU 2•
J
( ,.rr fl't' ..c ~. J~p,;l: ~:'l
I
/ i, ( 15.1v :rR IWork done factor, A= Actual work absorbing capacity
Ideal work absorbing capacity ~' -~- I -
(,ll;_t.Jj/,..D-Pr L.,1..r/.yl=>Auv
.
u,,.rv _Work inpu1
y,,, - -' ~
'j\ <. I . I . I. .
Hence, ~ } ' J::; ~ / f:, u'./c/) AP>JJ ( l.f I
//
(To.1 - Tod= ..\.UC,,(tan/11-;- tan/J2)/C11 . (4 .10)
(·// f 1/111 = W/mU
2
= (hoJ - llotl/U
2
w
= A(C_,2 - C.q )/ U (4 . 11)
-
A graph is drawn bctwccn the percentage of blade length and Ca (Fig. 4.4 ).
· C0 , mean ..:p -::. .(~ = A(C11 /U)(tana2 - tanai)
It illustrates that it is only at the !n_lc;~ '!f !h~. !11!£!.tine tbAUh~.Y.~.~itY. Rmf1J~ 1)& C., , u. Yt1 1 = AIJ>(tana2 - tanai) (4 . 12)
.is fairly constant. As the aJ!:J~Q~\,;.~ \hro.4gh 1h.c.£fl.!11P.~$.SOr tl!!!_cfut~gc in C,, is more:.
This is due to the influence of the solid boundaries of the rotor and st~tor. .. - - ·- where"' is the now cocnicicnl. ,_j,A .•.v u' ;:-~ J;l,,,.,1.'J> U 'VJ ,~
.--·- - . ... .J I ~ '":
L 132 );> TUIUIO MAClllNES AXIALFt.owCoMPRESSORSA-;IJFANS < I'.\'.\
u REACTION RATIO I C,, tan /Ji - C,, tan a1

~ = 2+ 2U
The reaction ratio is a measure of the ·stalic enthalpy rise chat occurs in the rotor
expressed as a pcrccnlagc of the total stalic enthalpy rise across the stage. It is defined = !2 + C,,
u
(tan fJ2 -.inn at)
2
L, ns
Static enthalpy rise in@lgt1

R = (l+</J(tanfi2-1anai)J/2 1.t.t71
R= . Similarly. substituting for W_. 1 in equation (4.15).
Static enthalpy rise in 1.~t~
lj =
112 - /11
/r3 - h1
(4.13) W.r2 = U - C., 1
w.. 1 +u-c.•1
R = 2U .
Since lro_1_,_., -=::_lro_2,~1 then, lr2 - /q = (Wf - WbJ.b
~ill = 1 W.ri - c.•1

Also if C1 :;::: CJ then, lrJ - /q (hoJ - hot)= U(C.x 1 - C.r 1 ) = 2 + 2U
and subsiiiuting for (Ir 2 - l1t) and (h3 - 111) in equation 4.13."
I C,, tan fJ1 - C,, tan a~
R cwr - wf)112ucc.. - c.. 1)J (4.14} = -+
2 2U
.
y,
E~:i cc,;+ w}1 > - cc,;+ w})J
1
= ~ C,, ('an flt - tan

+ u
a2)
= [2U(C.x 2 - c.. 1 )]
2 2
I (tan,Bt ·-tan er•) "
=
(W.x1 + Wxz><Wti - :W..1> = -+
2 2
- ,,
u"-' . - ,,.. ~
_v-c/,µP L..Jl-'lr'-6 ; ~ ~ R
fl
~
(2U(C.x 1 - C.x 1 )] - I R = I I+ </J(tanj11-tancr2)1/2 (4.18) · ·
I.
U '~ -r u--' - ,,, t-; )
= u - w.• ) uucl C,I = u -
./
IJUI CJ] W,I. 'J'lteref'orc, c .
c.v l.L.
cJ .!-/' L:;:/
For !he case of incompressible and reversible llnw. the expression used for reaction'
~r Hence,
<C.,1 - c .IJ > = w, 1 - w_,2 ratio is uf static pressure rise in th<; rotor to the static pressure rise in thi;,stuge
• IR=(P2-Pt)/(PJ-Pi>I
~~L~~(~~
J._<..Yi . ,)-:_.~
i
• .·
= CW.ri + W.. 2 )/2U
L R
= Cn(lan,81+1anfJ2)/2U
11
(4.15) In the cnsc of compre.s sible and irreversible now, a more general definition of R is
in terms of stal!c enthalpies. - - - - ---
= Cu tan f3m
R =(hf- /11)/(h:i - ht)
l·r where, tan fJm =

(tan fJ1 + tan /32)/2
= (4.16)
EFFECT OF REACTION RATIO ON THE VELOCITY TRIANGLES
( f3m - meanreliifivcvclociiyvcciorangle and now co-efficient

Case - 1 When R =0 ..5.
!' The reaction ratio R is
m Ca axial velocity
= U = -b-la_d_e_v_e_lo-c-it-y
R = ___h_2_-_h_1_ _ (4.18(a))
<P (/r3 - h2) + (/r2 - /q)
k Similarly, the reaction ratio can be expressed in different forms as follows:

Substituting fo r w_, 1 in equation 4.15
when R is 0.5
(/12 - /q ) = (/I.\ - h2) -ro• 1.....-

Y.
. I -, P
/
' :
r- 1 .FuU ( ..-''< '"-"' '' /
-
w.. , = U - Cx 1 For a reaction ratio of 50 per cent, the' static enthalpy and temperature increase in the
k ~
R =
u-c.. 1 + w..1
2U
stator and rotor arc cg~
Also from the equation (4 .17),
· · - - -- -·
I W x1-C.r1
= 2+ -w = [I+ ¢(tan ,82 -
b R tan crt))/2
--~
~J
-..,
13.J ;;. Twrno MAc111N~s

,, .; /
AXIAi. FLOW C OMPRESSORS AND FANS .;:
'
135
j
When R = 0.5, ;,/!. () ·.S- !J..,, ,
1
(JJ.J,; .1:f:'/) /R. Across the s1utnr row, Po is conslanl and 1hc equation is
I , , ,
l.P..lE-c!•·I PJ - Pi = ·- p(C; - C3-)
. 2 -
(4 .:?01
j
( _ Adding the equation (4.19) and (4.20). the pressure rise in each row and considering
So. when 1he ou1le1 and inlet vclocily lriangles arc superimposed, 1hc rcsulling
velocity diagram is symme1rical (Fig. 4.6a). \ ;Ji1, a normal stage ( C.1 = C 1 J , gives 1
L- 2 ~
Case - 2 When~· __, <P.i - Pi> x = <Ci - W{l + (Wf - Cf) (4 .21 )
p
From 1he equal ion or reaction ratio (4.17), it is seen that f!2 > a1, and from equa1ion . ,,,,....
4.18(a). the static en1halpLctse jn the rotor i~r than jn the lillU.OI. .
Since fJ"J. > a1 . the superimposed velocity triangle is skew~d lo the right (Fig. 4.oh)
'-'/
.. ' ( "\ I
\..V .
(AP>s111g< = (AP)R""'' + (AP)s1111,,r j
Case - 3 When.J$_< Od,.. · From 1hc velocity triangles, 1he cosine rule gives
From ,the equation for reaction ratio 4.1 S(a), it is found th!!!.!'J£..:~t!!lic enthalpy rise
and pressure rise arc greater j!L!_~f stator than in the rotor and from eqn. 4.17. we gel
~a;-5,;·.- ihe supcrimpo;ed velocity ·triangle is skewed to .the left (Fig. 4 .6c ).
and
ci
W sin fl
=
= w..
u 2 + w2 - 2.u w cos ( ~ - f3) j
ll, ',
~.f\,ai
.:,. fl, "•.
or
C2 - W
2
=U2 - 2U W" (4.22)
j
wi .. c,
C? Suhstituting equation 4.22 in equution 4.21
I
I
u· u 2!P.1 - Pi) /p = (U 2 - 2uw..1> - (U - WW")
2
d
) ;J;(..i;i;_, (Ap U' :P;, C" .., ,_:.c.,. -·0 ., tal R::0.5
lbl R >0.5
= 2U(W,. 1 - W.r:l (4.231
.."'!'.\
From the velocity diagram. we gel ~) ,.,,J
._ Ji:\ U1 = Ch = U
t ~.
i
'·
,(:~ ~~ ~~ '/ : .W.q +C,-1 = w..1+ c .. 1.' ~.-; ~.· ,•' .,_,,
u
(cl R < 0.5
/_o.,,_'
~ ,,, Q.,~ " or W.ri - Wq = Cx1 - C.q
V
= lr.i -h 1
r\
._I
(4.24)
03'
~c::, ... ' : . (11) - Pi) / p = U(C.,1 - ,C.. 1 )
Figure 4, 6 Efft!Cf of rt!action ratio on tlie velocity triangles
Since. for an iscntropic process.
A reaction ratio or50 per cent is widely used as the adverse pressure gradient over the id
stage is shared equally by the stator and rotor. This choice of reac1ion minimises t~e Tds = 0 = c/11 - (c/P /p ) and therefore (Ali),= 6P /p.
tendency. orthe_.h)ade lli!\![l_9a~c.cs IO_g[!arate fmm.the.solid..sur.faccs, lhus avoid-
ing large stagnation pressure losses. A reaction ratio of 50 per cent is the condition TI1e pressure rise in a real stage (involving irreversible process) can he determined.
fur maximum temperature rise and efficiency. if the stage cflicicncy is known . · lU,;J
-!...----
STATIC PRESSURE RISE . STAGE EFFICIENCY I

l
The main functio~ of n compressor is to raise the static pressure of air. The ideal Stage cfliciency is defined as 1hc ratio of the isentropic enthalpy rise to the actual b
compressor stage 1s considered hrst, which has no stagnation pressure losses. Across enthalpy rise corresponding to 1he same finite pressure change.
the. rotor row. Po;,, is constant and the equation is
,,...)
._l..'\ ___. ··- Pi - Pi
. ·--·-
) <_::-- . 2
1
= -p(W1
2
- Wi)
,
(4 .19) -1 I l'ls
M,
= (Ahlun
_ (Al' /P ! 1.:.
- (Air),,,,
(4.25J
L
.C.·
·'~.;
L 136 > TIJRDO M ...C'l llNF.S
6'r--. -::\ o '(,' - ~ •\
.5t- C.-.;· ~ ~\ =., t:>\. .Y~\,_ 0 -
,,._. 6 I"
·-' L
Ax1...LF1.ow CoMPR.ESSORSANDFANS '{ 137
L 11ius
(6P/p) = 11,(6/r),,,.,
this results i~os!~v~ .incidence. At starting and low speed operation. !ittle ~urc
_d~£_J;i \;e spl :ice. Where as at the design point (i.e. ~higher l)'m) of the compressor.
:.(6P),,,,jp = ,,,U. 6C.r (4.26)
large pressure rise occurs from first to the Inst stage. Thus in a ·row s?ced operation. the
abscn~ pres_gi_~ __iE._tl!_e_Jast S!!!~S leads to.h igher _y_~2LCWban the des !~!}.c;9
lL = C.1 . then 1i. is a very close approximation of the total-to-total efficiency,,,, .

{,,
If C1 ~· a.m!..this leads to choking, <;;hoking limits the ~_ow_ratc ll_f!r,J_J his in tu~ increase!>.
hJ., - Ir I the positive incidence in the first stage and hence there is II possibility or stall. Low
=
/r3 - Ir J
5£.~f:.d stall occurs in front stages. At high -speeds. the last stages ar~ mo-;,;;
lfkt:ill.o
~!U
stall bcc~se t licii'cITTiraticnstic is steep and a small reduction in now rate produces
,,,, =
lro3,. - lro1
~onsiderable reduction of velocity anCl thus a large change of inc~ce.
/10.i - fro1 All the blades are not stalled at the same_Ji.me. but a stall is propagated from blade
lfC1 = C3 tobf:idci~ ~!iE~.£!'fin.·?.~Ji~~li.~J~)hi.~.ir!'.~U~,~-~[;Qtl!tio~: This pr~ation ~~~~Ts
j, low compared to the rpm (compressor). Thus the stall appears to he in the d irection
~q 'Is =
h;i,. - fr I
fr) - fr I (4.27) -or rciinil1)n:·This phe'no~c~on. is cailcif 'pmpagat/011' or :.rota!i!J.g_Stal/' ,
Consider a port inn of n blndc row shown in Fig. 4.7. Let the blade A he stalled. This
Although the nhove expressions urc derived for incnmprcssihle now they ure nev- increases the incidence to the left of blade A. and' reduces the incidence or the ·now
H ertheless. n valid npprox imntion fur compressible now, if the stage tcmperuiure (and on to the b lades on the right. The blade B will be the next to stall.
!ha· press ure ) rise is small.
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT Cl/t,,)

!nc~eased
mctdeny
/ / /
Decreased
{ incidence
l It is de lined as the ratio of the actual stagnation enthalpy change to 1he kinetic energy ......._
of a nu id . which has the same speed as the hlades . Thus ~ <::Jo? ' ~-'-\
~"!:> / ;-KO
\' \.:...,
l- y,,, = u2;2
l:J.lro ..l-..
,, \.f
~·
\)
(4 .28)
2>..C,,(tan /J1 -tan/J2)

=
L =
u
2>..¢ (tan /J 1 - tan /32) I (4.29)
- - - - Slllll propagation
· Fig11rt 4.7 Comprtssor s1utl

If the s tage pressure change is so small then the nuid can be considered as incom-
~
pre~.§ UiJ~ -.....
------
Suflicicntly extensive stall results in a sufficient reduct ion of total now and surging
6/ro = (.t. Po)/ p (4.30) ,lakes place. So, stalling le11ds to surging. •
So that ~v.'b 1-.: f ~
,,
({ RADIAL EQUILIBRIUM METHOD ·'"\;vi
[':r 1fl,,
(.t.Po)
= PUf/7. t4.31)
The assumption of two d imensional now is no longer valid when the ratio of hub/tip
v .~
cS~;.,,.t tJ
is lcs~ than 0 .8. In t~;;-;;;:-;1;;.:;ncompressors. mass now is"hi g_h·~·;;-rr;miul
The pressure coefficient usually rnnges from 0. 4 _19 U.J.
area is small. To meet this requirement, longer bl11des on a s maller hub is used. So. . v)_
b- This definition fo r "1 ;. has a numerical value twice the numerical value o f the equatio n
•
y11, = >..,P (tan cr2 - tan a i)
m dinl velocities SCI up in the blade row changes tho• masulow 11nd the outlet vclos;jJy
d istribution . In such cases. the blades s hould not be dcsig n;d on two dimensional
principle . Radial flow is caused by a te mporary imbalance between the centrifugal •
~
l~ -
m
,. and radial pressure forces acting on the Ouid. When these forces balance each other, . ~~
\•
,::.
~ ·COMPRESSOR STALL AND SURGE
there is no rad ial velocity a·nd the Ouid is said to be in radial equilibrium. This method ·
o f a nalysis is known as the "radial equilibrium method'. This analysis e xam ines the ·
. .\0 I
·me n:iost significant phenomenon affecting the performance of axial now compressors
~
_
if...
~.:!!)
is the stall. The blade stall is mainly due to the reduced flow rate (or reduced C,, ) as
-----
·- - ····-···-·
,...··
---
c_
- ·---.. ·--· - -- -
pressure forces acling on an clement ofnuid and equates these forces 10 the ccntrifugal
fo rces acti ng on the fluid.
\~ u'> -') ..f'_g..... - :> c~)..,_ -.\?,... ,' ;

J
I 38 ,_ TURBO MACHINES
RADIAL EQUILIBRIUM THEORY <.f ~ I -

(._v,, ().;1.u
AXl-'L FLOW COMPRESSORS ANO FANS -<{, 139
J
.......
... -+
C} C dCx
,- + C,,-=0
dC,, (4.36al
If lhc ahsolute wloci1y C is resolved in10 three components m 1hc tanger11ial. uxinl
and radial dircc1ions. · 1 ·
This equation i~ equivalent 10
r dr dr
J
Ici - ci + ci + ci I
- .t 11 r (4.:ni
-
I d
-d (rC_..)"
,
+
d ,
d-(C11 )· = O (4.37)
)
r2 r · r
The s1~ation pressure may be written as
Be!cause. differentiating cqn. 4.37, we get eqn. 4.36a. J
) ' \ Y:::... Po = P + pCz/2
J(_ or I [ dr
-; 2rC.r · Cx - + 2rCxr · dCx
-
dC.,
+ 2C,, • - = 0]
Ci, C,;, c'; r- l 1r dr dr
i;.J
'\
l'o = P+p-'-- + p - + p -
2 2 2 (·l..' .' I c; dCx dC 11
2 - +2C.r-d +2C,,- =0
For steady flow conditions along concentric stream lines. the velocity. ~tatic pressure r r dr
·)
and dcnsiry arc consranr with time and c/C, =
0. Let 'r' be !h)! rudius of any cnn~·cnlrn: <or)
j
streamline. Then differenriating with respec110 r , we gel C.~+ C ,.-+
- dC, C dC,,
,,- ::;::O
d Po dP dC r dC,; r dr dr
- = - + P C.,.- · +pC,,- 1-1.341
dr dr dr dr l
Bui from Ou id rncchunics, for plane circulalory llow and for radial equilibrium. TYPES OF BLADES J
"P c2 (a) Free Vortex Blade
-cir = p_.!.
cl Po
. . -d• = c.r
r
c/C r
p - +11C., - d +pC,,-d
'. cJC.,
t·U.5>
In this case the tangential velocity distribution has to be such that
. IC,r =constant I J
r r r r
The energy transferred to lhe blades is at the expense of the energy in the fluid and
. may be expressed in terms of the stagnation enthalpy change dh,, ..
Writing. «he 1"tls ec1uu1ion using s111gnn1ion rroperlies. WC have .
With thi s condition, the equa1ion 4 ..'7 becomes
c/C,,
tlr
0
J
=
ITtls = dho - ~ I : . C,, cons1ant
So. axial velocity C 11 is constant along the blade height i.e. from rotor tip to sLator j
Differenti~ting w.r.t. ·r ' hub. ·And reaction ratio R varies with radius, i.e. it decreases from tip to hub.
Tels dho I
dr - - dPo
dr
-pdr Work and reaction ratio in free vortex blade From Euler's equation.
j
dPo
or-
pclr =
dfi,,
d; - dr
Tds
(4 . .'6)
Iw = U(C.• 1- c.. ,) = wr(C.r1 - c... >I
I
Fm fn.:c voncx hlac.le, the <:onui11on tu be sutisli<:u •~
Suhstitut ing equation 4 .>6 in equurion 4.35
C ., r = constant
J
~'!!" _ !ds = c~ + c, ~C.~ + c,, ~IS!
tlr cir cir cir 1.<:. the whirl velocity is in versely proportional to the rnuius. Applying the cone.lit ion~
1·
To ~implrfy this cquarion 1hc following assumptions arc made

I
between two sections, ..;
dlr,, . r . II .. C. , · r c....... ·rm = .q cnnstant
-dr = 0 (Smee energy trans.er rs consrant ur a rad11)
=
-
. C .ri . r Cx2•., · rm =xi constant
Tds O
and - -
dr
= where subscript 111refers10 values al the mean radius r,,, .
L I 40 ;:. TUIUJO MACJ llNl:S AXIAL FLOW COMPR!:SSORS ANO FANS < t4t
L Then.
W=w(C - C, ) _ (C'l.mr,,,
where w
2rrN
= --
60
and
r ·'.? 1 - ct.Jr -·- ·- - · . - . C,,mrm)
..... __ _
,. r
L = wrm(Cq,., - Cr1.,.. > = w(.r2

cons1:1111
- XJ I
K ~ C2
2 112.M
+ 2C 2
.l'J,M
- 2 (C.rl,• - C.r, .... )
fm fm
2
wr m
For forced vortex design, C.r 1 = r x2 and C.r 1 = r:q

L Thus. a machine with free vorlex blades is a constant-work machine.
Reaction Ratio
c,, :. W = Ur(.r2 - xi)

R = -(!an
2U "'1· +tan /h)
L
I' -
I In this type of blade the energy transfer increases from root to tip (Fig. 4.l!(a) &. (b)).
= -(W.r,
2U
+ W, 1 ) There is a limit to hub/tip ratio in order to provide a practical minimum value of
111xinl _velocity C., .
.L I(U - c,, ) + ({] - c
= w I
t
I) )
2U - (C\ 1 + C,)) (a) At hub (or rQOt) (b) At tip

2U c,
L,
and for free vortex condition
R=I----= 1 ---,-
xi +xi x1 +x2
c. ~
w;c.
2
-t
c.
*
2Ur 2wr-
u
l1 Thc reaclion rnlio varies wi1h !he radius. Therefore, al one designed poinl only lhe
design reaclion ratio can he ohtained. This hlnde design mclhod has the disatlv11n1agc Figurt 4.8 Work doM in aforcl'd vorrrx blade I.
•hat the highest Mach numbers occur nl the rotor tip and at the slalor huh.
l (b) Forced Vortex or Solid Rotation Blades

For this type of flow the condition is
(c) Constant Reaction Blade
' .
For true radial equlibrium, C11 should vary with radius. but constant reaction blades
have hcen commonly used with constant C 0 • As W1 and C2 decrease only slightly
from tip to root, almost constant Mach number occurs at different radii.
f So. in constan\ reaction blade, the axial velocity C., and the reaction ratio 'R' arc ,
~ C.ri _ C.ri ::: x(cunstanl l
-;:;- - ri
. .
constant 111 oil radii i.e from tip to root. • R' is equal to 0.5 .
t To achieve the radial equilihrium the axial velocity decreases from root 10 lip. Since
C,, is not cons111nt along the blade height. it is determined al a particular-section. using
MULTISTAGE-COMPRESSION
fuTI the following expressions. The Loin! pressure ratio across a single stage is dependent upon the total temperature
t\t inlet: rise across the stage, whereas, in multistage compression. the rise in pressure' across
each stage for the same temperature rise per stage is not equal. For example. if· P0 , '
b c,,,2 = KI - 2 ·-;:- ( - )' . ,.-
L.q - , ~5-...~-~: prc~~.\!J'!tlc:>.Ior.Qn_e stage, ttien the tot~J_ prc~S\J.r~{ati9 is gi".en !>Y
where 'N' isJ.!.1e total numhcr of stages. This condition is l)<IN{ue. -
<!'!-:;>":
The difference is seen in the Mollier chart (Fig. 4.9). For the same temperature rise
where r =section radius and K 1 = c111,,,,
2 + 2c2.il .m
b At outl'l!t:
' per stage, as the entropy increases, the pressure rise decreases.
Ir we compress in a single compression from I to 5, the iscntropic work done is
2
C,, 2 = K 2 2 (c·•2)2 •r
i (c. c.,.,)
+ 2 -;:-2 - -;:- wr i
IW/m = (h(N+t), -hi) I
~~
- -;:-
- - -]
142 )> TURBO MAClllNES
AXli\l.fl.OWCOMPl\l:.SSOllSANUF,_NS -.-.. 143 ]
P3 (N+I) 11' it i~ assum1,;!l.Jha1 we have cLJual !Olaf lemperaturc rise in each stage and dcnoling
lhe inlet c11ndi1ionsb;'Oland~~llct cundi1ions al the last siagc as 01'1+ I, then for ' N'
s1agcs
]
PoN+ll Poi = <ToN+t/Toi>' 11 ·'f\r-ll
Also
~
Jl
ToN+t/To1 = (Tu1 + N D.To)/To1
tij where I\ '/ii is lhc slni;c tolnl lcmpcrnture rise. It is nlso usual to a.~sumc lhat the
p11ly1rop1e nnd tutal·lll·tntal stnge iscnlrupic cflh:rcncics are equal al a value of about
0.llll.
J
Using lhis me1hod. a very rapid calculation of pressure rise lhrough the compressor
can he made.
COMPARISON BETWEEN CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR AND

·
J
s-----:>
AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR
Figure 4.9 Compression proctss inn muftistagt compressor
1111: rnmparison he1wecn 1he nwin fcaiures of cenlrifugal and uxial llow comprcuon
arc given helow
J
and lhe iscntropic efficiency of 1he compression is
T/1· = {hcN+l), -h1)/{hN+l - h1)
lf we now compress from I lo 5 in a number of small finite stages, the isentropic

(1) Direction of Flow across the Compressor
In cenlrifugal compressors. the. now lhrough the compressor impeller takes place
.J
work done is largely in a plane which is perpendicular to the axis of lhe compressor.
iv, /111 = (li;u - lq) +Ch.ts - h2) + (h4, - h'.1)
amt for :.irnrl:irly dcsisncd stnses, the efficiency '11,' is the sn111c. I lcncc
+ (b~, - /i4)
In axial llow compressors, the nuw procec:ds throughout the compressor in a direction
essentially parulld ln lhe axis or the compressor. J
(2) Pressure Rise per Stage
1]1 = (W,/m)/(hN+I - hi)
where the numerator consists of a number of isentropic enthalpy increases. But, as

Cenlrirugal compressor has a high pressure rise per stage (4: I). Thc= axial now com-
pn:ssor however gives a pressure ratio of only 1.2: I per stage. To achieve lhe desired
J
the entropy increases through the compression, the constant pressure lines diverge pn:ssure rise, lhc axial now unil has lo be provided with a large numberof s1ages which
and
(h;u - hi) + (h.i, - h2) + {114, - h3) + (hss - h4) > (hcN+l 1, - h il
makes lhc axial llow compressor less compact when compared with the equivalcnl
centrifugal unil. J
and thus
(3) lsentropic Efficiency
,,,~
·n1e isentropic cfficency of cen1rifugal comprc=ssors is as high as 80%. Earlier axial
nuw mm.:hines liad a low isenirupic efficiency. bul wilh aerofoil blading, a mullistage
a,.;i;1l now compressor surpasses the maximum centrifugal compressor efficiency by
J
That is. the ~!:!~.~L~.'.':: isentropic compression efficiency is less than lhe slagc
~iency, The difference also increases with pressure ratio and with the number of
stages.
·The overall static pressure ratio of a multistage compressor can be expressed in lcrms
. ubou14 percent. The efficiency in both cases however declines al high pressure ratios.
(4) Range of Operation J

of small stage efficiency as Cenlri fugal compressors have a wide range of opera1ion between surging and choking
li111i1s . A gn:utcr flcxihili1y in operation can be uchicvc<l by the u¥C of ldju11alllc
I PN+ 1/P1 = (TN+1/T1)'1p·rf(r-I) I prewhirl and diffuser vanes. High efficiency for axial now compressor is auained
only wi1hin a narrow range of speed at the design pressure.
Q 144 i> nmno MM"lllNr:s
AXtALFLOWCOMi'RESSORS>.NOFANS < 145
~
(5) Frontal Area
1.2.
SLl~lin&
Cenlrifugal compressors huvc a larger frontal area than lhat of an axial now com-
pressor for 1hc same raring. This makes the axial flow compressor more suitable for
aircraft work. 1.0
io lasutagc .1f
·~:"1
. •
L (6) Working Fluid

The performance of centrifugal compressor is nol much affec1cd by the accumula·
~o
f; 0.8
~
.er
_ Design point
Con11.1n!-<=ffieicncy > ?\''' .

Su,..e line
/ \•',; :2I. I
, :
/./ ,' ·:'I O
.~:.">.' ::.-o.9
lion or deposits on the surface or now passage when working wi1h conlaminating !l 0.6 hnct~: ".·····.
L,
ooC§ , • •••
fluids. Under such conditions, the performance of axial now compressor is generally
impaired.
Cl
g
.., 0.4
S 11· .
LI ong 1n
lint st.11•}
• .-.
..
::·· / /
. ::,'. .·
·'.• •• . . .·o.K
•• ••
.•
• /
/.,'fT',
fT,
. !design• 11
••
£
%
• •• • • • 07
, ,'' ,~ .
(7) Starting Torque /.
~..-o.61/
L Centrifugal compressors need a lower starting torque th;n axial flow compressors for
the same capacity.
o.2
I
St.111tn ••••••• ..,,,
0
• st.1gf'o.s I 1
o many 1f00l
0.2 0.4
7C"•oking in rear 11.1gn
0.6
I J
0.8 1.0 1.2
(8) Construction Fracdon or dc1i1n mT~'if P0 1
'
),
Centrifugal compressors have a simple, rigid and relatively cheap construction and
rru1 Figure 4. JO Axial flow comprusor charoctuistic curves
also less prone to icing troubles at high altitudes.
0
r, 2. A small increase in mass flow will lead to a sharp drop in pressure ratio to point 2.
(9) Multlstaglng
~
The density also drops sharply so that C0 increases. This results in the large
Multistaging is more suitable for an axial flow compressor where it gives an increase decrease of the incidence angle in the rear stages, thereby causing stalling in the
in pressure wirh negligible losses. The number of stages for 1he axial now compressor rear stages with negative incidence',
varies from 5 10 14. 3. The operating point moves 10 point 4 if the speed of the: compressor is reduced.
b (10) Application
Centrifugal compressors have been successfully used as blowing machines in steel
Both m and C11 fall faster than the blade speed U resulting in an increased
incidence angle iind possible stalling in the first stage.
4. When the design speed is increased to point 3, the characteristic eventually be·
b
mills, compressors for low pressure refrigeration and industrial gases and turbocharg- comes almost vertica.l . This will increase both the density and pressure ratio as
ers and superchargers in internal combustion engines. They have also been employed the increased speed nllows more air to be passed through the compressor. But at
as compressors for small gas turbine aircrafts . the inlet, the mass flow increases faster than the density and choking at the inlet
Axial now compressors arc mostly used in !:\as 1urbincs and high pressure unit for is usually the first to occur.
L industrial and large marine gas turbine plants.
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
All the limiting conditions discussed above should be avoided at all times since they "
lead 10 unstable or inefficient operation.
"
Fig. 4.10 shows the characteristic curve of a multislage axial flow compressor. Com· SOLVED PROBLEMS
Lr paring this curve with that of the centrifugal compressor, it is observed lhat the pres-
sure ralio of the centrifugal compressor is less sensitive to mass flow variations at a Example 4.1 The following data refers to an axial-How compressor: /J1 W. =
given speed than in the axial compressor. The characteristic curves have the following turning angle= 30° and 1'.:i.Cx = I00 m/s, degree of reaction ~0%. rpm 36.000, mean
blade diameter 140 mm, inlet pressure and temperature 2 bar' and s1~c respectively.
L salient poin1s.
I. The design mass flow and pressure rntio are al point 1..It is seen thnt the dcsig'n
Find a 1 • the pressure rise, the amount of air handled and power if the blade height is
20mm.
point is very close to the surge line (point 5) nnd if the mass flow is only slightly
b , reduced, the pressure ratio and density in the rear stages will both increase. Since
=
C,1 m/pA, the axial velocity will decrease and hence the incidence angle a 1
will increase sharply in the renr st:igcs, thereby causing stalling in these stages .
Solution
p,
R
= 60°
= 0.5
/31 - /32 =30°
N = 36.000
llCx =
100 m/s
D =0.140m
Pi= 2 bar Ti =273 + 57 =330 K b = 0.02 m
ta.rr
)
....,
fll
146 ;. TURDO MACIUNF.S AXIAi. FLOW COMPRliSSORS ANO F ANS '{ 14'7
i1a1
(a) Air flow angle {a 1) Since R = 0.5. a1 =th. and -i
but,
:.a1
th =
= 30°
/!· - 30~ = 30°
Pl =
Pi 2 x 105
RT1 = 287 x 330 = 2 .l I kg/m
3
~J
(b) The, pressure rise
:.m = 2. 11 x 8.797 X·I0- 3 x 114.27
;1
m = 2.64 kg/s
W/m = = Cp(T2 -
ut.Cx T1)
(d) Power
1;:{1
Ut::..Cx
:.Ti = -- +Ti W = 111C 1,(T2
- T 1)
J
C 1,
Blade mean speed

= 2.64 x 1.005(356.26 - 330)
W = 69.7 kW
rrD,N 1f x 0.14 x 36, 000
u = - -=
60
= 263.89 m/s
60
Example 4.2 The follow ing data refers 10 a !es! on an axial flow compressor.
Atmospheric temperature and pressure at inlet are l 8°C and I bar. Total head temper·
ature in delivery pipe is 165°C. Total head pressure in delivery pipe is 3.5 bar. Static
\jj
263.89 x 100 press ure in delivery pipe is 3 bar. Calculate (u) total head iscn!Iopic efficiency, (b)
:.Tz = +330
=
1005
356.26 K
polytropic eliciency, and (c) air Velocity in delivery pipe.
Solution
(M!fU-April '91)
J
Assuming !hat !here are no losses in the compressor, !he pressure ratio can be deter- Poi =
I bar To.I = 291 K
mined from Toi= 273 + 165 = 438 K Poi= 3.5 bar Pi= 3 bar j
Pi
Pi
= (TTi
2 )r/r-1 = (~)~
330
(a) Total head lsentroplc efficiency
Toi, - Toi
= 2.62 bar
Pi 1.3 1 x Pi
'"' To2 - Toi
•-1 tPJ
Pressure rise
To2, Toi (Po2)'
Poi
t::.. P = Pi - P1 = 2.62 - 2 = 0.62 bar l
(c) The amount of air handled
3.5)H
29 1 ( - !it~
I
= p1A1Ca = 416.24 K
Axial velocity, C 0 , is given by

m
:. ,,,. 4 16.24 - 291
438 - 291
,J
2U.R 85.2%
Ca = tan th+ tan /J1 (b) Polytropic efficiency )
d
2 x 263.89 x 0.5
!-3n 300 + tan 6QO
In (.Poi)
Poi
= 114.27 m/s T]p =
' 1 (To2) .I
wl
Flow area, A 1 = rr Db r - I n Toi
In 3.5
=
=
1T x 0.14 x 0.02
8.797 x 10- 3 m2
;:;;
TT-(43B)
-In
0.4
-
291
I
I
l£il
= 87.5%
L AXIALFlOWCOMPRESSORSASDFANS < 149
/llR ,. T1iuno M.<\nflHl:li
Li (c) Air velocity In delivery pipe =

=
488.9 - 29 3 + 293
0.9
51Q.67 K
~) = C p(ToN+• =
~l
Ti = To2-( S'1 Work done/kg - Tot) N x UCn(ta.n a2 - tana1)
Poi
1.005 x 1<>3(510.67 - 293)
=
= 438 ( 2_)
35
H
1ana2 - tana1
= 1.45
(8 x 188 x 100)
L, Now,
= 419.13K
Since a1 = /l1. then
c22 tan f11 - tan a 1 = 1.45 (I) .
Li To2 = T2+-
2.C r From inlet velocity configuration (Fig. 4.2).
:.Ci = J2Cr(To2 - T2)
u = c.., + w. ., = C,,(tana1+tanfJi)
= rix. 1005 x (438 -
~I u
419.13> 188
= 194.75 m/s
tan a1 +tan {31 = - =- =
Cn JOO
1.88 (2)
Example 4.3 An eight stage mdal now compress~r provides an overall pressure From (I) nncJ (2),
~ ratio of 6: I with an overall isentropic efficiency 90%, when the temperature of air
at inlet is 20°C. The work is divided equally between the stages. A 50 % reaction is tan f31 = 1.45 + 1.88
2
= 1.665
used with a mean blade speed 188 mis and a constant axial velocity I 00 mis through
f11 = 59° = a2
~.~l!r
the compressor. Estimate the power required and blade angles. Assume air to be a
perfect gas. Substituting the value of tan flt = 1.665 in ( 1). we get
Solutlon tan a1 = tan /31 -
1.45
PoN
~ N
Cn
= 8,
=
-
Poi
100 m/s.
= 6. 'k = 0.9, To1 = 293 K, R = 0.5, U = 188 m/s,
:.a1
=
=
1.665 - 1.45 = 0.215
12° = f12
• For 50% reaction turbine, the blades are symmetrical and so the velocity diagrams
arc identical. cr1 = =
/Ji and cr2 f11. 'Power required per kg of air/s.
L- If the compression process were isentropic then the temperature of air leaving the
compressor stage would be =
:::::
mCp(ToN+I - To1)
Ix 1.005(510.67-293)
= 218.76 kW
br To1N+11s
_
-
..,.
101
( PoN+•) ';'
--
Poi
04
Example 4.4 A multistage axial flow compressor absorbs 4.5 mW· when de-
= 293(6) I~ livering 20 kg/s of air from stagnation condition of I bar and 288 K. If polytropic ·
g = 488.9 K efficiency of compression is 0.9 and if the stage stagn ation pressure ratio is con~
!~
nlfr slant, calculate (a) pressure at compressor outlet, (b) the number of stages. (c} overall
The overall isentropic efficiency is given by isentropic effic iency of compressor. Temperature rise in the first stage may be taken
as 2o~c.
.~~ '
'k =
.,.
JQ(N+IJ, -Toi
ToN+• - Tot
Solution
W =4.5mW Pot =I bar Toi= 288 K
.,.. - Tot + 1i0 1 To2 ~Toi+ Zl.To = 288 + 20 = 308 K
~
: . ToN+1 . = '0(N+IJr
'7c
'JP= 0.9 ti.To= 20°c
)
I so )> TuRfiO M/\C"lllNI'.~
The compressor power (c) Overall Jsentroplc Efficiency

AXIALFLOWCOMPIUiSSORSANDFANS <{ 151
' J
......,
w =
:.ToH+I =
mCp(ToN+i - Toi)
w
--+Toi
'k *' To,N+11, - Toi
ToN•• - Toi J
mCp
1 To 1H.11, _ i) j (ToN. 1 _ i)
=
4.5 x 10 + 288
20 x 1.005
223.9 + 288 hut from iscntropic relation
( Tot Toi
J
= 511.9 K o )r-1/r
Ji
~~.!..!..!!. = ( rQN•I
(a) Pressure at compressor outlet
Pressure al compressor outlel is detennined from lhe following rcla1icn .
Toi Poi 5j
and
)"'·r/r-1
~J
Po/'1+1 (ToN+I ~
Poi
= Toi
ToH+•
= (
PoH+• ) '"' _ 511.9 _ 7
1'01 - 2KK - I . B
U"l• I " Toi
(~) · n~ To1H111, ,,,
= 288 = (6.12)" ::;:: 1.61l
-Tot ~
= 6.12
= 6.12 bar ! :. T]c =
1.61:! - I
1.78- I = 0 .1:!?2
J
: .. PoH+I = 6. 12 x I
87.2%
(b) Number of stages ~
Since pr~ssure ratio for each s1age is same, Example 4.5 An axial flow compressor of 50 % reaction design has blades with ~
inlet and outlet ani;les of 44n and 13° respectively. The compressor is to produce
Poi Pol Po-I PoH•• a pressure ratio of 5: 1 'with un overall isentropic efficiency of 87 % when the inlet
p;;;=~=/£=-p;,; · ·tcmpcra1ure is 290 K. The mean hladc speed and axial velocity are constant throughout
~
where N is the number of slages.

the compressor. Assuming a bl;ide velocity is 180 mis. and work input factor is 0.85.
Find the numher of stages required and the change of entropy.
lfJ
~J
PoN+1 Po2)N Solution
Poi = ( Poi
a) Number of stages
In ( PoH+I)
Poi R = 0.5 /31 = a2 = 44° /Ji = at= 13°
or N =
In ( Po2)
PoH.1
Poi
= 5 ,,.. = 0 .87 To1 = 290 K
U?:ti
l
Poi U =C,, = 180 m/s .A. = 0.85 -
where
j
To2) ;~ = (308)~
( Toi
•-I
Poi
Poi
= 288 To, N• •h
T.
01
( PoH +•) ·; · t\:;J
Poi
1.24
= 290(5) 'H
Then 459.3 K j
1n(T) ToH+i
;;;;
To - Toi
~-.!~!J!,~.,- no + 7iOJ
N = ln(l.24)
11c
= 8.42 459.3 - 290 + 2 90 = 484.6 K l

lili:.I
.
0.87
:. Number of stages is 9.
L 152 )> TURRO MAC'lllNl:S AXIALFLOWCOMPRESSORSA)IDFANS < 153 '
l NJ..UCn(luna2 -1nna1)
N
--
=
Cp(ToN, 1
0.!!5 ,c
- Tot)
1005(484.6 - 290) .
I KO x C,, x,(tnn 44 ~ - tan 13" )
(b) Stage efficiency
11. =
r,,, -
T1
T3-T1
L.
The axial velocity is
u Ian a1 +Inn /31
T1 [ ( t.) ~! J - I
eel t = T3-T1
u
ll C,,=-----
tan lh + tan /11 =
=
180
Ian 13° + tan 44'
150.4 m/s =
308[(1.3)¥1- 1]
30
19s5n 11. = 79.92%
t N
=
16909. I
I 1.6 (c) Reaction ratio ·
(6h)ro1or (6T>ro1or
N ::::: 12
R = =
L The number of singes is 12.

(b) Change of entropy =
(6.hh11ge
T2-T1
---=---
7'.i - T1
(!!..Thus•
55 - 35
30
ToN+ I RI Po,, •., R = 0.67
l !!..,
=
C 1,n---
I
To1
484.6
n--
Poi
1.005 In - - - 0.287 In 5
Example 4. 7 The first stage of an axial now compressor develops a pressure ratio
of I :2. The inlet pressure and temperature are 1.01 bnr nnd 30°C respcc,tivcly. The
290 overall efficiency of compressor is 83%. The now coefficient is 0.47. The velocity
l- 0.054 kJ /kg - K
Example 4.6 An nxinl compressor has n mean clinmctcr of 60 cm nnd runs nt
l~ .000 rpm, If 1he ac1ual 1empera1urc rise nnd pressure rn1io developed nre 30°C
diagram is symmetrical and at the mean radius the ratio of change of whirl velocity
to a xial velocity is 0.5. Determine the compressor speed if the mean diameter is 50
cm. Also find the nhsolute velocily of the air leaving the stationary inlet guide vanes.
(MKU-May '97)
l nnd 1.3 rcspccllvcly, detcr111inc (11} power required lo drive the compressor while
delivering 57 kg/s of air. assuming mechanical eflic:iency 86% and initial tempera ture
of 35nc (b) the s inge efficiency and (c) the degree of reaction if the temperature at
Solution
P3 =0.83
the rotor exit is 55°C (MKU-April '97) - =2 P1 = 1.01 bar T1=303 K '7c
l
P1 ·
Solution
D =0.6m N = 15, 000 rpm
"'= 0.47 t:.Cx/C., = 0.5 D = 0.5 m
(a) Compressor speed
l:l. r= T.1 - Ti = 3o~c .P1
. .:. . = 1.3m = 57 kg/s t!..Cx = Cx2 - Cx 1 = 0.5 Ca
L- 17,,, = 0.86
(a) Power required
T1 = 35.°C
P1
Ti= 55°C
"' = c,, = 0.47

u
Cn = 0.47 u
=
~
Work done W mC 1,t!.. T
= 57 x 1.005 x 30
t.Cx = 0.5 (0.47 U)
= 0.235 u
1718.55 kW
T 31 - T1
l ' = 'le =
;:[(~}7'-1]
Power input W /11m
= 17 18.55 /0.86
=
~"~
1998.314kW
T3 -T1 = '7r
J
154 ~ TURDO MAClllNliS A XIALFl.OWCOMPRESSORSANDPANS <{ 155
-J
'
303 [ (2) \Y - 1] Solution -
=
=
0.83
79.95 K N =9000rpm
C 1 = 150 m/s
6.To
Poi
= 20°C
= I bar
-Dh
D,
= 0.6
Tot = 300 K
= 0.94
).,
Mr. I =0 .92 (al lip)
"' = 0.9 J l
The work done per s1age is ~
J
Assuming axial inlc1 (since no inlcl guide vanes). the velocity triangle al inlcl can
I~ = c,.CT3 - Ti>= ucci1 -
..
Ci, 1 I he drawn as shown in Fig. 4.12.
1
c2
Ti = Toi--
or (]'., _- Tt) = U(C,.1 - c .,) Ut:.C.t 2C" I
c,. = -c;- j
U(0.235 U) = 300-~ 2 x 1005
79.95 = 1005 = 288.81 K
Speed,
U
N
=
= ---
584.7 m/s
u x 60 584 .7 x 60
= ----
w, = Mr.I ( J;Rf1) J
JT x D rr x 0.5 == o.92 ( ./L4 x 287 x 288.81) c,~ca
= 22334 rpm l
Wi = 313.39 m/s \.'.1!11
(b) Absolute velocity of air Since, !he velocity diagram is symmetrical. 0
R = 0.5.
.oc Figur' 4.12
2U - (C,.,+C,. ) c;;:-. . ._ : : ..J. e-_f3,_.\..e>..,
R = · 2U
1
. ' ~~ From !he velocily 1riangle =>i
C" + C,: = -0.5(2Ui°+ 2U =U .S- : ,\ ~(1 - +, e,'1..

-.:. ~n 1 ;. l ('J l'..S c, 150
R =-- · ~ l +c__,, r~, -t~r;Jl +"""!-. i. "' 0- '(.13<6 cos /31 = = 3D.39
;and
c~ , + C.r:
c,.l - c.. ,
=
=
U = 584.7 m/s
0.235 u = 137.4 m/s ~.0,~ ~i· 1_,J.
:. /31 =
Wi
61.4" J
Solving for C.11 and C.r:· we gel B1-<=-:, 'J;l.:L and
C.r1
C.ri
=
=
361.05 m/s
223.65 m/s
Cx," , ,;: Co...~ol1::::
I
LJ1 = W1 Sin /J1
31 3.39 x sin 61.4 ~
J
:::::: 275.15 m/s
l:rom mlcl vcloci1y lriangle I Refer Fig. (4.2)), u;
(a) Tip radius ••.d
c, = fci~-c.f. C., = 0.47 x 584.7 = 274.81 m/s u, x 60
=
r:.- · -- · -·-·- -·-
v .!74.81 1 + 223.652 r, = 2nN
= 354.32 m/s 275 . 15 x 60 = 0.292 m =
·-~Example 4.8 =
r,
The firsr stage of an axial now compressor is designed for free
21f x 9000
voncx condition. wi1h no inlet guide vanes. 111e rotational spc~d is 9000 rpm. and r, = 0.292 m
sta~nation tcmpcratun: rise is 20°C. The huh· tip rntio is 0.6, the work done fnctor
Now. ~
is 0 .94 and isentropic efficiency of the stage is 0.90. Assuming an inlet velocity of
150 mis and ambient conditions of I bar and 300 K, compute (a) the tip radius and c,,t... To
(tan /31 - tan /32) ==
corresponding rotor angles, if the Mach number relative to the tip is limited to 0.92,
(b) mass flow eniering the stage (c) stage stagnation pressure ratio and power required
and (d) the rotor air angles at the root section. lan /32 =
J..u,c..
inn
Cpu
Ar.
o
/31 - .J..U,C11
L'
l 156 ,_ TURBO MACHINES A XI ALFLOW C OMPRESSORS ANDFANS < 157
1005 x 20
l =
=
tan ·(>l.4 -
1.316
.
0.94 x 275.15 x 1.50
(c) Stagnatio.n pressure ratio
Pol = [ 1+ 1Js6.To]~
:./Ji = 52.77° Po1 Toi
b (b) Mass flow = [1 + 0.93~20)/rl

"' P1A1C., = 1.226
l Pl =
P1
RT1 Power required = ritC,.6.To
P, (Ti )rjr- 1 = 27.197 x 1.005 x 20
l P1 01 -
Tot = 546.66 kW
= 1x (2~~j )H (d) Rotor air angles

rrDh N 7f x 0.35 x 9000
bi = 0.87542 bar
0.87542 x 10~
·
uh = --=
60
= 164.93 m/i.
60
Pt = 287 x 288.!l I = 1.056 kg/mJ Ui. 164.93
l At = Tr (
4 D 2-D,,2)
1
tan fJ1
: . fJt
= -=-
=
. C1
47.71°
-
150 '
D,, = 0.6 D, = 0. 6(2 x 0.292) = 0.6(0.584)

l- A1
= 0.35 m
4·
Tr ( 0 .584 2- CU5 2)
and
tan {Jz = t.an fJ i _ C,.6.To
>..U1iCa
= tan 47.71 _ 1005 x 20
b (or) Flow area

0.1717m 2
:.{Ji .
=
=
0.235
13.23°
o.94 x 164.93 x 150
Example 4.9 An axial How compressor stage has blade root. mean and tip vcloc-
H. A = 2rr r,,, Ir
ltJ itic!> 150. 200 and 250 mis respectively. The stage is to be designed for a ~tagnation
( 0 .584 + ~.35) temperature rise of 20°C and an axial velocity of 150 mis which is constant through·
r1 + r,, 2 2 out. The work done factor is 0.93. Assuming 50% reaction at mean radius. calculate.
= --=
b
I'm
2 2 the stage air and blade angles at mean. root and hub and degree of reaction for a free
= 0.2335 m vortex de$ign.
Ii = r, _ ,,, = (0.~84 _ o.~5) Solution
b = 0. 11 7 m
U, = 150 m/s
=
6.To 20°c
Um= 200m/s
C., =
150 m/s
U, = 250m/s
>..=0.93 R,..=0.5
A = 2rr x 0 .2335 x 0. 117
(a) Stage air and blade angle at mean From the work done per stage
..
b rit
=
=
0 . 1717 m 2
1.056 x 0. 171 7 x 150
e\tpression. WC have . .
Cp6.To 1005 x 20
,;, = 27. 197 kg/s
tan {J I.in - t.an fh.m = >..U,,,Cn = 0.93 x 200 x 150
= (I)
.kr tan fl l.m - tan fJ2.m 0.72
-J
158 )> TuRBO MACHINES
·: ·1
AXIALFr.owCOMPRESSORSANOFAN S < I S~ ]
and from the reaction ratio or
tan /31.m + 1.an /32.m =

2RUm
c;- =
2 x 0.5 -x 200
150
tan cr2.h = 1ana2,m · -
·
rm
rh J
tan /31.in: + tan fh.m = 1.33 (2) = tan 45.71 n )( 1.33
Solving for /31.m and /12.m

a2.h
=
=
1.363
53.73u. .J
tan /31.m = 1.33 + 0.72 = 1.025
2 and
Since
:.f31.m = 45.71°
tan fhh
uh
c., - tanai.h J
150
=
a2.111
R,,.
=/31.m =
= 0.5
45.71 ° =
150 - Ian 53. 73°
-0.363 J
et2.m = 45.71° · /32 .h = -1 9.95°
Substituting /31.m in equation ( 1), we get Degree of reaction ._I
I
, \ tan /32.m = 1.025 -0.72 C,,(tan /31 .h +tan .82.h)
Rh = 2U
/12.m = 16.96
150(tan30.71° + tan( -19.95°)}
Since Rm 0.5,= a1.m = /32.m = 2 >< I 50
a,,,.. = 16.96°
Rh = 0.116°
(b) Stage air and blade angle at root (or) hub For a free vortex design.
(c) Stage air and blade angle at tip For free vortex condition,
ICx .h · ri. = C.r,.m ·rm I
1
Cx,,I . r, = Cx,.m . fm
(or)
or
C,, tan a1.h · rh = ell t.an ot1.m . rm
rm
C., · t.ana1 .1 · r, = C., ·tan a1 .m · rm
1ana1.h = tana1.m · -
rh 1ana1, 1 = tancr1.m · -
rm
r,
rm Um = 200 = 1.33 '
Um
ri.
=
uh 1so
r,
fm
= u, = 200
250 = 0.8
a1.h
From velocity triangle (Refer Fig. 4.2],

= 22.1°
tana1.1
: .a1,,
=
=
t.an 16.96° >< 0.8
13.71°
L
uh = <;11(tan or1.h +tan /31 .h)
Ian /Ju =
150
150
-tan22.I = _0.594
and
tan /31.r = U, - tana1 .1

Cu
L
/31.h = 30.71°
= 1.423
Similarly,
: . /f 1.1
=
...,
250 - tan 13.710
150
:S4.9"
L·
C,u · rh • C, 1,., • r,.,
,.
L 160 ;;. TURBO MACHINES
A XIALFLOWCOMPRESSORSANOFANS -( 16.1
b Similarly,
Inn a2 .1 ... rm
111na2.111 • ·-
r,
For fo rced vonex design
C.rl.A:: - -
c. ,...
. X r1t
45.75 x 0.)59
=
= 34 ,31 m/S
. ''" 0 .2 l 2
= 0.82
L :.a2.1
=
=
tan 45.71 x 0.8
39.4°
C.r2...
C.ru = - - x '" =
''"
153.76 x 0.159
= 115.32 m/s
A
.
A•A
nod Axial velocity al hub inlet
L tan #2.1
u, ·
C,, - tan a2.1
c~ 1 .A = K, - 2c~ 1 .A
where
250
L :./hi
=
=
150 - tan 39.40
40.4"
= 0.85 k1
2 . 2
= c +2c......111...
= 1502 +2 x 45.75 2 = 26686.125

. c2
'' n1.A = 26686.125 - 2 x 34.31 2 = 24331.77
L Degree of reaction
C,,(lan Pi ,1 +tan P2.1) '

Cnu = 155.99 m/s
R, = 2u,
Axial velocity at hub outlet
L =
l 50(ton 54.9" + tan(40.4°))
2 x 250
2 _
.•
2 (C.r2.A C.11,4) 2
c.,J. - Ki - 2c... A + 2 - - - - - wrh
•. '" r,,
R, = 0.682 where
b Example 4.10 An alternative design proposal lo that in example 4.9. is to have

forced voncx blade design. What then will the air and blade angles and degree of
K1 = cl
ni...
+ 2c2
.r2....
-2 (C.12... - C.r!.:.:!) wr1 .
rm r,,. m
reaction be. Take rotational speed as 9000 rpm .
= 1502 2x 153 76'--2(
153 76 45 75
• -
2
' ) x ( 1T x9000) x~.212~
b' Sofutfon
(1) Mean section
=
+
26621.32
· 0.212 0.212
115.32 34.31)
60
2
:.Cnu = 26621.32 - 2 x 115.322 + 2 ( - - - O x 942.5 x 0. 15cr
0.159 . I 59
b The parameters are calculated in the same manner as in example 4.9. The values arc
a1.m =Ihm = 16.96°
=
a 2.m Ihm = 45. 71°· and ' C" U
=
=
24303.8
155.89 m/s
R 0.5 =
b (2) Hub section .
uh x 60 - 150 x 60
(a) The air and blade angles
tana1.1o =
C.11.A
Cnu
34 .31
=
155 .99
Hub diameter. Dh = rr x N - rr x 9000
I a 1.11 = 12.4°
lm" = 0.318 m
Um x 60 200 x 60 U11.-C.ru - 150-34.31
Mean diameter, Dm = = tan P t.h = Cau
- 155.99
rr x N 1T x 9000
'~ ... = 0.424 m P1 ; h
tana 2,1i
=
=
36.56°
C.ru 115.32
C.r 1,m =
C,, · tana1.m = 150 x tan 16.96° = 45.75 m/s Cau = 155.89
I . C.r2... = C., · lana2.m = 150 x 1an45.7.1° = 153.76 m/s a1.1o = 36.5°
~
J
.; .
162 ;. TURBO M ...CHINIOS \"
AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS ANO FANS .. , 163
j
a1.1 = 21.95° .
U11 -Cxu 150- 115132
u, -c.....
tan fl2.11
C.,u = 155.89. tan /Jt.r == Ca,,,
=
250- 57. 18
141.9 j
fl~. h = 12.5°
fJ 1.1 = 53 .65°
--.
(b) Degree of reaction
R = wr-wf
2U(C,,2 - c;,)
tan a2.1
a1.1
=
=
C.r1.r
--=--
c,,l.r
53.54°
192.2
142 J
250- 192.2
R1,
C111 .A )
( cos fJ l.h
2
( Cau )
cos fJ2.h
2
tan fJ2.1 =
U, - Cxv
Cav
= 142 ]
:::;
2Uh(Cx?.h - C~1.h> fhr = 22. 15°

2 2
=
155.99 )
( cos 36.56°
( 155.89 )
cos 12.5"
2 x 150 x (115.32 - 34.31)
Cai., )
2
( Cal.r )2
J
(
= COS/JI.I COS /J2.r
(3) Tip section

0.5 R = 2u,cc.•1.•
141.9 ) (
2
-
142 )
c.c ..,>
2 J
u, )( 60 250 )( 60 ( cos 53.65" cos 22.15°
Tip dia1111:11:r. D, = rr x 9000 = rr >< 9000
c.1.1
=
=
0 .530m
r,
x 0.265 = 57.18 m/s
c.,... x = 45.750.212 ·J
= 0.5
2 x 250 x (192.2- 57.18)
~ ' J
Example 4.11 A single-stage axial flow. blower with no inlet guicle vanes runs
C.r?.r = Jm
~ xr, =
153.76 0.265 = 192.2 m/s
0.212
X at 3600 rpm. The rotor tip and hub diamcte~ arc 20 and 12.5 cm. respectively. The
~
I
rm mass flow rate of air is 0 .5 kg/s. The turning angle of the rotor is 20~ towards the
Axial velocity at tip inlet axial direction during air flow over the bl~de. The blade angle at inlet is 55° Ir the
atmospheric temperature and pressure are at I atm and 25°C. respectively. assuming
2 2
C.,1. 1 = K1 -2C.r,,, 'constant axial velocity through the machine, find (a) the total pressure of the air at Lhe
Ifill
eitit of the rotor (the rotor total-to-total efficiency being 90% and the total pressure
= 26686. 125 - 2 x 57. 182
drop across the intake is 0.25 cm of water), (b) the static pressure rise across the rotor.
= 20147 (c) the static pressure rise across the stator. if the stator efficiency is 75%. (d) 1he
:.Ca,,, = 141.9m/s change in total pressure across the stator, (e) the overall total-to-total efficiency and i!LI
( f) the deg.rec of reaction for the stage.
Axial velocity at tip outlet
'
c,;:, ,. - ..,c-
= n:? - x"
--• -
:,
+ .., (C, ·'
-
1
r1 -
c.., )
-
r1
.I
,
wr1-
Solution
(a) Total pressure of air exit of rotor L
= ,
266::!U2 - 2 x 192.2- +2( -
192.2 57.18) -
- .- - - x 94::!.5 x 0.265
2 N = 3600 rpm D1 =0.2m Dh=0.125m P1 = 1.013 bar T1 = 298 K
: .C,,2,, =
20185.51
142 m/s
0.265 0.265 Ill ::::; ll.5 /Ji - /J1 ,.. 20'' ,,, ""'55"
111e pressure changes involved are small so that the llow may he treated ;is incom·
L
pressihlc. At 1he inlet, the density of air is
(a) Air and blade angles
tllll IYl.r = ccl1.1

....,
57 .18
== 141.9
0
PO=~ _ 1.013 x 10~
RTu - 2R7 x 29if = 1.184 kg/m· 1
=fl
L
.I
eJ 164 ;.. TlllHJO MAC"llJNl'S AXIAL FLO\\' CO~H'RESSORS ANO FASS "' I b!i
Arca of /low (b) The static pressure rise across the rotor
IUH A = 4 71' ( ,
D,- - D;, ')
= 4 co.2
71' 2 2
- 0.125 )
(6Po)ro101 - p ( cj - cf) /2
(6Plro101 =
= 0.01914111 2
c, = Ce1 = 22. 1 m/s
L The axial vcloci1y
Ill 0.5
Ci = . fc2 + c1-
X2
11
C,, = -- = = hi~)~ +!5."1'32

L Mean rotor blade vclm:ity
=
pA 1.184 x 0.01914
22.1 m/s
:.l6Pln11nr
=
=
26.78 m/s
493.35 - 1.184(26.78 2 - 22. 1~ )/2
=
L
493.35 - 135.43
TT(D,, + D,)N
u = 2 x 60 = 357.93 N/m 2
1T x (0.125 + 0.2) x 3600 tll.Plrn1or = ·'·65 cm of water
= -----120
L = 30.6 m/s
The ac1ual total enthalpy rise across the rotor is
(c) The static pressure rise across the stator
TI1c ar:tual ~taltc enthalpy change across the stator is
= U6Cx =· U(Cx Cx,) ( 6/r lslornr (Ci:- er) /2

L (ll./rolw1nr 1
-
Since the flow at inlet is axial, C x 1 = 0 and from velocity triangle at outlet (Fig. 4 .2), =
=
(26.78 2 - 22.1 2)/2
114.38 J/kg
Cx 1 = U - Wx 1 =U -
C,, tun /12
L =
30.6 - 22.1 x tan(/Jr - 20)
30.6 - 22.1 x tan 35°
The theoretical static enthalpy chnngi: ucross lhc stator is
(6./r s '51a1or = 11mror x (.Cl.Ir lmror

= 15.IJm/s = 0.75 x 114.38
L (6ho)m1 11r = 30.6 x (15, I 3 - 0)

'f1ie iscntropic total enthalpy rise across the rotor
= 462. 98 J/kg = RS.79 J/kg
Tin: srnt ic pressure rise across the stntor is
l ( ll.lru, lroror
=
=
= lie x ( ll.lrolro1or
0.9 x (462.98]
4 16.7 J/kg
(ll.P>s1~1or =
=
p(6hs)m1or
71.184 x 85.79
101.58 N/m 1
The total pressure rise across the rotor is
lw (ll. Pu)rotor = p(6ho, )rotor
= 1.04 cm of water
(d) The change In total pressure across the stator

= I. 184 x 4 16. 7
Lr =
= 493.35 N/m 2
5.03 cm of H10
( 6 Po)1111or = (6P)mror + p (Cf - ci) /2
= 101.58+ 1.184 x (-114.38)
Stagnation pressure at the rotor exit = -33.85 N/m 2
b '
= (6 Po)101or - Pressure drop at intake Tiiat is, the total pressure across the slator drops by an amount =:n.ss N/ m 2
= 5.03 - 0.25 or= 0.35 cm of water.
l = 4.78 cm of HiO
]
, ..
AXIAL Fi.ow COMl'IOiSSORS AND FANS ..: 167 -J
166 ;.. Tl.IHBO MAC'lllNES '
(b) Power required to drive the fan
(e) The overall total-to-total efficiency
Total pressure at stator.exit
Po.' = ;Total pressure al stator inlet - (A Po) 1111c (or al rotor exi t)
W =
=
mCp(Ti - Ti>
2.82 x 1.005(325 - 315) J
W = 28.34 kW - "·
= 4.78 - 0.35 ~1
4.43 cm of water (c) Static fan Efficiency d
Theoretical total enthalpy change across the stage [

p, •-I
.- J -
( 6.ltos h1·~· =
(APo>s1agc
p
'I I =
Ti, - Ti
T2 - Ti
=
Ti
·
_:.
( Pi )
Ti - T1
- I
J
1000 x 9.81 x ( 4.43)
JOO P2 = P1 +AP
= Pwgh
- - -"'=
p 1.184 = 1.02 +
( 10-' x 9.KI >< 0.75)
10s J
=
Then.
367 J/kg = 1.094 bar
315 [ ('-
.094
-
1.02
y·~ -1 ] J
,,,_, = ( 6./Jo, lmM• (A/Jns )l11aJ :.llJ = 325 - 315
=(
J
( 6.ho)s:; Aho)ro1or
= 367462.98
= 6).66%
= 79.3% Example 4.13 An axial fan stage consisti ng of only one rotor has the following
data:
(t) The degree of reaction for the stage
(AP>ro1~r
rotor hla<le air angle al exit: 10°; tip dia: 60 cm; hub dia: 30 cm; speed: 960 rpm:
power required: I kW; flow coefficient: 0.245; inlet flow conditions: 1.02 bar and J
R = ·' 16 K.
Determine the llow rate, 1hc static pressure rise and the overall cllh:icncy.
.J
(AP)uagc
cMKU·April 'S/5)
357.93
= 357.IH + 101.58 Solution
= 77.9%
Example 4.12 An axial flow fan takes in 2.5 ml /s of air at 1.02 bar and 42"C
fl2= 10" Dr = 0.6 m Dh = 0.3 m N = 960 rpm Power= I kW
· and delivers it at 75 cm W.G. and 52°C. Determine the mass flow rate through the
c,,
iP = U = 0.245 P1 = 1.02 bar T1 ::.: Jlo K '""
. fan. the power ri:quircd to drive the fan and the static fan efficiency. ·(MU Oct. '97)
(a) Flow rate
Solution ....
Q = 2.5 m·' /s P1 = l.02hnr T1 = 315 K AH= 0.75m W.G. T~ = 325 K Q ::;; AC,1
(a) Mass flow rate • A = 1f4 ( Di~ - Dii' ) I
I
-..
= ~ ( 0.62 - 0 .3 )
2
/If pQ
Pi 1.02 x loS
= RTt = 287 x 315 = 1.128 kg/ml = 0.2 12 m2 C,, = ijJU
p
/If = l.12K x 2.5 u =

rr D.,,N
60
L
= 2.82 kg/s
L 168 )> TWUJ() MAC"lllNl!S
AXIALFLOWCOMJ•RESSOllSANOFANS .,; 169
where Dm is the mean rotor diameter

= 22.62(22.62 - 5.542 tan IO' )
l D,,,
D, + D,,
2
_ 0.6 + 0.3 _
. - 2 - o.45
= 489.56 J/kg
u,,, = rr x o.45 x 960 _ (i I m = pQ = 1.1125 x 1.175 = IJ22 ki;/s

22 ' l2 m II
L c,, = 0.245 >< 22.62
60 ~
= 5.542 m/s : . Work done - m(W/nr)
'Ilic now rate, Q = 0.212 x 5.542 = 1.322 x 489.56
t (b) Static pressure rise across the stage

Q = 1.175 m 3
/s
Overall efficiency
= 647.198 w
l but
<llJ>)J, = 2·I 11cw,·' - W.;>
•
, '10 =
Work dune
Power required
647.198
= 1000
t and
w11 =vi+ c.~
=
=
0.6472
64.72%
2 l 2 ·2 2' l
W2 = C,, + Wx = C., + C,, tan fh Example 4.14 Delermine for the fan stage in problem no. 4.13
l
1
Then (a) rotor blade angle at the entry (b) degree of reaction
I Solution
(llP).,, = -p(U2
2 + ci - c2 - c21nn2/J2)
l
11 <I ff
1 (a) Rotor blade angle at the entry From the inlet velocity trinnJ.!lc for fon
= 2p(U
2 .- C,~ tan 2.821 stage without any guide vanes (Fig. 4. 11 ),
u
=
1 C2
-pU 2l 1 - .....!.!. tan 2 /Ji)
tan {11 = Cn . ~
L =
2
I
-pU 2( l - ¢ 2 ran 2 ,82)
2
.
u2
fJ1 = tan -1 (22.62)
-- .
5.542 ~-re·
Pi · - · 76,23e
L p = P/RT
s
l.Cl 2 x IU = 1.125 k mJ
287 x 316 g/
-0

Figur~ 4.11
I .
:.(llP>" = i >< 1.125 x 22.622 [ I - 0.245 2 x tan 2 10'') = (llP)ro1or/(ll~o)11agc
~
· R
= 287.27 N/ m 2 For an axial fan stage consisting of only a rotor,
= 0.029 m W.G .
k (c) The overall efficiency
(AP)ro1or =
=
(6 P).,. 1.,
287.27 N/m 2
W/m = U(Cx C.. 1 ) (6Po)1111e = p(W/m)

2 -
= 1.125 x 489.56
L Since Cx1
'
= 0,
W /m = UCx2 = U(U - Wx 2 )
:. R =
= 550.76 N/m 2
287 .27 = 0.522
= U(U .:._ C11 tanJ12) 550.76
b = 52.2%
-] '
170 ;... n:lino M Alll1NFS

0
AXIALFLOWCOMPRESSORSANDFANS .;: l71

~
The degree of reacllon can also he found from
R =
C,,
2
U (Ian /J1
</I
+ 1an /J2)
,.,
l]O =
=
IJm X 17/
71.1%
= 0.9 X 0.79 J
= 211an/J1 + ian/J2) (b) Power required
0.245 . -·11
= -2- (tan 76.23° + tan I 0° ). Ideal work. w = m (A;) """
= 0 .522 or 52.2% u2
Example 4.15 An :ixial blow.:r supplies air to a furnace at the rate of 3 kg/s.
The atmosph.:ric conditions heing 100 kPa and 3 I 0 K..1l1c blower cflicicncy is l!!l'iF·
Mean vcloci1y.
t:.P/p = T X"'
rrD,,,N
u = 60
J
and mechanical efliciem:y is R5%. The power supplied 'is 30 kW. Estimuh! 1hc ovcral I
l
l!llk1cncy and prcssurl! 1kvdupl!d 111 mm W.G.
D, + Dh j
, Solution
D,,, = 2
D, = =
3 x 0 .26 0.78 m
= 3 kg/s Pi= JOO kPa T1=3JOK 0.78 +0.26
=
J
111
= 0 .52 rn
I/Ji =0.ll ,,,,, = 0.1!5 Power input = 30 kW, D,,,
2
(a) Overall efficiency. and U = rr x 0 .52 x 750

Now 60 -~ = 20.42 m/s l
1/0 = 1/b x ,,,,, = 0.8 x 0.85 2
j
= AP 20.42 """'
0.68 -p = -2- x0.4
(b) Pressure developed
l/U .::t
,;, UH' Ip l
. ....-·· ·--·-··· W1do•I
= 83.395 J/kg
=
{).[>
- -- )(Ill
p
J
Power inpul
/>
t;,,[>
=
=
P/RT
o.6R x
-
= 100 x
:m x 1oJ
JOJ/287 x 310
x 1.124
= 1.124 kg/sh ·' =
=
83.395 x 3.5
291.SKW .J
3
W;dcol
= 7043.2 N/m 1
t;,,/{ = 77'). 12 mm W.G.
Power required
'1m
291.88 =·
l
, Example 4.16 An axial fan withou1 guidt: vanc:s has a pres~urc cocflicicnt of 0.4
= 0.9
and delivers 3.5 kg/s of air at 750 rpm. Its hub diameter is 260 mm and huh to lip = 324.32 w I
ratio is 113. The static propcnics at entry 98.4 kPa and 35°C. determine \al overall
(c) Flow coefficient
J
effickncy. ir 'IHi ;;; 0.9. (h) power n:quin:ll. (cl now coofficicnt (d) rotor inlet unJ cxll
.ingic:. (e) AP in mm ofWG if 'If= 0.79. m
.. C., = pA
Solution _.,
Pi 98.4 x HY l
= 0.4 Ill = 3 .5 kg/s · N = 750 rpm T1 ;;;:: 35"C p = RT1 = 287 >< 308 = 1. I IJ kg/m
"'D1r = 0.26m
Dh
D, = 3
1
Pt = 98.4.kPu A = ~ (o; - Dl> = ~ (0.78 -
2 2
0.26 )
1/m = 0.9 1/f = 0.79 ""'
0.425 m 2
·J' 172 ;. Ttl fUIO M l\("l lJNJ:S AXIALFLOWCOMPRl'.SSORSANDFANS ' 17~
:u ·1.5. In thl! compressors, the blades form n diverging passage nnd 1he fluid is de-
J c,, = w)-;(>~425 = 7..199 rn/s celernted. (True or False)

4.6: The advantages of an n~ial flow compressor arc
r/> = uC,, = 7204.,
..199
=0.36 (a) highcr p ressure ratio and mass flow rate
J (d) Rotor Inlet and exit angle

tfJ = O.J6
(hJ high thrust per unit frontRI nrcR
(c) both (n) and (b)
4.7. ·me hlade height is decreased :is the fluid moves throuih the axial now com~
prcssor. Why ?
l/J = :?<,6(tanfJ1 - r:in/h ) 4.8. In axial flow compressor. there is no flow in the radial d irection.(Truc/Falsc>
C>!ol 4.9. What i~ the hn.~ic principle of working of nn axial flow compressor'! · ·
tan/11 · ·· Ian/I~ = ,"'... = ., -0 .-l
-</'
-- ...
_ x O.Jo
= 0.5tl 4 . 10. What on.: the functions of the diffuser (or) straightener hlades that are installed
at the end of the Inst stage of an axial flow compressor?
~}
IV/ m = UtC.\·2 - Cxd 4 . 11. What is ;111 axial flow compressor stage?
4.12. D raw the inlet and outlet velocity diagrams for an axial now compressor stage.
C.r 1 = 0. No inlc1 guit..le vanes 4. 13. What is a nonnal axial flow compressor stage'!
4. 14. Inlet relative velocity is greater than the outlet relntivl.! velocity. (True/False>
!-
IUI IV/"' "' UC.r1 .,, U 2t I - </>Ian /12)
4. 15. In the rotor of an axial now compressor,
=
( a ) lro1rr/ lroi.rtl
2
8J .395 = 20.42 (1 - CU6 tan th > (b) hotrr/ < ho2.rtl
L a nd
th = 65.77'
=
(c) ho1rr/ > ho2.rtl
4.16. Draw the Mollier chan for an axial now compressor stage.
4 .17. The axial now compressor receives no contribution from the change in tan-
tnn /11 Ian fl2
"'
+ 2¢
- ge ntial velocity. (True/False)
L /l1
=
=
Ian 65 .77
70.:?.1"
+ 0.56 4. 18.
4 . 19.
4.20.
Define a nd e11press the total-to-total axiw flow compressor eniciency.
Whnt is work done factor?
Wor k done factor-.- as the number of axial flow compressor suige increases.
(e) Pressure developed 4.21 . Deline stage loading.
L Ci./> =
=
fl x 10 ..WS
1.llJ ><H J ..W.:'i
4.22.
4.23.
Deline reaction ratio.
Rcnction ratio of a axial flow compressor stage is
(a) R = Inn /J111 /2
(h) R =¢tun ff,,,
~
= lJ2.H2 N/111!
=
b 1:111 = l:iP//lJ:
4.24.
(c) R 2</> tnn fim
Dl!line flow coefficient.
4.25. Define reaction ratio for incompressible flow machines. .
= 92.82/ 103 x 9 .81 4.26. For a reaction ratio of 50 per cent
b =
=
9.46 x 10- 1 m
9.46 mm of W .G .
la) the static enthalpy and temperature increase in the sta.t or and rotor are not ·
equal.
(b). the superimposed velocity diagram is not symmetrical.
l SHORT QUESTIONS 4.27 .

(c ) none of the above.
For a reaction ratio of more than 50% the static enthalpy rise in the rotor is
greater than in the stator. (True/False) ·
"'
4 . 1. Whal is an axial now compressor? 4.2R. When reaction ratio Is less than 50%, the static pressure nnd enthalpy rise an:
ffi 4 .2 . ·Wh,:i1 nre the ndvnnlllges nnt..1 disut..lvantnges of an ax ial now compressor'? greater in the slnton~an in the rotor. (True/false)
~ 4.3. The axial now compressors arc ideal for constant load a pplicntions. Why? 4.29 . A reaction ratio of 50% is widely used. Why?
4.4. The efficiency of the ax inl flow compresso r is very sensit ive to the mass now 4.30. A renc)ion ra1io of 50% is the condition for max imum temperature rise and
rate. (True or Fal se) efficiency. (True/False)
~rr
J
174 :;. TURRO MAC"lllNES
'. :
- ij
••• J
AXIAl. Fl.OW COMPllF.SSORS AND FA NS ~ 1'75 l ; 1!I
! ,•
4.J I. Dc(inc compn;ssor stage efficiency.
4.32. What is .compressor stall? , 4 . 11. Prnve that the condition for rad ial equilibrium is
·LU. What is rotating compressor stall?
•
4.34. y.'hat is compressor surging?
I
. 4.35. Why arc longer blades used in aircraft compress.o rs?

+
·
f.
I d
r dr
, . d
2 -(rC,)- + -(C11 )
dr
2
=0
4.12. What is free vorteit blade? Derive the work done and reaction rauo for a free
J
·U6. Odinc radial equilibrium in compressors. voncx blade.
0
.u1. What arc free vortex blades?
4.38. In free vortex blade degree of reaction decreases from tip to hub. (True/False)
4.13. What is a constant reaction blade?
4. 14. What is a forced vorteit blade? Draw the velocity triangles' at the root and tip
j
4.39. What arc forced vo~ex blades? of a force'd vonex blade.
4.40. In multistage conip~cssion. the stage pressure rise for thc1samc temperature rise
ts equal. (True/False) , .. .
4.4 I. Overall total prcssu,re ratio of a multistage uial now compressors .is equal to
J4.15. Prove the following fo r a mullb1age compressor.
(a) llsiui:, > Tln111111u.<w r
/' ( T ) 111, r /I r
J
\•.::.!} (b) ~"...!..!. = OH•I
IJ
(a) (u To.rri•a.rl/l ••r' Poi Toi

·- •(-"T
( h) (LI. 7i1.,.1wt1//) "r ' - 1
'!r. ,
(c) (Ll.To......,.,11)•-l
. •·. 4. 16.
4 . 17 .
Compare a centrifugal compressor wi1h an aitinl flow compressor.
Describe the lields of application of centrifugal and axial flow compressors.
J
Explain why nowadays axial llow compressors arc largely used for aviation
.. EXERCISES
l. i
4. 18.
gas turbines.
An axial flow compressor stage wi1h 50% reaction has the following data. Ai r
inlet stagnation temperuture -290 K. relative flow angle at rotor outlet mea-
J
4.1. Draw a sketch of an axial flow compressor with inlet guide vanes and explain sured from the axial direction -32°. flow coefficient -0.55. relative mach ine
the working principle of the compressor.
4.2. Draw velocity triangle at the entry and exit for the axial compressor stage.
4.3. Draw the h-s diagram for a complete axial flow compressor stage. 4.19.
number on to the rotor -0.75 If the stage is nonnnl. what is the stagnation
temperature rise in the first Stage of the compressor? (Ans: 26.1 Kl
An axial now compressor stage drnws air from with the stagnation conditions
J
4.4. (a) What is ihe work done factor for an axial compressor stage? How does it of I bar and 35°C. Assuming a 50% reaction stage with a flow coefficient of
vary with the number of stages? 0.52 and the ratio Ll.Cx / U = 0 .25. Find the rotor hlade anglcs at the inlet and
Ch) Deline: (11) llow coefficient (b) stage loading and (c) pressure coefficient \
, the exit as well as the mcan rotor speed. 111c lotnl-to-total efficiency of the stage •-"'
for an axial compressor stage. is 0.87 when the stage produces a total-to-total pressure ratio of 1.23. Find also
4.5. Define the degree of reaction for an axial now compressor stage. Prove the the pressure coefficient and the power input to the system. assuming the work
following relations.
I
(a) R = zcf>(tan,81 +tan,82)
4.20.
input factor to be 0.86. The mass flow rat~ is 12 kg/s. (8.D. U April '96)
(Ans: (a) 50.24°, 35.79° (b) 317.5 m/s Cc) 0.43 and (d) 260kW}
An axial now compressor stage is 10 be designed for a stagnation temperature
J
(b) R =I 1 + ,P(tan /J2 - Ian a1))/2 rise of 20 K. The work done fa ctor is 0.92 and the blade velocities 111 the root.
(c) R = (I + cf>(tan Pt - tan a1))/2 mean radius a nd tip arc 157 .5, 210 and 262.5 mis respectively. The uial vc:locity
u.:1
is constant from root to tip and is 157.5 mis. If the reaction rutio at the meun
4.6. Draw supcrimposc.d velocity triangles for the following a~ial compressor stages.
rudiu s is 0.5. Whnt arc th e inlet and outlet nir and blade angles al the root, mc:an
(ll) R = 0.5 (hi R < 0.5 (c) R > 0.5
radius and tip for a free vortex design? Calculate also the reaction at the root
.t.7. Prove that and tip.
=
P3 - Pi (Ans:(a)et1.m =/h.m = 18.78° a2.m =fli .m =44.8" a1 .r = 15.21°
(a)
pU-
, =¢(tan a1 - tan ai) =
flt.1 · 54 .37°, a2.1 = 38.45° .82.1 = 40.9°. a1., =
24.38° Pt.r =
28.68'
(h) 'I>= (AP)u 11g,/pl.IC11 (tana1 - tanat) a2.r = 52.94° fl2.r = -1 7.95°. (b) R, = 0.68 and R, = 0 . 112)
4 .H. Whul is ~urging in nxiul-llow compressors? Whal lire its effects? Describe 4.21. An ahcrnative desig n proposal 10 that in the above problem is to have 50%
brielly. reaction along the whole hlade. What, then will the air and blade ungles be ? """
4.9. What is stalling in an axial compressor stage? How is it developed? Why is it =
(Ans: a1.1 = .82.1 29.64° a1.1 = P1.1 = 47.64° a1.r = P2.r = ;\.43'
called rotating stall? ai.r = /11.r =
43.23"1
4 .22. An axial now compressor under test in a laboratory cllhibits 11 stage loading of IMI
4.10. What is radial equilibrium method? Explain briefly.
0.4 for a reaction ratio of0.65 and now coefficient 0.55 . II is decided to reduce
b 176 ~ TURllO M/\t' lllNl!S AXIAl.FLOWCOMPRESSORSANDFANS <( ITI
L the mass flow hy 7 per cent while the bludc speed is kept constant and it is
assumed under this new condition 1h:11 the relative flow exit angles for huth the
rotor and stator remain unchangt't.I . Whal is the stage loading and reaction at
Calculate the required rotational speed. Assume a workdone factor of 0.86 and
a co,nstnnt axial velocity of 150 mis. Estimate the tol41 .pressure rise across the ·
co.m prcssor. [Am: (a) 19,070 rpm (b) 3.07)
the new condition? /\ssume the work done factor is 0.9. 4.29. A multi stage axial flow comprcssoris to have constant a.:itial velocity of 150 mis
L (Ans: 0.435 and 0.64 J
4.23. An axinl now compressor delivers a lutnl pressure ratio of 6, 1hc total hend
pressure nnd tempcruturc at entry being 0 .408 mPa and 300 K respectively. and
and 50% reoction.'The pressure ratio developed is 4 and the infinitesimal sUlge
efficiency is 85% . .The temperature at the entry is 20°c: The mean diameter of
the blade ring is 35 cm and speed is 15,000 rpm. The exit angle of the blades
~
the overall isentropic efficiency being !12 per cent. The degree of reaction is • in each row is 27°: Calculate the blade angle at inlet, the number of stages and
50 per cent and all stages contribute an equal amount of work. At a particular pressure ratio of each stage. , (MKU-April '96)
stage. the blade speed at the mean height is 203 mis. and the axial velocity is [Ans: (a) 52.92° (b) 6 and (c) 1.38)
171 111/s. If the nhsolu1c air angle cn1c'ring the rotor al this stage is I5" nnd the J 4.30. A ten stage axial flow compressor has a pressure ratio of 6.6 and isentropic
L work done factor is 0.92. determine. (n) the rotor air inlet angle. (b) the number
of stages required. (c) the static temperature of the air at entry to the rotor and
(d) the rotor inlet relative machine number.
efficiency 90%. The compressor h~ symmetrical stages and the compress.ion
process is adiabatic. The axial velocity is uniform across the st.age at 125 mis
and the mean blade speed of each stage is 200 mis. If the air at 27°C enters the
[Ans: (a) 42.6° (b) 12 (c) 284.4 k and (d) 0.687) .compressor at the rate of 3 kg/s, determine the direction of air at entry and exit
b 4.24. A mullistage axial compressor is required for compressing air at 293 K through
a pressure rotio of 5 10 I. Each stage is lo be 50% reaction and the mean blade
speed 275 m/s. flow coefficient 0.5. and the singe loading factor 0.3 arc taken
from the rotor and stator blades. Also compute the power supplied to air.
(Ans: (a) a1 =th= 17.8° and a2 =Pt =

(MKU-April '92)
51.97° (b) 718.17 kW)
as constant for ;ill stages. Determine the llow angles· and the number of stages 4.31. An axial compressor stage has a mean diameter 55 cm and runs at 15,000 rpm.
b required if the Mage eflicicncy is B!l.8%. Take CI' = 1.005 kJ/kg and r
for air. Also, find the ovcra!! efficiency of the compressor.
= I .4 If the actual temperature rise and pressure ratio developed arc 32cc and 1.4
respectively, determine (a) the power required to drive the compressor while
' (Ans: (a) a1 = = = =
fh 35° and a1 P1 52.45° (b) 9 (c) 86.3%1 delivering 57 kg/s of air. Assume mechanical efficiency as 85 per cent and an
4.25. /\n axial flow compressor has 10 singes and the following dntn apply to ench . initial temperature of35°C (b) the stage efficiency and (c) the degree of reaction
b singe nt the mcnn c..liumelcr. Olnde speed -200 rn/s, renclion -0.S, polytropic
efficiency -0.llll, stage cnicicncy -0.84 . /\nglc of absolute air velocity at
rotor inlet - I J". and 111 rotor outlet -45 n , work done factor -0.86. S tugnation
if the temperature at the rotor exit is 55°C. (MKU-April "98>
(Ans: (a) 2156.6 kW, (b) 96.8% (c) 0.625)
4.32. An nir compressor hns eight stages of equal pressure ratio 1.35. The flow rate
through the compressor nnd its overall efficiency are 50 kg/s and 82% respcc.'
L J
pressure and temperature at inlet arc 99.3 kPn and I 5°C respectively. Determine
the total pressu re ratio of the first stage and the overall static pressure ratio. tively. If the condition of air at entry ore I bnr nnd 40°C, determine (a) the state
· !Ans : (u) 1.24 (b) 5.461
4.26. Ench stage of nn nxial llow compressor of 50% reaction, has the snrne mean
of nir nt the compressor exit, (b) polytropic efficiency, (c) cniciency of each
stage and (d) the power input assuming overall efficiency of the drivi: as 90%.
k blntle speed and same flow outlet an git! of 30° relative 10 blades. The mean now
coc((icicnl is O.S nnd remuins constant. Al entry to first stage the stagnatio n
condition of air is 101.3 kPa and 278 K nnd static pressure is 87.3 kPa and
(MKU-No1~ "96>
[Ans: (a) 11.03 bnr and 689.8 K. (b) 87. I% (c) 86.5% nnd (d) 21.03 mWl
, 4 .33. A fan takes in 2.5ml /s of air at 1.02 bar and 42°C and delivers it at 70cm W.G.
2 and 52°C. Determine the mass flow rate through the fan. the power required to
flow area is 0372 m • Using compressible. now analysis, find mass now rate
b and now velocity. Find the shaft power when there arc 6 such stages when
mechanical crriciency is 0.9. (MU-Avril ' 97)
I Ans : (a) 56. 1 kg/s (b) 132.1 mis and (c) 11021 kWI J
drive the fan and the static fan efficiency. CMKU:-No1: '96)
[Ans: (a) 2.82 kg/s. (b) 28 ~]4 kW and (c) 59.5%1
4.34. An axial ducted fan without any guide vanes has a pressure coefficient of 0.38
4.27. An axial flow compressor hns constant axial veloci ty throughout the compressor and delivers 3kg/s of air at 750 rpm. Its hub and tip diameters arc 25 cm and 75
b of 160 mis, a mean blade speed of 244 m/s and delivers a pressure ratio of 5 : I.
Each stage is of 50% reaction and the relative outlet air angles arc the same. 30".
cm respectively. If the conditions at the entry arc 1.0 bar and 38' C. determine
(a) air angles at the entry and exit. (b) pressure developed in mm WG. (c) fan
efficiency and (d) power required to drive the fan if the overall efficiency of the
for each stage. If a polytropic efficiency of 88 pc.r cent is assumed, determine
IAns: 14)
b the number of stages in the compressor.
4 .28. A helicopter gas turbine plant cons is.ts of a four stage axial now compressor.
The axial compressor hns stage tcrnpcrnturc rise of 30°C, using symmetrical
drive is 85%.
!Ans: (a) 70.85 ~ . 66° , (b) 8.36 mm ofWG. (c} 86.3% and (d} 299.J6 WI
4.35. An axial fan consisting of rotor only has the following data. Hub und tip di·
stages with a stator outlet angle of 20° If the mean diameter of each stage is amctcrs arc 30 and 60 cm respectively. Speed I000 rpm. relative air exit angle
b 250 mm and each stage is identical. The polytropic efficiency is 92 per cent. 12°. axial velocity 6 mis. Inlet static properties: IOI kPa and 31'5 K. Determine
l
••.i
178 ;. T\JRIJO MAClllNHS A X IAi. F1.uw Cor.irittSSOKS ANI> FANS ' 179,
J
(a) rotor blade angle inlet, (b) static pressure rise, (c) overall efficiency for a Overall total pressure ratio -3.5, total inlet temperature -333 K. relative air
power input of 1. 15. kW, (d) degree of reaction and (e) pressure coefficient.
(Ans: (a) 75.7° (b) 59.7 mm WG, (c) 65% (d) 52.6% arid (e) 1.89)
angle at rotor inlet and outlet arc res pectively 40° and I0°, blade velocity
-185 m/s, overall total·head isentropic efficiency -87%, degree of reaction
Jl
~
J 4.36. In an axial flow fan the rotor and inlet guide vanes arc synimc,trical and arranged -0.5. Compute (a) Total outlet temperature and (b) no. of stages.
for 50% reaction. Tiic hub and tip diameters arc 45 cm and 75 cm respectively. (Ans: (a) 497.7 Kand (b) Bl
.
Speed is 960 rpm . The motor power is 6 kW. The stat_ic properties of air at j 4.42. Find the polytropic efficiency of an axial flow.compressor. with symmetrical I
i
inlet arc 100 kPa and 305 K. If the fan efficiency is 82% and the mechanical stages from the following data, Total head pressure ratio -4, overall total head ~
efficiency of the drive is 87%, find, the rotor angles at inlet and exit and pressure isentropic efficiency -85%, total head ·inlet temperature - 290 K. The inlet
coefficient. if the quantity of air handled is 6 m 3 /s. and outlet air angles from the rotor blades arc respectively 45'' and IO", the
4.:n.
(Ans: (a) /11 = a2 = 52.5° , fl~= a1 = 6.6° and (h) l.37)
TI1c lirst stage of an axial now compressor develops a pressure ratio of 1.2: I.
mcai1 blade speed is 220 mis. and the work done factor is 0 .86. The axial
velocity remains constunl throughout the c1i111prcs~or. Find 1lu: numhcr uf ,t•gc~
j
The inlet pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 31° C respectively. The overall required. Also find the inlet machine number relative to rotor at the mean blade
efficiency of the compressor is 83%. The now coefficient is 0.47. The velocity height of the first stage. [Ans: (a) 87.6%. Cb) 6 and (c) 0.8)
diagram is symmclrical nnd at mean radius, the rntio of change of whirl velocity
to nitial velocity is 0.5. Delerminc the compressor speed if lhe mcan' dinmetcr
is 50 cm. (M KU- April '93)
4.43. The velocities for upstream and downstream of an open propeller fan arc 5 and
25 mis re~p~ctively. The propeller diameter is 50 cm. If the ambient conditions
arc 1.02 har and 37°C, Delermine for the mean flow velocity through the pro·
J
!Ans: 11056 rpm I pclh:r. (a} flow rate (b) total pressure developed und (c) the power required if l
4 .38. The condition of air at the inlet of an axial a ir compressor is Pi = 768 mm the overall efficiency of the fan is 40% <MU-Oct. '98) j
of Hg. T1 = 41°C. At the mean blade section, the diameter nnd peripheral [Ans: (a) 3.37 kg/s, (b) 35 mm of W.G and (cl 2.52 kW]
velocity arc 500 mm and 100 mis respectively. /Jt = 51°. at = 7°, /32 = 9°. / 4.44. An axial fan consisting of rotor (no IGV) has the following data: hub dia =
280 mm hub·tip ratio= 1/2, speed= 1000 rpm. relative air exit angle= 10~ .
mass flow rate is 25 kg/s. Work done factor is 0.95 and mechanical efficiency
. is 92% stage efliciency is 88%. Determine (a) air ahgle ai 1he stator entry (b)
blade height at entry (c) hub to tip ratio (d) stage loading coefficient. (c) stage
aitial velocity= 5.5 mis, inlet static properties, 102 kPa and 310 K. Deter·
mine (a) flow coefficient (b) .rotor blade angle at inlet (c) static pressure rise
J
pressure ratio (I) power input nnd (g) relat ive mnchinc number at the rolor inlet. {d) overall eflicicncy (c) degree of reaction. 111e power input is 1.2 kW.
4.45. An aitial flow compressor stage is designed on forced vorte~ principle. The
I
I Ans: (a) 50.2" (b} 0 .19 m (c) 0.45. (d) 0.75 (c) ·I.Oil (f) 204.7 kW
and (g) 0.33 I following data refer to the stage at mean radius: mean diameter-0.5 m. pcriph· .,~ )
I
4.39. An axial compressor slagc has mean diamclcr 600 mm and runs al 250 rp~. cral speed-I 00 mis. mass now rate-25 kg/s. a1 a3 = = =
7° . a1 50.18%. flt =
111c actual temperature rise is 30°C and the pressure ratio developed is 1.35. 51 ° and /32 =90°. Calculate (a) air and blade angles (b) specific work (c) load·
Inlet temperature i~ 35°C and the temperature rise in the rotor is 20°C. Mass
now rate is 50 kgls and the mechanical efficiency is 85%, determine. (a) power
n.:quired to drive 1hc compressor (b) degree of reaction (c) loading coeffic ient
ing coefficient and (d) degree or reaction at hub, mean and tip sections. The air
enters the stage at Pt = 768 mm of Hg and T1 = 314 K.
(Ans: (a) a1,,,, =
7° a2.m =
50. 18° /31.m =
51" /J2 .111 9c =
J
td) stage efficiency. (MU-Oe1. '99) 0'1,h =
4.31° a2.h =
37.04° /31.h =
:n.19< fhh =
5.69°
[Ans: (a) 1773.5 kW (b) 0.67 (c) 0. 136 and (d) 91.9%) a1.1 = =
9.75° a2.1 58.33° /31.t =
59.94° ff1.1 12.09° =
4.40. The conditions of air lit the entry of an axial compressor stage are P 1 768 mm = (b) 7929 J/kg, 3048.2 J/kg, 15099.27 J/kg. (c) 0.7929. 0.7929. 0.7929. c :1I
nf Ilg nnd Tt = '.\14 K. The angles nt the mean blade sections are a1 = 7°. (d) 0.51J .0.555. 0.5 J
/i1 = 51 ". lh = I)". 111c mean diameter and 1hc peripherai speed arc 500 mm .. / 4.46. An ait ial wmpre~sur stage ha~ the following dt1t11: prchure 1111d h!lllJll:raturc; 111
and IOOmls respectively. Mass flow rate through the stage is 25 kgls, tht: work entry arc 1.0 bar and 20"C. mean hlade ring diamctcr - 36 cm. ~pced-18.000 ....;
done .factor is 0.95. mechanical efficiency is 92% and stage efficiency is 88%. rpm. blade height at entry-6 cm. degree of rcaction-50%. aitial velocity-I SO
/\ssuming free vuneit now, de1ermine (a) air and b_lade angles of rolOr, (b) flow mis. Air angles at rotor entry and stator exit-25°. Assume forced vorteit flow.
CO·Ctlicii:nt. (C) lo;1ding CO•ellicient at lhC hub, mean and tip sections. Determine {n) rotor blade air angles (b) degree of rcaciion (c) specific work
J/\n:;: (a) 1r1.,,, == 7" <ll.111 "'' 50.2'', /11.m :o: 51'. /11.111 .- 1J', (d) flow cm:fficicnt und (e} loading cndlicient at the hub. mean und tip sections.
a1.1 : 5. l"a2.1 =40.99". /11.1 =60.7" . /12.1 =45. 2" , [Ans: (a) a1,111 =fl2.111 = 25" , a2.111 = =
/11.111 54.112u, au. =
fl2.1i =:?.0.05"'.
~
a1,r = 11.21°, a2.r = 62.68~ . /31.r = 32.75° . /J2.r .= -47.58" a2.11 = /31.h = 47.99", a1.1 = = lh1 30.64\ a2.1 =/Ju 60.98' =
· (b) 0.74, 0.53, 1.18 and (cl 0.75. 0.395.• 1.961 (b) 58161 Jlkg. 40389.4 Jfkg. 79164 J/kg.
4.41 . An axial now compressor comprises a number of similar stages with equal work (c) 0 .53 I, 0 .6711, 0.4 1K. 0.7929. (d) 0.505. 0.505. 0.505. .....
done per stage. ·nie axio l velocity remains constant throughout the compressor. (Cl 0.5. 0.5. 0.51
L / .....
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. ,,.vJ'uv>0.J1<J P::U~ .. ·"-",;.~: c'_)J1' 'J) c:;,;.7 r:' u·If' ;
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u7,,.J;i 5 ________
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AND --{::;>- 1..»l.-":>~_,~ L~r0/}
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-
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I -. !Jtb AxlALFLOWSTEAM
.. .. ,..., -
L-t.fl.../~_,,y ,g-~~-
GAS TURBIN ES "~ ~,:r~ --u; ~/~·-0 '~Ar"?,., ~IJ-•~'"1>
L -
L.~ •--',, (.C. '.
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J1.·:1:::r· u <1.'/) - 'l/1.Jl:;> (/.~~JJ~.; ul'/~~ltZ>,0;)
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~ INTRODUCTION
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., . . j '
.r:·) •/.~., t ":;-1, .~..·"'U '-'_?uf_r5/u< _,~ ,,!Ao- _t?~<- to:> if'.,;;1'
J- ~
. - ·
.,- I ' f "' u- · c..r
• , Axial flow s1eam and gas turbines are turbomachines that ·expand a con1inuously ·
- . , ,,. - I · . • I flowing fluid essentially in the axial direction. .
(__.··"1hl'..1~'- ~.J'L;'·' o>'u C,n1f "°-:' I 0 cJ 1;' -:') Deyelopm_e_nt Qf. !he axia) flow _$.lC!\ID..An(&.Y.l!!.~bine was hindered by the .~ 10 _..
l
I
oblain both~high flow rate and £Q..rnP.ression ratio {rp_f!!_I! comp.J~~r to...mainJ!in_the
..~i~guireme.n~e combustion I!!'OCess and subsequent expansion o(th~haust
tr
gases. Initially. the air was ·provided by centrifugal compresso ~ and laterl~.axia.1 -->
.Jlil"~P.°!P!.~OI.S were ~_evi:l.£pecl and used io;;iufbojet.engines, in~ch the oowcr \ :
~~.VE!opcd by 1hc·turbim: i~_partly us_e,P.J.o...IY..n.~!IJ; ~l:IJ~! ~0~ £9JEP..r~~-s~~};?, ~.,)~ j..:==::.. · I
o·'
Axial flow tu rbine has very wide applications ranging from aircraft propu £~1on 'to ·
~al and marine plants. In this chapter. steam and gas turbi nes are considered
together. with the assumption that the same theory applies to both types of machines. -l.~;__./,.J7)~"X.1 ~
l This is on ly valid. •When the nature of the steam
supcrhentccL~tntc whi ch is assumed to bch~n;an-ideal g;~~~-;~days. :E.I?:?~~
uscd·m
steam turbine exists in the
St•.l~t l11C'J:: ,Ls
~(steam tuthlnes varies from few kilow111ts to 660 kW. To huve a high power
outQl!l._!!ljr~!~ea11:d st~am usi'l~!!~rh~a~cr is made!Q.~d i the turbine~ bclo~
l atmosP-fil:I i!.;.ru:£!!.,'i!Jie in...ili~. !:9.l!~l)ser, to exl[!!_<:U~e m11ximum energy from the steam)
(ans turbines ur~ used as the power unit for large jet aircrnfipropuision. bccauS.: they_
tiave a very high power to weight ratio. In the case o~j e t propulsion. to have
L cnougii'jc'i'ilirus~ illgh-axi'iifVcfocltiC's arc desirable. Usually€e;ar ~~- the m~

<r.ows ofnozzlesand]}filcles are reqol~t But@lur6lnffWlllcn nrcuscCl"lii1ffiJuruial
r-Ql m~riiifiiJ.~equireJ.arge number of stages. ·This ls.required to rcduc~ the carry-
over loss, and to ~!!~<:_the .!!'~.'!..l!i!=_bJ3-d~to give the turbi_ne -~ ~ong_~9rld~ life.
L 2.t.e~_i:n,_1.~rJ>l!i~:U!! used i!l.{9ss~lfu~LP.2~L~!.9.ns,and~~_9...r:!x,en propulsion
.Jn_IDjps. although gas turbinc·propulsion units are often filled in the smaller class of
naval vessels.
..
L- DESCRIPTION
111c principle of energy extraction from the ga.~ is gradually reducing the high pressure
.;. energy by converti ng it into kinetic energy. This is accomplished by passing the gas
~
&J" alternately through rows of fixed and moving blades. kinetic energy of the gas is The
J
.._
,,r
J
18:? :;.. f .,
TuRUO MAC'lllNliS AXIAL f-1.ow STl:AM ANl>GAS TllllUINES " 1113
.:
'
reduced in 1hc moving blades, which arc auachcd 10 !he turbine hub and recovered in 'A row of stalor blades followed by a set of rotor blades is considered to be a s1agi:'.
1hc fixed s1a1ionary blades auachcd to 1he casing (Fig. 5.1). Thl! inli:t to the s talOr blades is designa1ed by the subscripl 0. Inlet 10 the rotor section 1s
l'd;<J~;:>- ~·:/;; c,.J~;

. I . ~
A·-._,:l·UL/
· , ·/I ;,L,(..Q:l11
...-;_·· I
- r-.•11
l --, -
L.._.,1/ l.P1J/
•
re ferred by subscript- I and outle1 from the rotor section is indicau:d with subscripi-2.
All Oow angles arc measured from the axial direction and care must hi: taken when the
Oow angles arc measured from the direction of blade motion i.e. tangential direction.
J
!;_ U'./ . I (The gas leaves the stator blades with absolute veloci1y...£.Lal an~and by
. ...p.~·;_,.,,
'.J.,,~; .smJY- Jf c.&;,i ..J'

suhtracting the blade velocity vector U, the relative velocity vector at entry to the rotor. 1.:J
"" _, ) .- ·- -. \V1 is determined. In moving across lhe rotor blade, the Oow dirc~iiQfl is changed and
tu/ '"iil'CPrcssurc reduce.CJ while the .!'?.!!.~lute velocity is decreased ims! futtL1:.lativc veloc!Jy
-shofl
~.. if u:_,
(f 4'.1)
cu-;. - )µ
~~~3sc.s. The ~.'!:!..~~!~e hlndc lnngent\ul!Y. '!.t_~!!.Sl~jth r.c;lutivc.vcJ~.t_y ~l·
-- ,Ycc1oriully subtracting the blade speed resulis in the absolute ve locity~ This is
now lhc inlc1 velocJ!Y. to the next stator row at angle a2 . which for a normal stage
]
S1a1or (or) equals Cont ao. - --... .. - . --- --: _ I -·- -
casing
~ '· ·' 1 ' t...· C..'Cr~· <5Jy' Ur...?
Figurl! S. J Axia/jlow 1urbint
The density oft.he gas gradually.Q.~~~e:§.l!§ me gas moves through the turbine, and
~p ~ '?~'(
Fnr a_normal stage
-- · ·-·- -·· · -~--~
IC2 = Co and a2 = ao I
- J
10 maintain a_~.Q!!§.~~m .;;ixi!lLtl.Q'!:'!'~. the blade height is increased 1owards the
low pressur~- end. ·
The sta1or row is often termed as the nozzle row and in cenain types of steam turbine
STAGE WORK AND DIAGRAM EFFICIENCY
The two veloci1y 1riangles arc superimposed upon each 01her in Fig. 5.3. The enl!rgy
J
the nozzle row consists of a set of converging nozzles spaced a,round the drum.
J
transfer is given by 1he Euler's 1urhine equation.
· Wh11e examining the flow-through the stage, the following assumptions will be made.
1. Flow conditions arc evat1:1a1ed a1 the mca_f! ~.unless otherwise stated.
Work done
2. Blade heighllmcan radius is small, allowing two-dimensional flow theory 10 be
1
' used. - ---- --- - -·--·
l
· 3. Radial vclocilies arc zero.
~- - Uz
P2
J
VELOCITY TRIANGLES FOR AN AXIAL FLOW TURBINE .
A single turbine stage and vcloci1y triangles arc shown in the Fig. 5.2.
Cu
Co r p 1 ):: 'VY , I
---.. . · 1
. -1 ......::t;•
c'
. ) . ·:-
J
-JJ. •· . 't. 1_.:' ~ · 1 t1 11 .1')
-( \ .. - ..
a0
\
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lJ £,
~I • CK1
J
I ::.~ ,·_ ":'! l._.!l UD' .I) c ;i, ' ( L.
f 3 St1(Jdi111poud vi•(ocity 1rain11ll.'s
Figurl!
.. , )<_ru ;., t c' ~~- ,- _Jifr,- II~I

<:!, U'f E = UCCx
. I
C.1 )/g: 1 - 2 (5. 1)
t4
?' ( .)1)1 1~ ' .-..

I
t},)
•
(.. 1' l _.i ... /
I 't
' ·~ .
J)
/· , , I
:.J.l ~-
U
~\) ~
) ,, /
u
/
;_,.u. ;u.,~Au; 1; , , t 0 ..,,.. ,
and sini.:c
~
c..1 is in the negative x dirci.:tion , the work done per unil muss flow is given
~ - ~~
J
,~)»,_ -'t--
I' L..o I
-
,
p
/:1...~);.. 1 i._y
Figurl! 5.2
U • C2<C 1.-ll;>
Vdociry 1rie1ngles for un a.rial flow gus (or sttam) rurbine stage
i
-(,.I.. _, -
· --,
Eg = W/m =
=
U(Cx 1 + C,l)
U(Wx 1 + W_..l ) ..
(5.2)
(5.3) J
.;.;/u__/;v.1; '-+" L- _!:J I- !,I iu..A..~- Ln'/-"t5 Liz>-::'~ ,,.~<±>
I ' .
J I H4 ,.
·(!dvJ~I -J.l1rue/Ciew1,:J
T1mno Mt\ClllNl:S ,_
/
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//
({)..k--u.!J
, . .
AXIAL F LOW STEAM ANDGASTURslNFS <( 185.
/'..-
'j"
' I
lfC,, 1 ':/: C,,~ there.will bean axial thrust in the Oowdirectio[!. However, it is ass.urned
thnt the axial velocity C,, is constant and therefore
as opposed to decelerating. The effect of bound_~ : ..!•.Y~~~~the turbine is
~.!igJ.Ple. For a normal stage in which Co= C2, 'tpe static iemperature drop acro ss
!he stage equals the total temperature drop. :c ,_,.:· -· .. • · ·
W/111 = UC,,(tana.1 + tana2) (5.4) i.e. . ... ·- . '"CTo ·-=-:r2 ",.,;Too - To2I Co= C2) .
.I 'Lrr U'-fw/ c~/ The turbine stage total-"t~·lotal isentropic efficiency is deftn&i 85 ha I
iu:.:;
j
or
f~1u1ttlon (~.~)
i W / 111
ill often rcforrcc.J to

= UC,,(tan /Jr +Ian fJ2)
u~ lhc di11gru111 work per unit muss !low und
(5.5)
,,,_, = Actual work done by the gas
lscntropic work done
h:-~o~
~.J,J -h (l')..'~)
associated with this is the diagram efficiency. Diagram efficiency (or) ,,,_, = (Too - To2)/(Too - To21.> (5. JO) .
Thus
Too -To2 = 111-1Too(I -To21./Too>
I!.!: ~
= UC_!V...x, + W,JLCCr/2l (5.6) ,_,]
The diagram efficiency is also called the 'ulilisntion-fa't tot'. The utilisation factor
Too - Toi = 171-1 [
Too l - (Po2/ Poo) • (5.11)
' I = ho2.,,1. we proceed as follows

L, is high in most modern turbines·and has a value between 90% and 95%. To prove that. across the turbine rotor ho1.rt1
The work done per unit mass flow rate is
h·s DIAGRAM FOR AN AXIAL //
' FLOW TURBINE ru'!Ae...D'
I ,,.
r_.)
I -
<..t.i..
W/m. = ho1 - ho2 (hoo = h o1 I
L The Mollier or h-s diagram for an axial
now turbine is shown in the Fig. 5:4. Total
h
-ho, ; hoo
Writing
c2
pressure Poo and total enthalpy /roo refer ho= h +
2 = h +cc~ + c;)/2
L 10 the stator inlet conditions. For adiabatic
now through the stator row or nozzle ring
lroo = lro1 but owing to irreversibilities, Then lro1 - 1102
·
= (111 - hi ) +
(c; -c;i) =
1
U(C.r 2 + C.r 1)
!:! 2
the total pressure drops to Poi at stator
~
M •
u
outlet (or rotor inlet). Expansion to Poi
(<ID
and total enthalpy '102 takes pince in the /q - hi = C.ri +. . C.ri (2U - CC,, - c,,>l
rotor similar to the axial Oow compressor.
l,
- • I I
In this case also <- A"'.,:'' J'l . 1,\ ,. ,. ..,t:.1 ~ C.q - U =W.r,
j 1ro1 .u/ = lro2,u1 I (J'
- ~-. I' -
b<_Jlft,..
I C.r2 +U = w. . l
•'f'hc work done per unit mass llow by the

+ W.r, {(U - c...,) + (U + C..ri>l
l gas is given by
W /111 =/too - 1102 = '101 - lro2 (5 .7)
or
P2 ht' - hi =
=
W.rz
W.r2 + W.r, [W..rl - W.r 1J

2
= - -- s
l W / 111 C 1,(To1 - To2)

. .....
(5.8)
--··--- '
Figurt 5.4 Mo/lier c/1artfortxpansion through
an axial flow steam or gas turbi11t stage 111 _ ,., = w..l -2
2 w2..ri
= W2 -
2
W1
i
·: Cn =constant
- ' 2
Substituting for W/m from equation (5.8) in equation (5.5)
~.
llizr ' lc 1,(To1 - To2) = UCn'ctantJ1 + tantJ2>) (5.9)
Hence.
Iho1.n1 = ho2.rrl j
It should be noted thal the work done fnc1m:!)..Jjui~..!l!§ed in equruion (5.9). This
l is because, In a gns or_stenm turbi_~eL.q.9~ .tl_ll'ough the blade passage is accelerating

---
)
u
186 ;.. TURllO MACIUNES AXIALFLOWSTEAMANOGASTURBINES <{ 187
' J
STATOR (NOZZLE) AND ROTOR LOSSES Therefore. (his - hiss)::::: T2(s21 - sis.>
..
...,~~w- -,......t.11t·-..~"·
~
j
wo isentropic efficiencies commonly used in axial now turbine work are And (/q - h1sl::::: Ti(s1 - s.,)
·I
1:0
I. Total-to-total efficiency . .. 'sy examining the Mollier chan. it is clear that
2. Total-10-s1a1ic efficiency
(S2,1 - S2ss ) = (s 1 - sis) l
1. Total-to-total Efficiency C1111>
So. substituting this in the ahove cqua1ion,
d
This is used when the kinetic energy at lhe outlet of the sta~ is utilised for producing
~· Examples for such cases arc the propelling no7.7.le of a turbo!CI exhaust, anCT = CT2/T1Hh1 - (.S. I .SJ
any intcrmcJiatc s1agc of a multi-s1ugc turhine where the leuving kine1ic energy is
(h2.• - hz..,) lri.l l
., ..._.,
usi:d in the following stage. In defining the efficiency, the temperature limits arc taken The dimensionless loss coefficients may be defined in two ways. ·- ·
h<!twccn tolal temperatures and hence it is referred lo as lotal-to-lotal efficiency.
,., . - - ? (I) For the nozzle
T/11 -
_ lroo - lro2 J,,v~ ,,,t1.....,,lJ' ~l? '.? ~/r1I
. •/ .J The enthalpy loss coefficient
Q
j
hoo - hoiss - ~ "' · · ·- "
\ ~11'..Y(_}J) . .?tJ ,,)lo.. - _,, n. r
ho -hi J_. · ,);;c.,,. ,~)J.i c.:./) vi7-"'~ I
LN =(hi - /q,)/(0.5>Cr I (5.16)
T/11 = [for a normal stage Co = C:!I
'10 - hiss
.
. (5. 12)
/ .. _ . I .:.. (or) the pressure loss coefficient

J
2. Total-to-static Efficiency Ct/is) c..PJ.j'LJA-1
-
' 0 I ,
_ "f
/ (_.~ c.;lu{__,!f" YN
This is used w_!!.cn the leaving_kinctic cncrgx is~· and,!!£n.C.i:.it is not utilis_~Jo
generate work. II is cJelinccJ as '1 ..,,. '>J
=
-
(Poo.. - ..-•.,Poi)/(Po1
= , (Poo -
-~ ........
Poi J
-.. .- .,Pi)
o:1~ "" ·-·
j Gpc?) .J
f-/;,t I r) ... . . - --- -~~· ..v:-4i' t--........
Tiu=
hoo - ho2
h _ h,
()() LSI
/
'.,J,-;/J7}
f ,,,__; {_:
...ss
(5.l:l) (ii) _F~.~·h·~- ro~9.r.
The enthalpy loss coefficient
.J
For a normal stage
:.0..(1-·LJ' J/,c.._'-/.r.- C0 = c~ and ao = a2 and I LR= (hi - his)/0.5Wf I (5. 17)
j
.. , \.·-
Upon rearranging ...:.d;'<.!' ',? , "js/ (or) thc pressure loss coefficient
I
T/11 =(ho - 112)/((/Jo - 112) +(Iii - his)+ (his - hiss)) (5.14) I yR = (Poi,,, - Po2,,,)/(Po2,,, - Pi>
Gj
~Ul considering, the Slope .of a constant pressure line On the h-s diagram given by
; I I , -·
· C,..-,,l ~• . .•.=
v-
....... - . ...... . --· . ··- . ..
(Po1, ,1_:- :.02~,1 )_

I (I
. ..
... lPW2
2)
(Dh/Ds)r ::::: T
TI1e value ofJJor~.1'...in the stator and rotor gives lh~rcentagc drop of energy due to ~
Tds = dlt - IJdp friction in the b)ndcs which results in a 1otal pressure and stallc en1halpy drop across
lhe hladcs. The ~s.c:s .are usually in the order of I 0-15 P.C~..\:.C<JlJ and in proportion
when p =constant with now c11efficient. Losses can he lower for very low values of now coefficient.
I
I I
T = (Dli/CJs)p
Total-to-101al efficiency is calculuted in terms of blnJe loss coefficient, equations Qll)
(5. 15), (5.16) and (5.17) being substituted in (5.14}

For a finite change of enthalpy l:ih at constant pressure
LH Wi c2 ) ] ·1
( Ti
~·· f •'l/~:(<TJ 11 =(ho - h2)/ [ (/io-h2)+~+
I ,I ,,I '• , p : (5.18)
!:ih::::: T6.s .• "- _,.!
2
T,LNT 1'. blJ
Xo °' \I \.u \Cu f °I ~ I .)
L 188 )> TURBO MAC"lllNl:S
AXIALFLOWSTEAMAl·IDGAST\JRBl'NES < 189 .
L lf rhc exit .velocity is not used. rhc 101ai

cocfficicnrs 1s given hy ·· --
(~__I;_liJtic ~ffo;iency..in.Jcrms_Qf blade loss Table 5.1
S.No Caugory Primtfacror 4> and 1"1 Turbint silt
and '1
~11
lroo - lro2
'711 =.noo - hi.rs 1. Stationary Specific fuel Low · Large and
industriat' consumption high
For a normal stage Co= C2 . Hence, turbine
i~
2. Aircraft gas Minimum weight and Compact
fro - lr2
,,,J : : .... -·c::i- -- turbine a small frontal area · High and low
fro + .lo. - h 2.•.•
Upon rearranging
Li N
2.5 ~r;
. ..... ~ rp 1' cJ'. ~/)
,-
I
+ -CJ r:' ,.61

::>
TJ13 = Ciro - lro - lr2 ::::::: 2.0 '(Ct.SV:b OJ;.~--:
h1) + (h2 - hi.,)+ (h2, - hi...,) 2 ' ::l
L From equations 5. 15. 5.16, 5.17· and the above cquarion. we get
\ 1.5
~
--.;. 1.0
, r-//C-!
L ~I TJ1s = (lro - lr2)/[(ho - 112) + - - 2

2
LRW 2
+
T1 . C2
- LN .....!.
Tr 2
+ cJ121 I
.
* (5.19}
(.)
~
II 0.5
BLADE LOADING COEFFICIENT

o o.5 !'.o 1.5 ' .
J. i/i. =~C0 /U })1.-,°;/1..PJ'f: eo...J, ' A t_.,, .... ~:;. t.l··C-"
b The work capacity Qflhc stage is expressed in terms of a lempcraturc drop coefficient
(or) 'blade loading coefficient'
- - ·- ·--····-
. _ /
u ~,· J>b
Figurt 5.S
. , . :,.
Bladt loading cot.lftcitnt versus flow coe.lftcimt ),;{ )'> _L./U,.c_},c>J
From' the graph of blade loading coefficient versus flow coefficient (Fig. 5.5). it is .)); J..,'.'>o); t.....;
. ,.- 1· , _ !
i.j;/.J';!'
;• . seen that. for a high total-to-total e ru:ncy..~ bl!lde loading factor should be as low : " · ·
b or
0 _[ (.:,.,1jJ,, I., t__>.·/
( l_,.; ~,~ . -
"'' = mU
w
- -2 =
Cp(Tor - To2)
U-, (5.20)
0 .
~p.os~~!~ · blade loading factor is low. the flow coefficient will be low, resulting ,..i f:-·Y-.1J.,J
in a high blade sp_eec!_<J1..-=...C.n.l!PJ. which is consistent ·with allowable blade stresses. , ) f.,)
However, the variiltion o~ with slighLYariation_in the ~· is very ·small. This / ~./
if
Co... -= r::p CJ_? UJLJ
is true for wide choice of~i?clioOilUios. In contrast,(1hc tot';if.to-static efficiency i~/Jt;~G
u... - • f -
L- 1/11 = C11 (tan .81+tan .82)/ U heavily dependent upon the·rcaction ratio-and ·,,1; • cnn be optimised at a given ·..;,
by choosing a suitable value of reaction) ' . . -
_ -:
· .>/!A~
·
I411 = tf>(tan .81 + tnn /Ji) I (5.21) 1 I
b
/
where t/J is lhc.JJow.c.ui:ffLcku.L BLADE TYPES . , ,1 . ·'' •.c.
1.
. <5' -:/f} u ::J--l'...?t/ ?' 0 '
The implication or a lciw now coefficient is 1ha1 the frictional losses arc reduced in Steam turbines are usually im.P.ulse or.Amilruulu2f.imRJtl.sc and reaction stages whereas
lhe stage. since, Cn is low. J!.L decreases with the decrease in¢>. This implies I~ gas turbines tend to be always of tbc.r~Jl..1l'.J2s:.
b a..filll.ail_.a111Q_un1 of work is c!_one per stasc. H.c nce:for a required overall power output,
a large nl!IDJ?er or stages arc rcquii:£f!.
filSl:iffonaryi~lriaf power plants where the specific fuel consumption is or prime
The _Ercs~~ ~~lio of st~8:m turbines can be of the orde~ of .1.000. : I but for a gas
turbi ne ii is usually within the order of I 0: I. So it is obvious that a vecy Ion& steam
...lUrbine with ':!1-~· reaction sJ.l!gC$ would be rcquirccl to reduce the pressure by a
j_i:np~ a_!~_rg~_dia.'!.lc.).~. relatively long rurbi_l)e ~J!.<2..'Y coeff!f.~l!t andJo.w ratip of I000: I. If tfl~ pressure drop per stage is made large to reduce the number of
~· blade IQflding, giving a high efficiency, would probably be accepted{Whercas, gas

turbine used in .aircraft propulsion have minimum weight and a small'rrontal area as
stages. the bl ad.~ le~e I~~ would incr~ an~ .1~.~~ reduced efficiency(Thercforc
.reaction•stages are used where the pressure drop per stagi; ~and also where the·
chief factors. This means using lilghcr values of flo w coefficient and blade loading overall pressure ratio of the turbine is relatively low (as in an aero-engine in which .
factor to give a shorter compact turbine. Bui as a consequence, the efficiency is lower. ·or
~
three (or)-four reaction stages (or) near 50 per cent reaction at the mean radius arc
The foregoing discussion is summarized in the following table. employed). So, the shni}c of the blade varies with the different lypes of stages.
'\
'(>t~"~ ,'
J
-~
J
190 , TulUlO MACJllNES
- • I ,' / _;. . " A )( IA l.Fl.OWSTIOAMANOGAS TURBINES ... l91
IMPU.LSE BLADING VJ"!: u --;,_;; ·~ ., .t...1.-.Y C, '/~
Moving blade This equation indicah:s 1ha1 lhe Q.Q£.t.le q,l)gle a 1
The entire grcssur~p._QfJ~gas_oc9fil
Uu~-~. In the rotor thc gas velocity Non.I
le
J ~ll!l!!!.9..h.~. )i:;.~pmg;ible. the ideal being
~· DuLa1 is limiled b..y_f,.,. Large a,1 means -J
changcs the direction but not magnitudc. ..... , ·"" ,.; smalkr ·c,,' resuhing ip longer blades t.9_ac-
~ I _constant
l
\
J ' ·'If ( .l~J(r-<"'t_.' ~jl)

4
lmpulsc blading is employed successfully commodau.: lhe required mass flow ralc. l)pi- area pus.age
at the high-prcs~-urc end of stcam turbines. cal nou.l!:_a_nglcs arc her ween 65_",.and 78° (The
J
\
A>U t~ ';._;1(_))_.... .!J!.!.!!.r hlade passages arc us ually of COflSl.~t·

The vcl~.i.ty_<!f.ili.~~-~<;~.n:i. !sl ru:rcased in the Inlet 1-e - ·' /. - .
~onv~~~I ~~~le r~w lo perha~800 mlsec Pr J..:'(Jf u~U-1/' ~\Y!!!.!.!l~ci£,~ ion (rig. 5.7) wi1h
bc;~.cril).g tbc rowolades ana pass1iig inlet angle (/11) and outlet angle (/Ji) of 45~.
through them ntcpnsrnm P.~.!!_S.!:!_re. A simple
impulse turbine is shown in Fig. 5.6.
Diagram t:fficiency is given by equation
Delaval turbine is an example of impulse tur·
bine.
,)
Figure 5. 7 11111111/u turbine b/udn
··~"(_~ {~; ~..).) _1.-; CJ.,.._,,,
J
5.6. COMPOUNDING (OR) STAGING I • " ; /
f
)_,, . .'L ; JV
I. . . •
C? ':').1 ( )?; <r'-')
. lnlc1
vcloci1y
t.S' -:;') i/'J~/)
~~-P~(.(~/ -1'-
The l:'..!tl,Q,city of s_!..c am_colcr.ingJhe.lYT..P-!!le ~-~~ry high , i.e. in the ordt:r of
D)/.L
j
Figure 5.6 Pressure velocity diagram J, ~. if 1hc cnrire pressure drop from boiler pressure 10 condenser pressure is
for a simple impulse wrbine ; 1 : carried our in a single stage noa.le as in s imple impulse turbine (Delaval rurhinc).
j
. - )
r-~~~~~~~~~~-, \. . I ,I t..::.Jl l.,./ L-J / .)',)// ~uroiru;_sp~rectly_groportional lo the s_~ocity, the turbine speed
'1Dingrnrn = U(WxI1 +2 Wx2) !.

is incrcascd as a rcsulr of high steam vclocity. Spced may be in the order of 30.000
-c, lQ_m. Suc.b high r1.1m of the..J.u.r.Q!~_rgtors_!!_[C_!!.Q!-U~I f9!:_P~~lic1.1lp~~:~ a ana

2 ~J<!--"c/ · • •{ >( I .'() ' / .; ;/)
reduction gearing is necessary between the rurbinc and the generator dnvcn by lllt:
W, 1 + W.r2 can be rearranged as
W.i +W,z =
Wr sin P1 + W2 sin lh
(Y·' c.:.. t.: c)
-
1
_,-:· J [.
-
~ '-'~<...°J.~:··Y
turbine. 1.:!1crc is also u daJ!Si:r of SIQ!E.ll.lrul fail11rc.Q.( rhc b)adi;Ji. duc to cxccssive
ccntrifugal stress. Therefore the vclocit).' of the blades is_li_mited 10 about 400 mis.
is-
The veloci ry of the steam al rhc exit"of ih~turbinc nls~ high.-;hcn a single stagt: of
J
pulling P1 =Pi .for impulse or zero reaction
+w..2,;,, w, sin P1CI +WR) blades arc used . T~is gives rise lo a considcrnble loss of kinetic energy of aboul 10
w...
y.'herc · WR· is the relative velocity ratio
~Jt-F..~2/ ~
( ;L' 10 12%. .
These difficuhics associated wi1h the use of ~inglc stage turbine for large pressure
drop and high speed is solved by compounding i.e . 1he use o f more rhan one stage.
J
W.r1 + W.r2 =(Cr sin a-1 - U)(l +WR)
Therefore, The types of compounding or staging arc
(n) Jlrcssurc compounding: The lO!_al pressure drnp.olit~.~r:n .!~_divided into stage6.
~
I
°'If')) ..
d
2U(C1 sin a- 1 - U)(I +WR) -~ l · '·?,_A,, r <.,,.-' ·. 11 (b) ~Pc.iJy compounding: Thc_ iot~l !!nlhJ!Jpy...J!.r_Qp. is_col)_V_y!'J_C:.c.i intq_kinctic energy
'1Diagr.am = ci . ;:,,'-'. ,, ' in one stage but rhc £Q_~c:_rsion of kinetic energy of steam into mechanical cnccgy j,
I Ii · ,., .dOO!lc.d..iD.IQSlJlgcs . - - · · · · -- - I
= 2 [ (U/C1)sin a-1-(U/Cr) 2 (I+ WR) .
] r .. .-. ·,, J,.:._,11r/J
- (5.22) _.. (c) Pressure and vcloci1y compounding: TI1c 101111 pressure drop of steam i~ divided cJ
/ into stages and the vcloci1y obtained in each stage is also compounded. This has the
·
For maximum d'1agram e1,~fi1c1cncy,
· d1·rlierenllatc
· t11c a bovc equauon · h respect 10 '.A ~A..J-
· Wll
advanragc of allowing a bigger pressure drop in each stagc. Consequently less s1.age:i
(U(Ci} and equate to zero. TI1cn sin a1 - 2U /C 1 0 or = are necessary and a compact turbine will suffice for a given pressure drop.
/ t;;.,J
a= U/C1 =sin a1/2 (5.23) (5 ,/ t _-:. ';--'-'.....
where <1 is blade 10 gas speed rario. 'Jnus, TWO STAGE PRESSURE cqMPOUNQ,ED , .· . . .
IMPULSE TURBINE o;,\!_.j , ,•·.. -r- - ~-!;-Ju ''' 1"/ I....... ,..Jp_,.1 1 ~_,Jl../f'.
I
; I
.>/;- I 11m11.r.di1111 = [sin 2
ar/2] x (I+ WR) ty. A number...Qf simph~ im~l.~urbincs stages, arranged in series is known as R!Q.SUre
~
. For an idcnl turbinc, WR =I . compmmding. In this, two stage pressure compounded impulse turb~._ t\\'.O impulse
-.!!!tbinc (simple) arc placc.q in scrics{ The lurbinc is 'provided with one row' of fixe l\JRBO MACHINES
,.-
-~··S
I - -
.
AXtALFlOWSTEAMANOG/\STURBINES ~
~ CJ U-•·de l.lru!E!-6
193
p~sstiredrop of tb~m takes place in.~_1]._~~~S9~~}>f fi.~~~ince they all

L work as nozzles. ,:;l-l!t<~ S!ol.N fi.uf d
Nozzle M F M
Nonie M F/ M
-I> ,.vo-i:z.lc:- cc-·>/'
i'J'\ olfl~ J.lr>. J. 1:~<: 1

c...,1i · •_., •
L -e-- ,-Jo?..Z /e C.YJ/l

/
( . l(
. ,,.
,.~{! l I(;(>(~;
, .
(JVJ I 7
- --: ' .
.
,
~ : './-~'_ -.t.:<'1.> f ~I) y Lr I UJJ,t.J; L.. . / J_;;
t 'JI" < II II I
I
Specilic volume
">·/JcY_?~cf:" 1,., ~)
~. . ' /./ .
.::;;;t [_µ {
''
bi l-1 'c I Spccilic volume

,.,. l~IC'fl • 11 11 II 1 *:'\ WE,it •rlocily
C:onJ. Conclen"'r pre.1urr
L Condenser
Exit veloci1y
Figure 5.9 Pressure, velocity and specific volume diagram of rwo srage velociry
compounded impulse t1'rbine
pressure Example for .vel_oci~y5~m~un*d impl!lsc_turbine is •gJ.J!JJS...IllRJl.lt'J:'.
L
Velocily of
steam al inlcl ll1c~cific volume of the steam remains const.aor :t$...l~ows alo.ng.J!lc axis
of the turbine. Hcncc •. !htllade.llci.gh!ds.samc...in=all-Fews.
Fiiun 5.8 · Pressure, 1•eloci1y and specific volume diagram for" h"o stoge pressure (The velocity COf'!!P.Ounded turbin~.v!r.e. mai '!_IY..!JSCd as drivcslor ccntrifueal com·
compounded impulse turbine •
. .E!..essors,..2.!!.!!!E.s,.small generators and for driving feed pumps in ~g Power unilS.J
L As the 2ressure of the steam gradually decreases, the specific volume of the steam
graWy increases. Theref;m, th~ bl'!_<!e. h.<.!fa'1tJi11.s !O be i.l!CO!'.C!~,.£9._t.Q~ll.i:..d.~ !~C low
NM~lic
.
; <)_,'u UJJ/L.»:·
. /
, -~~-
:;..ow- .
) ./
pressure.side. ..
l~-
The pi~ssure and velocity variations across the turbine are shown in Fig. 5.8. ,-)' .,./OJ t...JJJ,1 V j(
Exa'!1ples for this type of turbines are '!lAT~AU TURBIN~~ and ·~9ELL".f .1:~R- ....'"''," ";' - -I :
n~. - / /
6~ ,t_,.. ~__..~
U /C~ L..JJ;> (SI ':'
•
;.o -
,.>' :/ 1 .OJ/ U,
/"
TWO STAGE VELOCITY COMPOUNDED IMPULSE TURBINE
l1f > ·1 , Jt :.. ,, I \,, _.l 1.J
The arrangement of a two stage velocity compounded impulse turbine is·shown in the
Fig. 5.9. There is only one set of no7.zles and two or more rows of moving blades (in
b thi~ cue two mwA of n;ioving hlades). There is n row of fixed blades in hctween the
m~adcs-as shown in Fig. 5.9. The function of the fixed blades is onlx to direct
the steam coming from the first moving row to the next moving row. So, lbC.s.~re also ~.....\MMJ
known as ~Guide blades' /The enthalpy drop takes place only .in the ~ozzle ot the first W•1c
L stage and it is converted lhto kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of the steam gained
in the nozzles is successively absorbed by the rows of moving blades and finally the
steam is exhausted from the last row of the blades.
roft>f'
~ The variation of pressure and velocity of the steam along the axis arc also shown in
the Fig~ 5.9.
l!lil'
Figurt 5.10 1Wo stage vt!locity compounded impulse turbine
~J
~- -'
""il~·I
.. I ;d;,I
~ -·"I(_~ I , j-' fJ ~f/;;
1~.i ;... TllRUO MAClllNl:S AXIAl.fl.OWSTEAM~1o_;ASTURUINES .;;'. i95

J
VELOCITY TRIANGLES OF THE TWO STAGE IMPULSE TURBINE DIAGRAM EFFICIENCY OF A TWO STAGE CuRTISlTURBINE
' ·----_,/
The vdocit~ triangles for a two stage impulse turbine arc shown in Fig. 5.10. Fig.
5. 1O(al and <bl show the combined velocity triangles of each stage.
Work done per unit mass flow from the first row of moving blades is given by ]
(W/111)1 = U(C.r, + C.r 2 l
...-----Work done r- )I
'..) !'-'\_,' ( !§ ~ b .:'. •
Ir- I
= U(C1 sin a1 + C2 ~in a2)
"'~ J
.- ' I .
' '-' 'V -'l' C:- = U ((W1 sintJ1 + U) + (W2sin/32-;- Ul] (5.25)
'·
Ct:'._$~cf~l~J>.Jj ~:11;(_;J -1~ Assuming symmetrical blades with no friction loss. \V1
------- ---- ---- = W2 and /11 = /12
·..0J
/
• --_. -- --- ( /_: ; .1 "

1
i.· .t':> (. I ' ·. .JJJ
(IV /m)1 =
=
2UIV1 si n.81
2U(C1 sina1 - VI (5.26> J
u lo-<.•2-tt . • - . - - - - ·' ...,, Work done from the second row of moving hlades,
Figure 5.J(J(a) S11peri111pu:red 1•e/11ci1y triwrglesfo~ first s1;1h·'"i
Then! is always a certain loss of vc- \ C~-'' 1,..: .1.•;<..·~..~,, .1 i .-
C';(. ._:: ~ ', ·u /,/1 ,
, 1.. •
( ' ···- r>. rJ 1
(W /mh = V<c:, + C~ 1 l
= ucc; sin a;+ c;sina;) ~5 . 271
J
locity during the now of steam over the , ··
hlado.: and this loss is tako.:n into account
by 1n1ro<lucing a fac1or called blade\'£;.
j.1.!£fn· coeffid.e11J_ -
111 ..-"·2
-11'2
·- J
Assu111111g tha1
--
c; = a; =
=
- --
C2. a2 and a~ = 90".
U(C2 sina1) (5 .211)
...:."1
I
lllac..le vdodty cuo.:nicien1 (~ is I,-.. l --•- I' L'> f .
Equa1ion (5.27) can be wrillcn as
yivo.:n by.IVR = IV1/1V1 .
\ The n!la1ive_vel~ilY--Qf...S!£.!!ID in the: u = U ( (IV; sinfi; + U) + (IV~sinp; - U>I "-"'
'mpulsc..lutbinc.blade remains coosli!nl) ~-- ·- ....... .
as the s10.:am glides over the blades (or) Figure 5.JO(b) Suptrimpoud 1•doci1y lf~L~!j)<~c:trical bladesi and 1~=:._:~i (no blade friction), then
is ro.:duced slightly due to friction. triangles for second stage
CW / mh = WW{sinp;
In reaction turbine blades 1he steam expands as ii flows over the moving blades. This
incrcaSt!s the relative velocity of steam. · IV 1 sin fi 1 =
, I c'1 sin
• a 1' - u
-. I ~ ,
l w, > IV1 (Reaction-turbines) ,

· l\'; :5 IV1 tfor ·lmpulseturbines) ' ":..lfu ~!..tt1>,' · ·~ c• '.J.·•;r-~~ :_...-1 ~: ,{ J,J .. _.,
Powo.:r f•\r 1he l wo rnws of hlades = nr U ( l:.. W , 1 + A IV,, 11 )
whl!n:
;:-;•• •i1 1,;'y
Bui from equation 5.281
And
c; sin a; = C2 sin a2 I ~
I
6 \V , 1 : change of velocity of whirl of blade row 1 ( \V2 --.. W1) c~ ~111 O'~ \V2 s111 /l2 - U
A IV, 11 : change of velocity of whirl of blade row 2 <W2 - w;> · W1sin/11 - U = l.lLJ
lll:iJi: (or) Jiagrum i:lfo:io.:ney = 2ll(t>W,, + /b (C1sina1-Ul-U =

'0_J GV );{JY: AW.r,,l I
-. ~ c[ t'. , . •r ~ . · -.,/ ' , , = C1sina1-2U
Y'l1 :: vJ i.. ' I:> • ' ""' ,
• • - - ? , <>' , :.. 0( i J <'< '- ~ ".l u ; r , _c'J.
,# ~
Therefore.
Nute 1ha1 1he ~ufcrence here is s1ill 10.1he kinetic em.!G~ .o.f the inpul_fil~~~ /2)
= 2U(C1 sina1 -
L
(W/mht 2uw; si n ,8; 3UJ (5.29)
IEnd 1hrus1 = m(t.C., 1 + t.C., 11 ) I '""'!VICI ..~ •
The total work c..lone per unit mass now

•• ,_.
whC:re (W /111) 111 ,.,t = (W/ 111)1 +(IV /mh

6C., 1 =change in axial veloci1y of blade row I.
=
/\C-,, 1; d1anj,!e in :uial vdocily of hlndc row 2.
._____..
N1111! thnt ____
L'llho.:r ___
C,, ___
_ _ _____....--,._._ -....._
1 (ur) C:,, 11 cnn he positive (or) negulive .
-'---"'---
=
==
2UIC1 sirw1 - l/ J + UllC 1 sina1 - 3UI
2u12c, ~inu 1 - 4UI
(5.30)
L
'
J 196 ~ TllllllO MA\"lllNES
AXIAL FLOW STEAM AND GAS TURJllNES ' 197
For a two singe turbine, ·.

J I c;;;,--
6 =---~= --cf1_2--
2U[2C1 sin a1 - 4UJ
REACTION BLADING
~pressure rcd_uccsJhroug.b succeeding stator and rotor rows, the velocity is in-
creased at the ex nse of rcssurc dro and this necessitates a blad1• JlM'i-3ge that is
= s (~J sina1 - (%1Y

convcrgcnr towards the outlet. '
U!!'
16 (5.J I) £gc5.0.m:.r. C!;!lt r~ic!iQn.llje Q and. rc;>.to~.b!\l.~~c;s .~JI!. be the. s.~~.(whercas zero
reaction implies im uls _o t r blade "ith co.,nstant cross· sectional nrca pass.ages and
= 80' sin a 1 - 1617 2 no change in flow vclocit'l·.. c~.QLl.00.pcr cent implies that thc stator blades arc
l~
q(jbc constant arca'im~ypc. The il'.!!!=JJ~ng!~-.dl..iouht: reaction blade is almost
where O' = !!_. is lhe blade speed ratio. zero (/11 :::::: 0) while thi: profile of the back of the blade is almost linear..
. c, ., '
four muxlmum cfllc1c11t:y, ) >,-' /J (~( "... .
1/
/ •
l~~
d11.i;.,
-J;,-· = ()
:. Ksina1 - 3217 = () (5.)2)
si na1
a,,,"
L
=
-_.:....1..1.-Pll~~J~~·
The maximum diagram efficiency is
<.~~~ =
8 sin 2 aq
6 si~
2 a, ,, ===-
L ~ '~ - tJ
=
----1 - -
__ 4
. 2
16
....._.... Sin O'I
....,_.,~
(5.33) ~
----~-----·--·--'-------
Figur' S.11 Reuclion bladinR
Almost straight
at trailing edge
The maximurn. ~o_!'k_ donc is

l ~_0= 2u (2c (~)-4u J 1
Reaction blading is oftel'! shr9_1,1Jte.d.!lt tbe:..tips•.cspccially if the blades arc ~ong. This
alds in prc:jc'fi1ing cxcessi~e~~ibration by tying the blades lcigciiicr-andi}i"u'S"changing
them from cantTie~crs i~·bladcs .fixed at bOrhends (Fi.g. 5. i I): ..... . .
/
= 2Ul4U) = 8U 2 _,;,.
J. _,c>I •pJ., ) Jo vi -er•
, ll'l
l
(5.34) --e- .)-1•/
. c..' I . '
,,-'.· "/ i:· f ,ro<·_r
THE REACTION TURBINE
-;
From the foregoing analysis, we can write, in general. for ·n' rows of blades lhc
optimum blade speed ratio Construction of the reaction lurhlnc Is somewhn1 diffen:nl froin that of the impu lse ·
turhinc. I /
- I ~·j:../ 1 '-"6-'lt:!,>'0b=. ~ J
L- ~ I'\
I
CS'f 0'0111=~
sina1
(5.34a)
11 n 11 11 ) Dircctiun uf <!
"i"
IQ>(J..')/ ,_/,-.) ".J ,/ ~..
. /'
p!J'
:
s1c1m flu11t ,., - /' "'"

( I I ''t' • ,.. ,.. t J _. ·-
w. Work done in the lnsl row = __!_. of toial work. f I )'j ')1Y ·-.:.><J/?' ~'f..t) {Q.. •'!. ;,
t"lj!r - . . . --Z!
'J'f1us I'or n I Itree row vc Ioc1ly . lI1c 1'd ca I O' = -
. compoundcu·' turbmc, sinai- an d 11e
. (J
I Iasl
2nd Stage
~j;/jl~.
row nf hlndcH would du only l/l!lh of the ltllul work .
l- a
~
Comparing
= sin4ai
. lh c re Ialmns
. a = -2--
sm ai for a smg' Ic stage 1mpu . ··1sc turb',
for a two row impulse turbine, we find that for the same blade speed
me and
. fixed blade Moving blade
.'I . ~i\'
I
·r'
~
:Figure S.12 Reaction 1urbint ...!
l and the s~mc nozzle angle, the steam vcloci1y al the nozzle exit (Ci) of two rows
velocity compounded impulse turbine is twice 1ha1 for a simple impulse turbine.
Since blade work is proportional 10 kinetic energy, 1hcore1ically the work of a two ·
\E~scntially, the reaction t.urbinc consists of rows of blades mounted on a dru(~. These:
drum blades arc separated by rows of fixed blades mounted in the casing.} .
row CURTIS singe is four times that of a simple stage. for the same blade speed.
l~
.
1 I
; / I)/ (_ (,_.:..:- !.. :··· J 1_r-1J(.,JY
I
0
/
.
]
198 ;> TuRBO MAClllNliS
Unlike chi: impu\Se turbine.~C?. no~lt;~~3.!!C:.~J~'!l~nlc:9...in a rea!dion curbine_,_

AXll'IL Fi.ow Sn:l'IM ANnGASTURntNES <I ,199
This, expansion in the moving blades of a reaction turbine gives an extra reac~on
J
The fixed blades ~cl ~.!..!.l~E~~--~~-~ich che veloci!Y. ()fJ!l~ -~!~_am is .ir.i_cr~ased and to the mo_ving _q!i!,_d~ over that which would be obtained if the blades were impulse.
1hey._also.direc.t..1he ~~sorrecc_ly onto the mov_i!!itblades. ·
The diameter of both rotor and casing varies (increases) towards the low pressure
This extra reaction gives its name to 1hc turbine, the 'reaction wrbine'.
(! n a re.action turhine .a stage is made up of ii row offixed bladt:s followed hy a row
j
side. This~ ·· mainly due 10 increase in specific volume, as the pressure of the steam or moving blades. Steam -.;;cclcration usually occurs in both the fixed and moving
decreases. The steam velocity in a reaction turbine js not very high and hence the
speed of th turbine is relatively low-)
A rcnc:tion turhinc is illustrntcd di11grammu1ically in the Pig. 5.12.
hlade rows and hence the stcam.riassage bc1wccn the hladl!s arc noule shaped. So,
~~or rcuct.inn 1uri;in~ differ rrani- 1h~-i-0T1"h~-r;;pulse wrbT~~:-
There is an en1halpy drop in the
----- J
In this turbine. the power'is obtained mainly by on impulsive force of the incoming _ ~during its passag£.through the
I D
~/(\}lJ~ v(J~ ..
_s_tcam _and small reactive force of the outgoing steam. -·- - - -·· -· -
.:l.10.J!e>o F M I' M
·· - - - -- - · hladcs which produces the acccler·
a1i1in .; The extent In which lhc cn-
llwlpy drop occ.urs in the moving
11, ....
+-UJ J
'. . ". . ~.
/ hladcs is called 1hc ' de~re'' 1~( re11c·
1". t:>J,)</ '/'~.r c.? ~-l.l,~ ..,.,
J
/
.. - tio11'. i - ··
?
u-
l ~- '.I l ' . ; _, \ It~_. . ",~)-:I ) i r 50 1.if of the cnlhalpy drop m:curs
) l.00 ..r:u""'J- v_,.v ~J
. . ./
/ . ..,..
- :--t
/
"( : '
.. I
in thcsglliVTOjfliTi@~? the Slil)!e will
be said 50'7.- rcac1jon Sljlgc. A 50% .
A
.
u
ll
. .
.
. •. ·(lctl 1.t.JZ> ~/
·-
1n1c1
pn:ssurc
t....l-,;e-t?·{,, u~ ..r _,__,
_,
. rtZ> . . ~
reacuon stage t~.!1~0-~.£.0!!!J!12.n a10
react inn turhinc. But in an jrnpul.sl!.
fnr u reaction 111rbi1 e --1
Figure 5.14 Supu1111poud l'einnt_v trwn8ft'S
Ret7 ~fivl 1 : .SQ J

:- I - 1-· - I - r_ ,1,1,,C.:,,. turhinc. the cntirc enthalpy drop occurs in the fixed hlades. '
~f:, ~- >. la<>1)',)/ p"' u..P y 1 _~ ·rY-.'1
-
- •· 1· ;..-·1 ;,1 <."G
-
· f'~vt»..,'';.."''
. . . _,, i!(,f cl,,.
-
..,..
)--.
< r
VELOCITY DIAGRAM FOR REACTION TURBINE STAGE
. ( - . :
The velocity diagram for a n.:adion turbine stag!! is illustrated in the Fig. 5.14. The
J
;r-r_/ ~,,q_; f:
_,1 ,
-
l-•()r(. ;.'· 1-, I
diagram illustrated is symmetrical, showing equal accelerations in both ' fixed and
-/ - lnlcl
vdoelly
Exit velocity
movinl! hlmlcs and hence 1his diagi:_~m jllY!i!rn\..e_!!__thc condj1joo of 50% n•ac1ian..,_
Due 10 ~S«;~_le[atio'! i~ the moving blades W2 > W1 and thus. other things being
J
cqual. thcrc is a J;!rcaterchange in velocity of whirl over that, which would he ob1aincd
Figuu 5.13 Prtssure and velocity variations across a reaction turbine
The.-iln~!l8Jllluh:l!..~3Qjc~j_gncd lo hove the· reactive fore!! of thl!

.leaving steam. 1b accomplish this area of the outll!I bl!tween the two moving blades
·wi1h impulse hlauinl!. Velocities arc however. lower than thal , which would be found
111 1111pubc turh111c~ .
(wi1h 1hc symmctric:il diagrilm illus1ra1cd, 1here is no chanl;ll! in vclm:ity of /low ;rnd
J
~iJuced lhiln 1hat ill the inlet Fig . 5. l 3(a). hcncc no enu thru~t due ltl this phenomenon)
Howcvcr in a reaction turbine, there is a prcssurc drop across each stage and due to I
~L~
this. together with the blade annulus nrca presented, an end thrust will result. ·~J
)~)
As with 1he impulse turhine
Moving blaJcs or ~
Moving blades or
Power = /11 U (change in velocity of whirl) w.J
impulse turbine reaction turbine
Figure 5. J3(a) End thrust (due to velocity change)= m(change in velocity of now)
However the stage efficiency must he relatell to the energy availahlc Ill the stagc.
This pressure and velocity variations across a reaction turbine is shown in the Fig.
5.13.
In this case energy availabll! to the stage is given by tl.11 =Sp. en1halpy drop in stage. .....
Stage efficiency
(The steam also expands in the moving blades)of a reaction turbine with consequent
pre:;:i;ure drop nod vcloc:ity increase in thei;e moving blndes. ·n1is is unlike the impulse
turhine ~here the pressure drop tukcs place in the nou:les only und not in the turhinc. ''"h, -- Work Linne in stugc
En1halpy drop in stagc -
L 200 ).. TU1tll11 Mi'.C'lllNl!S AXIALFLOWSTl!AMi'.Nl>GASTIJMUINllS ..( :?01
- · mU(W,. 1 + W.r 2 )
L ...;: I Stage.efficiency
-
= U(W..
111(6'1)
1+ W.r 2 ) .,
(or)
_ 2w2 - . w,
-
,
2
2
(5.38)
!",
6h
L STAGE EFFICIENCY OF A REACTION TURBINE

Substituting equations (5 .37) & (5.38) in equation (5.36).
2(2UC1 sina1 - U 2)
'1111111• = 2w2 - w2I
(5.39)
The stage efficiency of a rca~tion turbine is the rntio of work done 10 the energy input 2
L 'lst•s• = cl
u cw.., + w.. l)
( w,2 _ Wt) (5.35)
Using cosine rule.
W~ = c? + U2 - 2UC1 sina1
__ t + -··· -2-·· and W2 = C1
2 .
L Rewriting ,
Equation (5 .39) becomr.s
2[2UC1 sina1 - U 2 J
= 2ct - (Cf+ U 2 -
L
1'1stt1Rt
2UC1 sincq)
U<W.ri +
'111111:• = ci _ c2
I
-2-
2+
(w; _wi)
-
W.r2)
2
I +-
Ci
2
(5.36)
=
2[2UC1 sina1 - U 2 ]
(Cf - ui + 2uc, sin at)
~LJ For a turbine of 0.5 reaction, =
2(2UC1 sina1 - U 2 +Cf - CrJ
(C~ - U2 + 2UC1 sina1)
.,
C1 = W2 and C2 = Wi 2c 2
L at =
Considering the numerator of equation 5 .36 U(W,. 1 +
/Ji ant.I cx2 = /3t
w..2 ) , or
= 2-
(Cf -
I
U 1 +2UC1 sina1)
l~
l
w_,1 + w,,1 = cc.. U> + w..2 ' ( .,,. . ,, . I' _,P' . ( ~ r/J = 2- u u
=
1 -
C1sina1-U+W2 s in,82
I '"
(_ I -
I
.
1 ; i J:
~~ (.
_..~.,..,...v_2.,.:_Lc1l...:_~.f J.-5.i.~-~~..
2
2 (5.40)
. -.
fl~r
(or) I ~ I I '
- 2 - - - -2
- I -a +2osina1
w_,., + w..l = c, sin a1 u+
~here a = !!... called the blade 10 gas speed ratio.
- C1 sin CXJ
=
r-
b : . U(W~ 1 + Wx1 ) =
2C1sina1-U
2UCt sin a1 - U
2
(5.37) ----c,
Maximum Stage Efficiency
2
Considering the denominutor of equation 536. This is found from the term I - a - 2a sin a1 .
This term should be maximum for the "Is to~ maximum .
c2_t-_c2 ci
2+ wi2 - wit +--1 wi_2_
- wi wi2 - wiI wi
b 2
_
2 2 = 2
_1 +
2
+-I
2 .. -dris
da
= -2a - 2 sin
. a1 = 0.
= Wf- Wf + (~f)
:. a = sina1
(5.41)
Lr ' So,
= wf - ( ~?) '1m11.r .1111R•

-- 2- I _ sin 2 a + 2 sm
. 2 a1
2
1
~
tr.J
J
......
. :!02 > TURDO MAC"lllSES
_ Cu(tan lh
AXIAL FLOW STEAM ANOGASTUIUltNES <(
- tan tltl .
203
' J
= 2- 2
I+ sin 2 at
2 sin <rt 2
-
t/J(tan tli
2U
- tan .Bi> (5.46) j
11111 11 \ ..\
15,.4:!) _ 2 . .. .. - -
I +sin 2 a1 .
J
·~ ~ · ·· • 11 • -
Equation (5.4(>1 can he rearranged into u second form
REACTION RATIO
R = \V,., - W,,
111c n:uctiun .rutio of an mdul Onw turbine vuries wic.Jely from 0 1<1 I 00 per cent where 2U
us 1/ie reaction rncio of an uxial Oow compressor is usually set u~ 50 per cent for chc
siagc.
-•fhc reaL·tinn ru1io R is given hy
·
Put 1Yri = .!C,.1 - U\ 'j
Tht!n , R =
(Cu tan fl2) _ [C" tan cr1 _ .!!_) ·-
Stacie enthalpy drop across rotor . 2U 2U 2U
R = Static enthalpy drop across stage 7
ht - '12
I
= O.S + [ C,,(tan~~i t~~~~.'J_
(5.47) J
·But for a normal

=
~ ,(, ,. _('.., _
ho - lri
stage~~ = Ci and since 1 hoo

~ir ~i)
=: ho 1 in the nozzle
(5 .43)
And a third form is given by substituting for
tan/12 = (U+C.,)
C · - ~ (tana2
. "
Equation (5.47) thl!n becomes
+ U/C11 )
...
j
J
-
.
.
lr1-h2 ·
R=---....:-~
; Cu (1ancr2 + ~ - tana1)
ho1 - ho1 (5.44)
R =
_
0 .5 + 2U II
[C.,(tana2 - tan at)] (5.48)
J
Rcmcm~ring·thut hu1.,, = hm,, then hot,, -hoi,, = Cli t -h1>+ cwt -~ w;i
1
-- = 0 I / - I+
fu-~ 1 <_,,.tc:°") ·· · -~-~----· ~--·~
1 1 1
...____ .."- h,.::111.
and substituting for It t - h 2 in equation (5.44 ).
R =
1v22 - ivt2
(a) Zero reaction stage If R
.
= o. from equation (5 .46). /h = /J1 and from
. (' ,);c:.r.tU:.-1 1 J, .~ ' ,;;.,//7 - ·-·- J
(2Cho1 - /101)) .Equation 15.45) 1V1 \V1 1
=
- .- ··.-
The conditions of gas through the stage. and the accompanying velocity triangles
= Wf - IVf arc shown in the ligure 5.15 (a).
2U(C, 1 + C,2)) (5.45)
"""'
If ·c,, · is assumed 10 he constant through the stage, then
IV} = c,; + w;i

<:);.1.... .( .
~Cl 'Yi~I ~
t•··~c 1
, ,
w12 - · c,; + IV;
1 s (bl ti
(a) !
~
1 -
1v.\~ w....2, Fig11re 5. I S(a) Zero renc:ion axial i;as 111rbint'
R = 2U(U + W 11 + Wr2 - U) The velocity triangle is inclin ed more towards the left.
= (IV, : - lV, 1 )(IVri + IVri)

2U(l\fr 1 + IVr~) =
1Vx1 IV, 1
2U .
- Ideally. fur reversibll! adiahatic tlow, the points 1.2 ond 2s on the Mullicrchan should
coincide, anc.J in that case no pressure drop occurs in the rotor. L
L 204 ~ TURHO MAClll NliS
\(,
f' '1
I
q ::. I -'-1:7
AXIAL Flow STEAM ANOGASTURDIJ'ES

c;y I ;
C..r ,. C ?-
O('i
~ 205
.-.-">· .
h,, _ h
- •.~ l,.; ., ~.,
I :;.. ..
L (b) Pure impulse stage In 1his singe by def-

initio~
(e) 100 per c~nt reaction stage
1i1erc is no pressure drop in the rotor. Por
reversible adiabatic flow. the poinls 1,2 and 2s will
coincide <Fig 5.15 (h)).
· h
-rif'lt: l'!.1101
When R
and Cl
=
=
=
I (equation .5 .48) gives a1
C2. TI1e velocity diagrnm 1s in-
a2
h
- -
: >'1..-•I/) <.,! L~
f
- I .-
<..., •.Jl' b
(?',),,
I
tij ~
clincllTclillCrlght. There is nostatie enthalpy
(c) Negative reaction stage ldenlly, for re . ''• "'2
Is 2
z,.___., ,. . "
(.)',
drop in the stator (Fig. 5:15 (c)).
vcrsihle adiabatic flow, the poinls 1,2 and 2s on the
Mollicr chart coincide in lhe zero reaction stage. T ' " v'
_,, 1 yv1
• (f) R~action more than 100% In- 1<;;> / I ~~ .
I \ ·
Therefore, with isentropie now conditions prevail- J· creasing the reaction rntio to greater than I \
~
!!m
ing lhc zero reaction stage is exactly the same as
the impulse stage. However when lhe flow is irre- Fig_urt 5.J5(b) Pure impulse
5 gives rise to diffusion in the Sfator passages
ornozzleswith"C1 < Co(Fig.5.15(f)). This ---- - - - · ··- - . .... L. r•·- :,;G;'cJ;_,~;
versible, they arc not same and in fact an increase srage in an axial ga.f rurbint situation should also be ·a voided because of Figurt 5.15(/) S1ugr t.rpansion "'ith
; .i~," IJ
r. in emha!py occurs in the rotor of the implusc stage ihe likelihood of n'ow·separation on the stn· rtacrion mou than JOO per cent
r~rn (Pil,l. 5.15 (C)). 'Iltis slllgc is rcfcrrcd lto ns a negative

reaction stage. r · . r " '-i ;~·~·
h tor blade surfaces. in on a.rial gas rurbint
For n negative reaction stag1;, W2 < W1 (from equa- /~

r;_, STAGE EFFICIENC.Y, TURBINE EFFICIENCY AND
~TI
tion (5.45)) thereby causing diffusion of the the rela- P2
REHEAT FACTOR
tive velocity vector in the rotor nnd n subsequent rise
P1
in pressure. This condition s]iould be avoided, since Fig. 5.16 shows the expansion of steam through a number of turbine stages. A 1 Bi
adverse pressure gradients causing now separation represents the iscntropic expansion in the first stage. The actual state of steam with
L on the blade surfaces resulls in poor efficienci'.:_ s

Figuu 5./ 5(c) Ntgmivr reac1ion
(d) 50 percent reaction stage When ft..=:_U.i from equation (5.47 I /I, = ·a i.,_
frictional reheating is shown by point A2. So the actual heat drop is A 1C1. Similarly.
the isentropic and actual singes of heat drop for the succeeding stages are shown in
Fig. 5.16 by l\2B2. A3D3 and A2C2. A3C3 and so on. .
=
/Jr c.r2 . Also Cr W2 and C2 = =
Wt. Thisrcsults in asymmetrical velocity diagram. The drop A 1D representS the overall isentropie heat drop (or) Rankine heat drop
b ih-C drop in cnthaij)yi;, the si': iior and rotor arc equal (Fig. 5.15 (d)).
·- - I ' -
hr
' r _. I
/'Pn p _ ~. -
I
h~'-'1l";::: '1\,:-: \{
.
between the inlet and ou1le1 state of steam.
The sum of the isentropie drops in all stages of the turbine (A 1Br+ A1B2 + AJBJ +
... ) is called the 'C11mulat!vt tnthalpydrop'. The cumulative enthalpy drop is always
r 1J ' 1/ •• i'L .,l
l, hu=h11 ,......-= ) ""''-/ greater than Rankine enthalpy drop (At D) as the constant pressure lines diverge from
left to right on the Mollier chan.
h,
I II\ t--P2 .P2 ,.,.cl
,· \ J 1.J , ,
f\,9 j l..-'
, .'
b hi
I
.<;SS -~
s
s
!.._
'-
'J}'ll .. . ·J •
" ,;....! {','9
-r
· 1~
:i., ,., , . -'
b fl,
' \ '-..1C. 'X I I
"2
h
i
~ \ '9~,f' {)'· .- '
.. ,.....
' }
lJ
L·!l
'U Figurt 5.JS(t)
s~.
b , Figurt 5. /5(d)
Figuu 5.15(d) A 50 per cent rtaction stage in an CLtinl gas turbine

Figurt 5.16 Expansion proctss in a multistagt lurbint
~
'. Flgurt 5./5(t) A JOO per cent reaction stage in an axial gas turbint
'
~
,. ]
....
~06 . j> TL'RBO M ...CHINES A XIAi. Fi.ow STEAM ANOGAsT1111111sf.s ' 207 1
,,, ' ~J
The stage efficiency for the given stage is ,,, =
R.F
~ .r :7-' I), =
Actual enthalpy drop
Jscntropic cnthulpy drop I ..,
or 11, = 11.1 >< R . F
J
~
A1C1
I)., = FREE VORTEX DESIGN
and I),, =
A1B1 .
1hC2
- - - and so on.
---·-·-
Free vnn cx principle b used for the design of long hladcs.
0.' = J
A181 . For ~·onstants1agnation enthalpy across the annulus =?Tr °<>) and constant uial
I
The reheat factor is defined us the ratio of the cumulative cnt alpy dro to the
Rankin;enlhalpy drop and it is given by, vclnclly -. - = (>) . the w h"irI component o f vc: Ioclly
· f].IC., . Cx .1s .inverse 1y proporunna
. I j
, - - Ji:;8~+A-2B_2_+.~ to 1he rndius.~-
Rndial cquilihrium is m:hicvcd in free vortex design only when
I R.F = - - - - - - - I
A1D
~ rsr=~~t~m 1-¥- <5.521
.... J
11=3 along tlu: blade height.
L AnB11
For 3 stages=
11
~ 1
t\1 D
t5.49l
CONSTANT NOZZLE ANGLE STAGE J
The turbine internal efliciency is defined as the ratio of the total actual turbine work Constant no:a.le angle blade~ (or) straigh1 blades are simple and less expensive. com·
to the Rankine work. pared 10 twis1~d nozzle blades. Fqr..11,£.,Q.Wi~~aj?~cifu1c air,~.D~.!l s1age and radial
c
T/i -
A1C1 +A2C2+···
A1D
v-··/r 0J; 0 cquilihrium . 1hc relationship hetwccn mean section and any section at rad ius. r. is
,v- >/ C _~·,~u"_..., , """'
n :::r:l
·c1 c. . = ~ = (r'" )"":.,,
L AnC11 C1.m = c .. .. C,, r 1 .., o:w
11=t
= A1D
(5.50)
If 11, 1 = 'hi = •i. is assumed IMPULSE TURBINES VERSUS REACTION TURBINES

..ia
A1C1 A1C2 A3C3 The ~a lien! differences between an irnpluse turbine and rcaclion turbine arc staled
,,, =
A1B1 = A2B2 = A1B3 he low.
A1 C1 + A2C2 + A3C3 (I) In impulse 1urbinc. the fluid is expanded comple1cly in the nozzlc and ii remain~ ~1.$1
- A181 + A1B2 + A383 al constanl pressure during i1s passage 1hrough the moving hladc~.
ni;:;,, In n:ac1ion 1urhim: 1he fluid is only parlially expanded in 1hc no1.1.le and 1he
L AnCn / -I rcmainmg exp ansions lake place in 1hc ro1or blades.
lj,
-
11=1
11=3
U~oji~ (5.51) (2) In impulse lurhines when 1he fluid glides over the moving blades. the rela- U::J
L A,,B,, 1ive vc locily of Huid either rcmains constant or reduces sligh1ly due 10 friction
(i .e. IV! ::; IV1 ).
11= 1 ·
rrom c4ua1ions (5.50) and (5.51 ),

In reaction 1urbinc. since 1he lluid is continuously expanding. rcla.1ive velocity
docs increase (IV~ > \V1).
(3) lmpubc hlades arc of the pla1e or profile types and arc symmcirical as ~hown 1n
L
I),= T/1 x A1D
I f-. Fig. 5 . 17. Jkac1inn 1urhinc blades have aerofoil sec1i11n und urc asymmc1m:ul.
4
11=)
L A11B11 Thc hluJc is 1hii:ker ul one end (Fig. 5 .17) and 1his proviJcs a ~ui1uble shaped
n= I passage for the lluid 10 expand.
L 208 i> Tl/RDO MA\lf1Nf'5
AXIAL FLOW STEAM AND GAS T\JIUllNF.S' -( 209
L
- (a) GoV~Ifl_<:!.[.Y._~IV.f!J!2~$.6S Usuallp.IJ turbint:s arc .filled wi1h governors J:<l~.
Reaction
Impulse turbine lhc purpose of speed ,!S&ldAUOlL The first loss OCCU!S here in lhc form or 'thro11/i11X:.
1ur6iiiC
al 1hc main slop vu Ive. This loss may be of the order o( 5 to ~ ~%
lJ Figure 5.17
(4) The blades of an implusc turbine arc only in action when they arc in front or the
(b) No~-z:{f!-!!_i~tion losse~ 1).!;..fli~!!Qn.Jlnd eddies cause some .P.~~ss~~~~ol'
i_n the _n_oz4e but the most significanU.oss. occurs in the vclocilyr of...! ~!! jcJ. l!!. l~c t:xit
of the nozzle. This loss may amount to another 5 le_:> I 0%
... nuzzles, whereas blades or 1he reaction turhinc arc in action all the time.
t ·'
I{ • ..-
°(5) Impulse turbines have the same pressure on the two sides of the rotor blades.
whereas different pressu res exist on the two sides of the moving blade of a /
/
( c) Blade friction. loS$e~ Due to this loss: the relative velocity of_stc.am at the
~n_l_i:(iQ_jJlj-hf~.dc ·i~ correspondingly red~!~.~~it ~~!he blade' . · · . ,,/ "..
rcac1ion turbine.
/ !)l )IJ.}v> lr ) / 1)( ' 11' '.?Of\.f.)/J!;:--" . r)!.!LD l~ ~l -
~ w'l-<.,.~-..J r -e-
t (6) Because of small pressure drop in each stage, the number of s tages required for
a reaction turbine arc much greater than those for an impulse turbine of the same
power.
(7) The Ouid veloci1y and the blade speed for a rcnc1ion turbine arc low ns compared
? ./. IW2=W11W1I
v-ltl-
wherc ~. a coc:fficicnt which varies from 0.7 io 0.9. which takes into account the .
. '· '
/ I loss in velocity due to friction. · :

with those of un impulse 1urbine.
t (8) The variation of diagra_m crlicieqcy with blade speed ratio is shown in Fig. 5 , 18.
On co~paring both impulse turbine and reaction furbi~~: i1is clear from the graph r
~uvA..f.11(d) .Q~~~ f!.~~~!C?!!!o.~~.es When the disc (or) the turbine wheel rotates in a dense
, -
;.r(tl~..vf'Jtp. ~
{
(Or) ViSCOUS medium like Steam, Certain fluid resistance is cxpcricncl!d by the Wht!cl.
As a result. th.c;_rng_y},Qg,gc:!l~ crc!.!.!:!.~-~ll .Q.Q..\.~!: !.~f!!.:Vhich Si!_L~
. ,it in . !ll'?ti~n.
1ha1, for a react ion turbine the efficiency curve is reasonably flat in the region
of maximun diagram efficiency. This poin1 is of great significance as the small 1
I;,
1
_ . - Also. a certain definite 'circulation' of steam within the wheel openings is developed,
L- variations in the blade speed ratio ( ~) , can be accepted without having much
( ' )dU .~ <..• • w,
'. -
thereby increasing the frictional losses. It is difficult to reduce the losses due to such
d rag forces. known as 'disc friction lossts', in turbines. This loss is about 10%.
If ),)/,1
y ·
1 ,' 9. ,_,t;:J (e) Partial admission losses
vnriation in the value .o f diagram efficiency. f.n the first stage of a high pressure turhinc.
l (_\ '-:--~ "lM<>t_.,-:::; S1'.-- cl..\
2sin 2 a, f._
.
;{!
· ' · - , owi~-C-ompafiiilvelfsmaJr·:irea ·requircd for the no7.7.lcs. the latter extend twer
.~ /i>J!/>.tl-·~;,; 1(,,i>J the whole periphery of the stage and thus a few blades remain partially filled with
steam, in which the now also gets disturbed considerably. There will he cenaitJ eddies
'ldia l+Sin 2 a1
/j
produced in the chanl\Cls of the idle blades·. Since the casing is full of steam. even
l '
Hcn~lltln
.
turbine
these blades which arc not under the direct influence of jets will chum (shake) the
~team ethlies and 1hus produce 'fn11 los.rts' (or) 'll'i11du1:t losus' which arc known
as partial admission losses 1 Attcmpls may be made to reduce 1hcsc losses by filling
~~::,.v -r' ~t'c. .-.~;.' ~l~nd.t.kage l~~~s~s

. ' /. s1a1ionary shie s around the moving blades which arc not receiving 1he slcam.
l- Simple
impulse
turbine '( L-' 1
'
;.. .
(f) .
'
There is a small loss or energy in each stage or 1he
1urb10c. o wing to the lealiagc of steam from one wheel chamber 10 1hc next through
) 1IJ>; . (_,,.r 1hc glands. Herc somc..m.l!.~.hc:1~_ceJ!_l~c <U.!!J?!i.ram· and 1.hf:!. ~.haf~ may be e!d sting and
L Sinai
2
Sin a1
...!£~ .~<.> leakage. Actually, the function of glands al high pressure end is 10 chei:k the
leakagc-ofstcam to the atmosphere, while that al the low pressure end is 10 prevent
in-leakage of air to the 1urhinc. However, even n hcst lypc of glund is suscqnihle 10
n we,--:)> leaks and causes s uch 1ype or hisses. ~!lP-S~fe~'.!!.~~~~J!£!w.rul u~I.'.
L- Flgurt 5.18 Variation ofdiagram efficiency with bladt spud ratio

, : 1 ,::..-':'~-t. (i) The car bon ring g lands
-' - (ii) Thffihyrinlh packing glands, which minimise the gland leakage losses.
INTERNAL LOSSES IN TURBINES ;_ ··: ..~; . ,J C~ ,;,_;; (g) Residual velocity loss In the fi nnl stage or a turbine, the kinetic energy
l- 0
An ideal turbine would develop work equivalent lo lhc iscntropic heat drop of the
steam. But, in practice, .the actual work..ob.t~incd from a turbine is much less than
corresponding 10..tlie finiii'iibsoiute velocity of the stcnm as ii leaves the wheel i~ lost
wholly (or) partially. Af!!!ni;cmcnt mnY. be ~..!Q_~over a pan or th!! energy hy
~ing~~¥1elween the last stage arid the exhaust brunch. This type oncm
I~". theorct~cal work (or) iscnlropic work. TI1is difference is due lo the various losses
is known as the rcsi<!_ual vclocily loss, and may ~ -r.~!l_l:'f.£.d a!~o ~Y-RCOYjding_g.uidc
l~
enumerated as follows,
~lnc_s .in. ~-~..~~.~~...~!.h~to_@~:~~2~.[l}.~.£.L.~ill~m,.1)!is _loss \S. eg1,1_a_\_to, ~he
.,, _A··_r· u .- t=-p ..__,,.(.) <-y''/ './" 0 .r 1/'-? ':' / l= <._(1.YI'\..•) L .:, & , r /'.).,;..!/ n .) (!~ i;cr' ,,,;/>
£).\., •
J
'- -· J,.
~
12-p ,: loo o
./"-.
c5 c;.; I
R P,._ 3c .)
J
,. . .. ., \
210 ;. TURBO MACHINES AXIAl. FLOW STt:AM ANDGASTUIUllN ES .;: ,21 l ]

.£J /2. where C2 is the absolute velocity of the steam at the blade exit. '!.'!'..!!.£!!..\hiL res tricted to 1he first stage of 1he turbine. the non.le areas in th_e other stages remaining
!!!lE~i.£ C!l_!:~Y J~. P.?.~~.~-2'.":.r!o..t!i:..~e~~ ~t~~.C:· it is termefl. '.'hqC..'l'.P.Y!('.:.
In addition to these losses, there may be some loss of h~~teoergy due to ·radiation'..
constant. It follows that, provided the condition of the steam at the inlet to the second
stage is not materially effected by 1he changed condition of the first stage, the absolute
pressure of steam in front of the second slage nozzle will be direclly proportional lo
]
to the .ambient surroundings. In all, the total internal losses in a turbine may be 20 to
j()ij;" or so. - --· · the rate of slcain now through the lurhine.
·-- ··-· -·
(h) Loss due to mp/s(ure_. In the lower stages of thcJµ.r_bjne, the steam may
become_we_!~ the velocity of water particles is lower th<1n. that of the steam.. So a pan
a·r th~ kinetic energy of steam is lost to drag.the water paniclcs along with. it.
J
, N1
GOVERNING OF TURBINES --p

..,, .
<.Jo1~ /~; ::~)lJ -( / '
In a normal turbine driving an alternatcr, the energy output will vary in accordance
. ,.-
1
,,,. "
J
with the load. The objectiv~iSJILlllJlinUlin.Jhc..spci;_clof the turbine
constant irrespective.a( till: load . TI1c performance of the turbine itself depends, to a
large extent, on Jhe p;irticular method employed for controlling the supply of steam to
the turbine so that the 'spud n/ rotation' will remain constant. The chief governing Figure 5.20 Nuzzle co111rol govtr11ing
J
mcthoc.ls arc
(a) Th,r~ttle_ gqverlJfl)g, The principle of this method basically requires 'J.h.mJ.:.
.J.li.ag:....of the steam, so as to reduce the steam flow whenever there is a reduction
(~L~YP..~SS 9'?.'(ernlng The modern high pressure turbines consist of a number
of stages o f comparatively small mean diameters of wheel. Owing to small heat dn!E,_ -
in lhe firs t stage, employing noE;).e_~~~!..~£~.l!Ll)g__is_..!l.Q!_~i.~~· Further. in
J
_gf.JQ.!!.,d. on the turbine. l~ion to a stop valve, the turbine has ~ble beat · :;.,,c 1-_:,..P case of higher loads the extra steam required cannot be admitted through additional
~· having seats of equal _or nearly equal areas, so shaped thaulll;. forces· o.njbc
valve due to static 12!:_essurc a!J.d_dynamic action arc balanced. This double beat valve
nozzles in the firsl stage, due to various reasons. These difficulties of regulation arc
overcome by the use of by pass governing (Fig. 5.21 >(In this meihod, the steam enters
the turhine chest through a vavc;controlled by a speed governor. For higher loads a
J
·actually throttles the steam (Fig. 5.19). It is oi>erated by a servo-motor controlled by
a 'JzypJ!SS /i11(~~~ed, in such a way that steam passes from the first stage nuulc
cCnlili'ugal govern.or: which is driven by a wonn gear at a speed less than that of a
-----~-
turbine. box directly into that of, say, the fourth s1age. Such 'bypass' of steam is automat ically
regulated hy a valve controlled hy the stcnm of the first stage which senses the load
variation.
J
'1 : '
J
~
Figure 5.21 Bypan governing _,.,
SOLVED PROBLEMS
Figure 5.19 Tlrro//lt go1•trning with double beat valve
Example 5.1 The data pertaining to an impulse turhine is as follows: J
(b) Nozzle ~C>[l,tfo_I gpv~mlng_ In this method the nozzles of the turbines are Steam velocity = 500 mis, blade speed=200 mis. Exit angle of moving blade =25 ·'
measured from tangential d irection. nozzle angle = 20°. Neglc<.:ting the effect of
grouped in two, three Cor) more groups and each group of the nozzles is fed with
the steam supply controlled hy valves (Fig. 5.20). Different types of arrangements of friction, when passing through hlade passages, calculate: (a) inlet angle of moving
...J
l
valves and groups of nozzles may be employed. But the nozzle control is necessarily
- u ··/-' -e.-
1- 1/ .-J.' ·11\../"' : ' ' · , I , .• -' ' 1 "t..-U-""
-z:v ..., ...,,__.....L·A~ { 1 ...-u _~u_s cr·i:y 0)
1
"' .)'" ( .' :,.r
.
/ I
.... . .I ._. -
/ /
• , -
i-l.c .
l 212 »
• · -
• ~A./<Jo)l..cv''
TllRllO MA<"lllNliS
. _,
f /.' b ; 1"'{-
- /.· _ __ / _ . _ . p'
t ~ •11H,..,.,_;, L. .1.-1_/tYY u.(.~. ',J./yt.J' (j'/,,vJ AXIAi. f'ww STEAM ANl>GAST\IRJllNf.S ' 21 '.\
{d) Axial thrust

b blade (b) ex.it velocity and direction (c) work done per kg of steam (d) axial thrust and
power developed for a s team flow rate of 5 kg/sand (c) diagram or blade efficiency. = m(Cut - C ,,2 )
Solution
Chang~ i~ flow velocity = C111 - Cn2
b Ct = 500 rn/s
/12 = 90 - 25"
U = 200 rn/s
= 65"a 1 = 90 - 20° = 70" Axial thrust
=
=
175 - 135
5 x 45
= 45 m/s
The velocity diagram is constructed as follows (Fig. 5.22). = 225N
L (a) Sclt:ct a suitable scale (mostly reduced scale).

(h) Drnw AB equal to blildc speed U.
(c) Draw BC with its inclination with AB equal to noz;:Jc angle (ai) and sci off BC
and power dcvelorcd
W = m x (Work done/kg)
equal to the steam velocily (Ci) on the same scale.
L (d) Join AC 10 complete the inlet velocity triangle ABC. AC W1 •

(e) Sci off AD UI moving hladc ex.ii angle to AB . With A as centre and radius equal
= =
=
5 x 111
555 kW
to lhe pcrcenlage of AC. draw an arc to cut the line AD at D. AD W2 . In lhis = (e) Diagram (or) blade efficiency
~11
pruhlc111 since lhc effect of friction is neglcclcd, AD=AC.
(f) Join BD 10 complete lhc outlet velocity triangle ABO. BD == C2.
U(W.r1 + W.,2)
The velocity diagram is shown in Fig. 5 .22.
'1J111 = Cf /2
W:.•~W 1 Kinetic energy supplied to the blade
b
Scale I : SO
w, • llS ml•
a . .. ~r
w:r;••Wt •llS ""' c 2 = --
5oo1
a.=
160mls
Sil'
= _!.
2 2
w.: Work done/kg = U(W.11 + W.r~l
b
:210mts
0 w,! ~ 1iu ""•
c. 1 =11.Smla = 111 x IO~ W /kg
t'&.!• IHmlt
11 l x· IO-'
C•:
T/din = 5002/2
~u 88.8%
Example 5.2 The blndc speed of 11 single ring of impulse bluding i5 JOO mis :md
Flg11rt 5.12
the noa.lc ani;lc is 20°. The isentropic heat drop is 473 kJ/kg and the nozzle efficiency
~f
The following rcsulls arc obtained from the velocity vector dingram. is 0 .85. Given that the blade velocity coefficient is 0.7 and lhe bladcs arc symmetrical.
(a) Moving blade inlet angle draw the velocity diagrams and calculate for a unit mass now of steam (a) Aid.al
fi1 = 33° thrust on the blading (b) steam consumption per kW if the mechanical efficiency i~
90% (c) Blade or diagram efficiency, stage efficiency and maximum blade efficiency
~~ (b) Exit velocity

C2 = 160 m/s
(dl energy loss in blade friction.
Solution
U=300m/s, . a == 20°, = 473 kJ/kg, = 0 .85. W1 = 0.7. /fl =
I and dirccrion of ~team at exit (6.h), 'IN
w,
ifil a2 = 56° f.l1
(blades heing symmeti-ical)
U!lcful heat drop which is convened into kinetic energy
(c) Work done per kg of steam
..
b W/m = U(W.rt + IV.r2)
200(270 + 285)
6.h :::: 'IN 6.h,
=· 0.85 x 473
:::: = 402 kJ/kg
I = 11 lkW/kg
l~
J
~
:!14 ,. Tl•RBO MAC-HINES

AXIAL FLOW STEAM AND GASTURUINES <{ 215
' .\
li.!!3
Velocity of steam at cxil from the nozzle
(c) Blade efficiency
. c2
.....!.
2
= 402 x 10)
,/2000 x 402
'Id/a =
U(Wx1 + Wx2)
cf12 ]
Ci =
279 x HP
= 896.7 m/s = 896.7 2/2 l
From this data. the vclocity-.diagram (Fig. 5.23) can be drawn and the following = 69.4% ,;J
results arc obtained. Qraw AB.= U. Set off BC= C1 at a1 to AB. Join AC. Measure
J3i(LCAE). Then set off AD= 0.7 AC (W2 = 0.7 W1) at /32 = fJ1 to AB. Join BD. Maximum hladc efficiency under optimum condi1ion
7;!7 u)'c..:;J ~ c:,.,,CJI, (.,•
· p1 a ,\O' a p1
c.,. J10mla
w,. 6l0 ml•
.., .,...
W1• .C)4 n~J.
,
c)..;,.. · ) r,. (;,,. - · _,,1#
:.?/ r . c;
0( I
1
""1--_ .·
-
=
=
2
sin a1
sin 2 70°
so%
1 • _non
oq - .,
= 70°
-
200
J
<': • lJClml•
<" •.: •!to mlt. W, 1 • 1SO 1nl~
. l
= TotalWork done on blade
,
w.: .um m/~
;r:r:
~ Scale I : 100
.Srngc e ffi1c1cncy
energy supplied to blade 1J
279
'"' 47)
It can a lso be found from

= 58.98%
J
! '
'lstax• = T/Ji11 X l'/Nu,dt I
I
= 0.694 x 0 .85 v.!l

= 58.9.9 %
Figure 5.23
. a) Axial thrust per kg
(d)_Energy loss In blade friction
d
I
= C.,1 - C112 =
wr- wf
2
=
=
310-210
100 N/kg =
620 2 - 434 2
2
J
(b) Power developed P.er kg of steam/sec. = 98022 J/kg
Work done/kg of stearnls. · = 98.022 kJ/kg
tQ}
= U(Wx1+ Wx2) Example 5.3 In a single row impulse turbine stage, steam is supplied dry and
= 300(550 + 380) saturated al 5 bar and the exhaust pressure is 2.8 bar. There is carry over velocity
of 75 m/s. from the previous stage and lhc kinetic energy at exit from the nozzle is
= 279 kW /(kg/s) only 90% of the 1heon:1ieal available energy. The nozzle is inclined al 20° with the ll2i1
Power developed per kg of steam per ~cc. direction o f hlade rotation' and blade speed ratio is 0.4. The hlade exit angle is also
20°. For a steam ·now rate of 2.5 kg/s the ou1pu1 of lhe stage is 206 kW. Estimate
=
=
279 x 0.9
251.1 kW /kg/s
(a) velocity of steam al exit from lhc noa.le (b) diagram efficiency (c) the relative
veh.>i:ity ratio, (d) stage efficiency. · L
3600 Solution
Steam rate /kw.hr =
=
251.I
14 .3 kg
P1 = 5 bar
m =2.5 kg/s W
P~ = 3 bar
=206 kW
Co= 75 mis. a1 = 20° U/C1 =: 0.4 /Ji= 20"
L
L 216 > TURBO MACHINES
A XIAL FLOW STEAM ANO GAS TURBINES < 217
L (a) Steam velocity at exit from th·e nozzle

Since the turhine is impulse, 1he total pressure drop will occur only in the noz7.les.
Assuming isenlropic expansion, the enthalpy drop can be found from the s team table.
(c) The relative velocity ratio
From the given and calculated data. we can draw the vector diagram as shown in Fig.
5.24. After drawing the inlet velocity triangle ABC. locate point Eby drawing the
Al Pi = =
5 bar /IJ lr 11 = 2747.5 kJ/kg perpendicular CE an<:l Jhen set off E F = (Wx 1 + Wx 2 ) to locate point F . Set off AD
b s1 = s11 = 6.819 kJ/kg - K

For isenlmpic cxpnnsi on, .r2
Al P~ =
=
.r1
2.8 bar. sg 1, 2 < .r2: 1hercforc, lhc steam is wet
at fi2 to AB and let AD intersect the perpendicular FD al D.
Cf
Scale I : SO
W1=280 mis
W1=240mls
~:l x2 =
Sl - ,fJPl = 6 .819 - 1.647
I)
:r I J:11i 5.367
= 0 .964
ID
lr2.r = Ir f + .r2Ir111
t~~ = 55 1.5 + 0.964(2170. 1) E
= 2643.5 kl/ kg "--Wx1+W11=469.12 mis )
~~-
ti
Iscnlropic heal drop ( 6/r,) = Ir 1 - h is Flgur~S.24
= 2747.5 - 2643.5
By measurement from the velocily diagram
~-
104 kJ /kg Relative Velocity al inlet,
Now. W 1 = 280 m/s
Gain in kinetic energy =Useful heal .drop Rel ative Velocity al outlet,
trr er - c2 =
_ _ _ _ o_
. ,: 1 . • W2
W2 = 240m/s
!;[
2000 1Jrv(6h., )
. . Rc Iauvc vc oclty ratio = -WI
=
240
-280 = 0 .857 .
or
[6. r
C1 = / 2000 ~ o.9-~- lci4-~: 752
(d) Stage efficiency
Work done/kg
= 439. 12 m/s 111111•' - Energy Supplied to not.1.lc
b- (b) Diagram efficiency

U(Wx, + \Vx 2 ) Energy supplied/kg = (b.h,)
ci
+ 2~
=
T/di11
~ff
Cf / 2 752
'
. u = 0.4 C1 = 0 .4 x 439. 12 = 104+-·
2000
= 175.65 m/s
= 106.8 I kl /kg
175.65 )( 469. 12
6- ~
and
Wx, + Wx1 =
w
mu=
206 x 10 3
2.5 x 115.65
1lstt111t ==
=
(I 06.81 x I c)j'}
77 .15%
b~ ' = 469.12 m/s (or)

175.ti5 x 469. 12
11.11.. = (4 39.12) 2/ 2
'1s1r1~t = l"/din X '1nri:ilt = 0.8547 X 0.90
85.47% = 76.92%
kj
]
......
AXIAL Fi.ow STEAM ANOGAS1\JRBINES " 219 1
2 I8 );» 1\JRBO MACHINES
' ~J
Example 5.4 The steam in a two row curtis stage leaves tJie·nozzles at 600 mis w.. . = 460 m/s Cr1, = 170 m/s
......
w.<l = 410m/s Cr11. = 135 m/s
11nd lhc blnde speed is 120 mis. Defore leaving the stage, it passes through a ·ring
.o f.moving blades, a ring of fixed blades and another ring of moving blades. The
nozzle angle is 16°. while the discharge angles arc 18° for the first moving ring. 21°.
/31 = 200 Ci
Thal is. the blade: inlet angle for first row of moving blade is 20°.
= 325 m/s
J
_.,
for the fix1..-d ring, and 35° for the second moving ring, all measured relative to the Measure BD representing C2 and calculate c;.c;
is thi: steam velocity at the i.nlet
plane of rotation. Assuming ·10% drop in velocity during passage through each ring
of blades. draw the velocity triangles and determine (a} blade inlet angle for each row
to the second row of moving blades. j
(b) driving force and axial thrust for each row of moving blade (c) d iagram power c; = WR · C2 = 0.9 x 325 = 292.5 m/s
per kg/s steam flow and (d} diagram efficiency. What would be the maximum possible =
J
· The blade speed for each moving blade is same and so taki: A' B' U. Set off
~iagram cfficicncy. B'C' == c; a;
at to A' 8 1 • Join A'C'. Measure A'C' representing and calculate w;
Solution Wi.
= 600 m/s = th= 18° IWi = wR. w;j
C1
a; = 21° and p; = 35°
U
WR=
120m/s
g,f
P· )
a1=16°
Set off A, D' = Wiat /J~ to A I 8 1 and join 8 with D'. This completes the velocity
1
J
The velocity diagrams arc drawn as shown in Fig. 5.25 and are constructed as follows. diagram for the second stage of two row curtis'impulse turbine (Fig. 5.26).
Scale I : 50 j
.
rJ
I
c~, c~
J.
0
E'
F'
J
ell Flgur• 5.26 •
J
I'
By measurement. W1 = 190 m/s
I
W2 = 0 .9 x 190 =. 171 m/s
(a) Blade inlet angle for each row

., ·
'
Figure S.25
"
W'.q
w;J =
== 155 m/s
140 m/s
c~. = 110 m/s
c:.l = 100 m/s .J
Draw a horizontal line AB representing t,J set off BC at a 1 to AB and equal to C 1 •
Join AC which ·represents W1 and caluculate W2. W:z.. =
WR W1 ; Then ·se~ off AD ,ll; = 35°
equal to W2 at /J2 to AB. Join D with B. This completes the velocity diagram for the
first stage of the. two row curt is impulse: turbine (Fig. 5.25 ).
The blade inleL angle for the second row of moving blades is 35u.
,
.,;:.:)
(b) Driving force and axial thrust

I W2 =o.9Wil Driving rorce for first stage is given by
A \V.,1 = W.r, + W, = 460, + 410 = 870 m/s
1
'U.:I
By measurement from the velocity diagram

Driving force for second stage is given by
W1 = 485 m/s
AW.II = w;, + w~? = 155 + 140 = 295 m/s
W2 = 0.9 x 485 = 436.5 m/s """
L 220 ;;:.. Tl!ROO MAClllNl:S
AXIAL FLOW STEAM AND GAS TURBINES ... 221
For unit mass Clow rate of steam.
L Total driving force= (870 + 295) x I

Axial thrust for first stnge = CC,, 1 -
= 1165 N
C,,1 ) = 170- 135 = 35 m/s
.. The mean blade speed (U)
.4
= 3 x C,,
Axial thrust for second stage = 45.6 m/s
L cc;,, - c;,2 ) =
Axial thrust per un it mass now rate = ·(35
I 10 - JOO= 10 m/s
+ 10) x 1=45 N
·
.
Mass flow of steam. m
·Ax C,,
,,
= ---
whcre A is the annulus area and 1' is the specific volume of steam from the steam
table. Al 3 har and with dry saturated steam
l (c) Diagram power

= 11111(6 Wr, + t. W, 11 ) 0 = 0.60553 m3 /kg
= I x 120(1165)/JO·'
= m.:1
-C.,
l- (d) Diagram efficiency
= 139.fl kW
. . Annulus area
=
(I 0.000/3600) x 0 .60553
34.2
u(LlW.r + LlWx ) = 0 .04918 m
2
l1 = 1
12oc116:'il
11
-- -·- c~/2--·-- Now. annulus area, A =Tr D/1.'
where ·o· is the mean blode diameter ond 'h' ts the meun blade height
g (6oOJ 2i2. . D _ I h _ 0 .04918
~ = 77.7 % .. - Arr----
7f x 0.04
(e) Maximum diagram efficiency = 0.39m
l~ '1di 11 = • 2
sm a1 u x 60
= 2
sin (90 - 16)
Rotor Speed. N = 7f D
45.6 x 60
= 92.4%
= 7f x 0.39
~ff Example 5.5 A parson 's reaction turbine having identical blading delivers dry
saturated steam at 3 bar. The velocity of steam is I 00 mis. The mean blade height
= 2233 rpm
is 4 cm and the exit angle of the moving blade is 20°. At the mean radius the axial (b) Diagram power
Clow velocity equals 3/4 of the blade speed. For a steam Clow rate of 10.000 kg/hr, Since the blades arc identical, the 'inlet nnd outlet velocity triangtcs will also be
b- calculnte. (o) the rotor speed, in rev/min (b) the power output of stuge (c) the d iagram
erricicncy (d) the percentage increase in relative veloci1y in the moving blndcs due to
identical. Frum 1he do10
U = 45.6 m/s a1 = 20° Ct = 100 m/s the vclocily diagram may be drawn as
1 :>L'"
expansion in these blades (e) the enthalpy drop of the steam in the stage. ~ ?. shown in Fig. 5 .27. Draw AB= U. Set ofT BC at a1 10 AB and equal 10C1- Join AC.
~ 5 ,,'/•. 0( , ',;;:. ...,
b Then sci off AD= \V2 =Ct (identical blades) at f3i to AB . Join D with B: .
r?
Solution 1- - -- ··
o(2..:;. P,, I ;:
C1 = 100 m/s Ir = 0.04 m . /Ji = 20° ·
C,, = 43 u 111 = I000 kg/ hr e,=""').
~
Cv .:;;; 1
b- (a) Rotor speed V'./
The flow velocity
k
S:lfb!
" c,, = c,~ I
= I 00 cos(90 - 20)
' = 34 .2 m/s
~if
Figurt 5.27
I
J
. 222 )> TuRUO MA\lllNliS AXI Ai. ft.OW STEAM ANO GASTURBINl!S < 223
' j
=59 m/s ~; 1 + Wx2 = i42 m/s.
·ay measurement from the velocity diagram W1
Diagram power = mu(Wx 1 + W.r1 ) "
Solution
R = 0.5 P1 = 14 bar T1 = 315°C Pi = 0.14 bar
--j 1
I
= 3600 IO, 000 x 45 .6 x 142 'ls1t1i;t = 0.75 RF = 1.04 N = 20 W = 11. 770kW
(a) Steam flow rate - -,

= 17.99 kW
(c) Diagram efficiency
From Mollier chart the iscntropic enthalpy drop when steam expands from 14 bar and
3 J5"C 10 0.14 bar is
j
Work done/kg =
'ldi11 = 6.hs 3080 - 2270
'
Work done/kg =
Energy input/kg
UCW.r 1 + Wx2 )
We know that
= 1110 kJ/kg
J
and
Overall efficiency (111) = Stage efficiency (~i11111,) x reheat factor (R.F) I
c2 w,2 - wi
Energy input/kg = _l.
2
+ ---
2
I 'If '= 0.75 x 1.04 = 0.78 J
• .I
Since W2 = C 1, then Thus, actual enthalpy drop
=
2Cf-
2
W.2 Ah =
=
'Ii x Ahs
0.78 x 810
J
·.·
45.6 x 142 =
' r/din
2(100)2 - 592) = 78.4%
631.8 kJ/kg
id
I
( 2 ". Ah 631.8
Enthulpy drop per ~luge = 1:r = 20
(d) Percentage Increase In relative velocity
_ W2-W1_100-59
= 31.59 kJ /kg
l:d
I
- W1 - 59 Diagram power ( W) = m Ah the mass now rate of steam
= 69.5% W II, 770
(e) Enthalpy drop in the moving blades
m
=
Ah = . 631.8
18.63 kg/s
J
\V2 - w2 1002 - 592
- 2 1
= (b) Blade speed
-: 2
=
2
3.259 kJ /kg Work doncfkg = U ( W.- 1 + W.r 1 ) ~
I
Tu1nl enthalpy c.Jrop per su1ge = 2 x 3.259 = 6.518 kJ/kg = V[CC.r 1·-U)+W, 1 )
U(C1sina1-U+W2sin/hl
Example 5.6 Steam enters a 0.5 degree of reaction turbine al 14 bar and 3 I 5°C l;t:d
and is expanded to a pressure of 0.14 bar. The turbine has a stage efficiency of75% since a 1 = /12 and C 1 = W2 for a 50% reaction turbine
for each stage and the reheat factor is ·1.04. The turbine has 20 successivi: stugcs und
I
lhe total power output is 11 ,770 kW. Assuming !hat all stages develop equal work
calculate the steam flow rate. At a certain place in the turbine. the steam has a pressure
= U[2C1 sin a1 - U} L
of I .05 bar and was dry and saturated. The exit angle of the blade is 20° and the blade Now U/C1 = 0.7 or C1 = 1.43 U
si>ccd ratio is 0.4. Estimate the blade speed mean diameter of the annulus at this
point in the turbine, and the rotor speed if the blade height is I/I 2 of the blade mean
diameter.
Work done/kg = U[2 x (1.43U)sin(90- 20) -
= J.69 u 2
U]
L
l 224 J;. TuRHO MAClllN~S AXIAL Flow STEAM AND GAS TURBINES ' 225
b This work done equals the enthalpy drop per stage. Therefore,
1.69 u 2 1
Solution
= 31.59 x I 0- r1t = 0 .225 m r1 = 0.375 m
= =
l (c) Bla<!e mean diameter
or U = 136.7 m/s fJi.m
Ca =
45°,
constant
The mean radius.
a1.m 76°, Ihm 75". N 6000rpm
velocity C,, = .Ct cosa1
l,
f-'low
C1 = 1.43 x U = 1.43 x 136.7 rm= -
'" +- ,, =
0.225 + 0.375
=0.3m
2 2
C1 = 195.5m/s
C,, = 195.5xcos(90 -20°) The mean blade speed
fi = 66.9 m/s 2rrrmN
~ Um = 60
From steam table, at 1.05 bar, the specific volume of dry steam is given by 2.Jr(0.3) 6000
=
l Now.
1711 = 1.618 m 3/kg
=
60
188.5 m/s
From inlet velocity 1rinn.11lc, nt the mcnn rndiu•, refer Fi.11. !I.:?
• Volurm: Jlow rntc
L.
'
Muss flow rnte
Volume Oow rate

=
=
Specific volume
(7r Dh)C,,
Cu =
Um
Inn a l.m _:_ lan,81.m
188.5
where D - blade mean diameter and h - blade height = = 62.61. m/s
Lr h = Ti
D Cx, ... =
=
tan 76° - tan 45°
Ca 1ana1.m = 62.61 x tan 76°
251.12 m/s
l 18.63 =
rrD(D)
i2 x 66.9
1.618
and from outlet velocity triangle at the mean radius, refer Fig. 5.2·
C Xi... = Wx 1... - Um =
Ca Ian fh.m - U,,,
(or) =
~
62.61 tan 75° - 188.5
D = 1.312 = 45.16 m/s
(d) Rotor speed For the hub

= consl. at all radii. Therefore. between the mean
b- N
u x 60
= 1TD
For n free vortex design. Cx · r
radius and the huh
=
136.7 x 60 ICxm ·rm = Cx1i · rh I
b =
rr x 1.312
1990 rpm
Example 5.7 The data for a free vortex' turbine blade arc given below.
At the hub inlet
Cx 1.m · rm = Cx 1,h • rh
l; 131otlc Up diomcter • 7~ cm, hludc roof di11111ctcr - 45 cm, inlet ungh: or the rotor him.le
at mid height - 4Y', out let angle of the noT.Zlc blade at mid height - 76~. outlet angle
of the rotor blade at mid height - 75", speed - 6000 rpm.
Cx 1.h =
ex ..... rm
r11
251.12 x 0.325
Axial velocity remains constant across the rotor. Determine for the hub and tip = 0.225
~]" (a) noz1.le exit angle (b) rotor blade angles (c) the degree of reaction. = 334.83 m/s
1
.... :.1
226 l- TURDO MAClllNES AXIALFLOWSTEAMANOGAsTu1uma;.s ~ 227

'
)
From inlet velocity triangle a.1 the hub, refer Fig. 5.2 From inlet vclociiy triangle al the tip, refer Fig. 5.2.
tan a1.h = -Ca-

1 Cx .1r
=62.61
--
334.83
tana1.1 =
Cx1.1
~ =
200.896
62.61
)
a1.1r = 79.4° a1.1 = 72.69°
andtana11r
, • -tan,B1.1r = U1r.
-Cn· and -
or
u,
C.,
= tana1 .1 - tan,81 .1 J
2rrr1r N 2rr (0.225)6000
U1r = 60 = u,
= 141.37 m/s
60 tan ,81. 1
u, =
= 1ana1.1 - -
2rrr1 N
--=
c.,
2rr (0.375 )6000
J
= 60 60
tan ,BI.Ir tan a1.1r _ U1r
Ca = 235.62 m/s l
d
tan 79.40 _ 141.37
720 62.61 .. tan /31.1 tan 72.69" _ 235.62
.81 .h
From the outlet velocity triangle, refer Fig. 5.2.

At outlet
.81.1
= -29°
0
62.61
.J
-
U1r
c;; = Ian .B2.1r - tan a2.lrt Cx2.1.r1
Cx2.1 =
= Cx2.m.r111
45. 16 )( 0 .3
-· · - ... ·- = 36.13 m/s
J
Cxl.A
But tan ai.A = -c;;- 0.375
At outlet 1a11f11.1 =
U, Cx2,1
--- + ·- ·-
Cu C11 J
Cx2.1r · r1r = Cx2.m · rm 235.6 + 36.13
=
:. C:c2.1r =
45. 16 x 0.3
0.225 fhr = 770
62.61
j
60.21 m/s
The degree of reaction at the hub and tip arc
:. \an .Bl.Ir
U1r
= -
C11
Cx2.1r
+ -Cn- R1r =
Cn
2C/1r (tan P2.1r - tan P1.1r) J
141.:\7 + 60.21 62.61
= 62.61 2(141.37) (rann.150 - ta1112o>
.B2.1r = 72.75° = 3. 16%
IC:J
For the tip and

Similar equations as above are used. At inlet
Ca
R, 2U, (tan .82.1 - tan /Jt.r) Q:.;J
Cx1.r ·r, = CXt.m · Tm

251.12 x 0.3 62.61 .
:. Cx1.1 = = 2(235.62) (tan 77° - 1011(-29°))
0.375 6
= 200.896 m/s = 64.9%
J 228 > TuRno MAC"lllNr:s AxlAL FLOW STEAM ANO GASTul'BISES <\ :?29
Example 5.8,, The axial component of the air velocity at the exit of the nozzle (b) C 2 =
C., =
180 m/s.
'3EI or an axial now reaction stage is 180 mis. The noz:r.le inclination lo the direction or C2 is axial. Therefore. the outlet velocity triangle will be as shown in Fig. 5.28(b)
rotation is 27°. Find the rotor blade angles ·at the inl et and outlel, if the degree of
reaction should he 50% and the blade speed 180 mis. u 180
Also for the same blade speed, axial velocity and no:r.zlc angle, find the degree of
tan /J2 = -C2 = -180 = I
l2l£I reaction, if the absolute velocity at the rotor outlet should be axial and equal to the :. /Ji = 45°
axial velocity at the inlet. MKU-April '94
As there is no change in the conditions at the rotor inlet, /J1 is the same.
LI Solution
C,, = 180 m/r. a1 = 90 - 27 = 63° R = 0.5 R
/31 = 43.9°
U = 180m/s Thus. = "'. (1an/J2-tanfJ1)
2 l x(1an45°2-tan43.9°
= ____ _ _ __)
L (a) Blade angles
c_., =
=
=
0.0188 (or)
J.88%
C,, tana1 '
Example 5.9 The blade speed of an axial now turbine is 300 mis. The mass now '
t = I HO x tan 63"
rate is 2.5 kg/s. The gas temperature at turbine inlet and outlet arc 500°C and 300°C
lru = :15:1.27 m/ s respectively. The fixed blade outlet angle is 70°C. Axial velocity remains constant at
tnn /11 = w~ = C. ri - U
--c:-- :15:1.27 - 1110
= - ·----iw- -
200 mis. Determine the.power developed, degree of rcnctic:>n and him.le efficiency.
[MU -April '96, Oct. "97, Oct. '99 and April '99)
L .'. fl I
C,,
= 4:1.9" Solution
U = 300 m/s =
m 2.5 kg/s To= 500°C
L c.
z1c,.c. (a) Power f:Jeveloped
T2 :;:= 300°C
=
a1=70° Cn =200 m/s
l (n l
u u
(b)
. W
=
=
mC1,(To - T2)
2.5 x 1.005 x (500 - 300)
502.5 kW
Fig11re 5.21/(n} /11/r't ve/11C'ity 1riw1glt' Fig11re S.28(b } Exit velnclty triangle
L- Degree of reaction,
tP (tan /12 - tan /J 1)'
R = w.. 1 -U w.., . The stage work done/unit
2
.
mass now .1s
R = + w.. ,> = c,,<To -
L t/J
C,
180
2
I RO
= -u = ---
2R
1
=I
W/mU(W_.J
=
=
T2)
1.005(500 - 300)
201 k.J/kg
:. tan/Ji = ~ + tan{J1 201 x ICP
L- =
2 x 0.5
- --
1
+ tan43 .9°
.'. w.t) + w.. , =
From inlet velocity triangle, refer Fig. 5.2
300 = 670 m/s
= 1.962
~ ' fi2 = 62.99'':::::: 63"

w.. ,
=
C.r 1 - U =
Cn t.an a1 - U
200 tan 70° - 300
= . 549.5 - 300
= 0.5 , /Ji= a 1 = 63° which is given in the problem.
b- Since R = .249.5 m/s
,...,
J
AXl/\1.Fl.OWSTEAMANOGASTUIWINES <( 231 -
2J0 ),. TURBO MhClllNl!S
(a) Power output
' J
:. w... l = 670 - 249.5 = 420.5 m/s
Therefore
w =
u =
mUCa(tana1 + tancx2)
rr Dm N
---w-
rr x 0.5 x 2400
= . 60
)
420.5 - 249.5 = 0.285
R = 62.83 m/s
R =
2 x 300
28.5 R
_
-
C,. (tan fl2 - tan llt>
2U
j
(c) Blade efficiency , 2U R 2 x 62.83 x 0.5
c,, = (tan fh - tan 131) - tan 36° - t.an 19°
• T'Jb =
Work done
Energy input
l .
= 164.38 m/s
. . Power output for I kg of steam per sec

J
ucw. . , + w. .2> ': :
~~
= c2 wi - wi2 . W = I >< 62.83 x 164.38(tan 36° +tan 19°)
I 2 .
2+--2 W = I \0.59kW
Since Wf-Wf (b) Stage enthalpy drop

R =
2ucw... , + w. .2>
t:.h =
W/m j
wf-wr 2U(W.r 1 + W.r2)R
11.
= 110.59
2
201 x 103 x 0.285
~h
= 0 .88
125.67 kJ/kg
j
= 57285
Example 5.11 Hot gas ac 800 kPa and 700°C enters a simple impulse turbine
and
C 1 = Ca/ cos a1 = 200/ cos 70° = 584.76 m/s
nozzle and expands adiabatically to 100 kPa with an efficiency of 90%. The nozzle
angle is 73° to the flow direction. Assuming optimum conditions, find the rotor blade
angles, flow coefficient, bl ade loading coefficient and power developed for a mass
J
201 x HP
: . Tlb = - -2.
584.76 + 57285
2
flow rate of 35 kg/s.
Solution
j
= 0.8806 or Po = 800 kPa T1 = 973 K
=
T1b = 88.06
Example 5.10 Stenm enLcrs a 50% reaction stage al a pressure of 2.2 oar and
. ..
Pi
For opllmum cond111on, 'lmn.r.din

= 100 kPa ·ct1
= sm. 2 ct1 nn
d
U11p1
73°
= U
Ci = -sin2-a1 " 1 .
ve oclly
J
17QoC of temperature. The rotor runs at 2400 rpm. The rotor mean diameter is 0.5 m triangles for a single impulse stage with maximum diagram efficiency (or) utilization
· and lhe symmetric rotor and slalor blades have inlet and exit angles respectively of
36° and 19°. Find the actual stage power output. If lhe stage efficiency is 88% find
fac1or is shown in Fig. 5.29.
.::ii
I
also lhe enthalpy drop al the stage. . (MKU-,May '97) 2U = C1 sina1 = c. .1
w. . , = C.r 1 - U =2U - U =U
Solution
= 2.2 bar To =
W1 sinfJ1 = W.r 1 ,,;, U J
R = 0.5 Po 170°C
19°.
Since W1 = W2 and flt = fJ2 for an ideal impulse stage,
N :::: 2400 rpm Dm = 0.5 m cx1 = 36° a2 =
W2 sin fJ2 = W1 sin fJ1 = U
Since R = 0.5 cx1 = fh and a2 = fJ1 Cx2 = 0, i.e. C2 =Cu
~
L 2:12 > TURDO MAClllNES
AXIALFLOWSTEAMANDGASTURBINES ~ 23j
I)
{d) Power developed
b
'~
w = rit(ho :- hi>
ho - hi (ho - hi>
=
~~
=
Ca-~c,
TJs
ho - h-u
CpTo ( 1 - T21)
To
[
~L ,
h1 -hi~ '11CpTo [ -(~~),~]
t = ·
0 .9 x 1.005 x 973 I - [ Coo) HJ 800
~Cx,~~~
@:1
= 394.24 kJ/kg
w = 35 x 394.24 = 3.8 mW
~ll )-+U Example 5.12 The initial pressure and iemperature of steam entering a multi·
~
wA
LJc,~c.
singe turbine arc 100 bar and 500°C respectively. The turbine diameter is I m and
speed. is 3000 rpm. The exit angle of the first stage nozzle is 70°. The steam now
rate is 100 kg/s. Assuming maximum blade efficiency and equal stage efficiencies or
ffi:J 78%, dclermine the rotor blade angles, power developed, final state or steam and the
blade heigh1 if the turbine is two stage Rateau turbine. State the assumptions used.
u
~
Solution
FlgureS.29 Vtlociry lrionRlts for a :rinRlt impulse Slllf(t with 111n.ri1111111111tilizatlnn factor
Po= 100 bnr To= S00°C D = Im N = 3000 rpm
(a) Rotor blade angles ti1=JOOkg/s a1=70° 'ISi = '7S2 = 0.78
L- tanP1
W.r 1 U
= -c:; = C,, = 2Ci cosai = -2-
tan 73°
Ci sina1 tana1 (a) Rotor blade angles blade angles ii.re assumed to be equal. The blade gas
speed ratio for maximum blade efficiency is
= -2- = 1.635. U sina1
b Pi =
=
tnn- i ( 1.635)
58.55°
<1vpl=
Ci sina1 =
-=--
Ct
2U
2
;rDN rr x Ix 3000
~ /11 = P2 = 58.55° u = 6() =
60
= I 57 .08 m/s
IIDJ" (b) Flow coefficient 2 x 157.08
:. c, = .
Sin 70
=
334.32 m/s
= c,, = Ci cosai 2
¢ =---
~
u C1 sina1 1ana1 The velocity triangles for a two stage Rateau turbine with maximum blade efficiency
2 anti assuming nxinl eJt it is shown in Fig. S.30. For the first stage.
2
¢ = tan 73°
c 1sina1 = C,1"1 =2V
f.
w,l", = C.r1 - U = 2V - U = U
~1
¢ 0.612
(c) Blade loading coefficient
and C.r2 = 0. C2 =Ca
W.r1 U tana1
"I· ~
1/11 = ¢(tan Pt + tan P2)
tan /31 = -c:; = C = -2- 11
ful" = 0.6!2(t11n 5R.5~ +Ian 58.55) fJi = tan

_1 (tan70°)
--
2
= 2
r· /Ji "" 53.95~ "" /J1
l~r
J
234 > l\JRBQ MACHINES
·.
:.
AXIAL FLOW STEAM AND GAS TURBINES <C ~35 j

\ for first stage
h
J
Ca~c W
I
I
Pc
,J
~Cx 1 ~~~
l
•....U
)~u s
j
\4
Figurt' 5.31
L.J'•C, ho - h1
.,,,, = ---
ho - 1121
.J
·1
WJ/m : : : 2u 2 =
u
Fi8urv S.JO Vt'lociry triangla for a mteau turbint' with maximum utiliwt'fon factor
ho - h2
ho - h21
49.35
ho - hi.
~· = 0.78
49.35 kJ/kg
J
Similarly for I.he second stage .B; =.Bi = 53.95°. = 63.269 kJ/kg
I
(b) Power developed From Molli er ch an, Po = I00 bar To = 500°C ijj
Work done in first stage = 1nU(C.ri + C.r1 ) ho = 3370 kJ/kg I
w, = m2U 2 hi 3370 - 49.35 = 3320.65 kl/ kg i
•au:!
his = =
3370 - 63.269 3306.73 kl/kg
Work done in second stage = + c;2 )
ritU(c; ,
= riiU(2U + 0) From chart state of steam at first stage exit is P2 = 82 bar T1 = 470°C
W11 = rit2U 2
= 0.041 m3/kg
iJ 2
~
I
Therefore,
For second stage
\
h1 - h4
Total work done = W1 + W 11 'f1111 = - --
h2 - h4s
i
lw
= m(2U 2 + 2U 2)
hi - h4 = Wn / m = 2u 2 = 49.35 kl/kg
= 41nu 1
h4 = 49.35 = 63.269 kJ/kg
I
hi -
=
=
=
4 x 100 x 157.08 2
9.87 mW
h2 - h4s
h4 =
T/111 . 0.78
3320.65 - 49.35 =3271.3 kl/kg
L
(c) Final state of steam The expansion process is shown on h - s diagram h4s = 3320.64 - 63.269 = 3257.38 kl/kg
(Fig. 5.31 ).
From Mollier chart P4 = 65 bar T4 = 445°C, iJ4
This is the final state of thc steam at the turbine exit.
= 0.05 m 3 / kg . L
. ' .
~
L AXIAL FLOW STEAMANDGASTURBINES 4. 237
236 > TuRBo MACHINES
L (d) Blade height

Since, the rotor blade angles are assumed to be equal.
"'
mx rJ lh=/31 =64.11°
= rr DCn I Assuming friclionlcss flow over the blades, we have
~;·
I
At 1hc firs! singe ro1or cxil i .
ln mx rJ2 ! W2 = W1: c; = C2 and w~ = w;
Ir I = rrDCn From 1he firs! stage velocily triangle 111 inlel c.~
= =
~
C,, C1 cosa1 334.32 x cos70°
W1 sin /31 = 3U I . IE-U~
= 114.34 m/s ~Cx,•2U~
=
I 00 x 0.04 I Since Wt = W2 and /31 = /Ji
)~u
fr I
rr x I x I 14. 34 =0.0114m.
l All !he second stage rolor c11il

W1 sin /31 =:= W2 sin /32 = 3U
From first stage vclocily triangle at ex.it.

w;/l . .
~
~
h11 =
=
1i1
rrDCn
x rJ.,
0.0139 m .
=
I 00 x 0.05
rr x Ix 114.34 W2sin/32
:. C.r2
=
=
Cx2 + U = 3U
2U = C2sina2
LJci-e.
The velocily triangles for the second stage is shown in u
Note that the blade height increaes through 1he turbine Sl<.1ges.
Fi1unS.JJ
~
Fig. 5.33.
Example 5.13 ror the above problem, if 1hc tur-
bine is two stage curlis 1urbinc with slage efficiency Since c; = C2 ond a1 =a; (ossumed)
of 65%. dc1erminc the pnrumclcrs. C2sina2 = Cj sin a)= 2U = C~ 1
ti~-
L
Solution
(a) Rotor blade angles For m1111imum blade
efficiency. 1he bl11cle-g11s speed ratio is
sina1
CTopl::::: - -
4
U
= -C1
or C1 sina1 = C.ri =
4U
" .~.
c,~
~c•. ~u~
w; sinfJ;
Since w; = Wi and J.li = /Ji
c~ 1
U
w; sin 13; =
i.e. w2 = uc; 2 =
=
=
2U = w;
sin,Bj + u
W~ sin 132 = U.
w; 2u = u - u = o.
4 x 157.08 :. C~2 = c; =Ca
~ )~11'
C1 = . = 668.64 m/s
Sin 70" u u 157.08
=
ct/= C1 COSCl'J 668.64m/sxcos70° tan J.li= c; = Cu = 228.69
= 228.69 m/s :. /Ji = 34.48°
L-
Ca
This velocity triangles for 1he firs! stage of 11 1wo
stage cunis impulse turbine wilh maximum blade ef- Since. fli = /Ji
ficiency is shown in Fig. 5.32. Pi = Pi = 34.48°
~ (b) Power developed
~ Figur~ 5.32 Velocity rricmgles for
a curtis turbine with maximum W = Wc + Wtt
utilization factor W1 = ritU(Cz1 + Cxi) =ritU(4U + 2U)
b- ' w... = C.ri - U = 4U - U = 3U
tan /J1 =
W, 3U 3 x 157.08
1 Wu
=
=
m(6U
ritU(C~I
2
)
+ c:2> = mU(W + 0)
C:- = Cn = 228.69 = ril(2U ) 2
1( ... f11 = 64.11°

]
238 J.- TuRBO MAOllNES AXIAL FLOW STEAM AND GAS T\JRBINES ... 239
' ]
:. W ::J. m(8U 2 ) = 100 x 8 x 1578.08 2 (a) Blade angle at inlet
W = 19.74mW
(c) Final state of steam The expansion process is shown on Ir - s diagram
1an f31
C,, 1 -,U
C,,
J
(Fig. 5.34). c.. = C,, 1an0t1 =
I 180 x tan 60° = 311.77 m/s
h .. tan .81
f31
=
311.77 - 280
10°
180 J
P4
(b) Blade angle at exit
Since R = 0.5
J
/32 = a1 = 60°
Example 5.15 The conditions of hot gas al lhe inlet lo a 50% reaction turbine
with a stage efficiency of 85% are 800 kPa and 900 K. The blade speed is 160 mis.
J
The mass How rate is 75 kg/s and the absolute air angle at first stage nozzle exit is
:s
Figure 5.34
70° . Assuming maximum utilization factor, Determine the rotor blade angles, Power
devclo'ped and iscntropic enthalpy drop across lhc stage. J
Solution
lro - h,.
= 0.85 Po = 800 kPa .J
'--~'
TJs = R = 0.5 1]1
ho - h,.,
To = 900 K U = 160 m/s in = 15 kg/s
ho - h4 19.74 x 10-l = 197.4 kJ/kg a1 = 70°
ho - h4s = -
.. 100
197.4
- = 303.69 kJ /kg
.
I· For maximum utilisation factor condition, blade to gas

speed ra1io is
w,~.~
.J
= -u = sma1
.
0.65
:. h4 = ho - 197.4 = 3370- 197.4 = ·3172.6 kJ/kg a,,p,
h4s = 3370 - 303.69 = 3066.31 kJ/kg .
ct
= -.-
:. C 1
u
= -.--
160
= 170.27 m/s U-Cx, J
J-.u
SIO a1 SIO 700
From Mollicr chan
C = C1 cos a1 = 170.27 x cos 70°
P4 = 27 bar, T,. = 365°C and 114 = 0. 105 m 3/kg
.J
11
C,, = 58.24 m/s

.(d) Rotor blade height
mi>4 100 x 0.105

The veloci1y triangles for a 50% reaction stage al
maximum utilization factor arc given in Fig. 5.35.
W2/l
UC1<.
h = rrDCa =
rr x I x 228.69 C , 1 = C1 si'na1 = U, : . Wr 1 = 0 I .e. W1 = C,, and
...,,.,
= 0.01 46 m fl1 = 0" . u
Since\. Ci = W2 and a1 = {32
Figure S.JS Velocity triangles
Example 5.14 Air leaves lhe nozile of an axial How turbine stage a1 an angle of = U = W.r2 for a 50% reaction stage with
30". with an axial velocity of 180 mis. If the rotor blade speed is 280 mis. Find 1he
Ci sina1 = W2sin{J2 I
:. c.. J = 0 i.e. C2 = Ca maximum utilizationfactor
rotor blade angle for the reaction of1he stage to be 50%.
Solutic;m
The nou.le angle (a1) measured from axial direction
(MU-Oct. '98)
I
J
(a) Rotor blade angles
a, = /32 = 70° and L
=
a 1 = 90° - 30° 60° Cn = 180 m/s U = 280 m/s R = 0.5 Oil = /31 = 0°
I
'"4'.. •'···
L 24-0 )> TuRDO MAClflNl!S AXIAL FLOW STEAM AND GAS TuRBINES o{ 241
(b) Power developed Since
L w = ri1U(Cx I + Cx2)
Um = Ca(tana1.m-tanl31.m)
Um
= 1i1U(U + 0) Ca =
l =
=
75 x ( 160) 2
l.92mW =
Ian IXJ,m - tan /31.m
235.62
tan 75° - tan 46°
=
L (c) lsentropic Enthalpy drop 87.38m/s
(j./J ho - lr2 Flow coefficient. (tan 131
= 0.37(tan 46° + tnn 75°)
= 1.76
1.92 x 103 /75
=
L =
.0.85
30.12kJ/kg
At root section, for fr~ vortex flow.
Cx1 ·rm = Cxl,h ·r11

Example 5.16 The dnta at menn radius of an axial turbine stage arc as follows. Ca ·tan IXt.m · rm = Ca · tnn a1.11 · r11
l Roror blade nnglcH 111 entry and exit arc 46° anti 75'' respectively. Nozzle angle at
exit is 75°. The hub to tip ratio is 0.6. Menn rotor s peed is 7,500 rpm. Assuming free
.. tnnat.h = tnnat.m-
rm
r11
vortex now condltlnnll llctcrminu nt tncnn nml mot Hcctitlll (n) Jcgrcc uf rcnctiun und 750 x. -
0.6/2
= tan -
L blnde fonding coefficient. Tnke hub diameter ns 450 mm.
Solution
oq,h =
= 4.976
78.64°
0.45/2
..
/31,nr = 46° fh.m = 75c Cl'l,m = 75° ~:· = 0.6 rrD11N 1T x 0.45' x 7500
b N = 7. 500 rpm·
At mean section:
D1i = 0.450 m.
Since u,. = C 11
u,. =
(tan a1.11 - tan Pt.11) .
--w-= 60
= 176.72 m/s
(a) Degree of reaction since

b IXl,m = fl2.m = 75° R111 = 0.5
tan 131.h =
=
tan au_ Vi.
Ca
tan 78.640 _ 176.72
(b) Blade loading coefficient
=
6 u,., = rrD111 N f31.11 =
2.96
71.33°
87.38
60
Similarly,
b D,,, · =
Dh
2
+ D1D ir+ Dh/0.6
0.45 + 0.45/0.6
= - --
2 1ana2.h = 1ana2.m-
rm
r11
I = 0 6/2 '
= 1.381
~ ~
2 = tan 46° _ . _
0.45/2
tzyJ- = 0.6m
a2.11 = 54.1°
1T x 0.6 x .1500
.. Um = = 235.62 m/s
b 60
)
-...,
242
And
)> Trnmo MAC'"Hll'lf.S
..
AXIAL FLOW STEAM ANOGASTURUINES ~
Assuming that there. is no pressure drop in the moving blad.;.(T2., = Ti,)

t43
from
J.
uh Mollicr chart.
tan fl2.h - tan a2.h = c,,
176.72
Toi - T1 1 = (To1 - T1) + (T1 - T1 1 ) j
tan fhh - tan 54. I = c2 . c2
87.38 973 - 751.49 I 0 I
=
2c,, + ·1 2c,,
lan/hh =
f76.72
.
87 38
+tan 54.1
1.1cf = 2 x 1155.6 x (221.51)
j
3.4 C1.m = 682.2 m/s
(a) Degree of reaction

.. fli:h = 73.63° Gas tcmpera1ure j
Cf = 973 - 682.2 2
(Ian /32 h - tan /31 h)

Ti = Toi - -
2Cr
---
2 x l 155.6
=
Rh l/Jh .
2
. .
Ti = 771.6 K j
4'h = u C,, = 87 .38 = 0.4 95 (b) At the hub
176.72
Hub diameter is determined as follows
•• R1,
Rh
= 0.4
0. 11
95
(tan 73.6.3 ° - tan 71.33°)
2 ,;, = pAC
,.,
11
I .(1 :.< 10~ k11

J
J) = --- = ---·--
RT 1 289 x 771.6
= 0.7111-
ml
.· (b) Blade loading coefficient
R = c,,(r - I)= 0 .289kJ/kg ml>
I
1/11.h = </>h(lan fl1.h +tan /32.h) r.
= 0.495(tan 71.33° +tan 73.63°) Co = C1 cosa1 = 682.2cos62 = 320.27 m/s
'/11.h = 3.15
Example 5.17 The fol\owing paniculars relate to a single stage turbine of free ·
A
A
=
=
rr Dnilr
107Tlr
2
=rr(IOlr)lr ·
rn
= -pCa
J
vonex design.
. Total head inlet temperature - 973 K, total head inlet pressure-' 4.5 bar. static head
. outlet pressure - 1.6 bar. gas flow rate - 20 kg/s. Nozzle outlet angle - 28° (measured
,,2
=
20
0.118 x no.21
x-
I
!Orr J
from blade velocity), mean blade diameter 10 blade height ratio - 10, Nozzle loss
coefficient - 0.1. Determine 'the gas velocities,' temperatures and discharge angle at " ==
D,,,
0.053 m and
0 .53 m
I
the blade: mid, root and tip ra~ii. Assume C P = 1.1556 kg/kg-Kand r 1.333. = Hub diameter D1o = D,,, - Ir = 0 .53 - 0.053 = 0.477m b"9
Solution For free vortex design
C,. I • m • r111 = C •·1.h • r,,
Too = 973 K Poo = 4.5 bar Pi = 1.6 bar ri1 = 20kg/s or
T1 -Tis
a1 90-28 = 62° Dm/lr = 10 = 0. 1 tana1.h
rm
= -rh ·tana1 ,m = - - 0 .53
tan6" 0
l!"1
Cf/2Cp 0 .477 •
(a) At mid section
; I
a1 .h = 64.43° ItlOll
~ = 973 (~) 01.333
Gas velocity,
= ( .
7i ( P2 ) .333
320.27
Ti,, ' ' 00 Poo : c"
= ---=---
I L
Ct
Cl 1.1o Cll~ 64.4;\
cu~
= 7Sl.49K 4.5
c, = 742 m/s
ld!a
244 )> TURRO MAClllNliS AXIAL F LOW SHAM ANO GASl\JRBINES -l 24.5
c
~!I Gas temperature, (a) Absolute a.n d relative air angles
c2 No7.zle exit angle, au = 75°
Ti = Toi-~'
2c,,
ij Ca ,h = Ci,h · COsa1=292.71 x cos75°
II~
IT~•I.
= 973 - 7422 = 75.76m/s
2 x I 155.6 = 734.78· K
C.. 1.h = C1h·sina1=292.7Jxsin75°
L, (c) At the tip

Dr = Dm + h = 0.53 + 0.053 = 0.583 m
Gas discharge angle.
From inlet velocity triangle
= 282.74 m/s
tan /J1 ..\ = wCa.h

.. 1.h c,,,.h - uh
t
I'm
tnn a1. 1 = - tnna1 .in
r,
= Ca.h
0 .53 282.74 - 141.37
= 0.
583
tnn 62
0
= 75.76
=
~] :. ct1.r ;::: 59.68° • . .81.h 61.81°
c, = ~= 320.27 :::: 634.4 m/s For zero reaction section,

COS IX J.1 COS 59.68° ,
/32.h = /J1.1i
~.:l and
r, "" c2 634.4
7fJ1 - __,, = 973 - --··- ---
2c,,
2
2 x 1155.6 (b) Blade to gas speed ratio

:. /32.h = 61.81 °
79R.R6 K
~
:;:
Ui, Sincr1 sin 75°
t;1 Example 5.1 8 An axial turbine with constant nozzle air angle (75°) and zero
a.,,,, = Ci.h = -2- = - 2 -
reaction at the hub runs nt 6000 rpm. Its hub and tip diameters are 45 and 75 cm = 0.483
respectively. All sections arc designed for mnximum utilisation factor. Assuming
b radial equilibrium conditions, determine for the hub, mean and tip sections (a) absolute
and relative air angles (b) blade to gas speed ratio (c) degree of reaction. Assume axial
exit from the stage al all sections.
(c) Degree of reaction
R1r = 0
(2) Mean Section ·
b Solution
a1 = 75". Rh= 0. N = 6000. Dh = 0.45 m. DJ:::: 0.75 m
t
For a conslant nozzle air angle,
C1 .h C h
_xi_•_~ C h
_al_•_=
\ iin
rm)
1
01
(1) Hub Section = (
~
C1.m Cx1.m C0 i.m r1r
Hub speed,
rr Dh N rr x 0.45 x 6000 (0.45 0.75)
uh
(;() = r,,. '" + r, - -2- +2
60 = 2 -
2
= 0.3 m
f~
= 141.37m/~ 2
(rm) 1in n• ( 0.3 ) 0 .933
-~
Since Rh = 0 and for maximum utilisation factor 'h .
= 0.225 = I .308
uh sincr1 C1.1r 292.71
a.,,,, = -=-- =
b ~
c _
c,~
uh
2
_
141.37
.. C1,111
C.rt.,;, =
1.308
Cx1.1t
1.308
=
=
1.308 = 223.78 m/s
282.74
J.30B = 216.16 m/s
l.h - (sincr1/2) - (sin75°/2)
b ~ 292.71"111/~ Cai ;m =
Ca1,1t .
1.308 =
75.76
1.308
= 57.92 m/s
J
' 246 :.> Tl!RBO MAClllNES
AX IAi. FLOW S TJ:AM Al'lll GAS TURBll'IES ,..._. 247
J
(a) Absolute and relative air angles J (a) Absolute and relative air angles
Nozzle exit angle, ai.m = a1 .h = 75°.
W.rl.m Cxl,m - Um
Nozzle exit angle, a1.1 = cr1.m =
=
C.r 1.1
a1.h
- U,
= 75°
J
tan /l1 .nr = Ca l.m = C a l.m
1un .81.1
C0 1. t -1
rr >< 0 .75 x 6000 = 235.62 m/s
Um =
rr D,,,N
~=
rr x (2 x 0 .3) x 6000
60
u, = 60= rr D,N
60 ' ,J
175.52 - 235.62
= 188.49 m/s .. tan fJ1.1
. . tan f.1.m = 216. 16 - 188.49

57.92
fJJ.1 =
47.03
-51.96° .J
fl1.,.. = 25 .54° Since C_, 2 =O
I .
For an axial exit. C.r2 = 0.

Um 188.49
tanfh.1
u, 235.62
Ca 1.1 = 47.03 J
. . tan ,82.m = --=-- .82.1 = 78.71°
C,11.m 57.92
(b) Blade-to-gas Speed ratio
!
Ihm = 72.92° ,,J
u, 235.62
(b) Blade-to-gas speed ratio a = c~ = 181.71
u,,, 188.49 = 1. 297 ~
a = C1.m = 223.78 ·
·~
( c) Degree of reaction ·
0.842
(c) Degree of reaction

RJ =
C 11 1.1(tan /hi - tan ,81 ,,)
2U, .J
47.03 x (tan78.71 - lan(-5.1.96))
C11 1.m(tanfJ2.m - tan.81.m) =
R,,. = 2Un1
57.92 x (tan 72.92° - tan 25.54)
= 0 .627
2 x 235.62
.J
2 x 188.49
(3) Tip Section

= 0.427 f SHORT QUESTIONS
5.1 . What is an axial flow steam (or) gas turb ine?

J
5.2. What arc the advantages of an axial flow turbine?
1in a1 1 5.3. Why is s ingle or two stage axial flow compressor prcforrcd in aircraft jct
Cr,, C~- l.1 Ca I .t rm propulsion? ......
C1.m
= (
Cx l.m "." C., l ,m = -;:; ) .. 5.4. The blade he ight is increased towards the low pressure end why?
5.5. Draw the velocity triangles for an axial flow turbine stage?
(:7 rn~n· o.m
( 0.3 ) 0.9l 3
=0.812 5.6. The diagram work per unit mass flow is given by
(a) UC11 (tan ,81 +tan .82)
I
1.::::.1
:. C1.1 = Ci.in x 0 .812 = 223.78 x 0.812 = 18 1.71 m/s (b) UC11 (tan .81 - tan ,82)
= c., lI
<='..r,! ,I = C.r1,m x 0.812 216.16. x 0.812 ·.= 175.52 mfs (c) u(tanfJ1+tan/l2).
c,,1.1 ... C ,. 1,no x0.Kl2 w !17.IJ2x0.Bl2 .=: 47.03 111/s !1 .7. l>clinc Diugrum or hlut.le cfflcicncy (or) Utlli1u1ion fuctor. w
5.!!. Draw the Mollier diagram for expansion through an axial flow turbine stage.
l
248 ):. TIJIUIO MAClllNl!S t\XIALFLOW $TEAMANOGASTURlllNES .,; 249
L 5.9. In the rotor of the axial now turbine ·

(a) /q - h 2 =constant.
5.33. Gas turbines tend to be always of the reaction type. Why?
5.34. Steam turbines are usually impulse (or) a mix_turc of impulse and reaction stages
w2 w2 becuase of
(b) h1 - - 2 = h2 -
l
_t
2 2 (a) High pressure ratio.
c2 c2 (b) Low overall pressure ratio.
(c!) h1 + _..!_
2
= h2 + -1.
2 (c) Type of working fluid.
5. I 0. For a nonnnl singe, the static temperature drop across the stage ~qua ls the total 5.35. The maximum diagram efficiency of an impulse turbine is
l temperature drop. !True/False]

5.11 . Define Turbine stage total-to-total isentropic efficiency.
5. I 2. When is the totnl-to-totnl cffiiency used?
(a) col 2a1
(b) sin2 a1
(c) sin a1
5.13. Define Blnde loading coefticicnl. 5.36. The blade to gas speed ratio for maximum diagram efficiency is
l 5. 14. The size of n stationary industrial turbine is larger than that of the aircraft gas
turbine. [True/False]
5.15. Rateau turbine is an example of
(a) sin a1
(b) 2sina1
(c) sin a1/2
R (a) .TWo stage velocity compounded impulse turbine. 5.37: The blndc lo gas speed ratio for maximum diagram efficiency of
a reaction
(b) Simple impulse turbine turbine is
lk1 (c) TWo stage pressure compounded Impulse turbine. (a) sin a1
5.16. In pressure compounded impulse turbine, the bind~ height has to be increased (b) s ina1/2
l towards the low pressure side. Why?

5. 17. In velocity compounded impulse turb ine, the blade height is same in nil rows.
(True/False)
(c) 2sina1
5.38. The mnximum stage efficiency of a reaction turbine is
(a) I + sin2 a1
5.18. Define Blade velocity coefficient. (b) I + sin 2 a 1/2sin 2a1
L- 5 .19. The relative velocity of nuid increases ncross n reaction turbine. (True/Fnl~c)
5.20. What is compounding or staging?
5 .21 . Why is compounding necessary?
(c) 2 sin 1 a1 /I + s/n 1a1
5.39. The stage efficiency, turbine efficiency and reheat factor are related as
(a) 'Ir = 17, x R.F
5.22. The reaction turbine has (b) 17.< = R.F x 17r
~ (a) no diffusers . (c) R.F = 17, x 17,
~ (b) no nozzles. 5.40. Annulus flow area interms of hub diameter and blade height is
(c) no fixed blades. . (a) rr(Dh - h)h
5.23. The steam velocity in n reaction turbine is low and hence the speed is low (b) rrh(Dh + h)
~
relative to the impulse turbine. (True/False) ' (c) rr(Dh + h) 2
5.24. Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbines. 5.4 1. What is Govcmipg of iurbines? How is ii done?
5.25. The steam expands in the movings fi xed blades of a reaction turbine. (True/False)
5 .26. In impulse turbine the pressure drop, unlike the reaction turbine, takes place in
L the nozzles only. (True/False)

5.27. Why is the tenn reaction used in reaction turbine?
5.28. Define Degree of reaction, 5.1.
EXERCISES
Describe the working principle of an axial flow turbine with a neat sketch.
S.29, What is zero reaction singe'!
b 5.30. With isentropic flow condi tions prevailing, the zero reaction stage is exactly
the same as the impulse stage. (True/Fnlse)
5.31 . Whnt is an impulse stngc?
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
What is an axial flow turbine stage?
Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles for an axial flow turbine slJlgc.
Prove that the axinl flow turbine stage work
~ 5.32. 11\e following stages should be avoided due to the adverse pressure gradients W/m = UC (tan/Jt + tan/:Ji)
0
~'ri causing flow separation

5.5. Define D'iagram efficiency. What arc the other names it? or
(a) Negative reactive stage only
5.6. Draw the h-s diagram for expansion through an axial How turbine stage.
(b) Reaction more than 100% only.
'\ 5.7. The work done factor is not used . in ·axial How turbine but it is used in axial
~
(c) both (a) and (b)
compressor why?
~~
"""
250 ,.. TullllO MACllll'cS A )l.IALFLOW STf.AM ANl>GASTllRIJINE.'i .0: 251
~
~i!.l
5.8. Prove lhal lio1. rt'/ ::::;'/102. rd. across lhe lurhine rotor. 5.21!. A ~i11gh: wheel impulse steum turbine hus equi-ungular rotor hludcs lhal develop
' 5.9. Define
(a) total-to-coial dfi~iency
(b) 101al-to-s1atic efficiency.
3.75 kW and produce a torque in the disc of 1.62 Nm at a mean radius of
132.5 mm. The ro!Or receives 0.014 kg/s of steam from noalcs inclined al 70"
10 the axial direc1ion and steam discharges from the wheel chamber in an axial
J
.....,
5.IQ. Define · direction. Find (a) the blade angles (b) lhe diagram efficiency (c) the end thrust
(a) Nozzle Joss coefficient and
(b) Rotor Joss coefficient
5 . 11. Define blade loading coefficient? What is it's significance?
on the shaft (d) the tangential thrust on the blades.
[Ans: (a) 60.7 (b) 0.62 (c) 2.04 N and (d) 12.23 NJ
J 5 .29. A 50 percent reacXion steam turbine, running 111450 rpm develops 5 MW and has
J
5.12. Prove that 11 steam mass ftow rate of 6.5 kg/kW.hr. Al a particular stage in the expansion
=
Vtt .,O(tan /11+111nJJ2)
5. 13. Why arc simple impulse turbines not so common?
5·. 14 . What is compounding or staging?
the absolu1e pressure is 85 kPa at a steam dryness fraction of 0.94. If the c.1111
angle <lf the blade is 70° measured from the axial flow direction. and the outlet
relative velocity of the steam is 1.3 times the mean blade speed, find the blade
J
5.15. E:\plain brieny a two stage pressure compounded impulse turbine and show the height if the ra1io of rotor hub diameter 10 blade height is 14.
prcssun: and vdocity variations across the turbine.
5 .16. What is a velocity compounded turbine? Draw a two stage curlis turbine
(Ans: 0.131 ml
DO. In a zero reaction gas turbine, the blade speed al the mean diameter is 290 mis.
j
indicating the pressure and velocity variations across it. Gas leaves lhe nozzle ring ul an angle of 65° to the axial direction while the
stage inlet stagnation temperature is 1100 K. The stagnation pressure al nozzle
5.17. Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles of a two stage impulse turbine.
5.1 R. Deline blndc velocity cncflicienl. How docs it vnry between mi impulse 111al
reaction turbine. . · ·
entry nnd cxil urc 400 kPu and WO kPa rcspcclivcly. S1u1ic pressure al noule
cxll is 2CXJ kl'u and 1hu111t rowr exit is 188 KPn. Assuming that the magnitur.Je
j
5.19. Explain with a neat diagram the operations of a reaction turbine. anc.l direction of velocities at cnlry ond cxi1 of lhe sragc ore 1he •amc, de1crminc
=
J
5.20. Deline: Rcaclion ratio for an axial ftow turbine stage. Compare the degree of
reaction for axial ftow compressor and turbine.
5.21. Derive the following relations.
·
lhc stage lolal-to-toral efficiency. Take Cp I 148J./kg - K. (Ans: 87.3~· 1
5.31. Show that for a free vortex turbine blade with negligible degr\!C of reaction al
the hub, the degree of rtraclion R al any radius 'r' is related lo the hub radius
J
I Th by
(a) R = 2"° (tan/12 - lan/Jt)
(b)
I
R= -
2
C,,(lan /J2
+ - -- 2U
-
- tan a1)
· R= .1 - ( 7rh )2 J
C,, (tan a1 - tan a i) 5.3:!. Steam with a velocity of 600 mis enters an impulse turbine row of blades al
iu
(c) R =I+
5.22. Draw the velocity triangles and h-s diagram forthe following axial flow turbine
stag.cs. .
an angle of 25° 10 the plane of rotation of the blaclt:s. The mean blade speed is
255 mis. The exi1 angle from the blades is 30°.> There is a 10% loss in relative
velocity due lo friction in the blades. Determine (a) the entry angle oflhe blades
J
(a) R = ·O (b) R <. 0 measured from the axial direction (b) the work done per kg of steam/sec (c) the:
(c) R =
0.5 (d) R = 1.0 (e) R > 1.0.
5.23. Prove that for an imp~lse turbine
diagram efficiency (d) the end thrust per kg of steam/sec.
[Ans: (a) 41!.5" (b) 150.71 kW/(kg/sec) (c) 83.7% and (d) 78 N/(kg/s})
5.:B . The nozzles of a simple impulse turbine are inclined at an angle of 20° 10 the
J
(a)a=·sina1/2
. . , ' ' •
direction of the path of the moving blades and the steam leaves the nou.les at
= sin- a1 .
( b ) IJnw.r ·dia
5.24. Prove that for a reaction turbine
375 mis. The blade speed is 165 mis. Find suitable inlel and outlet angles for
the blades in order that there shall be no axial thrust on lhe blades. allowing
j
(a) a= sina1 for the vclocil)' of the sleam in passing over the blades being reduced by I 5%.
2sin 2 a1 Determine also the power developed for a steam tlow of one kg/sat the blades, I
(b) l/m1U·J = , 1
l+sm·at
5 .25 . Prove the following
and the kinetic energy of the steam finally leaving the wheel.
[Ans: (a) 56° , 49° (b) 52.8 kW/(kg/s) and (c) 8.778 kJ/(kg/s))
J
111 =
11, x R.F. 5.34. Al a stage in a reaction turbine the mean blade ring diameler is Im and lhe
5.26. Explain the vnrinus internal losses in uxinl llow turbines. tu rhine runs Ill a speed of 50 rev/sec. '11le blades arc designed for 50% reaction
5.27. What is turbine govcrning? What arc the different methods of governing of with exit angles 60° and inlet angles 40°. The turbine is supplied wilh s1eam 111 e:s
turbine? Explain briefly. the rate of 6.00,CXlO kg/hr and the stage efficiency is 1!5%. Dc1crminc, (11) 1/1c
b 252 )> TUltflO MAClll NES
/\ XIAl. r w w STEAM ANI> GAsl\JRlllNF.S o{ 2.~.\
the hub. mean and tip sections of the blades (a) the blade angles , (b) degree of
~t:!;J power output of the stage, (b) the specific enthalpy drop in the stage in Id/kg
.
reaction (c) blade to gas speed ratio .
and (c) the percentage increase in relative velocity. {Ans: menn section /11 = 60° /12 = 65° a1 = 70°
IAn:;: (a) I 1.3:1 mW, (h) 79.98 kl/kg and (c) 50.89%1 · ·· R = 20.4% and u 0 .35.=
5.35. An axial llow gas turbine has a degree of reacti on o r30%. The blade speed at the hub section flt = =
71.0°, /12 66.3°. a1 74 :8° =
L mean diameter is 300 mps and the mass now is 2.5 kgls. The gas temperature at
the turbine inlet and outlet arc 500°C and 300°C respectively. The fixed hladc
outlet angle is 20" measured in the some direction or blade speed. The axial
R
_tip section /31
=
=
41.4% and u
43. 1° . fh
0 .2.
=
=
65.4°. a 1 65.6°
R = 49.2% and u = 0.54 I
=
velocity remains constant at 200 mps. Drnw .velocity diagram and determine
f. the relative velocities and power developed . Take Cp_= 1.005 kl/kg K. 5.41. An axial now gas turbine has root and tip diameters of 600 mm and 750 mm.
ffi~ (MKU-Noi: '96) Rotor speed is 7500 rpm. Rotor blade design is based on free vortex principle
IAns: (n) 348 and 472 mis, (b) 502.5 kW) and absolute velocity is axial at exit. The actual change in total temperature at
5.36. Tuo rows of a velocity compounded impulse turbine have a mean blade speed mean section is I IOOC. Calculate the air and blade angles . reaction ratio and·
Li of 150 mis and a nm:zle velocity of 675 mis. The nozzle angle is 20°. The
exit angles of the first moving row, fi xed a nd second row of moving blades arc
blade loading coefficient at all sections. Take R = 347.2 J/kg-k and r = 1.3.
=
(Ans: a 1,m 72 .25°, fJ1.m = 60.93°. fh m = 52.96°. R,.. =
-17.88'k
25", 25° and '.10" respectively. There is 11 I 0% Joss of velocity due to friction in 1/11.111 = 2.36 a 1.11 = 74. 12°. /Jt .1t = 66.83'' . lh11 = 49.67°.
= = = =
L all blades. The steam now is 4.5 kgls. Draw the velocity diagram and determine
(a) the power output and (b) the diagram efficiency.
!Ans: ( a) 796.5 kW and (b) 77.7%)
j
Rh -49. 17% 1/11.h 2.98
=
/h. 1 55.82°, R1
a1.1 70.42°. /31.1
=
4 .55% Y,1.1
53.24°.
=
1.91 J
5.41. A gas turbine stage has an initial absolute pressure of 350 kPa and temperature
5.37. The nozzle angle in a velocity compounded impulsd turbine is 20° to the mean 565°C and negligible initial velocity. At the mean radius 0.36 m, the conditions
~ blade speed which is IOO mis for each moving blades row. There arc two rows
~
are noz1.le exit absolute static pressure is 207 kPa. nozi:le exit flow angle is 68°
of moving blades with exit angles 26° nnd 30°. Between these rows there is n and stage reaction is 0.2. Detennine the now coefficient. stage load ing factor;
row of fixed blades with exil angle 28°. The reln1ive velocity of steam drops ·stag~ reaction and air and blade angles at the mean, hub and tip. The hub r~dius
by 10% during passage through ring of blades and the final discharge is axial. und speed nre re~pcctively 0.31 m nnd ROOO rpm. Assume that the stage is to
L Detcnnine !he vel11ci1y of stenm leaving the nou lcs and the blade efficiency. If
the noz1.le efficiency is 95% and the kinet ic energy or steam leaving the stage
is available as heal energy, estimate the state of steam entering the next stage. I
have a free vortex swirl nt this speed. Take C P = 1.148 kJ/kg-K and r = 1.:U.
Neglect the losses. (MKU-Nov. '96)
(MU-Oct. '96)
The conditions of the steam at nozzle inlet is 8.5 har and dry saturated.
= 39.2°. Ihm =·55.93'
~B
= -10.3°.
I
!Ans: (a) 450 mis (b) 62% and (c) 5 bar, X = 0.96) (Ans: a1,m == 68° , ai.m f31.m
5.38. In an impulse turbine designed for free vortex now at the rotor inlet, the blade l/>m = 0.602. Rm = -0.2 1/11.m = 1.38 au = 70.82· .
root radius is 25 cm and the blade height is 6.3 cm. TI1e absolute steam velocity ai.h = -11.9°, /31.h = 55.31 °. f3 1.h = 50.63~ 41,, = 0.7.
at the rotor inlet is 450 mis, the fluid being directed so ns to make an angle R11 = -0.079 1/11.h = 1.76 a1.1 = 65.29°. a1.1 = -9.l c.
b of 15° with the wheel tangent at the blade root. If the speed ratio is 0 .4 at the
tip, the blade velocity coefficient is 0.97 and the difference between the rotor
/J 1.1 = 15.75°. lh.1 = 59.9° ¢1 = 0 .528. R, = 0.38
1/11.1 = l.061
inlet and outlet angles is 3° all over the rotor, draw the velocity triangles for 5.43. The data for an axial turbine s!Jlge are: hub diameter= 450 mm. tip d iameter
b the blade tip and find the degree of reaction at the same position.
(MKU-May '97)
!Ans: -4.9%)
= 750 mm, rotor speed= 600 rpm. At the mean section. a1 =/Ji = 75°. /31 =
a2 = O. R = 0.5. Assuming radial equlibrium and constant nozzle angle.
determine for the hub, mean and tip sections (a) the absolute and relati\·e air
5.39. What is the percentage of reaction of a single stage turbine operating with a angles (h) blade-to-gos speed ratio (c) degree of reaction. Assume ax ial ex it
6 totnl pressure ratio of 3 and top temperature of 1100 K, if the velocity out of
the stator blade is 550 mis, and velocity out of the turbine is 300 mis.
(MKU-/lpril ' 97)
from the stage at all sections.
IAns: a1.1i
<r 1,n1
=
75° /J1.h
=
75" f1 t.m = 0°
=57.87" f32 .h ~ 65°.
/Ji.,,, 1s 0
•=
0.554. 0.218
0.966. 0 .5
I Ans: O.MI a1.r = 75° Pt.1 =-63.58° f31 .1 :.: 80. 13° . 1.487. 0.6751
Th~blades of a free vortex turbine rotor have inlet and outlet angles of 60 and
br 5.40.
65 degrees at a mean diameter of 100 cm. The corresponding nozzle angle is
70D. The hub to tip ratio is 0.6 and the turbine runs at 3600 rpm. Calculate for
t
t5
!J
....,
' tj
...,
6 j
c_f>u~ ~/}. , I .(.. . •.
) (/ (_., LJ~ b:,,·; C-:'( ·>.r -'1'--
. - ·. "' :-- (i I
RADIAL FLOW GAS AND STEAM
~J
, . / /, '
Jjj 1Jc;,., 1r~LY~ ul_;.J- :-"' ; !:0 _,;·; -)j ./ ~ j_;-1"ulr'/1; ( >!:-.?. L.. .c (..:.-_, ~_,,/;/} TURBINES
' -
1.- u
.
l.:V(..~"-- ;. ,... ~ <.r 'Jc)~f ~ol=~./7 !..J '.N)fJY
- -1 < .
~/y'
• -
J:---- v~. •
j
J f'"'_r" _?>1JJU:,,( ,l~··f tJC"'- • ( __, ~··/ :;,
- ,
..)) J u y 1 i f/ t?U c;; :;
, .
u ~· >-'()
I •
cy
'
'
/
. J
' -/ •
/I - ' -
INTRODUCTION j J
'
_.1~_,;J/ &> !J~· _trr>.J f ~).1> / .>u-:(~ J ~ J c.D~;/c~_, c~i,.. !;t? The inward llow radial gas 1urhincs arc used for applicalions where 1hc flow ra1c is
. . ·- . ./-= -· , I . very low, for c>r.11mplc, 111rh11ch11rgcr~ for commercial (diesel) engines and lire pumps.
y1 ..: ·1 .. :. '~· ~< w·1/~ ......' ·· ·' l .....-(.r:-L>v<f l=~y'/; alPc) t..:., i . The radial gas 1urbines 11re very compact, the m11ximul')')__dJ!!_'!1~i!!K.11boJU..Qd.ro
and .sr.~.c;~_:u:i~g~ailging from 40.000 to 1,80,000 rpm. They are usually of the
bj
:.go:: type, the blades being ..L'10 lhe langent al the periphery o( the rotor outer inlet.
The gas enlers the turbines in the radial direction and leaves axially at the outlet.
- ~-- - ·----- ~ - . . . -··-- . ·---- --
- -·-~-- - -- -·
8lJ
DESCRIPTION
(y· r>C c-: cFt.) u vJ
A.9_Q..'.'inYJ:l!'..G. O_q~.. rn~ial turbine is vcry_g~r 10 th~~.~~fugal compressor and the
only difference hcin_g lh!!.!1!!..C:.Jl~;;._!!_ow . ~J..n_!~-~. <?PP.~s.i ~~ ~~~~!~~ (F1i;s. 6.1 (a) and I
6. l(h)). The. gas enters t~e sc r_o_l!_<:a~! ~ll.• _w~ose c~oss_-..s~c~~ca i~E~.!!iLa:' eml
tlliL.Jll!..s p_asses through it. -Tl1is keeps the vefoct ty at the entry to the noalc vanes
co~_ubc g;is is gradually drawn ofron-._i!s circumferential path. The ' nozzle I
______ - - - -
~ a!e converging t.Q...in£_rease 1he kinetic energy of 1he -~·a;;_ and they set the gas
angle for entry ..into the rotor. This angle, measured from the radial direction is usually
J
:_IJ._;.A;,. c..J>0if w °.£
:J •
(-;:-~. .1 1 ,...l _f' :'(_ r / '·11 I(_._f I
·.. . . ·I ,
~
L---t·· d +. . . I) , ... ,,..J
. _, .
/
.) •
/
?
(.• /"_
I - T
.o .. .. . ,. ,,"
~ '
-
l.' / t
~
I•
~·)./ 'l""PU"U"') J_,/ i.f
• 7 -
' ;..
I.· / · . , .. . . I
f :' j • ! .. _ · c :~1,. .( it.. .-:-, if..1,; I
-·-../. . bl
. r-
,, &, ) . -
~·J y , ~,,.,(.r
L
Figure 6.l(a) lnll'urdflmv radial (IFRJ turbim.- L
l;)'>I;_,µ) (j ~··J. 1..•., 1
!,ti2,.P I) JY.Nl__VJ- ,J/.P.')/J'J] <:~ ~- ·:v /(<;' ~~I~ /~,~~~lrJ . (j ·.J/'J'<..:/y '
L .
c) ~~ f'JfV:,r-ru/J 11'c.,JG :c»1 cYy 1
256 ,. TllRRO MACHINES
RADIAL Fl.OW GAS AND STEAM T\•IUll!<:ES o( 2~7
b. "
- ,:ft?,..>)/ (_)!.:;"<;
. (IJ?l/
' ~-<zJ7/
...
~
/,W ''''
. -. ""'-0-
b
I . \,:;
(µ :;µ-,_-.
<J'.I .,l/J v{o /
Guide vanes I -n<lt'n·''j
<'. ) -:?----:--
~
'--<.(
c}'-'U<.»'(
- ..
IJ. . • • t......r' 1. ,JI
Sec1lon.11 ra~iu s
r 2 avcrattc . i
~u Rotor . '"r
""''"==-.11,,
~.A"-...
:,.('"'"'"'
fl;}_
.
. I
--- '""
. blad(s
/ ,\/V t ; (,,/._ I :-;- "
' ) ..
~
~
l..
,,/-;r.r
Y· U ~( f{u~-'-7 I a2 =90
c,~
ffi 1 U2
&~ I Figur~ 6.1 Ve/oc:iry triangles for an inward flow rodial 111rbint ,_ ; . .
Figur~ 6.!(b) Rudio/ influ111 turbin~ I
/
~- ~_r>'·
!llilUL:2~~bu1 t~!!~~~~C?..P.~C?l~d to allow for a~just~~!!U>f the flow angle as and for radial relative velocity at entry i.e. for a 90° /FR turbine. p 1 = 90~P- -''._1·c./ I. '_ l:h"!..r''
t~~ the load chan_ges. In some turbines, there mny be no vanes at all. bUl a passage similar'
to that of the ~less diffuser (discussed already) is lined. A vaneless space exists :. w/m = ur (since c.. = u, J
1 (6. 1)
between the outlet lip of .!!l!Ll'~!!.~L!!t~ This space is being utilise~ the
The head or stage loadi'.!&L~'n~C:~J.is d efin ed by
gas for futher now adjustment and helping in Jhc reduction of vibra101>' disturhances
r
!tf
wi1hin lhe turbine, / . · .
Some or the !!Onlmon ap~ }.otions of the radial turbin~s_ llfC. in the li~l<l.1!..!-!f .t~_r~ 1/11 =
workdone/kg
2 =
U 1c.. ,
--2- = -c..,
.._ Vt u. ~l!.J.~
~Jlru"ging. -£!i!c..i:aft and ~~~.s 1_ (c a~xiliary drives. cryogenics, and _g~s_ li411d'action.
~i:i...Clnward flow radial) turbine hils been in use since a long time furJ1 ydrnpm"'' From !he velocity triangle, C •• = Cri cot a1
[~1 ge neration. The Ljungstrom (outward now radial) turbine is used in steam power
generation. '
= C,_.u,cota1
........=. ¢1 cot a
1
:._1/11 (6.2)
The rotor which is usually manufactured .~~t!l1-£ast '*~c_!J!!!gy..hal!._~adc~ tha~ nre
~I
~_ury_~d lo change the now from the radial lo the axial dircctiOJ1 . The shrouding for
the blades is formed hy"the casing. ·and adiffuser can be fitted al the outlet lo further
where </>1 is ·known as the.ffoiv coefficient. For IL90° IF R turbine, U1 = c .. 1
•
Therefore, '' )J/ J;> l : 0 ..J_ J>

reduce the high kinetic energy al that point nnd thereby increase the enthalpy drop
across the wt-er.,- u2
~
/ . '
1/11 = U~ =I
l
.t . •
"t 1 p ...J· LJJ. ,
I'Ill-' <-'" .../''. . (6.3).
VELOCITY DIAGRAMS --~---:.J .. - ' - .· . - I '
o. l-- 1 •,C,··u "' L-;, t> J L
The velocity triangles for the 90°inward now radi~.?:~ t_!!!!>J_l!.e,c;__~.r.c shown in Fig.
~ t>.2. Section 1- 2 refers the rotor and 'o' subscript indicates the point of entry to the
"''7.7.lc vane~ and section 2-:1 indicates the d iffuser outlet sectfon.
~ ·: work done per unit mnss now in the rotor is given by Euler's turbine equation
IW/m = (U!C.ri - I
~ ~
U2_C.. 2 )
If whirl velocity is zero at the exit (C.r 2 ~= O)thcn

;.r-tu,~c./j'> <6AJ
--·· ---- ··--- -·- ·--·- ___ . ......... _...-··---
. .-~
c 1--:i. ;: ...
= U1C:r
~r
W/ m 1
W/m =hot - ho2 (6.5)
-l
d
....,
2511 ; TURDO MAC.'IUNES
- ·--'r"-"' ) la> CJ i;!(_;: L

/ :
1
RADI Ai. Fl.OW G AS "NO STEAM TURBINES ..; 2~
J
To1al-10-101al isi.:nlropic cfficicn.:y is givi.:n by
h U !Lk.r> f ::_,, u.i,· · ..
I ;/ I
'00 .:. '. 'Ji !· ./cf..::11;--P Ci/b L:_y1J01)
_ <Too - Toi>
J'/11 - ( 7i -
()()
r.0 2,, ) (6.9 ) J
ry,, is in lhc range of 80-90 per cent. ....,
I
The losses in an /FR turbine can be ex pressed in terms of the noa.le and ro1or loss
C~/2 cocffit:ients as defined for the a"ial s1ages.
From the Ir - s d iagram. ihese coeffic ients arc
-· . . -- J
J;.J''.:.;u~, f.Y;< ~· li~. ,
. / -r LN =
/q -
C~/2
!!.:.!_ I ~ j
10~~ ::;-;\\ _.1.t',, ,. .1'
and
J
, ' . . '-1 -
lffiJc.Yj./ 0.A-.-,,., L.v'
P. - r ' - /J2 - hlJ;
~
2 . ( u' 'o t.' ' '<. i ·::.1'/ >J LR= Wf /2
. _,
2ss ci12
s·
<?-x :L
.
!..._ C-;.,
l -·
·~··~;'Ju _,.a>~, <::' ..... l . .• f ,..J
I -· . STAGE EFFICIENCIES
The actual work output of the stage is
J
'?J u -:-; 1c.• .9rO w
flgurl! 6.J 3
Mo/Jiu c/Jart for <'Xpa11sio11 in a 90 imvcrrd flow rcrdial gn.f turbirrl!
m
= hoo - hu2 = 1101 - h o2
uaJ
Equaling the two c"prc~sions = 'U1C.q = U1(U1 + Wx 1)
j 1t~1 :__ho2;,, U1C~ U2C.ri I (6.6 ) = Uf( I + l/>1cot{Ji)
i
From the vdoc i1y 1riangle (Fig. 6.2) l!:!J·
II is already shown 1ha1 1he quan1i1y 'I' for a ccnlrifugal compressor is g iven hy
C, 1 = U1 + Cq COi /JJ
I= hord - U 2/2
- __.._ ...
.. ~ -- -
or C.ri c,. j
where 'I' is a constant :: I+ U~ COt/J1
U1
Therefore. But
2 - U:f) - (\V 2 - W:f)J c,, Cr,
Ii I - Ii. = [(UI • I •. (6.6a) u, = 1/11 and -
U1
= tJ>i t;,,r,J
- 2
If C.: = O. 1hcn ( \V:f - Uf} = Ciand =

"''
:. = I +<Pi cot /11
111cn IV /111 i/11Uf • I
/r I _ It, =
cu2I - wiI + c2>
2 (6.7)
For n pcrfccl gus
b
• . 2
\V / 111 = c,,<To1 - To2 >= u?< 1 + 4>1 co1 /11 > = 1/11Uf (6.10)
= ho, . 111us.
In 1hc diffuser lroJ
lr.1 - lr2 = ' (6.l!l

The iscntropic work ouiput between the total conditions at the entry and i.:xit of thc
SlllJ! C is L
\Vs = /Joo - /Jm,, = Cl' (To1 - Toi,, )
.,
If the losses jn the diffuser arc neglected, then
To3,, = To2,,and = C 1,Too [1 -(~:)'~ ]

1
(6 .11 ) L
.J 260 ;. TIJRllO MAC'lllNI~~ R ADIAl. FLOW GAS ANll STliAM TuR1i1i-ti.-. < :?61
J 111c 1111al-10-101:1I cffh:iem:y
,,,, W hoo ._ hn2

·111e energy change may be related to kinetic e~ergy where the a.ssocia11..'d vclocn~
term is known as the spouting vdocitydesignated as C1 • Thus fourspouung vcloc:111c,.
with nnd wirhour n diffuser nnd for totul-10-totnl or totnl -to-stntic cunc.Jiriuns rnuy h.:
W., = hoo - 1102,.
·J -
llf( I + l/J1 cot fi1)
defined ll!I follows
The approp~iate definition would be used depending upon \he efficiency being di:-
J =
--~~~-oo_[r -(~:)~ J
C p 7iM> [
.
t/11Uf
l-(PoJ •·I]·
/'02 •
(6. 121
tcrmined.
or
------------
,-
__ \V/m
.1
For isentropic flow across the turbine, cf l..v(;':',P

..- ---..._ ... .
= Uf = C1/2
__.
C":i= C'>\.
b:JJ The isentropic work between the total condilions at lhe entry and static conditions at U'"~'~ IU1/C1 =0.7071
the eitit of the stage is given by . . r '>) :-:: ,_ - t==
\.r -~/~t_.....,/ In practice, U1/C, lies in the range ~68 to O.?.:,_This blade to gas speed ratio is den<>lcd
, I as a,.·.
w, /too - h2,. = C 1,(Too - T2,,)
= (.f.,J,.,,,,,_.,,cr
lo
= c 1,T00 [ 1 - ( :.:J ';'] (6.Dl DEGREE OF REACTION
L The lotal-lo-slatic efficiency is given by

w hoo - lto2
Degree of renction fO!_!Il!~i.l\I {low turbine is defined by
R = Sta~ic enthalpy drop in the rotor

1
cJ/-'tJ~..(
_ __
T/1-.f = Stagnation enthalpy drop in the stage /-c...- " /cJl.
-. ,.,, , ·•·.1 \,...J/
.
=
L =
W1 /roo - hi.,
. Uf (I + t/>1 COi fii)
p ,_,]_
-
[
t/11Uf
Pi·-·] (6. 14)
h1 - h1
.
hoo - ho3
,•.•Vc_,-'
. - ~
CI' 7;)() [ I - (,,~) T CI' TiMI I - (,,lit,) ,. = '" - lr2
l SPOUTING VELOCITY
ho1 - ho2
(hot - ho2> - -CC

I
2 1 - C,)
•
2 2
(6.l~J
L. The isentropic total enthalpy drop in the turbine is given by

=
c?-ci
ho1 - ho2
I (/too - ho2,,) I = !---'--~

2(ho1 - ho2)
~~ __ .,.-
is fi11cd . ·
I
when~ff~~=~!~~~ The eitpression becomes (hoo-ho3,,) when the diffuser = 1---~-~-

c?-ci
2(U1Cx, - U2Cxi)
c?-ci
= l - --"'---'"
2U1Cx,
(6.16)
~·-
~
Co11di1in11s Total-to-total Tnral-10-sraric
,,.., , ci I,;.. / llf thew irl v it is zero at e:.;it and C2 = C~J
1) with difruser Si=
2
(lroo - hoJ,.) _.!!..
2
= (/too - lrJ .. > -e>-
.
..JV ~L ·/ ..I
<~ I _, .
(_ . r 'lr Assuming constnnl radial velocity
..... ~
l ..
Y) without diffuser c}
2
= (/roo - lro2.,) c}
2
= (hoo - h2,, > -
).•1Ju"J"
t
. c2I - cz
·•
- c22 - c2r2 -- c2l - c2
.2 -
-- c2XI
r1
c,,
~ I ) )... ) Figuu 6.J(a)
~~
/ 7 " / ,/
.J
I
I
~
.-JGJY~/~/) ~..s ·..u·u u:_;iJ~ ·/· ·.: i_.,, ·'{ ~P: r- c lt..-·~' cJ~u~..?
' I - ' ' ( • '
·j'-.,;
.:- . -- . / I (c'. . £" i 1, J,; / //>
'-~' J' )~ RADIALF1.ow GASANDSTbl\M TUK111Nl!S, ,
0
-!JV Jl...t!.../ l_,,\ ·/71/""!,' ( .>-' 263
262 > 1\JRBO MAClllNF.S
; I
:. R = I -
c2
__x_,-
2UtC.r 1
.
I 1
. The half-degree n:ac1ion (R=0.5) hus the advantage of having a constant value of
the reaction at all values of the flow coefficient. ..
1}1~-~~g~ce or'reaction increases with the increasing values of 1he inlet blade angle : ~. ::~· ·
--J.
C.ri 1/11 (/!1 ). Thus for a given value of the flow coefficient (cp)lhe forward curved vanes give ;: : : . .
R = l--=l-- (6.17)
·~--·-w-. ,.2.U.1_. _ _ i,_~- · \ ·a higher degree of reaction compared to the backward"curved vanes. · - . , . . ....::..
From the inlet velocity ·triangle Fig. 6.3(a)

\ "The degree· or reaction of lhc backward curved vanes decreases with increasing · ·· ' J.
\ values of the flow coefficient. The converse is true for the forward curved vanes. ·
~~ OUTWARD~~~~,~~~~L TURBINE(LJUNGSTROMTURBINE) . ··..:.

C.r 1 =U1 +Wx1
·. ...
c,.c.;~""
.·= U1 + c,.cotP1
U1 + :C, 1 cot,81 J Ljungstrom 1urbioe~an_o.ut.w.JUdJlow radial turbine (Fig. 6.5(a)) in which the fluid .
.S!ll£rS t.h.c turbine in ~.J!.Xial dir~ction .and leav~~l!ldi~ly at lhe exil.~ :
~; >;.
:Jj;, ··:
J
l_~
:. R =I- [ 2U1 (6.18)
·= 1~ [I+ <P~cot,81 J u
incrcil.Se~~.c exi~ \11..~ich accommodates the expanding gas. The most com-' ~?:f '
~only employed Ljungs trom turbi ne consists oftings or can Ii lever blades mountoo
on two discs rotating in opposite directions. The counter rotating blade rings of a · ··~l: . :
·:f.:..' J_.·
Figur• 6.J(b) Ljungstrom turbine is shown in Fig. 6.S(b). Each row of blades fonns a stage. · : · ·'. :;~!,-: .·
R
.....,._HI
=.._______
"'"<P1cot,81]
....
. . .._._.._
••
'-b···c .t?'?/), J11J/·"
,, - 0
'--'p.. / i v _ :J.
, i(... ,'
'
' f i i":•v·
Exhaustcasinl'.!
,_•,,Ju1c,,1.f-
- ,
I
·,. .l .:i· J
;if · '. -
~~'/ .,.~.' .
c_ · . C II - ,, ,,, ..
When ,81 = 90°(angle measured from the plane or rotation) i.e., for radial vanes.
. ,,, f?"I..?
)/<.;_
Ro12r disy 2
.lJ: ant c:vc:r
blades
Rotor disc
, ~~*~
, ~~:
..·J
·.,ifii,. t· ·
_ .
cot90° = 0 l ; ,,11 ~) , o,e · ··;:! -·
1
:·· :. R (6.19)
= 2 . I . ,,·.•
Consider the expression (6.17)
R= I - C.r,
) ~ A ...Y:'Y ~ 'CJ!:.J: C-u?,.>
Jy'(j -(:--------1 ) ' J
·~ ('~~
··' · .
2U1 .
. ' \}
'ii'? ·/;1·::;.'i!'.. ,.1JV ~. :·!~ ~ ,~;
When R = 0 i.e. for a~ impulse stage Cx 1 =

2U1 and hence 1/11 2 a~d R = =)Ii ' ))J 0 1 () .A...5~- !Lf' I •.•
d l·_.. 1_, .')J:-0
i.e. for the fifty per cent reaction stage C.ri =
U1 and therefore, 1/11 = I
Fig. 6.4 shows the variation of the degree of reaction (at various values or the flow
• ...(_·,J
j
coefficient) with the rotor blade inlet angle.
t.J
1.i.
C11•90•
c,,=c,,
t.O
Figure 6.~(a) An ourwardjtow rutliul turbine (ljungstrom turbi~ J :.J
:-
,-;.
..,
1.1 ' ~)·
1.0
0 .9
l}l. 90• I '?li j.
,,... : ..:
O.K llackwarll . ·..
~ ~· • • •; · :1 r
t cur~cd
}~ ·'.11
0.7 vane•
;I
0.,,
R 0 .6
R•O., ~~
~.
0.4
Forwanl
I
~< · ' O.l curved
vane•
0.2
Figure 6.S(b) Counter rotating blade rings of Ljungstro111111rbint
,., , ,. ,...
! '- 11 .
IJ1odcareu -
,, .... .. "2:1
:~;: ~~
Figure 6.4 Variation of degree of reaction with roror blade inlet angles
;;:.: .~ :.h
r · ·1
L 264 r TURBO MAntlNES RADIALFLOWGASANDSTCAMTlJIUllNES <( -265,
L VELOCITY TRIANGLES AND STAGE WORK

111c velocity triangles for the first two stngcs nrc ~hown in Fig. 6.6. Vnrinus
al the inlet of the lirst stage arc designated by the suflix o .
vcl11citie~
From the velocity triangles,
W /m = Ui(W1 cos /1 - U1) + U2(W3 cos fJ - U2)
Assuming~nd 'w, :::::: W3, lhen

~u W/m = 2U2(W3 cos fJ - U2)
= 2(U2 W3 cos fJ - Uf)
~
. Multiplying and dividing by W3, we get
.i/§
&
Second
blndc ring
= 2W3
2 (U2
W3 cos/J -
u;)
wj (6.21)
ib = 2Wf(u,cosfJ - u°!>
...____ . ··- . . . ...
__ ~
whe'r c a, is the ratio of the ~rip_l}~ral '!elocity of blades to the .relative velocity at the
~~ exit a11d is assumed to be constant i.e.

U1 U2
· ..
u, =- = - = constant .
.. .. - - .. .W,_ ... WL . ... .
~.
~:.JU!-::1.1
First For maximum work.
blade ring
aw
=
c;~o a<1, 0
b- Uo
(or)
cos fJ - 2u, = 0.
Figurt 6.6 \'efocity trianglts for the Lj1111gstro111 turbi11t stoxe.r
L 'l11c rcl111ivc vclncily 1111hc exit uflhc flrsl singe ls W1 which along wilh the pcriphcrnl
velocity U 1 gives the absolute velocity C1. The relative velocity W2 al the entry or lhc
second stage is ohtaincd by subtracting U 1 from C1 . Thus the exit velocity trianglc
u,.,, = cos /3
This is the optimum value of Ur for the maximum work. Then
2
(6.22)
~ of the first stage and the entry velocity triangle or the second stagc arc superimposed
W1 cos fJ = 2U1
on each other. The same velocity triangle applies to the following stages. The relative
tn:.r W3 cos fJ = 2U2
velocity al the ex.it from the second stage is W) and at the entry to the third stage
is W~ . The common absolute velocity at this section is C2. The air angles CB> of all
The maximum work is obtained by substituting the value ofu,.,. in equation (6.21)
Lr stages arc assumed to be the same. The pcriphcral.vclocilics or the two rows at a given
section arc also assumed to be equal.
W,,, 0 x/m = 2I W32 cos2 fJ
Stage Work
~~ But
The first blade row docs not form a gcncral.sLagc. 111erefore, any other stage, can
i'.IDr bcC'onsidered for the purpose or analysis. For the second stage, the work d~c/kg is
given by
'l11ercf'on:. · ) lV3 cos fJ = 2U2
(6.23)
L ' I\V/111=1101 -1102 = UiC~ ihT.2-J (6.20) l. Wmnx/m = 2uf

The above two equations show that th~.2,1!1..W~d ~.<?.".' ~o~n!~~-~~_!!~~ial _!!&~ _
Since CJ~ is in the opposite direction.
f
_ --- -
heh ave like an impulse stage of the axial type. But this impression is not true. Because.
--......... .... - -··--~- ··-·...·-·-·---··-.. - ... .. -·
~'tr
I
1
.u!J
., I
266 :> TuRSO MACHINES RAlllAl.Fl.OWGAS~NOSTliAMTURDIN ES'" 267 wJ
the true or equivalent blade velocity is 2U2 on account of counter rotation. Therefore, Determine (a) the now and loading coefficients, (b) the degree of reaction and stage
the actual. blade lo g~ refative velocity ·ratio should be
2U2 - cos fJ
efficiency, (c) the air angle and width at the rotor e xit, and (d) the mass flow rate and
power developed . -
J
u,.,, = W3 -
Solution
This is same as in the Ii fly per cent reaction stages of t~.e- ~x ~;;il ~ype. In this sense, the , Poo = 3 bar Too
=
:;::: 373 K
0.3m N 7200 rpm
lj
outward now counter rotating radial turbine bChaves. as a fifty per cent reaction stage \ r, = 0.5 m 'h
:;:::
25°
of the axial type-:-- · .... · · ·· b :;::: 0 .03 m /Ji = 600, a1 :;:::
R>"( iC:lcat·ftow, from equation (6.20) Pool Pi = 2 .0 c,, = C'l ::::: C, l'IN = 0.97
l
.•
1 , , lliJJ
(a) Flow coefficient and stage loading coefficient
111 - lr2 = U1C.r 1 + U2Cx2 - 2(Cj - Ci> (6.24)
. C,
= Ti
Flow coeffic1cn1 (4>)
From the velocity 1rianlgcs at the exits ~f the lirst and second rings
er = ,
Uj + W12 - 2Ut W1 eosfJ and C.q = w, cos{J - Ut
u, = rrd,N rr x 0.5 x 7200
_6_0_ = __60 _ __ J
c? = Uf + \V.f - 2U2 W., cos /1 and Cx2 = W3 cos fl - Vi ::::: 188.5 m/s
Substituting these relations in equ. 6;24 and assuming Ut ::=:: U2 and Wt ::::: W3, we
Cr j
get
hI - h2 = ~ (4Ut w, cos f1 - 3Uf - uf - W f + w]> Figure 6.7(a}
•!iii
From the combined velocity triangles, al the exit of the first ring From the inlet veloci ty triangle
+ (2Ut)2 - f1
4U1 Wt cos
Wf
/1
:::::
=
Wf
Wf + 4Uf - Wf
2W1(2Ut) cos u, = Cz1 - Wz1
C, (colat - cotfJ1)
Ut _ 1.88.5
J
Therefore , :. C, = col a 1 - col fJ - cot 25° - cot 60"
ht - hi = 2 1( 2 2 2 • 2 .2 2)'
Wt + 4Ut - W2 - 3Uj - U2 ~ Wt + W3 :;::: 120.3 m/s j
h t - h2 = [(ur - ui)-(wf-wl)] / 2 (6.25)
c, 120.3
It should be noted ·that in.in~'!!~. fi.~~.r..a~ia.1 tur~in~ ~{/.j >, ~~~ So, the enthalpy drop
Flow coefficient q, 1 = u, = 188.5
(ht' - h 2)._i_!}Cr!=~.~ es _by an amount ·{Ur -
uf>;i (cqu. 6.6a). But, ~n O':!!.~ll'..d. ~~~ = 0.638 '!..l!l
rad~al turbines. U 1. •": J!.i!. therefore C:..f!~~!P.Y.~!'?J> (~ t. -:-.h~)_!:1~~.r.~es .by .a. quaqtity
(Uj - Uf )/2 (equ. 6.25). Therefore, for the ~me,,~~!;. !!r:!d. Sp(!Cd. inward flow radial Loading coefficient i/tt ::::: 1 + r/>1cot/Jt
turbines develop higher power compared to theoiltward flow .type. = .J· + 0.638 COi 60° 6
:;::: 1.368
SOLVED PROBLEMS
Example 6.1 A cantilever blade type IFR turbine receives air at Poo = 3 bar,
Too :z 37:\ K. Other dnu1 for this turbine nre rotor tip diameter= 50 cm, rotor exit
(b) Degree of reaction and stage efficiency
1 - l/Jt COl /1 1
L
di11mc;ter = 30 cm, speed = 7200 rpm , rotor blade width at entry = 3 crii, air angle R = 2
at rotor entry= ~0°, air angle at nozzle exit = 25°, nozzle efficiency= 97%, stage
pressure ratio (Pool P2) = 2.0. The radial velocity is constant and the swirl at the rotor
, exit is zero:
=
1 - 0.638 cot 60°
2
L
= 31 .58%
l 268 }> TURBO MACHINES
RADIALFLOWGASANOSTUMTURBINES ~ 269 .
= 317.4 K
.LJ Srngc cflicicncy111J = Y,Uf Tr = 15.3 + 317.4 = 332.7 K
C
I
17iH1[l - ( ·~~)';']
/'IHI
·n11: no1.1.1c cflidi::ncy i~ given hy
c?12
L1 =
1.368( 188.5 )2 T'/N = C"(Too - T1sl
1005 x 373[1 _ (D ~~] Cf/2 ·
~9
Too - T1s = Cp x · l'JN
= 72. 17% C1 · = c .•,/cosa1
(c) The air angle and width at the rotor exit C.r 1 = C,cota1 = 120.3 cot25'
~j C2 = C, = 120.3 m/s
U =rrD11N
' :.Ci
= . 257.98 m/s
= 257.98/ cos 25°
f\
2
60 C2 = 284.65 m/s
~]
rr x 0.3 x 7200 284.652/2
- 60 :. Too '.'"" T,, = 1005 x 0.97
U2
=I 13.1 m/s = 41.56 K
[1-(;~)';']=41.56
·Figure 6.7(b)
L From 1hc oullcl velocity rriangle (Cx 2 = 0) (Fig. 6.7(b)) Too - Ti, = Too
Ian /Ji =
C2
U2 Pr
=
J.56 l=i
[ I - 4 Too ~
I•
(0.89)0J = 0 .67
b /Ji =
=
tan-I ( 120.3)
46.77°
113.1
Poo
:. P1 = 0.67 x 3 = 2.01 bar
Density of air al rot.o r entry .
L
~ '
Rc11or width at cJdl Pl = P1/RT1 =2.01 x l0·/287x332.7
Ir I - h2 = 2.105 kg/mJ
R = --=CUl5!!
U1CJ 1 The mass Oow rate lhrough the rotor is
b· Cp(T1 - T2)
T1 - Ti
=
=
=
0.3158 x 188.5 x (C, cot ai)
0.3158 x 188.5 x I 20.3(cot 25°)
15 .3 K
nr =
=
P1A1C, 1
2.105 x (11 x D, x b,) x 120.3
= 2.105 x (rr x 0.5 x 0 .03) x. I 20.3
Q From the workdone/kg
lfilr m = 11 .93 kg/s
W/m = Cp(Too - To2) = UiCx 1 At rotor cllil
( 188.5 X 120.3 X COi 25° m = P2A2C2
7iKl - 7i12
b = 48.39 K
1005 P2
P2
=
=
P2/RT2
Poo/2 = 3/2 = 1.5 bar
f
:. Toi = 373 - 48.39 = 324.6 1 K T1 = 3i7.4 K
twr ' .
12 = Tu2 -
cf . c;
-~ = 702 - -
:. P2 = l.S x I0~/287 x 317.4
2c,, 2c,, = 1.65 \cg/m3
120.3 1 :. 11.93 = l.65(rr x D11 x b11) x 120.3
=
~
324.61 - - -
2 x 1005
---- .·- J
......
270 )> TuRBO MAClllNES RADIALFLOWGASANDSTEAM1\Jl\111NES ':?71

J
or (c) Stage efficiency -.
11.93
b1i
=
1.65 x Ir x 0.3 x 120.3
0.0638 m . 'Is
hoo - ho3
= hoo - h)ss J
b1i = 6.38 cm . Since, ho3 = lto2
(d) The mass flow rate and power developed
m = 11.93 kg/s .
'Is
hoo - lro1
= hoo - h)u
J
= = 11.93 x From isen1ropic relation
Power \V
=
mU1C.r,
580. 15 kW
188.5 x 257.98
T.,,,, (Zof;, = (D '11 j
.Example 6.2 A single stage 90° /FR turbine fitted with an exhaust diffuser has Too =
·" T_,,, = 374.7 K
lhc following data.
Overall stage pressure ratio= 4.0, ternpenllure 111entry=551 K. diffuser exit pressure
·= I bar, mass flow nue of air = 6.5 kg/s, flow coefficient = 0.3, rotor tip diameter
and
0.673 x 557
1018.5
J
·= 42 cm. mean diameter at rotor exit= 21 cm. speed = 18000 rpm. W/m = hoo - ho2 = 6.5
Enthalpy losses in the no1.1.le unJ lhe rest of the stnge arc equal. Assuming negligible
velocities ai tlit: nozzle entry and diffuser exit, determine (a} the nozzle exit air angle,
= 156.69kJ/kg j
. (b) _the rotor width at entry, (c) the power developed, (d) the stage efficiency, (e) the Therefore ,
rotor.blade height 111 the exit, (I) Mach numbers at nozzle nnd rotor exits and (g} the 15{?.69
,.,, =
no7.zlc: and rotor loss cocllicic;:nts.
C1,<Too - Tlu) I
uW
Solution 156".69
= = 1.005(557 - 374.7)
Poo/PJ 4 ' · Too = 557 K P.1 ;:: I bar
.m = 6.5 kg/s. <Pt =
Cr1
-=0. 3
Ut
N = ·. 18. 000 rpm =
,.,, =
0 .8552
85.52%
j
D1 = 0.42 m D2.m = 0 .21 m 1
(d) Rotor width at the entry
(a) The nozzle exit air angle
' rrD,N
To1al cnlhalpy loss j
. Ut = -60- = rr___
x 0.42 x 18,000
60
_ __ lio3 - /i311 =C 1,(To.1 - T.1ss)
= 395.84 m/s w, w
.c,1 = ¢1U1 = 0.3 x 395.84 = 118.75 m/s
To3 = To2 = Toi _- me,,
uaj
I
1018.5
Fron:i the inlet velocity triangle
c>>
/ ........
55_7 .- 6.5 x 1.005
Wt C,1
\J
= 401.IK I
t}- \ :/
tana1 = u; = u; \tr Then.
wJ
a1 tan -l ( 118.75)
- - Cp(To2 - T.'ss> = 1.005(401.1 - 374.7)
. 395.84
= 26.53 kJ /kg b
oq = 16.69°
Given cn1halpy losses in the nozzle and the rest of the stage arc considered equal,
(b) Power developed
cnlhalpy loss in the noZ7.le is given by
w = mu[= 6.5 x (395.84) 2 ,. . 26.53 SQ
W = 1018.5 kW . <'.! - /ih = -2 = 13.265 kJ/kg

ft
~ 272 }> TURIJO MAClllNliS RADIALFr.o.wGASANDSTF.AMTUIUllNES ,," - 273
we can write. The width of the rotor at inlet
b /too - hlJ = ho1 - his = (ho1-l1i)+(lr1_:1r,1'

ci
bt =
m
Pl W1 (rr D,)
= - 1 + 13 .265 6.5
~~~.. 2C" = 1.499 x 118.75 x 1T x 0.42
C1=~ ~ = 413.48 m/s = 0.02767 m
sina 1 = s in 16.69°
.•
bi = 2.767 cm
~ ., Then.
~- 4 13.482
(e) The rotor blade height at the exit
= 2000 + 13.265 c;
ho1-h1s = 9ll.75kJ/kg ho2 = hi + 2000
i11 = 98.26 K or
Toi - Tis = 98 .75
1.005 c;
1: . =Toi . Ti+---
l1 Since,
Too = Toi
c~ = c,, = c,, =
- 2000xCp ·
118,75m/s
To1 = 401.1 K
T1.r = 7i11 - 98.26 = 557 - 911.26
L Now,
= 458.74 K :. T1 =
= 394.0B K
118.75 2
4 0l.I - 2 x 1005 .
= ( 394.08) A~
b P1
Poo
= (;~);=-(
r
Pi
Po:i
=
=
( Ti ) r/r- I
To:i
0.94
401.1
b .:. ,,, = 4 ( 458.74) o.4

557
1.4 Since PoJ = PJ (negligible diffuser exit velocity). Pol .= I hnr
:. Pi = 0.94 x I :::: 0 .94 bar
2.0J hnr
i~-
::-: The now area at rotor exit is given by
and 6.5
Ai = -'"- = - -
Cf p 2C2 p2C2
T, = Toi - 2c,, ..
b =
413 .48 2
Pl
P1
= · -=
RT1
0.94 x 10-~
287 x 394.08
557 - 2 x 1005 = 0.831 kg/m 3
b Then,
= 471.94 K
:. Ai =
65
·
0.831 x 118.75
A1 0.0658
=
0.0658 m2
Ir 2 = ------
~r
Pi 2.03 x 10 5 rr D2.... rr x 0.21
' Pl= RT1 - 287 x 471.94 = 0.0997 m
1
= 1.499 kg/nr lt2 = 9.97 cm
tcr
/ J
:!74 ;.. ·TURBO MAC"lllNliS
(f) Mach numbers at nozzle and rotor exit

RADIALfLOWGASANOSTEAMTURBINES' ... 27~ J
(a) The impeller tip speed
c,
= ~ = JrRT1
c, 413.48
.J
c,r+-?~r "'l]
M1
= Jl.4 x 287 x 47L94 ·
M1 = . 0.9495
and [·" = J
M1.r11 =
w,
-=
a1
rrD!J,,, N
jcf+ui
JrRT2
Tr x 0.21 x I B. 000
:. Ur= 0.9 [ 1147 x 1150 x (I - c:) Bl)J J
lh = --
60
- = .- ----·
- -·-
60
l.11 = 532.2 m/s
........ 197.92 m/s

Ji 18.752 + 197.927 (b) Flow angle at nozzle outlet
l
,,,!)
:. Mi,,;,1 =
w,v
./i"A')(2K7 x 394.0K Sini:e 700 = To1and
M1 .rr1
=
=
230.8
397.92
0 .58
Toi= Ti
,+-
c21
______ _______
.. ___2c,,
.,
J
:. Ci = y 2000 x C 1, x <Toi - Ti>
g) The nozzle and rotor loss coefficients
hi - h1s 13.265 x 10-1
= J2000--;J.l47--;(ilso - .!013>
= 560.61 flgur~ 6.B(b)
J
= cr12 =
LN m/s
413.48 2/2
and
LN = 0.1552
From the inlet velocity triangle, Fig. 6.8(b}
cosar = c,
u, J
13.265 x tol
J
h1 - h2,, 532.2 )
Wf /2 =
LR = or a, = cos-I ( 560.61
230.8,2 /2
LR = 0.498 a, = 18.31°
Example 6.3 An IFR gas turbine operates with a total-to-total efficiency of 0.9.
At entry to the nozzles, the pressure and temperature of the gas are 300 kPa and
(c) Mach number at nozzle exit
c, c,
J
I 150 K respectively. At the outlet of the nozzle the static temperature of gas is 740°C
Mr = ~ = JrRT1
and at the outlet of the diffuser the pressure is 100 kPa. The gas has negligible velocity 560.61
.~
at the diffuser exit. Find the impeller tip speed, now angle nt the noah: outlet and -il::i:i-~284.5~- 'i'ci13
M:u:h numher al no a.le cid1. J\s~ume 1hat 1he gus enters the impeller radially and 1here
is ~o whirl at the exit. Take C1, = 1147 J/kg - K. r ::: 1.33 and R = 284.55/kg - K. · Mi = 0.91
Example 6.4 A small /FR turbine run by exhaust gas has the following design
Solution """
data. Rotor inlet tip diameter= 9 cm, rotor outlet tip diameter= 6.2 cm, ro1or outlet
'111 ::: 0.9 Poo = 300 kPa Too ::: 1150 K · =
hub diam~ter 2.5 cm.
T1 = 74o~c = 1013 K P03 = 100 kPa C2/C, = Q.447 and Ut/C, = 0.707. Blade speed= 30,000 rpm. Determine (a)
volume now rate at impeller outlet (b} the power developed and take density of 1:-1.tJ
exhaust gas at impellers exit as 1.8 kg/m 3

L 276 ~ TURDO MAClllNF.S
RADIALFlO WGAS ANOSTEAMTulU!INF.S < 277
L Solution
D1 = 0.09 m Di. 1 = 0.062 m
dinmeter!\ at exit (f) total · to·~latic stage efficiency (g) Noz7.le enthalpy loss coefficient·
and (h) rotor enthalpy loss coefficient.· · -
D2.11 = 0.025 m N = 30. 000 rpm Pt = 1.8 kg/m~ Solution

l u, = TTD1N TT X 0.09 X JO, 000
/'oo
P2
= 3.5 Pi = I bar Too = 923 K
u,
c, = 0.66
--=
. 60 60 D2
- 0.45 N = 16, 000 rpm a, = 20° 17,, = 0.95
l u, =
:. c, =
141.37 m/s
141.37/0.707
D1
b1 =
(a) Rotor diameter
0.05 m Cr, = Cr2 =Cr
= 199.96
L C2 =
=
0.447 x CJ
0.447 x 199.96
u, =
C1 =
0.66C1
J~c-p(-Too---T-21-,)
= 89.38 m/s
= Too ( -Pi)t::..1, = 923 ( - 1 )H.
l Power developed= 11111i, where m
(a) Volume flow rate at impeller exit
= Pl Q1 T2ss
· Poo .
= 645.28 K
3.5
/. c. = J2 )( 1005 )( (923 - 645.28)

L Flow nrea at impeller exit
Qi= A2C2
:. U1
=
=
747.14 m/s
0.66 x 747. 14 = 493. 11 m/s
TT 2 2
A~ = -(D, - D2 1 ) Rotor inlet diameter
L =
4 ··'
~(0.062 2 -
.'
0.025 2 ) D1 =
U1 x 60
TTN -
493.1 I x 60
7rx 16. 000
= 2.528 x 10-J m2 Di = 0.59 m
L Q1
Q1
=
~
2.528 x 10-J x 89.38
0.226 '!r /s
1
Rotor outlet diameter
c.,·c~ · ·
D2 = 0.45 x 0.59
The rnlc or mn!IS flow is D2 = · 0.266 m
L- M = p2Q1 = 1.8 x 0.226 (b) Rotor blade angle at exit
= 0.407 kg/s U1
Cr2 u, ·
b (b) Power developed Is given by
w = 0.407 x 141.37 2
tan /Ji
Cr2
=
=
U2
Cr1 = U1 tana1
= 8134 w = 493.11 x tan 20°
~ = 8. 134 kW
Cr2 = 179.48m/s
7r D2N = 7r x 0.266 x 16, 000 Fipn 6.9(a) & (bJ

Example 6.5 A 90a inward now radial turbine has the following data. Total·to-
static eressure ratio ( Poo/ P2) = 3.5, exit pressure P2 = I bar, inlet total temperature U2 = 60 . 60 =222.84 m/s
l (Too = 923 K, blade 10 isc ntropic speed ratio = 0.66, rotor diameter ratio 0.45,
Speed= 16,000 rpm. nozzle exit angle 20°, no1.7.le efficiency= 0.95 and rotor width
=
tan /J2 =
179.48
at inlet= 5cm. Assuming constant meridional velocity, determine (a) rotor diameters 222.84
~-
(b) rotor blade angle at exit (c) mass now rate (d) power developed (e) hub and tip lh = 38.85°
J
......
278 ;. TuRBO MACHINES
:•
RADIAi. FLOW GA SANO SniAM TURIUNES ~ 279 j
(c) Mass flow rate for a 90' /FR turbine, R =0.5.• = 1.9] I bar
R =
hi -h2
- - =0.5 :. Pl = ~ _ 1.931 x ICP
RT1 - 287 >< 785. 99 = 0.856 kg/ml j
ho - hi
Cp(T1 - Ti) = 0.5Cp(To - T2) Mass flow rate
but m = p1A1Cri
b:!!J
I
Cp(To - 1"2) = W/m = Ui 2 = 0 .856 )( (7T )( 0,.59 )( 0 .05) )( 179'.4!!
= Ti_ 0.5Uf m = 14.24 kg/s
:. T2 l
Cr (d) Power developed J
anJ
w1111 = c,.noo - Toil= Vi
2 W = 1i1Ur = 14.24 x (493. 112 >
W = · 3.463 mW . I
u[ 493.11 2 l!Jd
:. 1io~
-
= T - 01 - -
. Cp
= 923 - --
1005
(e) Hub and tip diameters at exit
Rotor wid th al exit I
= 681.05 K .
Ill
I
c2 119.48 2 bi = !mt
:. T21 · = Toi - 2 t!P = 681.05 - 2x i'ix>5 D2)Cr2
Pi(IT
}2_ _ I x 10s
= 665.02 K P2 = RT2 - 2117 >< 665.02 = 0.524 kg/m·' I I
Now, 14,24 . 6
.'. b2 = 0.524 x 1T 0.266 x 179.48
u? o.s x 493.11i )(
7i = T2 + 0.5C = 665.02 + . = 0.18 12 m
Ti = 785.99 K
p 1005
Now. hub diameter at exit
Ill2J:
.Nozzle efficie ncy is given by D 2. h = D2 - bi= 0.266-0. 18 12
= 0.0848 m
I
TIN = Too - T1 = o.95
Too - T11
bl
and tip diameter at exit
• (Too-Ti)
:. Tis = = D2 + b2 = 0.266 + 0.1l!12
=
Too -
923 -
0.95
(923 - 785.99 )
0.95
D2.1
= 0.4472 m L
(f) Total-to-static efficiency
Frum iscntropii: rcl11tillll,

= 778.78 K
,,,_, = IV
mC1,(Tuo - T2ul
] .46] >< I0 6
= 14.24 >< 1005(92] - MS.28 )
L.
= 87.1] %
Too = ( ~r;J ~
Ti. (g) Nozzle enthalpy loss coefficient b
P1 = Poo (~~)~ LN =
hi - his
= 3.5 (778.78) Id
923
c, =
=
Cf /2
U1/cosa1
524.76 m/s
= 493.l l / cos20° L
L. 280 ~ T\JRBO M11CIUl'ICS RllDIAL FLOW G .<\S AND STEAM TURBINES . "' 281
"
L LN
LN
=
=
C 1, (Ti - Ti.> _ 1005(785.99 - 778.78)
0.0526
c? ;2 - 524.762 ;2
(a) Total-to-static efficiency
Referring to the Mollic'r Chan. ·
Too - Toi
L (h) Rotor enthalpy loss coefficient
.... ..hi. .-., Iii..
.
l/1-1 = Too - T2u
y·i'
/,H Tin = Too ( -l1i
W 2 /2 Poo
L W22
: . W2
=
=
U2
2
+ Cr2 = 179.48~ + 222.84 2
286.13 m/s
1145G~)
w
·
= 900.8 K
li LR =
Cp(Ti - Tis)
Wf/2 : . '11-1 .=
1145-925
(Pip y;• = ( 1145 - 900.8

Tis = T1 785.99 -l- ) M '11-1 = 90.1% .
L = 651.28 K
i
I 005(665.02 - 651.28)
1.931
(b} Rotot diameters
W/m = Cp(Too - To2) = u?
: . LR =
=
~
286.132/2 :, u, = J518 x (1145 - 925) 337.58 m/s
LR = 0.3373 U1 x 60 337.58 x 60
D1 = ~ =
1( x 24.000
Example 6.6 For n radiul turbine stnge the pressure and temperature through the
k stage at design conditions arc: Total pressure and temperature upstream of nozzle arc Di = 0.269 m
hr respectively 700 kPa and I 145 K, Stntic Pressure and temperature downstream of D2.u11g · = 0.49 x 0.269
. nozzle are respectively 527 kPa and I 029 K. At rotor ex it, static pres~ure is 385 kPa, = 0.1 32m
static temperature is 915 K and stagnation temperature is 925 K. The ratio of rotor
~l exit mean diameter to rotor inlet diameter is 0.49 and speed is 24,000 rpm. Assuming
relative flow at rotor inlet is radial and absolute flow at rotor exit axial determine
(a) total-to-static efficiency (b) rotor diameters and (c) enthalpy loss coefficient for
(c) Enthalpy loss coefficients
For n07.7.lc
no7.zle and rotor. Taker =
1.67 nnd molecular weight of gas as 39.94 (d) total-to-total
=
Cp(T1 -Tis)
~
LN
efficiency. C~/2
Solutlon c, = J1cp(To1 - T1)
Poo = 700 kPa Too = 1145 K Pi = 527 kPa = J2 x 518(1145 - 1029)

~ Ti
To2
= I 029 K
= 925 K Di.nu/ Di = 0.49
Pi = 385 kPa Ti
N
= 915 K
= 24. 000 rpm
= 346.66 m/st=.l
W2 = Cri C2 = Cf'l r = 1.67 Tis = Too(;~) ,
6 R
R 8.314
= -m = - - = 0.208 kJ/kg-K
39.94
= 1145G~)
w
~ = ..!!}__ = l.67 x 0.208 = O.Sl 8 kJ/kg-K
~
1021.75 K
P r- I 0.67
518(1029 - 1021.75)
: . Lfl = 346.662/2
LN = 0.0625
L;.r
- 1
J
282 ;. TURllO MACHINES RAOIAI. FLOW GAS AND STEAM TURBINES .... i!83 j
For rotor 6.111. Draw the Mollier chart for expansion in a 90° lFR turbine?
LR Cp(T2 - Tu)
Wf/2 :- ':
, I
6. 11 . Define degree of reaclion
6.12. The degree of reac1ion of a radial flow gas turbine with rau1al vanes is
(a) 0.5
J
= j2cp(To2 - T2) (b) 0.25
C2
= ./2 x 518 x (925 - 915) = 101.78 m/s

(c) 0.1
6.13. The degree of reaction increases with the increasi11g valucs of the inkt blade
j
. rrD2N . rr x0.132x24,000 ' ' angle. (True/False)
= -W = 6. 14. For a given value of the flow coefficient. the forward curved vanes give hightr
J
U2 ,;:;: 16588
. m/s
60 c.h:g.rcc of rcuction compurcd to the h11ckwnrd curved vanes. (Truc/FalJC)
1V2 = · ./c? + uJ = liOT78'f+T6iiliii h . I:\. A~ thcUuw coelllcicnt 111crc11sc~. lhc degree of rc11ctiun of the b1&ekwarJ curved
=- · JIJ~ .62111/s vanes and the forward curved vanes, ·
J
· •-1 n.01 .• (a) Increases and decreases respectively
T'b P~ ) -.-
=.• .. T, ( -=. =. 1029 (385)
- r..n (b) Decreases and Increases respectively
'. P1 527 (c) rcm.ains conslant ·
= 907.22 K 6. 16. Ljungstrom turbine is a turbine.
6.17. The optimum ratio of peripheral velocity of blade to the relative velocity at
:. lR =
5 I 8(915 - 907.22)
I 94.622 /2 exit for maximum work is \::il
I
lR = 0.2)28 (a) "'"''''
Ch I
= 2/3
a,.., = sin/3
.
1,1
{d} Total-to-total efficiency (c) "'·""' = cnsf'i/2
6.1 K. The maitimum work output from a Ljungstrom outward flow reaction turbine
~
___ c22 is 1wice the s4uare of the exit blade velocity. (True/False)
,.,,_, = l'/1-s 2u 2
6. 19. An outward flow radial ttlrbines behaves as a slage of lhe axial
t turbine. I
I 101.78 2 t;Ol
= 0.901 2 x 337.582 EXERCISES
,.,,_, = 93.95%
Draw the sketch· of a 90n IFR turbine stage showing its main components. I
6.1. j
6.2. What arc the applications of !FR turbine? t>d
SHORT QUESTIONS 6.3. Draw the entry and exit veloci1y 1riangles for a 90° !FR turbine
6 .4. Prove that for a 90° !FR turbine ·
6.1. What is a radial flow gas lurbine? ca> w1111=vr
(hJ i./11 =I le.a
6.2. Whal arc lhe applications of radial flow gas lurbines?
6.5. Draw an cn1halpy - entropy diagram for flow through an inward-flow radial
6.3. The flow ra1e in a radial flow gas turbine is very low. (True/False) lurhinc st;1i:c filled with nn cxhnusl djffuscr.
6.4. Can a 90° U:R turhine he used as a ccn1rifugnl compressor? I low'!
fl.5 . llnw nn· the 1111111 chnnges cffccled in rudiul llow lurhines'!
6.6. 'fhe ro1ur blades o( a radial fl ow gas lurbine are curved 10 change 1he llow from
<i.h. l'rnv'c that
11112.,1 - l/2Uf = 1101,,
1 - 1/2llf L
1hc radial 10 1hc a.rial dircclion. (True/False) ~ 6.7 . (a) How is the degree of reaction of an IFR turbine stage defined?
6.7 ., The work done per unit mass fl.o w in a 90° IFR turbine is equal to square of the
hladc velocity. (True/False)
6.8. The rolor cons1ant of an IFR is equal 10
(h) Prove that
R =
. : ex,
1- --
L·
2U1
(a) ho. rel I .
(h) 'ho. rel - U 2/2
(C) ho
. 6.9. Draw the vclocily diagrams for n 90° IFR lurbinc?
R
I<
=
=
-.([ - <l>tCOl/:lt)
2·
I - -·
1/11
L
2
J 284 l> TURBO MAC·1111-1i;s
RAOIALFLOWGASANO STEAMTt;RUINES °" 185
the impeller peripheral speed spouting velocity and ihc Mach number at nozzle
~J 6.8. (a) Deline spouting velocity

(b) Prove lhal as,,pi 0.707 =
6.9. Show lhe skclch and dcscriblc lhc working principle or a double .ro1a1ion oul-
ex it. (MU-April '97)
(Ans: (aJ 580.7 mis (b) 865.7 mis (cJ 0.97:\)
6.16. The design data or a Ljungstrom turbine arc speed = 3600 rpm. inner diameter
ward now radial slcam turbine slagc. or the blade ring= 12 cm. blade width= !cm. blade exit angle -20' . flow rate:
~J 6.10. Draw lhc cnrry and cxil velocily lrianglcs for a Ljungstrom turbine.
6. I I. Derive the following relations,
= 10 kg/s. Determine the power developed and the enthalpy drop in the bl~c
ring rur iLlcnl nuw nnd optimum condition~. .
l'llS /I . (Ans: (a) 12.08 kW and (b) 1.2 k.J/kg)
I
(n} UroJll = ·2 J 6.17. Determine the power developed by a ·90° IFR turbine which has lhe following
d:i1a. Impeller diamc1cr al entry= 40 cm, impeller diamc1er (mean) at exit ~O •=
lniJ (b) W,,.,, _,/111 = 2U?
=
cm. mass now ralc = S kg/s, rpm 18.000, iscn1ropic efficiency = 85~. nuw
6.1::!. Thi: lksign duta of 1111 inward flow cxhuusl gas turbine arc us follows: cucnicicnt at entry = 0.3. static pressure ratio across the stage = 4. pressure
I Swg11a1iun pri:ssurc and temperature al no7.l':lc inlet= 700 kPa nnd I 075 K. al the impeller exit = I bar, temperature al the entry of the stage = 600 C.
b:i Stalic pressure and temperature at exit from nozi.le = 510 kPa and 995 K.
Static Pressure and temperature at rotor exit= 350 kPa and 918 K.
Assume half the static pressure ratio lo occur in the noz7.les and the volute. The
discharge is axi:il. What is the nozzle angle and width of the imp.:lkr at entry? ·
Stagnation lcmperalure at rolor exit = 920 K. [Ans: (a) 710.65 kW (b) 16.T and tc) 3.7 cm l
Speed = 26,000 rpm .
i
~~
Menn rotor exit radius to rotor tip radius= 0.5. , •
TI·:- flow into the rotor is purely radial and ;it exit the flow is axial. Calculate.
(a) total-to-lotal efficiency (b) o·uter diameter of the rolor (c) the nozzle and rotor
l~ loss coefficients and (d) The blade outlet angle at the mean diameter (measured
from tbe radial direction).
[Ans: (n) 80 % (b) 0 .29 111 (c) 0.1625 nnd 1.15 (d) 72.2" [
6.13. A 90" IJ7R turbine hns the following da1n: Rl1tordiumcter rntio ( D, I D1i} = 0.45.
I rotor speed= 16,000 rpm, nozzle exit air angle= 20°_, nm~zle efficien.c y = 0.95,
w =
. rolor w idth al cnlry = 5 cm, blade to spooling velocity ralio 0.66! tolal-to-static
pressure ratio (Pool P2) = 3.5, exit pressure= I bar. stagnation temperature at
entry = 65o~ c .
l~ Assuming constant radial velocity and axial exit, determine (a) the rotor di-
ameter (b) lhe rolor blade exit air angle (c} 1hc mass flow rate (d) hub nnd tip
diamc1er of tip rotor (c) the power developed ( f) the to1al-to-101al efficiency (g}
nou.lc and rnlor enthalpy loss c11cflicicn1s.
(Ans: (a) 59 cm (h} 38.9° (c) l 4.2 kg/s (d) R.4 cm and 44.6 cm (e) 34SK kW
bu . (f) 92.5% (g) 0.126 and 0 .33.8)
J 6.14 . An IFR turbine impulse stage with a flow coefficient of0.4 develops 100 kW.
I The total-to-total efficiency is 90 % at 12000 rpm. Ir the flow rate or air is 2.0
!nr kg/s at an entry temperature of 400 K, determ ine the rotor diameters and air
angles at the entry and exil, the nozzle exit and angle and the stagnation pressure
ratio across the stage. Assume zero exit swirl and constant radial velocity. Take
l~
rotor exit diameter is 0.8 times the rotor inlet diameter.
[Ans: (a) 35.6 cm and 28.5 cm. (b) /J1 = 21.8°, a1 = 11.3° and
/J2= 26.6°. (c) 1.68)
6. I 5. A small !FR gas turbine, comprising a ring of nozzle blades, a radial vaned
b " impeller and nxial diffuser, operates wilh a total-to-total efficiency of 0.9. Al
inlet to the stage the stagnation pressure and temperature are400 kPa and 1140 K
respectively. The flow leaving the turbine is diffused to a pressure of I 00 kPa
and has negligible exit velocity. ']}le nozzle angle at the exil is 16° . Delerminc
br
J
.. J
··r
7 J
DIMENSIONAL AND MODEL
: ..
'ANALYSIS
J
J
I I• ..
" INTRODUCTION ._,,l
Dimensional analysis is a mathcmatical technique: used in research work for design
and model tes ting. II deals with the dimensions of the physical quantities involved
I'
in the phenomenon. A dimension is the measure by which a physical variable: is '.J
ellpresscdquanti1a1ively. Forellam ple, Length is a dimension associated with v11J"i11bles
such as distance, displacement, width, height and deflection. A u11iJ is a panicular I
way of altaching a number to 1he quan1i1ativc dimension. E>t: Meter and centimeters I
arc ho1h numerical units for e>tpressing leng th. ~,
Dimensional analysis is a method for reducing the large number of variables in-
volved in describing the performance characteristics of a turbomachinc to a number
of manageaok dimensionless groups. For c>tample if a characteristic depend~ upon
'x' dimensional variabks. dimensional analysis will n:ducc the problem to only·~,. bJ
dimensionless variables. Generally (x- y) equals the numbcrof different fundamcnUll
dimensions which govern the problem.
l>U
Fundamental Dimensions
111c three basic or primary or fundamental' dimensions arc length (L). time (T). and
mass, (M). In compressible fluids, onc more dimcnsion. apan from thc independent
quan1itics M,l. & T namely the tcmpcraturt: 9 is also considered as a fundamental
L.
d1111e11•11111. II 1• 1derred in •hm 1 us the M '/'LU system, when the~c: 4u11ntitics arc
usi:J as the fundamental dimensions. T here is no direct relationship bctwi:en these
dimensions.
Derived Dimensions
L
The dimensions which possess more than one fundamental dimension arc called
derived (or) secondary dimensions. For instance, velocity is denoted by two basic
dimensions i.e. distance per unit time (L / T,), density is denoted by mass per unit
L
volume (M/L 3 ) and acceleration by distance per second square (L/T 2 ). The c:it·
pressions ( /./ T ). ( M /I.)) und ( !./ T 1 ) arc culled dimcn8ion~ of velocity, dcnshy unJ
aci:clcra1io11 re•pcctivcly. They arc called sei:undary nr derived dimensions, L
l :?HS )- Tunuo MACHINES DtMl:NSIONAI ANOMClllU.A"lALYSlS ' ::?!!9
The dimensions o f mostly used physical quanti ties in turbo machines arc given in
It F
~ Table 7.1 pC2L2 = g (pCL)
µ (7.:?J
Table 7.1 Physical Q11a11titie.r used in turbo machines or Cr=g(Re) (7.3>
L I.
Physical Quantity
Arca
Symbol
A
Din1t!llsio11
L :?
that is 1he tlimensionless force coefficient F / pC~ L 2 and ii is the only funclion of
dimensionless Reynolds number (pCL/µ) . We shall learn cxac1ly how to make thi~
' rl·ll11c1in11 in the following section~.
v I •.1
i~
2. Volume The funct ion '>:' is different mnthcmuticully from the original funcl ion '/'. hu1 11'
'.\. Angular velocity w T-1 contains all the same informa1ion. No1hing i~ lost in a dimensional analysi~ .
4. Discharge Q L·'T- 1 The f'uno.:1ion ·1:· c an he cs1ablished by running lhc cxpcnmen1 fur only 10 values of
s. Acceleration t.luc tu Gravity g L r- 2 the smglc vunuhlc called the Reynolds numhcr resulting in hug.: saving of time and ·
L v = I!
6. Kine111utic viscosity L 2T-I mone)'.
fl
7. Force F MLT- 2 2. The pn•dic:ticm of u_protOT)'pt performance f rom lt.'.f/J cm1dm·ttd 011 u St'ale mod(/.
8. Weight w MLT- 2
The. dimensional analysis provides ·scaling lnws" which can convert data from ·a
9. Specific weight w ML -27"-2
l~
cheap. smnll mOdel in.i d design information for an ci1pcnsivo.: ·large prototype. Fur
10. Dynamic viscosity It ML - 1T- 1
example. one need noi build a turbomachinc and sec w hethcr it has the maximum
11. Work. Energy W.£ Ml2T-2
dcsired efficiency. One can measure the efficiency on a small model and use a scaiing
12. Power p M L 2r-·3
law 10 predict the efficiency of a full- scale prototype 1urhomachinc. For example. we '
13. Torque T M L 2T- 2
L 14.
15.
Momentum
A ng le
M
II
MLT- 1
None
don't huild a million rupees air plane and see -whether it has enough lift force. We ·
measure the lift force on a small modc:I and use a scaling law to predict the lift o~ the ·
full scale prototype ai~ plane.
In. Temperature T fl
J. Tltr dt.'ter111il111tin11 nf //1e mo.ft .rnita/lle t.1·11r 11f 111ud1i11r 1•11 thr hmi.\ ti/ t111Lfim11t1i
c,,. c,.
l- 17.
Ill.
19.
Specific hc111
Muss Flow rate
Efficiency
,,,
,,
f.11' lo I
MT -
None
1 e.Oiciencyfor " specified range of head. speed undjlow rure.
DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY
l ADVANTAGES OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

The important advan tages of t.limcnsional analysis besides its main purpose 1<1 reduce
Dimensional homogeneity means thnl the dimensions of each term in an equation
on hoth the sides arc equal. Hence. if the dimensions of each term un hoth ~ide~
or an equ ation arc the sumc. the equation is known as climmsiunu/f.\' lu11,nt1Jlt'llt'<~1t.f
variab les and group them in dimensinnkss form, :ire eq11111in11. The powers of fundamental dimensions ( L. M . Tl on both sides of the '.
L I . A11 t1111r1111111s sal'i11K in lime and 1111111 e.1~

Suppose. force F on a particular body immersed in u stream of lluid moving with
eq uation w ill be identical for a dimensionally homogeneous equation. Such equation~
arc independent of thc.: systc.:m of unils (metric. English ur S .I l
Consider the following equation
velocity C is a function of hody length l . the fl uid density p. the stream velocity C.
b and the fluid viscosi tyµ. it is expressed as
[ F ~ j(L . C, p.-1<ll
'
(7.1)
c = /2iil
where "C' is vdoc ity. II is height o f any Ouid column and g is acceleration due t o
grnvi ty.
f Dimension of LH.S of the above equation is given by
tm- when:'/" means ·a function of' and is to be de tcrmim:d experimentally. Generally. it
takes uhoul I 0 ex peri mental points to de li ne a curve. To find the effect of body lengt h C = LT- 1
in cqualion 7. I we shall have to run the experiment for I 0 lengths L. For each /. we
b sholl need I 0 values of C. I 0 values of p and I 0 values of/! making a grand total of
10,000 experiments. At 11 rate of Rs 200 per experiment. the total expenditure would
be in several lakhs. However, with dimen sional analysis, we can immedia1ely reduce
Dimension of R .H.S of the equation is
/2gH ./<Liri>:L = j(·L;ir!>

the equation 7.1 to an cquivalcn l form · 1
= LT -
br
J
·'
290 ;;. TUl!.UO MACHINES DIMENSIONAL AND MOOEL ANAl.YSIS,.... :?91
J
For example, in the problem considered, Xi. X3. and X.i arc repealing variables if
Sincl!. Diml!nsion of l.H.S =Dimension of R.H.S = 1 LT"'
equation C = .j'[ifl ls dimensionally homogeneous and can be used in any system
-of units. '
thl! fundamental dimension 111 ( M. L. T)
- x"2 x'') x..4 • x l

1 1
=
3. Then each Tr tenn is wrillen as
1
J
Tr1 -
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS METHOD
-Buckingham Pl
'
Th~orem I·
Ir2 - 2 x":
- x": l x· 4t'I x s
(7 .6) J
111c llm:l.111l1ham l'l 1hcorcm is one urthc dimcn11i11nul 11n11ly1is methods ofredueing 11 --- x"--2 ... x".\ .. . . x•--... xn
J
1f II · Ill - 4
numl'<:r uf d1111.:11s11mal 'vanuhlcs into u s111111l.:r number of dimensionless groups. The
num.: pi qun.:s from th.: mathematical notation rr. meaning a product of variables.
If ther.: arc ·11· variables in a physical phenomenon and iflh'cse variables contain ·m·
Method of Selecting Repeating Variables ~
-fundamental dimensions. (M. L, T), then the variables arc ·arranged into J(= n-m)
dimension-less terms. Each tcnn is called arr-term. The r~d~ced J equals the max-
imum number Qf variables which do not fonn a pi among themselves anq is always
The number of repeating variables arc equal to thl! number or fundamental dimensions
of the problem. The following points govern the choice of repeating vari able~.
J
less than o_r equal to the number of dimensions describing the variables.
Typically. there are six steps involved,
I, List and count the variables involved in the problem. Dimensionnl analysis
'11'
I
a. As for as possible. the dcpcndent varinhle should not he sdcctcd ns repeating
vnri;ihlc.
h. The repeating variahlc ~hmild he dwsen in such a way thut one variuhlc •~ a
J
will foil. if uny import:int variuhles urc missing. '
For example. Let X1 be the dependent variable and X2. XJ, · :. , Xn arc the geometric variable. other variable is a flow variable and the third variable is a
indt!pcndcn t variables on which X 1 depends in a physical _p roblem. Then X 1 is a lluid property variable
'
function of X2. X3 . · · ·• X,. and mathematically it is exp(esscd as Geometric variables- L!-!ngth(I). Diameter (d). Height (h) etc. """
Flow variables - Veloci ty (c), Acccll!ration etc.
Xi = /(X2. X3. · · ·• X,.) (7.4) Fluid property variables
Kinematic viscosity (11). Dynamic viscosity (µ ), Ol!nsity (p), etc.
Uil-
c. The selected variables should not form a dimensionless l:(roup.
elJuation (7 A) is u dim.:nsionally homogeneous equation. It contains '.n' variables
d. The rcp.:ating variahl.:s together must have thl! same number of funJamcntal
(including d.:pendl!nt_ variable) equation (7.4) can also be wriuen as
dimenswns.
c. No two repeating var iables should have the same dimensions . tr.?a
/1(X1. X2. X3,· ... X,.)=O I
5. Add one additional variable to the selected J variables and form a power produi:t.
Eac.: h rr tcrm (as given in equation (7.6)) is solved by the principle of dimensional
2. List the dimensions of each variable according to M LTO. Detcnnine the number homogeneity.
of fumJa.mental dimensions (say, there arc 'm' fundamental dimensions). 6. Write the final dimension less function by substitutin g the values of Ir1 . rr2 · • • rr,, _ ,., l!!U'
J. Fmd J. according to Buckingham's rr- theorem equation (7.4) can he written in c1111111i1111 (7 .5) nnd i.:heck whether u_ll pi groups urc dimensionlcs~.
111 1c1111~ of numher <>f Jimcnsiunless groups or Ir terms in w hich number or
"
.7 - tcnns is equal to (n-m) 1. Hence, equation (7.4) becomes as
/1 (rr1, Ir2, · · · , Ir,.-m) = 0.

MODEL ANALYSIS
To predict the performance of turbo machines such as turbines, compressors. pump~
L
etc. Model Analysis is employed. That is, before manufacturing the real or actual
(or)
7Tt = g(rr2.rr3,···1Tn-m) (7.5)
machines, models of the machines are made and tests are performed on thL'fll 10 gl!t
the required information. -_
L
The model is _the small scale replica of-·lhc actual machine . The actual machine i~
4. Seh:c1,,J variables which don't form a Pi product. Each ·rr term contains 111 + I
vanahlcs. where '111' is the numhcr of fundamental dimensions and is ulsu called
the repeating variable.
called prototype. The study or models of actual machines is called as model anal_ rsi.r.
TI1e mm.lei analysis is actually an cxpl!rimental analysis of finding out solutions of
complex problems using models of the actual system.
L
I
{~
292 ;. Ttmno MAc111Ni:s
I DIMENSIONAi. ANI> MODI!!. ANAl.YSIS °" 29'.\
L The ad\'0111a1:e.r of the dimensional and model analysis arc

I. The perform:uu.:e of the actual 1urbomachinc cnn be easily predicted. in advance
from its models. TI1c rcliabili1y depends on the degree of similarity that exists
4. The homologous points (The points which have the ·same rdative loca11on) mus1
be related by the same linear-scale ratio.
Fig. 7. I. shows a prototype and none-tenth scale model of a blade. The scale ratio i!.
L
hctwccn the model and the prototype.
2. With the help of dimensional analysis. a relationship between the variables in· also applicahlc 10 1hc fasteners used.
fluencing the prohlcm in terms of the dimensionless parameters is obtained. This The linear dimensions of the model arc all one-tenth of the prototype blade. Bui ns ·
relationship hc:lps in conducting tesls on the model. angle of allack with respect to the free stream is the same Io· nOI I"'. All phy~i~·.il
dctalis on the model must be scaled. i.c:, the nose radius. the surface roughnes.' etc.
L '.\. With lhe hclp of motlcl lcsling. lhc 111osl cconmnical anti safe tlcsign may he
sdccled.
SIMILITUDE
Any dcp11rt11rc will lend 10 the viol11tiun of gcumc1ric si111ilnri1y. Model~ whi~·h llflJX"llr
similur in shape hul viuhlh.! &eomelric similarity should nut be compared.
Homologous points
Li Similitutle is tlelinetl as the similarity between the model and its prototype in every
respect. Three types of similarities must exist between the model and prototype. They .2m
O)
~:EJ .
arc:
I. Geometric Similarity
J:·/-r .·--1 0.2z. 0.1~ ..
··r·1
I . ·.
l1i 2. Kinematic Similarity
3. Dynamic Similarity Cp
. 4m
L 1. Geometric Similarity
A model and protolypc arc geometrically similar if and only if all body dimensions
in all the three cmmlinnh!S have the same linear-scale ratio.
Figure 7.1 Protor:·pe and its model with gtomttric similarir)·
Let 2. Kinematic Slmllarlty
b· l.,,, - 1.cng1h or model

llm • Brcnulh of mndcl
Dm • Diameter of model
J •
A mmlcl 11nd pmtulypc nrc kincmaticnlly ~imil11r if 11nu only if they have 1hc s:unc
•'
ve!loci1y scale ratio. i.e 1hc motion of two system~ arc kincma1icnlly similar if homo-
logous particles lie at homologous points and at homologous time (refer Fig. 7.2).
V,,. - Volume of model
L . Am - Arca of model
and L 1,. B1,. D1,. V1, and A 1, arc the corresponding values of the prototype. For geo-
metric similarity between the model and prototype. the following relation mu st exist.
Let
Cn11 = Velocity of fluid at point I in model.
Cno 2 =Velocity of fluid at point 2 in model. .
and C 1, 1 , C ,.2 are corresponding values at the corresponding points of fluid velocny
in the prototype.
la 1. 1,
···-
Lm
8 1, D 1, •
;::; ·- · ·· ::: • -·· ::: (Ir
fl,,, Urn
For kinematic similarity, to exist
where G, is called the ga/e ra/in. c,,, - c,,, = c,

For area ratio and volume ratio, the relation should be as given below. Cm~ - Cm1
br A 1,
-Am L 1, x
= Lm D1,
= G,.G, = G,2
Similarly for acceleration
X Bm ~ = a,,2 =ar
I and am 1 Dmi
~J
llr
VI'
V,,,
L 11
= ( L,,, ) =
.l (BmB ).l. (Dm
I'o· )
=.
11
3
3
= Gr
where C is the velocity ratio and a, is the accclanion ratio.
TI1c di rections of the velocity in the model and the prototype should be the same.
l1 I. ).11 angles arc prcservcd in gcomctric.similari1y.

2. All now directions arc preserved.
3. Dynamic Similarity
A model and prototype are dynamically similar if and only if they have the same
3. The orientation of the model and prototype, with respect to the surroundings
force-scale (or mass-sc_ale) ratio. Thus dynamic similarity is said 10 exist between
br mu st be identical.
the model and lhe prototype. if l~ ratios of the corresponding forces acting al the
J
~94 ;. Tu11uo MAl'ltlr<tiS ·'· DIMENSIONAi. ANt>MODEl.ANAl.VSIS ~ 29S J
com:sponding points arc equal. Also the directions of the corresponding forces at the NON-DIMENSIONAL NUMBERS., ~
corresponding points should he the same (refer Fig. 7.2). ·.

Let
(F,)" =Inertia force nt a point in the prototype. ·· 1
Non-dimensional numbers arc those nurpbers which are obtained by dividing the
inertia force hy the viscous force or the gravity force or the pressure force or surface
J
tension force or the elastic force. As this is a ratio of one force to another force. -·~
. ( F") 1, =Gravity forcer at the point in the prototype. .. .
. ·and ( F; ),,, . ( F~ >m are c.o rrcsponding forces at the corresponding points in the model.
it is a dimensionless number. These non-dimensional numbers arc also called as
dimt'll.fimrleu 1111m/Jers. The following nre the importanl nnn·dimcnsionul numbers
which arc usi:d as a critc:ria for the dynamic similarity between a model and its
J
prototype.
Cp~
1. Reynold's Number (Re)
It is defined as the ratio of inertia force of a flowing fluid and the viscous forct: of the
J
fluid. It is named after Osborne Reynolds, a British engineer who first proposed it in
a'•
<.~O'i:lm
I 883. It is expressi:d as
Re =
Inertia force ( F1)
J
(F»Im <Fr>m Viscous force (Fu)
.
Figure 7.:/. Tl1ru similaritits-pmtotyp<' and mndel of a disc =
pAC2
I
.
111en, for dynamic similarity, we have µ(I)A 1:.£11
(F;),,
(F;)m
= (Fi:>1• = Fr
CF11>m I
Re ~ o rCL
pCL'
-
µ
-
"
I 1;;.!J
'
where F, is the force rario. where t? = µ/ p

Mathematically, Newion's law for any fluid panicle requires the. sum of pressure ln case of flow through pipes, L is taken as diameter D.
~
force ( F1,). gravity force (FR), and friction force (FI) cqualio the acceleration tenn. The law in which the models arc based on Reynold's number is callc:d Reynold's
or the inertia force ( F;) model law or similarity law. i.e. (Re)mudti =
(Re)pru1u1 .v p"
i.e.
IFp +Fi:+ F1 = F; I 2. Euler's Nuinber (Eu)
It is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force of a flowing fluid to the
ti..:1
pressure force. This is named after Leonhard Euler. Mathematically, it is expressed

I
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC MODELS us I
oo••- • - -·--•"-
'!be hyJraulic moJcls. are classified, hnsed on the scale ratio for the linenrdimcnsions.
as follows:
£11 = j Inertin Force ( F1)
Pressure Force ( F1,) ·
6
r;;;:Ci
·1) Undistorted Models
If the scale ratio for the linear dimensions of the model and; its prototype are same,
= yf;A
C .
L
or if the modd is geometrically similar 10 its prototype, the mode.I is said.to be an
./PTi>
undisroned model.
2) Distorted Models
The law in which the models are designed on Euler's number is known as Euler's
model law i.e (Eu)m 111Jtl =
(£11) 1,,,,,,,,.v pt.
L
lf the scale ratios forthc linear dimensions of the mOdcl and its prototype arc different
or if the model is not geometrically similar to its prototype, then the model is called as
disroned model. For distorted models two different scale ratios, one for the horizontal
dimensions and the other for the vertical dimensions are adopted. .
3. Froude's Number (Fe)
It is defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force of a flowing fluid lo the
gravity force. It is named aflcr William Froude, a British naval architect. It is ell pressed
L
l 296 l> TURllO MAl'lllNl:S
D IMENSIONAi. AND MOOF.L ANAl.YSIS ,.; :!.97
as
r!fJ wlwrc K ,;, Elastic stress and A =L!
. _ _/ Inertia Force ( F;)
Fe - y Gravity Force (F~) 'M = J~IP ,.
rlliJ 'r;;AC2
" =_vPALR But JKTp =a (velocity of sound in the flu id). M = ~a
~
~ /F e = Jb/ ·n1e Mach numhcr is named after Ernst Mach ( 1838 - 1916), an Austrian physic15t.
When the forces due 10 elnstic compression predomln11te~ in 11ddition·to thc intni1l
force. the dynumic similnrity hetwccn the model nnd prototype is ohtained hy equ111ng ·
=
the Mach nu11·1her of model nnd the prototype. i.e. (M),.,,,J,1 (M ) 1,,,,,,.,,.1"
= (F t)prn1u1,v11r
l The law in which models are based on Froude's number i.e. (F t)mudtl
is known as the Froude 's mode/ law.
4. Weber's Number (We)
SPECIFIC SPEED
The specific speed is the parameter which does not explicitly contain the diameter of
Ii It is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force of a flowing fluid to the the runner or impeller. It is denoted by the symbol N, . The specific speed is used in· ·
b surface tension force. It is nnmed after Moritz Weber of the Polytechnic Institute of
Berlin. It is given as
compar!ng 1he differen't types of turbo machines as every type or turbo~ac:hinc has
different :;pccific :;peed.
H Inertia For~e (Fi) 1. Pump Specific Speed

w, =
lb Surface tension Force ( F1 ) illu: specific si>ced or a cenlrffugal pump is defined as the speed al which .the pump
r;;;;c; delivers one cubic metre of liquid per second against a head of one metre. It is
= y~ expressed as
Lr where <1 :::: surface tension per unit length and A = L2 N,
N./7}
= (ii;Jf7i
L /w·=~/
where N is th~ speed in rpm. Q is the discharge in (mJ/uc) and H'" is the manometric
head in metres . The dimcnsi9nless specific speed is given by
NQl/2
~
Weber's model law is the law in which models nre bnsed on Weber's number. Ac- (g H'" )3/4
cording to this law there is dynamic similarity between the model and its prototype.
Hence,
Expression for pump specific speed
k 5. Mach's Number (M)

(W,),.,,,tffl = (We)pr111 111v1" TI1e discharge for 11 centrifugnl pump is given by the relation.
IQ=n'DBC,,
~·
Mach number is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inertia force of a Oowin& where
fluid lo the elastic force. Mathematically, it is defined as D·Diamelcr of lhe pump impeller
8-Widlh of the impeller
/Inertia Force (F;) We know that D a B
M =
Lr ~
' Elastic Force ( F,)

Qa D 2C,
=
jpAC 2 The now velocity, tangential velocity and manometric head (H,,.) arc related as
KA
trr U a C, a Jii;. (7.7)
- 1
j
:?98 : ~ TuRDO MACHINES OIMENSIONAl. A NO Moor.I. ANAl.VSIS ..;: ~99 J

Wc also know that The tahlc 7.2 shows that each type of turbomachine works in u narrow rangc of l
UaDN (7.8)
specific speeds. The specific speed is the parameter expressing lhe variation of all the
variahlcs N. Q and Hor N, P and H which cause similar flows in turbo machines that
j
From the abovc two equations 7.7 and 7.8 we have . ., arc g.comctrically similar. -~
' .
Da ./Hm Derivation of the turbine speclflc speed j
N The puwcr dcvclupcll hy any turbine in ~crms of ove.rull efficiency is given by
'Ilic d1M:hargc cquution lhcn becomes
11' = T1o(pgQ1n I l
Hm r;-;-
Q a N2. CvHm) ur
J
or
Pa( Q H )( as TIO· p and g arc constants)
H~/2 r The absolute velocity, tangential velocity and head on the turbine arc related as I
. Q = (constant) /:i2
From the dclinilion of specific speed
(7.9)
Ca ../'ii and
li!U
N = N, when Hm =Im ond Q = I m J/s. UaC or

(7.1 1)
Substituti ~g these values in the above equation 7.9, the value of constan t of propor- ua../H t!P.l
tionality is Je1crr11inctl .
But the tangential veloci ty 'U' 1s given by
= Ns2 , I rrDN
U = -- or
l)le discharge Q is 60 l."1
UaDN (7. 12)

Q = N2s · -H~I'- !. From equations (7. I I) and (7 . 12). we have
N2
or t0
Da-
..fH (7 .13)
N2 - N2Q
I" N
s - -~-
H )/2 The discharge through the turbine is given by
m
~
Thc pump specific speed is Q Area x Velocity
t\ )( c
N, "' '!Hfj:f
__JO (7.10) ,. l
I
m But Arca a /J x D where n = width since Ba D l!J:ll
2 .. Specific Speed of Turbine :. A aD 2
The specific speed o f a turbine is defined as the s'p eed at which the turbine develops
unit power when working under unit head. h is expressed as
or from equation 7. 16
H'
Aa Nl and
L-
(
~ - N,/P ca./H
• - (H)5/4
.. Qa N,2
i-fj/2 L
where N is th~ spe~d in rpm , is the head in (m) and P is the pow~r in kilowans.
ii
The dimensionless specific speed (or) the power specific speed is given by
Ns,.
NPl/2
= -..-~--
Substituting for Q in the power equation, we get
ffl/2 \
Pa ( · N 2 ) · H
L
L 300 ).> TURJIO MAClllNES DIMENSIONAL ANO MODEL ANAL\'SIS ..,: 301
L (or)'
p 11S/2
MODEL TESTING OF HYDRAULIC TURBO MACHINES
Before manufacturing the large s ized actual machines, their models which are in com-
aNr plete similarity with the actual machines (also called prototypes) are
made. Tests will ·
t (or)
P = (constant)Jii2
H5f2
(7.14)
he conducted on the models and the performance of the prototypes will be predicted.
The complete similarity between !he ac1ual machine and !he model will c:x ist if lhc
following conditions arc satisfied.
l Conm1nr i~ culled 1hc co11s1unt of propurtionuli1y.

According lo lhe definilinn of specifk 1:pecd.
N =
N., when /' = I kW :1111.I II == I 111 the uhuvc e4uutinn 7.14 reduces tn
1. Specific speed of the Model =Specific speed of the prototype
l<N.T,,; ;u( N, ) ,, I
l constant = N,2 or
(N./Q) · = (N./Q)
HJ/4 ,,, H ·' f4 I'
(7. 161
:. p = N2. . H512
-·
l or
N2 2. Flow coefficient is the same for the model and the prototype
The discharge Q for a hydraulic machine is given by the relation
N} = N2 . p Q = Area x Velocity of fl ow
l The turbine specific speed N 1 is
H5/2
where
Arca = 1T DB
N./iP D - diameter of the lurbo machine impeller

~ N, = HS/ 4 (7. I 5)
b- N is in rpm, P is in kW nnd II is in metres.
B • width of the impeller
nnd 8 a D. hence
A= IT D 2
I.
l Table 7.2
S. No.
Ranges ofspecific speeds of turbo machines
7i1rbo mac/tine
Dimensio11/ess
Therefore.
Q =IT D 2 c,
We know that the tangential velocity _is given by
(7 .171
.rpecijic speed
~ .
I. Pelton Wheel
0.02 - 0.39 U = rrDN
&r - Single jet
0.02 - 0. 19 60
-Twin jet or
0.1 - 0.3
-rour jct
0.14 - o.:w Cl {l DN
f
Gm"
2. Francis turbine
· -Radial (slow speed)
0.39 - 2.3 ·me tnngentinl velocity (U) and Oow velocity are related to the diami:ter and sp.."t!d a~
0.39 - 0.65
-Mixed Oow (medium - express) 0.65 - 2.3 UaC,crDN
3. Kaplan turbine
~
2.7 - 5.4
4. Propeller turbine (axial) Substituting for C, in equation 7 .17 yields
m- 5. Centrifugal pumps (slow-high speed)
1.6
0.24 -
- 3.6
1.8 Q = 1T D 2(DN)
6. Mixed Oow pump 1.8 - 4.0
7. Axial flow pump
b ' 8.
9.
Radial flow compressors
Axial flow steam and Gas turbines
3.2 - 5.7
0.4
0.35 -
- 1.4
1.9
(or)
QarYN
10. Axial compressors, blowers 1.4 - 20 Q

/JfN = constant
~
J
30:? :;.
]
TURBO MAC"lllNES
DIMENSIONAL AND MODEi. ANALYSIS <( 303
'
~ s~ific head and repn:sented by Y, for model
____
and is known as the flow coefficient and denoted as g,H, is called the Head coefficient or
ND· D·N- ......
Applying thc flow cocflicient for the model and the prototype
,__ ... testing
j
(~),,, =(~);. (7. IH J ({Zt =·(;z)p (7.20)
3. Specific power of the model and prototype are same (or) ]

.' Power or the hydraulic turbomachine is given by • •
IP=pgQHI (~t =(~)p (7 .21 I

j
tori
UNIT QUANTITIES
where II is 1he head of 1he machine. We know

[PapQHj
; 'J
1.
The quantities of a hydraulic turbo machine working under 11 uni I head arc called the
1111it quantities. ·me following arc the three' important unit quantities which must be
s1udied under unit head.
J
Qa D 3N and •· l
Jii a DN f:. U a C, er Jii1

Pa pD 3 N (D~N 2 )
1. Unit Speed
The speed of a turbomach inc working under a unit head is tenned as uni I spt.'1..-d. II is
J
denoted by (N,,).
PapD 5N 3 The expression for unit speed (Nu) is ohtained as follows.
or Let, N-Spced of a turbomachine under a head H ,...,;
p H-Hcad under which the turbomachine is working.
pN-' vs = cons1ant U-Tangential velocity
The tangential velocity, absolute velocity or water and head on the turbomachine
~~~as . . ud
I
_!_
pf:/ 3 D 5· is known
. as .the power coefficient or specific power and deno1ed hy f> for U a C where C a ./H
mode;! testing · The tangential velocity (U) is given by
(~;1)~ = (;v~;),, ~ J
17 111)
~
where Pm := Pr: .' For a gi ve n turhomachinc, the diameter (D) is constanl. '
I
td
4. Specific head of the model and prototype are same : . U a Nor Na U
Tangential velocity (U) is given by
(or)
rrDN .i Na./H \:>.:I
U=--also ··
60
.· .·U.a-,J ii is dropped since it is a eonstunl)
'I
(g
.
N = KJii (7.22)
......
.fiiaDN where K is a constant of proportionali ty.
or If head on the turbomachinc becomes uniiy, thc speed becomes unit speed .i.e. when
H
D2N'! =constant
H=l ,N =Nu
Subs1i1uting lhcse values in equation 7.22, we get Nu K = L
L ?-04 ,. Tunno MM"IUNl!S
DIMENSIONALANDMODIOLANALYSIS <O'. 305
L Suhstiluling the vulue of K in cquucion 7.22 und rearranging lhe e()Unt ion. we nh111in
,N,,= ~JI ·. !7.:!:\J

or
P = KHJJ~ (7.:?6) . .
=
I m, P = =
l
When H P,, .'.. P,, K
2. Unit Discharge Substituting the value of Kin equation 7.29, we get
The discharge or flow lhrough a turhomachine working under a unit head (i.e I 111) is p
termed as 1111it jlmv or 1111it discltm"J:e. It is denolcd by the symhol ( Q,, ). P,, = fl'!</2 (7.27)
L. I
The expression for unit discharge is given ns :
I.er, H-1 lcad nf wnrcr 1111rhc111rho111nd1inc
Q-Dischurgc passing through the machine when head in it is '//' USE OF UNIT QUANTITIES
a - urea of flow of w111cr ·me bchnviour or 11 hydraulic turbomaehlne working under diffen:nt heath can be
L, The discharge passing through a given turhomachinc under u head · /1 • is ¥-ivcn hy.
Q= Arca or now x velocity
easily known from the values of the unit quanti1ics.
Let ..
' ·
For a given lurhomachinc area or now is constant and velocity is proportional Ill Hi. H2 be the heads on the turbomachine,
./H .
l (or)
.. Q ~ velocity a ./Ti
N 1. Ni arc the corresponding speeds,
Q 1. Q1 are the discharge, and
P1, P2 are the power developed by the turbomachinc
Using the defining equations or unit quantities
= KJii
l Q
When H = I m, Q=Q,,, lh!! conslant (K} va lue is K = Q,,
Substituting the v:iluc of Kand rearranging cqua1ion 7.27 . we gel
t7 . _:!~ I
N., = --
N1
./Hi
Ni
= --
./Hi
Qi Qi
G
Q Q., = ./Hi = ..[Hi and
l- Q,, = ./Ii (7.251
P1 P2
3. Unit Power Pu = Hl/2 = Hl/2
I 2
l The power developed hy a lurhom:ichinc working under u unil head is culled lhc uni I
power. It is dcnolcd hy !',,.
111e expression for P,, 1s uhtaincd os follows.
Hence, if the speed, discharge and power developed by a turbine under a particular
head arc known, then by usini the above three relations, the speed, discharge. and
Let. H-Hcad of water on lhe turbomachinc power developed by the same turbomachinc under a given head can be obtained.
l P-Power developed by lhe lurhomachinc under lhc head 'fl·

Q-Dischargc through turhomachinc under lhc head · H'
The overall efficiency is given as
. SOLVED PROBLEMS
Example 7.1
r
I~ 1/o =
Power developed system.
De1crmine the dimensions of the following quantities in M·L-T
Power input
I. Force 2. Torque 3. Momentum 4. Power
I'
= Solution '
b- :. p =
pQ/I
110(/> Q II} I. Force =Mass x Acceleration
(or) Length = ML r- 2
=M x Ttmel
L- ' Pa(Qxl/)
Sin~~ Q a .Jii
2. Torque= Force x Distance
= MLT- 2 x L
Pa HJf2 = ML2 T- 2
Lr \
l
~
I
.......
306 >. TURDO MAClllNES DIMENSIONAL AND Mooa ANALYSIS ~ 307 1J
3. Mome11111m = Mass x Velocity -,
Step-4 I
M x Length Each rr-term contains m +I variables. wherem is equal to three.and is also a repeating I
variable. · &:!
= MLT_T?me Ou1 of six variables 11. p, µ, w, D and Q, three variables are 10 be selected as repeat· --.
ing variables. ·,,· is a dependent variable and should nol be &elected u a repeating
-1. 1'<1wer:::: Workdune''
sec
Force x Distance
variable . Out of the five remaining variables, one variable should have geometric
properly, 1he second variable should have Oow properly 11nd the third one have Ouid
j
- Time property. These rcquiremen1s are fulfilled by selecting D. w, and pas repeating vari·
ables. The repealing variables themselves should not form a dimensionless term and I
(MLT- 2 ) x L I
= T
should have themselves fundamen tal dimensions equal tom (i.e. 3 here).
l!lll
I
Dimensions of D, w and p arc L, r- 1, Ml - 3 and hence 1he 1hree fundamental
= ML 2T- 3 dimensions exist in D . w, and p and they themselves do not form a dimensionless
Example 7.2 The efficiency of a turbomachine depends on densi'iy •p ' , dynamic

viscosity ·,,.of the Ouid, angular velocity 'w', diameter 'D' of the rotor and the
discharge Q. Express ''I' in 1erms of !he dimensionless parameters.
group.
Stap-5
Each rr -1erm is wriuen as
J
(MU-April '98) I
rr1 = D 111• ai • · P"' • 11
Step-1 D"l . whJ . p'l . µ I
rr2 li!i
The efficiency of a turbomachine (T]) depends on i) p ii) µ iii) w iv) D and v) Q.
Hence · ,,· is a funciion of p, µ, w, D, Q. Malhematically,
1T) = D" 1 • wlrJ · p'"' · Q
'1 = /(p, µ, w. D. Q) (7.28)

Each rr -term is then solved by the principle of dimensional homogeneity. For !
First rr-term bi
or ii can be' wriuen as
rr 1 = D" 1 • wb 1 • p.:1 • '1
/1('1. p , µ, w, D, Q) =0 (7.29) Substituting dimensions on both sides of rr1 I
(!£l
Hence, the t.o tal I) Umber of variables (including dependent variable) n=6,
M 0 L0 T0 = L" 1 • ( T - l)b 1 • (ML- 3)ct. M 0
L0 T"
Step-2 I I
I
The value of 'm' i.e. number of fundamental dimensions for the problem is obtained Equating 1he powers of M.L. Ton both sides.
(;ii}
by writing dimensions of each variable. Dimensions of each variable arc
Power uf M , () - CJ ·f () .'. t'l "" CJ
1/ - Oimcnsionloss µ = LML - lr- 1 Powers of L, 0 =a1 + 0 : . a1 = 0
p
D
=
=
ML- 3 ,
land w
Q
=
3r -1
= r-• Power~ of T. 0 ;; -/11
Substi1uting 1he values of a1, b 1 and c 1 in rr1 , we gc1
+ () :. bi =0
L
'Hence, number of fundamemal dimensions,
Tr i = Dowopo .T/ = T] !
m =3 If a variable is dimensionless !hen, it itself is arr-term. Here the variable · ,,· is a 6o
Step-3 dimens ionless and hence·,,· is a rr·term. As it exists in firs! rr·lerm, 'rr1 11', there =
The number of dimensionless 1T· terms is given by
L
is no need of equating the powers. the value can be obLained direc1ly.
l=n-m=6-3=3 Second "-term
Thu~ three rr·terms say rr1 , rr2 and rr3 are formed. Hence equation (7 .~9) is wrilten rr2 = D"1 .:wb, .pci .µ
..
as
/1 (rr1 , rr2. rr3) =0 (7.30)

Substituting the dimensions on both s ides.
M"L 0 T 0 =L 111
.(T-'>"1 .(M L - 3 )'l.M L - 1 r- 1
L
' .
L 308 ;. TUIUIO MAC'lllNF.S DIMENSIONAL AND MOllEL A1'Al.YSIS , < )09 '
~al Equnling. lhe powers of M, L. Ton bolh sit.le.~ .

Power of M . 0 =c2 + I :. ci I=-
Solution
Step-1
Power of L. 0 = 112 - 3c2 - I :. a2 = 3c2 + I a2 = -3 + I ::: -2 f'riction coefficient CF is n function .of V, D . µ. p and e .
=
b
Power of T, 0 -b2 - I : . 112 = - I
Suhs1i1u1ing 1hc vulucs of a2. bi and c2 in rc2. ;'. <;F = f(V, D. µ, p, E)
or /1(CF, V, D. µ, p, E) =0 (7.31)
TT2 = D-2.w-1 .p-1.µ
=6
L µ
D2.w .p
Hence, tot~I number of variables n
Step-2
The dimensions of each variable
L Third re -term
rc3 = D"J .whl .pcJ . Q
CF= dimensionless
µ = Mi- 1
r- 1
,p =
V = Lr- 1
Ml- 3 • and
D
E= l.
=l
"
b Subslituling the dimensions on both sides.
Mc.L oTo:::: Lnl.(T-l)hl,(ML·-3)cl . LJT-I

. . Number of fundamental dimensions
=3 m
Then, number of rr-tenns = n - m = 6- 3 =3.
L- Equating the powers on M, land Ton bo1h sides.

= =
Now. equation (7.31) can be written as
Power of M. O c .1 :. c3 0 /1 (1Tt • rci, TC3)' =0 n<7.32)

=
Power of L . 0 113 - CJ + 3 :. 03 =
3c:i - 3. OJ = -3
b- Power of T. 0 = -b3 - I : . b3 -1 =
Substituting the values of 113, b3 and c3 in rc3
Step-3
Each rc-1enn contains m + I or 3+1 = 4 variables, where mis equal to the number
of repeating variable. Choosing D, V, pas the repeating variables, the three rr-tcrms
arc
rc 3 = D- 3 .w- 1.p 0 .Q
b· =
Q
JJ3.w
7rl
1Tl =
= Da1 vb1 pc' CF
r)u2 yb2 p'2 µ
TC) = D03 ybJ pCJ E
Step-6
fur Substituting the values of rc1, rc2 and rc3 in equation (7.30)
Step-4
Each re-term is solved by the principle of dimensional homogeneity.
First rc•term
b µ
/1 ( ,,, JJ2wp' oJw .iL) = 0
1T1 = D"1 ybi p"1 CF
or Slru:c 1hc vnrlahhi C 1· b dimensionless, It itself is R 1T ·lcrm. 'l11crcfon:,
l~ I/
JJ.
= g [ D2wp. Q J
Dlw
11'1 =CF
Second re -term
k Exe1mple 7.3 Friction coefficient (pressure drop per unit lenglh) of a pipe de-
pends on Average speed ( V), pipe diameter (D), Viscosity(µ), density (p) and inside
rouglincss (E). Using Buckingham's 1r-1heorem, express the friction coefficient of
rr2
Substituting dimensions on either side

= D"2 vhl p<'l µ
pipe as a function of dimensionless quantities. (MKU-Nov. '98)

M0 L0 r 0 = ia1 (LT- 1>1>i (ML- 3 >c1 ML- 1r - 1
br
J
310 }> TURBO MAC'BINES
DIMENSIONALANDMODF.Li'\NALYSIS "''311
cl
I
Equating the powers of M. L. Ton both sides No te 1ha1. __!::_ = _.!... and ~ is called roughness/actor. Then. Firiction coefficient
Power of M, 0 = Cl +I =- I
: . c2..
DVp Re D
of a pipe is a function of Reynold's number and roughness factor. d
l
Power of L, o = o~ + bi - 3c2 ...: i
Example 7.4 The drag force exerted hy u flowing fluid on 11 solid body depends
02 +b2 = -2 upon thi: li:ng1h of the body, L, Velocity of flow, V, density of fluid p and viscosity
Power of T , 0
and
.,. -h2 - J. :. b2
a2 = -2 - b2
-= -
=- I
I
µ.Find an eitprcssion for drag force using Buckingham's lhcor~m.
Solution
J
Substituting the values of 02. bi and c2 1n rr2. we get
Step-1
(or)
rr2 = n- 1 v- 1 p- 1µ · Thi: drag force F v depends upon. L . V. p andµ . Therefore, D is a function of L. V, p
andµ . Mathematically, ·
J
µ I Fv = /(L. V,p,µ)I I
rr2 = Dyp
{or)
J
Third rr-tcrm
/J(Fo . L , V , p, µ) =0 (7.33) I
= D" yb:i pCJ E
J
Tt3 3
To1al no. of variables. n = 5.
(or) Step-2
M 0 L 0 T° = L"1 .(LT·y}b)(ML- 3)'1 L Dimensions of i:uch variable are .
Fv = MLT- 2 , L =M . v =Lr- •. p = ML- 3 andµ= ML- 1 r- 1
Equating the powers, Hence, number of fundamental dimensions. m 3. = l!.lll
... CJ =0
=
:. Number of n-terins n - m 5 - 3 2 . = =
For M, 0 = CJ
Step-3
' For L, 0 = a3 + b3 - 3c3 + L ·Equation (7.33) can be written as I::!!!
a3 + b3 = -1
:. b3 = 0
/1(rr1. rr?) =0 (7.34)
For T,O = -b3
and a3 = -1 Step-4
Each rr-tcrm contuins m + I vari ahle~. whi:rc mis numhcr of repeating vuriublc~ und ml
.Suhsti1u1ing .
the values of n.1. '1.i and c.1 in rr.1. is c4ual 10 J. Choosing L. V and p as repeating variables, we have
I
1f3 = n - I. V 0
.p 0 E rri = lu1yb1ptifv
(or)
rr2 = L " 1 vbi pCJ µ W;;I
e Step-5 I .
rr1. = . 75 Each ·rr-tcrm is solved by the principle of dimensional homogeneity.
For the first rr -term · b
Step-5
Subs1i1uting the values of rr1. 1q •. and rr3 in ~uation (7.32), we get Irr1 = L"' vbi p'" 1 Fo I
Fi (c D''v De) = 0
F. p.
substituting dimensions on both sides of rr,
M 0 L 0 T 0 = L"1 .(LT- 1)b'(M L -l)ci .M LT-:- 2
L
Equating the p_o~ers of M.. L. Ton both sides, .
(or)
CF=g[:Vp·~]
Power of M, O =
Power of l,O =
c1 +I :. c1 =-I
a1 +bi -3c1 +I a1 =-bi -4
L
L 312 }> TURBO MACHINES
DIMENSIONAL AND MOOE!. ANALYSIS ._ '.\ t:\ ' "
=
t Power of T. 0
and
= -bi - 2
a1
_._ b1 = -2
= 2 - 4 = -2
Srced of model Nm = 1000, Head of model Hm
I'm = 30 kW. Head of prototype Hp = 25 m
(/) Speed of prototype (Np)
8 m, Power o.f model
Substituting the values of a 1, b 1. and Ct in we obtain

1T 1.
t rr1 = i - v- p- 1.Fn
2 2
Equating the head coefficient for the model and prototype· (equation 7.20)
(or)
= _!'.!!___ (;z)m=(i)p
L For the second 1T ·term
1T I
pL2V2
N,. .Jlip
= ./Hm X Dm xNm
Dr
rr2 = L"l vbi pci µ
l M 0 L0 T 0 =i 11
icLr-•>hicML- 3 >c2ML- 1 r- 1 = {25 x ! x 1000
vs s
Equnting the powers of M. /., Ton both sides
= -1
Dm _
[-
Dp- 5
!]
= +I
l- Power of M. 0
Power of L. 0
Power of T, 0
=
=
c2
a2 + b1 -
-bi - 1
: . c2
3c1 - 1 :. a2 =-bi - 2
:. bz = -1 and a2 = -1 (II) Power developed by the prototype
= 353.5 rpm
l Substituting the values of a2. b2 and c2 in rr2. we obtain

rr2=i-•v-1p-•µ
Equating the power coefficient for the model and the prototype (equation 7.19)
(v;'Nl)m = (v;Nl),. .
~
(or) µ
(~~Y x (Z~)
rr2 = pLV 1
Pp = Pm x
Step-6
l Substituting the values of rr1, and rr2 in .equation (7.34), we gei
Fo /L )
= 3
30 x 5 x ( ~~ y
/1 ( pL2V2' pLV =0 4143 kW
l- (or)
FD
pL2V 2 =.g
( µ
pLV
)
(iii) Ratio of the now rates of two pumps (I.e. model and pro~otype)
Equating the flow coefficient of the model and the prototype (equation 7.18)
Lr
(or)
Fo = pL2V2g (_!!:_) (D~N) m = ( D~N) P
· pLV
or
(~~y (Z~)
Example 7 .5 One-fifth scale model of a pump was tested in a laboratory at 1000 Q,.
rpm. 111e hend developed nml the power input 111 the he~l enicicney point were found =
Ls to be Sm and 30 kW respectively. If the prototype pump has to work against a head
Q,.,
of 25 m. determine its working speed, the power required to drive it and the ratio of = 5l x C~)
i'
~
the now rates handled by the two pumps.
.. = 44.1875
Solution
One-fifth scale model means that the ratio of linear dimensions of a model and its Example 7.6 Specifications for an axial now coolant pump for one loop of a
prototype is equal to 1/5. pressurised water nuclear reactor are
h11
]
'.\14 ~ TuRBO MACHINES
DIMENSIONAL AND MODEL ANALYSIS ' 31 S ~!
Example 1 .1 A geometrically similar model to scale I ; 6 of~ large ccntrifupl

' .J
Head =85 m Flowratc=20, 000m 3/h Speed= 1490rpm Diameter= 1200mm 3
Water density= 714 ~g/m-' Power= 4 mW (electrical): . : pump is tested. The prototype parametcrS are speed= 400 rpm. discharge= 1.7 m /s.
The manufacturer plans to build a model. Test condilions limit the available electric
power 10 500 kW and flow lo 0.5 m 3 /s of cold water. If the model and prototype
cllicicncics arc assumed equal, find the heud, ~peed and scale rntio of the model.
head developed = 36.5 m and the power inpul 720 kW. If the model iii tested under a
head of 9 m. determine the speed, discharge at which it should be run and the power
rc4uircd to drive the pump model.
J
Solutia~
Equating' the head, power and flow coefficients for the model and prototype
Solution
D,,,= -I .
- Np=400rpm. l
Q/l=l.7m/s. Hp=36.5rn
J
(D")J D 1, 6
or
N,,
Q 11
Q,,. = (N'')
Nm Dm
3
P1, = 720 kW. H,,. =9 m
(a) Speed of the model Equating the head coefficient for the model and J
prototype
(~)m = (~)
20, 000 ) ( D,,. )
J
N,,, ( 0.5 x 3600 Dp
p
= II.II ( D: )l
D
...fHm Dpx N p
I Nm = - -x-
JfTp Dm I
Also
,_,J'
p = (N")J
1, (D")s (p") = j 36.5
9
x 6 x 400
Pm Nm Dm Pm
Nm = 119·1.75 rpm
~ubslitute for Np/Nno. then
(b) Discharge of the mo.d e/ Equating the flow coefficients of the model and
(~:r (~;Y c7~)

4
prototype
=
(D~N) D~N)
0.5 (11.11)3
4 m = ( p .....
Dm) ( g· )
(-Dm)
= ( D, 3
1 = . (ll.ll)lx0.714 N,,.
Q,,. == D x - x Qp
Np
, I
Scalt' rutin 1
_Drn =0,3 = (~)) x ~ x 1.7

J
Dp 6 400
· Then = 0.0235 rn 3 /s
Np/Nm= II.II x (0.3) 3 "-"
(c) Power required by the model Equating the power coefficient for the
Spud rario
model and prototype
Nm/N1, = 3.3
.....,
(D:Nlt = (D:Nl) P
(Z~)2(~~)2
Also Hm
11,.
Pm = (~:Y (~:Y x Pp
= (3'.3)2 (o'.3)2 CY ..... - x720
Head rario
= 6
c191.75y
400
Hm/ Hp= 1.0 = 2.45kW '-
L 316 l> TURDO MACHINES
DlMENSIONALANDMODELANALYSIS < 311
L Example 7.8 Two geometrically similar pumps are running at the same speed Qf
I 000 rpm. One pump has an impeller diameter or :mo mm and lifts water nt the rntc
3
of 0.02 m /s against a head of 15 m. Determine the head and impeller diameter of
Solution
Dnr
-- = -I P,,,
1
= 1.84'
kW H,,, =Sm N,,, .= 480 rpm Hp= 40 m
D 1, JO , .
the other pump to deliver a discharge of 0.0 I m·l /~ .
l, Solution
·
(a) Power developed by the prototype
(~~r (Z~r Pm
For pump-):
Nr = IOOOrpm, Dr= 0.3 m, Qr= 0.02 m.l/s, H1 = 15 m Pp=
L For pump-2:
Ni= 1000 rpm , Q2 = 0.01 m3/s · (b) Speed of the prototy"'!
(Z~) (~:)Nm
(a) Impeller diameter of pump-2 1
L (D~N) D~N)
Np =
(~o) I Clo)
r = ( 2
= 480
L (~~ )3 = (~~) (Z~) = 135.76 rpm
= (0.01) ( •1000) Pp = ( JO)s ( I !~·~6 y 1.84
l =
0.02
0.5
1000
= 4163kW
( c) Specific speed of the prototype
L. D1 =
=
(0.5) l x Di
(0.5) .\ x 0.3 (N,)p

=
NpJ°P,,
HS/4
p
= 0 .238 m
l (b) Head developed by the Pump-2 =

=
135.76 x (4163)1/2
87.1
(4Q)S/4
l (;:), =
(~)2 Specific speed of the model
Nmffm
-( H2 )
11,
I = (~:) (Z:) (N,),., = H~/4
l~ Hi = (0.238)
-
2
x H1 =
480./1]4
(5)5/4
O.:l
=
L. = (0.23Rr
--- ···
0.3
x 15 (N,),; =
~7.1
(N,),,, = 87.1
= 9.44 m The specific speed of the model is equal to the prototype end thus it is verified.
l. Example 7.9 A turbine model of I : I 0 develops 1.84 kW under a head of 5 m of

water at 480 rpm . Find the power developed by the prototype under a head of 40 m.
Example 7 .10 A model of a Kaplan turbine, one tenth of the actual size is tested
under a head of 5 m when actual head for proto turbine is 8.5 m. The power to be
Also find the speed or the prototype. Assume efficiency of both the turbines to be developed by prototype is 8000 kW. When running at 120 rpm at an overall efficiency
~
same. Find and verify the specific speeds. · of 85%, detennine (a) speed (b) discharge and (c) power of model. ·
.. - ri
., I
L_,
1/ ,
' 318 )> .T\JRBO MACHINES DIMENSIONAL ANO MOOEL ANAl.YSIS o( ,J 19
lJ
Solution Using 1he unii power equation .....
D,.. · I
. =
0 p 10
.If,..
(a) Speed of the model

=~ m H1, = 8.5 m Pp = 8000 kW N 1, = I:?O rpm 1'1
Hl/2
I
;:::;
Pi
Hl/2
2
L
N,,. = H,.. )l/l (D") N,.' :. P1 =
6600 x (I 8)l/l I I
( Hp D,, 1
(30)3/i
!J
::;;
5 )1/2 (10)120. = 3067 kW
( 8.5 . Example 7.12 A turbine is 10 ope.ra1e under a head of 25 m at 200 rpm. The I i
(b) D/sc.h arge from the model

::;; 920.4 rpm discharge is 9 m-' /s. If the efficiency is 90% dc1ermine the performance of the turbine
under a head of 20 meters. (BDU-Nov. '97)
u
(MU-Oct. ' 99)
I I
(~:Y (~:) Qp I
Solution
Q,.. = Head on turbine H1 = 25 m, Speed Ni = 200 rpm, Discharge Q1 = 9 m-'/s t.....1
Pp 8000 x jc}J =
Overall efficiency rio 90%.
=
Qp =
pgrioHp
= hr x 9.81 x Q.85 x 8.5
n\
Perfonnance of the turbine under lhe head H2 20 m, means to find the speed.
discharge and power developed by ihe turbine when working under the head of 20 m. I1..J.
112.87 m3 /s
For 1hc Head H2 = 20 m, Speed;;; N1, Discharge= Q1 and Power= P'). '
Using the unit speed equation
3
(..!..)
920
Q,.. = ( .4) x 112.87 . ' N1..fH2
10 120 ·. N1 = ~~
= 0.866 m3 /s
. :. ../Hi
200 x .J20 \ I
· (c) Power of model = . ./'i3 I
P,.. = ( Dm)s
D
(N"')l
N,.
, Pp . •
::::: 178.88 rpm
' '
\...,,
1
Using 1hc unii discharge cquution
(..!..)s
I I
= IO
(920.4 )l 8000
120 I
Qi ::;;
Q, ../H2 L
= 36.1 kW ../H,
Example 7 .11 A turbine develops 6600 kW, when running at I 00 rpm. The head 9 x J20 I
= lL......
on the turbine is 30 m. If the head on !he turbine is reducCd to 18 m, determine the .125
speed and power devefoped by the turbine.
. Q2 = 8.05 m 3 /s -~
.Solutlon
Power developed Pi = 6600 kW
For the head H2 18 m =
Speed Ni ::;; 100 rpm Head H1
Speed N1 and =
30 m
Power ,,,; P2
= Using the unil power equation
P2 =
Pi (/!2)3/2
(Hi )l/2
L
Using 1he unil speed equalion .
Ni N1
Now,
P1
I!
=
../Hi = .Jii2
'10 ~
pgQ1Hi
100 x ./i8 :. Pi = 0 .9 x 1000 x 9.81 x 9 x 25
I
Ni
Ni
=
=
v'3Q
77.45 rpm
: \
=
=
1986525 w
1986.525 kW
L
L 320 )> TURDO MACHINES
DIMENSIONALANOMooaANALYSIS < 321 .
I and
~ Pi =
I 986.525(20)Ji2 (f) Power
(25 )J/ i
P2 = P.,(H2)l/2
= l421.44kW
L Example 7 .13 A Pelton turbine produces 5000 kW under a head of 250 m and
has speed of2 I 0 rpm. Ovcrnll efficiency of turbine is 85%. Find the unit quantities. If
=
=
1.265 x (160>
2560.2 kW
..
3' 2
the head falls to 160 m what arc the new values of speed, discharge and power. Find (g) Specific speed
also the specific 5pced.
LJ N, =
N1./P2 167.98J2560.2
Solution (H2)S/4 = . ( 16Q)S/4
Pi =5000kW , Hi =250m. Ni =210rpm, IJo=0.85, Hi= 160111.
= 14.94
l (a) Unit speed

Ni 210 SHORT QUESTIONS
N = --
fll1 = - -=
.J250 13.28
L
u
7. I. What is Dimensional analysis?
(b) Unit power 7.2. Whal is a Dimension?
7.3. What is Unit?
P., = _!.}___ _ 5000
L (c) Unit discharge
H(ti - (250)3/ 2 = 1.265 7.4.
7.5.
Whal arc fundamental d imensions and derived dimensions? Give examples.
The dimension of power is
(a) ML 2T- 2
(b) ML 2T- 3
~ Pi (c) ML 3 r- 2
'70 = pgQiHi 7 .6. The dimension of work i s - - - -
5000 x lcP 7.7. There is no dimension for efficiency (True/False)
:. Qi 7.8. Mat~h the following
b -
=
0.85 x (Q.1 x 9.81 x 250
2.399 m 3 /s
(a) Force - MLr-•
(b) Dynamic viscosity· none
(c) Angle -ML-•r- 1
- M ir- 2
b when
Q.,
H2
Qi
= ./Iii= 2.399
.J250=0.152
160m
1.9:
7. I 0.
(d) Momcn1uin
Whal arc 1he lmportarit.ndvantagcs of dimensional anolyis?
Whal is dimensional homogeneity? Give an example.
7 .11. Dimension~lly homogeneous equations are of the system of units.
k (d) Discharge
Q1 = Q., x ../H2
7. 12.
. 7. 13.
What is Buckingham 1f-theorem? .
Nµmber of dimensionless tenns in Buckingham's rr-theorem is equal to . ·
(a) The sum of total no. of variables (n) and the no. of fundamental dimensions
= 0. 152 x .,/j6Q (m)
L~· = l.92m 3 /s
(b) The difference bc1wcen n nnd m
(c) ·n1c product of n and m
(e) Speed 7 . 14 . Each ;r-1erm contains
~
(a) m-1 variables
tr.r Ni = Nu x .Jii2 (b) I + m variables
./i60 (c) m variables
= 13.28 x
where m is 1he number of fundamental dimensions.
=
i~
167.98 rpm
7.15 . Enumernlc, the points governing the choice of repeating variables.
J
.
:in )- Tul\110 MAc111~1:~
7.38. What is model testing?

DlM f.NSIONAL ANO MODEL ANALYSIS ' 323
J
7.16. The number of repeating variables are equal to the number of fundamental
.dimensions or the prohlcm. <Tr:uc/Pulsc)
7 .17. · If a \•ariable is dimensionless, it itself is arr -tenn. (True/False)
7 . 18. The product of two rr -terms is dimensionless. (True/False)
7.)9. Whal arc the conditions or c11111plctc•similuri1y hctween 11 model and its pruto·
type?
7.40. Specific speed of a model is
7.41. What are unit quantities?
lO the lipccitic ipccd of ii. pro101ypc:.
J
7. 19. What is model analysis?
7 .20. What arc the advantages or model analysis'?
7 .21. Define: Similitude
7 .22. List the types of similarities.
7.42. The unit speed is given by
(a) N
(b)
/-/H
JiJ/H
J
7.2.1. What is Geometric similarity? (c) ../N/17
7 .2-l . 111c fol111wi11g p11ints should he considered in geometric similarity.
(a) Flow directions and all angles must be preserved.
(h) Orientation should be preserved
7.43. Whal is the use of unit 4uan1 i1ics?
J
(c) both (a) and (b) EXERCISES
., . 7.25. What is kinematic sim ilarity?
7 .26. What is dynamic similarity? 7. l. Discuss the advantages of dimensional analysis.
j
7.27. What are non-dimensional numbers? 7.2. St~te Buckingh:im's rr-theorcm. Describe this theorem for dimensional anal·
7.28. Define Reynold's number.
i :29. Mach number is the square root of the J ys1s.
7..t Show 1ha1 the discharge of a centrifugal pump is given by
t!Ll
(a) ratio of inertia force to the pressure force
(b) ratio of inertia force to the gravity force Q -- NDJJ [ NgHm
2 D2'
_µ_]
ND~p
(c) ratio of inertia force to the elastic force
7.30. Froude's number is the square root of the ratio of force to the where N is the speed of the pump in rpm, D is the diameicr of lhe impeller, ll2JI
- - - - · · force. · g. acc\!leration due to gravity, Hm manometer head, µ viscocily of fluid and p

7 ..11. Weber's numb<:r is the square root of the ratio of force to the the density of the fluid.
----force. 7.4. Show by di111ensional analysis, the .Power P developed by a hydraulic turbine:
7 .32 .. What :ire undistorted models? is given by '.r.\1J
7 .33'. When is a model called a distorted model?
7.3-1. Deline: Specrlic speed of u pump and write the units·of each quantity in the gh J
cxprcssit•n.
p = pN ·l ~ 5 J [ DlNl I
w:9
7.35. Define: Turbine specific speed and specify the units of~ach variables appearing
where p is the density of liquid , N is the speed in rpm, D is the diameter of
in the expression.
runner, H is the head and g is the gravitational accelnration.
1.36. The turbine specific speed is given by
NJfi
7.5. What is model analysis'! What are its advantages'! I'J2J
(a) pS/4 7 .6 .. Explain 1hc clifferenl types of hydraulic similarities that must c11ist between a
prnllltypc und ils model .
N./I•
(hi _ _ ;. 7.7. Whut do you mean by dimensionless numbers. Deline and eitplain four non·
(CJ
IJ5/~
NJP
fl .\/4
dimensional numhcrs.
\ 7..8. Deline and derive an eitpression for specifi c s peed of a pump.
J 7.9. Derive an citprcssion for specific speed of a turbine.
L
7.37. The pump specific speed is·givcn by
L
7. I0. How is the model testing of a hydraulic turbomachine made '!
./NQ .
7 . 11. A centrifugal pump was tested in a laboratory by a I :8 model. It consumed
(a) . CHnr)S/4 5 kW under a head of 5 mat 450 rpm. If the prototype is to work at 80 m head.
b N./Q determine its power, speed and discharge: ratio.
( ) (Hm)5/4
(c)
NJQ
(H,..)~'4
[Ans. (a) 225 rpm (b) 2~80 kW (c) 2561
7 .12. A ccntri fugal pump di scharges water :it the rate of 0 . 167 m 3/s at 2000 rpm
under a head of JOO m and consumes 300 kW power. A I :5 scale model is to
L
I
bu
324 ;.. TURIJO MAClllNES
I
run al 1500 rpm. Determine its power. discharge and head. Find and verify their
rJ!O specific speeds. ,
[An.~. (a) 0.001 m-'/s (b) 2.25 m (c) 0.0405 kW and (d) 25.81
bt~
7.1 :l. An axial flow pump wirh a ro1or dinmercr of :lO cm handle liqui<l water m the
ra1c of 2.7 m.1/min while operating at 1500 rpm. The corresponding energy
input is 125 J/kg. If a geometrically similar pump with rolor diameter of 20 a
8 ____~ ---------------------~-. --- __ ,,_ --
cm operates al :lOOO rpm whal nrc its (a) flow ra1c (b) change in lotal pressure
L if the lolal lo 101al efficiency is 0 .75 and (c) input power. (MKU-1\pril '96)
(Ans. (n) 1.6 m-'/min (b) 1.67 bar arid (c) 5.93 kW]
7. I 4. A model of a Francis lurbine of I/5th of the ac1ual size was tesled in a labora1ory
HYDRAULIC PUMPS
under a head of 1.8 m. II develops 3 kW at 360 rpm. Determine the speed and
~~a -.
power developed under 6 m head. Also. find lhe specific speed.
(Ans. (a) I 31.5 rpm (b) 456.9 kW and (c) 299.3 f CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
7.15. A modl'I of n Knplun 1urhi11c, I/( 2th of the uclutil turbine si1.e is tested under
a head of 3 m. The head for the proloturbinc is 7.5 m. TI1e prolOlurbine is
},
dc~igned lo produce (1(){)() kW 111 n spccLI of I .:'iO rpm ut un efficiency uf 113%.
~~ Find speed. discharge. power and spccilic speed of the model. INTRODUCTION
(Ans. (a) 1138.42 rpm, (b) 0.432 m·'/s., (c) 10.54 kW and (d) 936)
7.16. What arc unit qu:rntities? Deline the u11i1 quan1i'1ies for a rurbine'! Why arc rhcy The hydnmlic machines which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy
t
l{ljE
important? arc called as p11mps. The hydraulic energy is in the form of pressure energy. Two •'YPc~
;..(...
7 .17. Obtain an expression for unit speed, unit discharge and unit power for a turbine. of pumps comm1;nly used nre centrifugal and~_p~_s- They are ro named
7.18. A pc hon turbine produces 10.000 kW of power while working under a head of because of the general nature of the fluid flow through the impeller. The combination
t 500 m. The speed is 300 rpm. Assuming the cfliciency of the turbine to be 80%, of centrifugal and ~.xial now pl.imps is called as mixed/low pume_ wherein pan of the
l:n1 find the values of unit quantities. If the head on the turbine falls to 350 m, find liquid now in the impeller is axial and part is radial. . -_.·
·.!!!.
the new discharge, speed and power for the same efficiency. Verify the specific The hydraulic machines lhat convert mechanical energy inlo pressure energy. by
speed. (Ans. (a) 0.114 (b) 13.42 (c) 0.894 {d) 2.13 ml/s {e) 251 rpm means of centrifugal force,acting on the fluid are called as centrifugal pumps. The
centrifug~I p~mp is s in:iiLar in co_n~!!!!_~~.on_~Q. ~~-~~ncis turbine. But the difference
~fil
( (f) 5853.8 kW (g) 12.691
~ 7 .19. A Francis turbine works under a heacl of 5 m and produces 70'kW; the discharge is that the fluid flow is 'in a direction opposit~ to that-fi(ih;lurbine. ~- .. · ·
through the tu rbine is 1.5 m 3/sand the speed is 180 rpm . Find the un it quantities
and new values of speed, discharge and power, when the head increases to 15 MAIN PARTS OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
b m.
!Ans. (a ) 0 .671 (b} 80.5 (c) 6.26 I
(e) 311.8 rpm
(I) 363.7 kW]
(d) 2.6 m 3 / s
The parts of n cc nlrifugal pump are similar to those of a centrifugal compressor. The'
three important parts of a centrifugal pump arc (I) Impeller (2) Casing and('.\) Suctio n
nnd Delivery pipes (Fig. 8 ~ I a).
7.20. A pchon wheel develops 5520 kW under a hend of 240 111 with nn overall
i~ c llicicncy of BJ % when revolving nt a spectl o!'200 rpm. Find the unit quantilics.
If the hcnd on the same turbine during off season falls to 150 m then, lincl the
1. Impeller
discharge, power and speed for this head. (MU-Oct. '97) n::!..2_la~i_ng.pi1.l!-QJ.J!!~n!rtf.u&fil.P-um9 is called_th!:,_'!'.!!P!!!!i:'. The J.~~~~i~ a
(Ans. (a) 13 rpm, 0.1 82 m 3 /s, 1.5 kW Ch) 158.I rpm, 2.23 m3/s, 2. 7:1 mWJ rotating solid disc w ilh curved blades standing out vertically from the face of the disc.
The 'lipsOrlhcbl~cs in the impeller arc sometimes covered by another Hat disc
b1 I
I /; / ,,, _lli_&iy_~ . shrp!J.Qcd htnde~'- otherwi~ the blnde tips nre left open nnd the ca~i(lg u( th.:
(_)-L-°' 0 ,...t...? <.5 la;, 0/ . L ·; '.-J c_.X,:> ~) '.;::' ·~ ..i, . l-U'• l;_r ~_/,,-;G' l ~ I!J.J y.cu;. pump itself forms the solid outer wall of the blade passages. }}!i;_advantag~ .oLt'1~_'..
I -- .~ I ' . I I I , -; . - . / ol _,
fillmudcclbladc is 1ba1 now is prevented from leaking across the blade tips from one
,P.Jh~s ag~_Jo an9.lfllu:,_. - -- ·- ·-
illlf ~,.P (/ ~ ) r J;(?o-::,--,~. -/ ' ·" l J .l _;-,_I :; - > ' '"'- (r.QJ.J l:;i':'<'/ ':}' '
1
/h..J f __,!,/
t. ~ _... - l,.,- ' --. . , The impeller is moun1cd on a shafl conneclcd to the shnfl of an electric moto r. As
,.., () / ' ../J /
-I
/ ) l · '..'-
• ~ .
_,,_,, , ,..,
/
-/ 1
, I '
U' (,o:. i f (
, ; .
i.J- ' ,>.e
5' )
,
L./ . )._, I OJ> / ,,9,.a!. ~f
--
the impeller rolates, lhe fluid thal is drawn into the blade passages at the impeller inlet
b - ,,/ /
- L- • .f l-~
- L-<
- - - · .<
;,, Jd.~ .Y:~-,J c5 ~

y· !/
' ,-
is accelerated as it is forced radially outwards. In this way.~
is rai sed.
l 1w:J
..,
~J
.'::?b ;;.. T\•two MAC111N1:s
HYllRAUl.IC (>\IMPS -( 327
'
of now and 1hu~ increases 1h~_p.r.e~'?_sure of water. The efficiency of cenlrifugal pump
~ """""
having 1his casing is reduCed due to 1hc formaiion.ofed'Cflcs-:---- .......
_ _ _ __ .........- - . . _ .. - - - .. , i . . _ • ..,. ....... ... . ... . .. . . .. ... . .. . . . . . 1 ~·-· · I
i
LJ
r-1-, pipe
{b) J{Q[tex_.cas./ng_, (foig !I. I (b)) If a circular chamber ill introduced belw"n 1hc:
casin1tan~he ~lier, then that casing is known as vortex casing. This considerably
.reduces 1h~ of enqg_~~}~-~C:. [o~'l.t!,Q_n_~i!!_s. Thus. Jlu:_cfficic;n£~of th.:
t:J
.........
I
pump is more than the efficiency of volute casing centrifugal pump.
- - · - - . . - • .,.•• • " • . ..- -. - - -·-
) ( c) Casing..wllh.guldabla9es (Fig. 8.1 (c)) In this type of casing. ,!!!.g impclkr_

- • . • r •·••• • • ••- -
J
I .......L ..*/',f!JG
1.:. . ~
":" ".: . Delivery valve ~ded.~y ~~~~I.ll-~.i_de bla~~s.,mounted on a ring which is known as .'4J!f.~~L..,
The guide vanes are designed in such a way tha1 1he waler from the impeller enters
!l!~_g,l!id~.ygncs wi!_t1outs1!_~~-~ Th~_wea of__!~e iui~e v_~!le~-·~creases, thus,~~~ tJJ.jl
I
l' H ~ the now velocity 1hrough~&L1.id_e vanes and consequently iricreiSlnglhe pressure or-
.
·'"·'
hd ,.,
waler. The water from 1he guide vanes then..piisses through .the.s ui'i'q,unding casing,
which is in most cases concentric with 1he impeller. Th~~r is optional and may
) 1!1
--t---i---'-- Impeller not .Ile: prel)enl .i!)_a p~nicular design depending upon the size and cost of the pump. uJ
:I i,
/ h~
IC.LI
(.) .1.--M"" (~_.~'-;';. <Y {,,

~ .. i
hs """"
.
i Suction pipe
_ _ __::S1uu1mp 0; .
()
I
lI
~
•
I I
Guide v-•ne' l;;:J
·- - - --- --- -- Figurt! 8.l{b) Vortex rnsi11 ~.,,. Figure 8.l(c) Casing with guid~ vant!s .
Fool valve nnd 3. Suction Pipe and Delivery Pipe

~ Ir:!.f}
strainer
pip~ whose one end is connected 10 the in lei of !he pump and other end dipped into
Figure 8.l(a) Ct!ntrifugal pump
fA
\ 1he wa1er i~ a su.mp is known as ~he suction pipe.. A f~ot valves, ~ued at the lower en_d JG~~, · L..
l
,._.pI ().)µ of 1he suction pipe, opens only m the upward d1rccuon. A strnmcr 10 remove dcbns :::..i. .••
2 . Caslng / from water, is also fiued at the lower end of the.suction pipe. The pipe whose one
· h i~_a.n_~ir:!i&.h!-p~qge,_~1!!>1:!~4.iE!U!!.c:.i_mpeller which c_~ns 1he K.E of waicr

leaving_thel!n~nlq_p~~re ener~ befor~_the ~~er lee1:ycs_ !~ecasing and enters
e nd is connected to the outlet of 1he pump and the other end deliv~rs the water at a
required height is know n as delivery pipe. l·
----. -----
the deliver)' pipe. The three commonly used casings are
\
···· ·
WORK DONE AND VELOCITY TRIANGLES
(a) J!!?!~.,t;s_s.!.!1.g Casing that surrounds the impeller, is of spiral type in which
L
~
Figure 8.2 shows the velocity triangles al the inlet and outlet tips of the vane fixed lo
flow area incrc~ gradually. The increase in area of How, decreases the velocity
--- ... ~ - ~~----· .. an impeller. The blac.lcs nre curved bclween the inlet radius r1 nnd the oullel radius ·
L 3:?8 > Trnmo MACJ 11N1 ~o; HYDRAULIC' Pv~f'.S • <{ 329
I.
b rz. P1 is the angle subtended by the blade at the inlet, measured from the tangent to
the inlet r3tlius, while fh is the blade nngle measured from the tangent at the outlet.
and
C.r2 = C2 cos a1
/
U2
~ ' I. ::. IJz
~J
-e.-
w,.2 Thus
C~C: Jj1J~~{f=
11'2 E = (U2C2 cosa2 - U1C1 cosat)/R (8.2)
~! !~-·
But by using the cosine rule,
W 2 = · U 2 + C 2 - 2UC cos a
d
~
)<
·I ..C:~'
.-; / then U1C1 c~sat = (V~ - Wf + C~)/2
!~,' )_,..... /; nnd U2C2 cosa2 (Uf :_ Wf + C~)/2.=
? / (.- c_f} ,l/,J.J / ) cl/~ Substituting t~e nb()ve relation in equation (8.2) •.gives
b I_> I;:::; 1°51 ~
/..r'~J.. ...re/CJ c,
Q__ -
1< IE::;: [(u£ - v[> +cc~ - c~> +cw[ - ":'i>] I-*

i
,...I
. ~J_<JW<'rf1,
~J * . .. 2g
~.9 Figure 8.2 Velocity triangles for a centrifugal pump where, <Ci -C[.>/2g. represents the increase of kinetic energy of the fluid &ef'!>SS
The fluid enters the hlade passage with an absolute velocity C1 and at an angle a1
the impeller. <Vf - Vl)/2g represents the energy used in imparting circular motion
I about the impeller axis to 'the fluid and (Wf - Wf )/2g is the gain of static head due
10 the impeller inlet the langentiol velocity vector~ where w is the angular
~ velocity of lhe impeller. The resullan1 relative velocity or the flow into the blade to reduction of the relative velocity within the impeller. ·
passage is W 1 al an angle p;,
(alliln.o.L.di k al e) As the water enters the impeller radially. the absolute velocity of water at inlet is in .
tangent to the inlet. Similarly, nt outlet the relative velocity vector is W2 at an angle the radial ~irection and hence a..L= 90°. and C.r~ 0 because C1 C, 1 =
i, P2 (and not fJ2 due to fluid slip al the exit) tangent to the blade. The absolute velocity So. cquauon (8.1) reduces to v-~U..J-~'c.J.>.>/~ - - -
001 vector C2 is obtained by subtracting the impeller outlet 1arigen1ial velocity vector U2
from W2 and C2 is set at an angle az from the tangent to the blade. As a general E = U2Cx2 /g
b case unless otherwise stated, it will be assumed 1ha1 the inlet and outlet blade angles
a~ii:_currc ondi re n ive
~)and .82 = /32 (for No-slip at the exil),
an lcs. (i.c) .B;-;; .81 (for No-shock
From Euler's pump equation the work done per second on the fluid per unit weight
The volume flow rate of water is
~ .Q = 2rrr1 C, b1 = 2rrr2 C 11 b21
b
of fluid flowing is
where.
C, is the radial component of the absolute velocity and is perpendicular to the tangent
U_)J ~ IE= W/mg = <V2Cx 2 - U1Cx 1 )/g I (8.1) at inlet and outlet while b is the width of the blade measured in the :: direction.
I When considering the slip factor u,, the Euler head equation becomes
kffi where, C1 _is th_~~-ry~!)!_g[.ab~gl_u!~ ycloci.ty in the ta~g<;ry!t11Lqir!:C.!i.~I!· 'E' is often
referred lo as lhe Euler head and represents lhe ideal (or) theoretical head developed If.=..ii:!'!!C:!:2.::.U..t.~"•li! I
by the impeller only.
l~tY ' E''in lcnns of absolute velocily is obtained as follows:
From the velocity triangles
Typically, slip factors lie in the region o(o~where
...... ~
. • ·'· f • _ , • . -- • j .. , ......::--
Actual C1 C~,( I .
C.r 1 = C1 cos a1
.
U .r
,, .,J
t...-Jr
, __/')
a, = d = - (Refer Fig. 8.3)
~~ ~.,J .~LC... .. __ _<:!.,_
. - .
-
.
;_ - /
_.
J ..
'~-t~.-.- IJ'.f ) U ; !,...o....-J.) _..!:.".'· {~( )1. ·" ; !>.t-' 0 ; f I..,;- t..)jl_, 1-!..2.
- ·-
.
'
':_,: >c]
J
. :'1:10 )> TURDO MAl"lllNE~
I
(,, -, 1../
HYDRAULIC° P\JMPS <( HI
J
Cx c.,-~· / _,/ M~.n?.r:iietric . Head {Hm)
Cx
/
-.
'><.. ,i'
'
.
'
.r·'
~
.-·
,/
./~
It is a head againsl which a~ '1§.lo work.. II is denoled hy H,.. . II is
given by the following expressions. ·
J
The pump total inlet and outlel heads are measured al the inlet and outlet Oanges
Ideal
respectively and arc given as
Pump 101al inh::t head = P; /pg + V, 2 /2g + Z, j
Pump IOtal outlet head= P0 / pg + VJ /2g + Z 0
{ Total head developed by pump (or) manometric head (Hm)
U2
Ac1ual
__________
Hm. =[<Pu - P;)/pg +<VJ - zi>]
. ---·- -----------
+
, _, . ..
V;2)/2g (Z11 - J
,;
·Figure 8.3 Exit velocity triangle with :slip
_____ _
The type of pump is selected fqr a specific
-·-----~ - ~-..:..-~,.:>•""~
...... be expressed as
Hm can also
·.. - ·.! • \ ...purpose
.... , • .: ... .)..
based on the manometric head.
- . ...... ~_ .., .... t . :...t .. 1...:.- -.... .., .._..,
. · --
j
HEAD DEVELOf'.'~D '!< Hm = Hs + EH1usus .,I(.
·- .---··.;;_ lfs~ +}i-+7i/.t,j: h10 + h Ju
· r,J>J/' U i.JW J
where It I is 1hc fric1ional head loss h1 is the otncfhead losses and
=
Hm Euler head - Losses in the impeller and casing
_/'.. /.,,.,,..
J
. . H....... ..(. \-1 'E U.fr:('
PUMP LOSSES AND EFFICIENCIES
tu 111c sh;ifl power or energy Ps thaLis supplied to lhe pump by the prime mover is not
l!iZU
the same as the energy received by the liquid. The difference is mainly due lo the
following losses:
Hm I
I. ~i;lul11ical friction power loss <t.;;>> due 10 tMl!:\!:ti~•!}>1:.!.~.i:e.l}--the fixcd_an.d.. m!I
.r-·1~:- t:~. ;« ' i.·) -t'!J .
1
ti
· _ .~ rol!!,!ng pans in the~ng}nd t~~-~W...ffi.~.&J>oxes. T~- ·.. ..l . • ' • 1.:..1/ ; '. .
I _, : · V ~(r '. 2. Di~)rj_cl~()~. P,~w~!' l~S;:' ~~~) due to friction between the rotating (acea o( the
h,
C CC< i J7r:_3) I ~cller (or disc) and the hgu1d. ·
L.;3. Leakage and recircuJation power loss (Pi) due lo lhe loss of liquid from the l!!:!l
pump (or).:!.c:._circulalion of lhe-fi~id in thcl~!sr and
Suction 4. ~asing power loss (Pc}
pipe
Impeller Power Loss (Disc Friction Power Loss (P0 )) li:lll
. . II is caused by an energy or head loss h; in the impeller d~ disc frie1ion, flow

-------------
L·
h1; +hr,
seraraiion...and shock at the impeller enlr)'. The flow rate through the impeller is Q,.
so the impellcrpower loss is expressed as
'·
'1
, '-
• r. /Jovc·.,1,
-:
. -
u'-'7 I Po =pg Qi~
.
~ (8.3)
-;'
Static Head (Hs)
,,..- ··- .;· ···· "
Fi1ure 8.4 Heads associated with centrifugal pump
Leakage Power Loss
~
.I,,. I , , .
,_,_,c_·o -() t...f' · I· )
- L
ThtUJrcssurc difference between the impeller'eye and tip can cause a recirculation of
It is the vertical distance between the lWQ_levels in the reservoirs or Hs h, + hd =
i.e. St.atic head is the sum of the suction h~dlndthe aelivery head. --- . ·· · · · ·
a _s~all volum~~@thus reducing the How rate al the outlet toQ-:-ThUS-
'/';:)0~:,,0 -r--+Q = Q, - qk (8.4)

L
<.r-"
L 332 )> TURIJO M/l\lllNES
HYDRAULIC PuMPS '( 333
~ If H 1 is lhc total head across the impeller, then a leakage power loss can be de fined as
(Iii) Overall efficiency·
~u1 Fluid power developed by pumP.
P1. = pgH;q (8.5) '1u = Shaft power input
I .
L Equation (8.4) shows that when the discharge valve of the pump is closed. the leakage
flow rate allains its highest value.
Jo o) · ~
U . / ·L
~~
I - T/u -
pgQHm
p
1
I. ~-
.
Casing Power Loss (Iv) Volumetric efficiency

l If he: is the heacl loss in the fiuicl betwee..!l_~b.c;_l!!lpcllci:.rulllet ancl the p1imp Q.!:!!!et
flange and the flow rale is Q , then Pc may be defined as T/v
Aow rate through pump
= Flow .
rate through impeller
L Pi:= pgQhc (8.6) J'a>/· 0~1"

• -" •tll
= ( Q
Q
+ q) I~
Summing up all the losses gives
1 ,.
~':!I
r' , .
I, (v) Impeller efficle~cy
,/f"(.\~/ ,.J(( ~ IP, = Pm+ pg(h; Q; + hcQ + H;q + QJ! ,,,) .-~--:-:--:-~~~~~~~~~
,-f'.JL?<__..;1C: .:, _ t '"") """" ,.,., tf__.....,,,.L..i.r" ;_, ~/ )/ . u _ ·Fluid power at impeller eitit
I - · H,,.. ' .is the manom etnc
where ' hea d .1Ju
-f? • '· .
LJl.1' -"'""-'~,.., ? _;..._., r5 '
..J-· 1 c}U~
-
0
' 11 - Fluid power supplied to impeller ..-.ll-1 l + ~ l )PS .(\). \ .
lJ
L (I) Mechanical efficiency
,,,,. =
( JL . ...-',..• O_µ'-_,.. , .;,;:._.; • J -
- · v l) f)
Fluid power supplied 10 the impeller ~· JV' .lif"~/L)~
I -- · .
Fluid Power supplied to impeller= l-1uid power developed by Impeller+ Impeller
loss '
The Fluid power supplied to the impeller is also referred to a5 the power available
Power inpu t to the shaft - ·- - -- - - -
l_,.(f_p$-;' l) y i) ) 1) 0 ,_;, at the impeller. V . i µ >\"" ~
r'
"1. .
/
rr 'l .,1
. 0
l-:r pg Q1 (h; + H;)

!' ic_V;(.Jl_p~<.)·~ Uf:-",.J:?./c f}....e,.
-: ;"'
= Ps MINIMUM S1:°ARTING SPEED
[f H1-~ The ce ~trifug!.~..P~~!!1P~i_IJ~.~j_~Jj,~_'!g_!l~ if__?!'d

c:>!l!Y if tht,~P~~n the
~Ill h;- head loss in the impel~ impe_!~r.!~l!!.<?$,l~~a!'~~!.~~~.U2..1!1.an~~~.i!Jf&i)· Otherwi~--lll~ p_umi>~wi~l..
(or) - - - - - - ; - - - · - not discharge Huid, although the impeller is rotating. When the impc;U~t: i~ .r.Q~'ating :
. I liic wai'c r lii"C:o'ii.tact with the im~ller is a1So'Toiiting. This is the case of forced vortex.
10-C:"ii~e.. ~f"r~~Ci:'d·..~~~·i~~'.·ih~~cniriiug~-i ti'~acl'or~heiid <f~loprc~ i'he rise in. th; ·
~ (/:1;o,., a/ '-'
- / ,
..'/:
T/m = -WP., = m(UiCx
----=-
p,
1
)
., impeller is
(J>2r2 wlr2
=--2
2g _ - -2g
-·
(II) ~~nometric (or) hydraullc efflcl~~:~-
~w- 1111 =-
Actunl Hend developed by pump
where
wr2 - Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet= U2 and
/ - Theore tical head devel oped by impeller
wrt - Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet= U1
.' = Hm/(h;+li;) ;. l-4 '°"
br -""l[J /5 1 ;_.1 r c E:- . . Head d ue to pressure rise in impeller
~
/ .-
(or)
·- .1_,. _,. l} ,, IJ:. __.>
o\ .::-C\ .. u2
=_! _ _!_
u2
2g 2g
[; E .. ..= U2C!: 1 /~ = (H; -:f- _h;)_ ~:::=. ..
-----.
v~i.J!-?
~
~
The flo w of water will comme nce, when
_ Hm I ?I'·
*I T/H - CU2C; 2) / g uf-ul 2: Hm
~
28
---~---__,,....
;t
(.._,rY'l Pi(
J.~:· ,,~.'r->-_!:,1>c.J.i- ·;_,,t..--•f::. .r e. 1
.AO>•_) :.J/ b ' .1 •. I ... .1 , I .
.
:1 "''0 . /f> '.,.> c_,d . / I
·' ..
"
~ ·, ~;J <.... .• " ...,.. j
334 l> TIJRllO MAClllNES
For minimum speed where P; and V; are the pressure and velocity al the pump inlet and PIJOp is the vapour
HYDRAULIC PuMPS <{
..
335
J
l pressure: of the liquid. All pressures an: 11hrnh11e preuurc5.
Uf-U1 =Hm
2g
NPSH is also defined as a measure of the energy available on the suction side of the
pump....
j
H,., in 1cnns of TJH · NPSH is a commercial tenn used by the pump manufacturers and indicalCS the
Hm =TJ11 .x -g-
U2C.r 2
.. suction head which the pump impeller can produce. In other wqrds, it is the height of
the pump axis from the water reservoi.r ,whigh can be penni\~ed for. installation.
0
lj
• ' 1' 'J 'I
•. 1 · i I ' t
.)) ' • t..L.
;t'.1 . . •·, •.<'
-
0·-:., •"Y"/: r ...P.''
! - " ...
( /rVl.·1)
Substituting the value of II.., in the above equation yields PRIMING 0 .1_µ o:,; ...-, · ,, , ; -:-
. · / --:..-· .- - , · ..
- ,, _:,.· · . . ·t; . . _.,,.,, !_ · 'lc' t J_~..,:··: ' r="' .) 1 C1 .· l.10 · -i
Uf- Ur
2g
=1111 x - -1
g
U~C.r Priming of 11 ccn1rifugal pump is..fil;_flncd as the o~~ation in which th~~ctio~.
casing of l.~~and a .P.Oftiilll.OJ.L~..\k!.i vcry_P-i~ ..\!.l?!O the delivery valve i:;
completely filled 'up.-W!!l-tM_.Jjguid to be raised by the pump ~.!~t·~-~!.i.~-~~c
J
Now,
.J!YIIlp. Thus. the air U:amJhi:se parts of.the. P..!!!DR.is removed.
U2 = rrD2N U1=rrD1N
The head generated by the pump is given by j
IE= U1~.r2 I
and
60 60
.Therefore;
(rrD N) (rrD N)
~--W-
2
2
- ~
1
2
=TJH · xC.r1 X~
The ah~y!;. crq~~t.i.Q,nj~.i.n.<l.s;p.~l\.~ent qf.t~.'?A~~_.Q(the liquid. This means that when
.nurnP.1~. m~l]iri,g}Q.,!lir, the head generated is in tenns of metre of air. If the pump is
J
primed with water, the same head is generated but is expressed in metre of water.
2g g . 60
..d. h rrN
D IVI mg y g60. WC gel
But as thc..d.c.nlity..of.aids_y.i:cy_Lol'/. t e eneralcd head of air in tenns of uivalcnt
metre of water head is negligible. It is obviq\1..$.! that i 1m~ er 1s running in air. it will j
prodl}~.i:...on.ly' a negljg_t~li:..Er~~t.!!1!· which may not be $1.!ll~i~nt. to. ~ll~~ ~aJ'!!.from
the sump ..To avoid this difficulty, the pump.is•.~~st. P!'!.1?.~..:.~'..!:.:..m.L~J!.P~l!.ti~
(or)
rrND;
--~
120 · -
rrNDl
IWI = TJI/ x C.r2 x Di PERFORMANCE CURVES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS J
Pcrformunce churts ure ulwnys plottet.1 fur con~tunt ahafl·rot@.liu~ . 'Ilic basic
·r
~..1?£!!.Q£.tl~~ciJl.b.ltii..taken 10be1hs~9.i.~c;:.l}~-~ -Q :Th'~J!i:~'l4.ep!..w.i~ql!<~.or output
rrl20
N [ D22 - D!'] = TJ11 x C.r 2 x Di are taken to be!_~. P~~=~~!.'.~ '.:~~ ef~~!.~:~: ·---- -- j
Hcn~c the ~inim~m sinning speed i~'/J~
~i._,>µJ u~,.,: 1Pf}.r ('i _ 120 x TJH x C.r1 x Di
\
"' ./ V -
rr[D
2 2
2 - D1
-··. - ·· -· -__... ~._~
I
..... ~ •1.1•.11 l (un.iablo:
H
d
cln cause
and a centrifugal pump has lo run al this speed a1leas1, to discharg7 liquid. •UrK<)
~ '.~ ~ ,.· } 11..)t..?_:-, -'0-' ~ ~' P,
( l •.
. I I . - " .;.,i . . f. .- , i...J
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD J ((!' f J./'_. u- (_. LPN
... - ' - ..... C:.1
cJ ~_,. !?> (un•tablc:
· Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is the head required at 11\e pump inlet to keep 1hc
a..-lJ"
liquid from cavitating or boiling. Th: ..~u~mf.I~~J~r~~~i~n. s@.c!Ti'he l~~:P!essu~c / ¢))

r I
- ~ml c. .,,.., (._~_.. { / t s><..:.
!(
where cav1ta11on w11l lirs1 occur. . .: J
-··- ··-. .
. ----··7-- - -·------ -... . ·-.. --·- c...r-· .J."' P,µ.(J;>J
Thc NPSH ts defined as
• ; ·
. /- . _
u , -;, -
.
u / i_,.,,. J- l:;;.o
·/ ·
0 o_,
*
Oo
v2 ;,,£,i u v'-' ;, 1·!/' ...J ::_.vi o-
NP SH
P·
= __.!.. + .....!... -
pg 2g
~·
P
pg
:>),,.,
j -: :. ~.
/•.A ·'° ' { L? •11)
,. . flgurr 11.5 Typicttl cmtrifugul p11111p prr/armancr curvu of constu111 i111pd/u rotation
spud
L
b 336 )> TURIJO Ml\\lllNES HYDRAULIC P\IMPS <' 337
lj Figure 8.5 shows lypical characleristic curves for a centrifugal pump. The head is
approximately ~O!JSl~~tj!Llow..dischar.gc...an~ lhen drops lo zero at Q = Omru · At
The variation of pump efficiency (71) wilh dischill'ge { Q) is plotted for different
speeds Ni. Ni. N 3 • . ••. elc. as shown in Fig. 8.5. A constant efficiency line is drawn
this speed and impe ller size the pump.£!!!!.!!Q.1 ~~!!_ver l!nz .m~re O!li~~an Jlm•!.!..: The on 11 - Q plol to detenninc two discharge ( Q) valu~ for a panicular speed. These
positiv:, _~!~l!~..P~.i:t .o r t!'.t:. ~cad is shown dashed as mentioned earlier, lhis region can poinls arc marked as . l ,2,3, ... etc. and arc projected on to the. H - Q plot ~or the same
ti ·----
OC'UiiSta2.!;_and ~au_~c P..~-~.P..!urgc.
The power provided by the pump motor rises mo notonically with discharge and then
discharge values and s peed for a panicular efficiency. This procedure is repeated for
olhcrcfliciency values. TI1e points ohame efficiency are joined by a curve as shown in
Fig. R.6. TI1ese curves arc called the constant efficienr~ '!.!._E,'!.!f/jfJ~S.!!/J'.!,S. The .
0
typically dropi; off sl ightly near Qm11.r · 11le drop off region is shown dashed hccausc .
it is also po1cn1ially unstable nnd cun cuusc motor overload during a transient. ~ D - 0 , G, Q;:
~ru~·1
. point of maximum efficiency can be dctennined from this graph. The advan1.agc of
The efficiency rises to a maximum at aboul 60 percenl of Qm,,, . This js lhe des ign- w-.. this plot is 1hat a single point on this graph gives all the infonnation regarding the ·
flow ra~e ( g_n) or J1s!l efficiency goinU.!~fI/'). 'I = 11,,,,,.. . 'f!l.e head and pc;wer ut the spct!d. head, discharge, efficiency and' power. / ·.
BEP will be termcd //" und /'/J respectively. Nole th.a~~-~~~h!:: O!!lli!1.:(no. 1Lq~J· I ..... c.....J -
~ and a..!_Qmll!. ~n_<-?__1!.<:!1.cJ)~ .Notc also that .the 11curve1s not independent but is simply MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS ~ . - Y'
calculated from the relation
till A Cenlrirug:il pump that consists of two or more impcllc~ mounted tin the same shaft ·
G...=.£1<81U..{' I / ~I or on different shafts is calledJ!t~-~~ltistagt u11tn'/11gal_l!_'!.!'.P· Multistage pumps arc ·
fq
i1~
.,_.., I ~ I _1-'
. ~ 0 ,..,.£) . ""'u
• .:. •.
.~
(
employed to accomplish the following two important functions. . .-
·• · • ·
\ I. To produce a high head.
_ °'_; I I
C,.,t_c r",.~ u- f' / 0
. J • ~ J 1 - • . ·., ,,.,
J v- y 1 · l.././>-
- ,
CONSTANT EFFICIENCY OR MUSCHEL CURVES.
a
11 2. To develop hi gh _d.isch~rge. , - , I ·
~
The head versus discharge curve and efficiency versus discharge curve fur various t -· • f - : • ••• .-..,,.,t.ol:.-"' I ;.... ' -
~
It::
-v.n
speeds arc combined to gel the constant e fficiency curve. The Muschel c urves arc
drawn as follows.
~UMPS COMBINED IN PARALLEL ~ {) ~ UJ/iy~ ·
'10 develop high discharge; the pumps should be connected in parallel ns shown in
/· lhe figure 8.7.
b. '
c.--Vci :..r ~/'Jt>
11j • JI,• .•.)t -- .J..'°.//
. .r·c o. .
A+ .... p .
/ ' d JJ)_fV':<Sl_;-i_.
c)
I!
~ID rJ-s J 450 ) ;p o.: o

I /
(' J-1.l~.Y-'1.J!.;. Pump A
Q
ft
Pump B
* ~J'~c);,Jy~~
J. . . c.
" ' .
· .
/
I,'. . -
......
.u.;.. ).,;,_ytS0~
~T o~
Li.)) Ci1 ! / - v -"1J.1
Sump
1 ( J'~..rt<....<" ~J/)
~
.,.
Flgur' 8.7 Pumps in parallel
o ~
Tl i Cof)s+-0111 or i::O Pump A and pumB B lift the· water from a common sump and discharge the water to
b 1r A
•
1.
v
1.
.,
•
,,
~ , 1 ~ hue
co~fa~f~·enc;} [W'Vt$
a common pipe to which the delivery pipes of each pump is connected. Each of the
y ump works_ai.~.i.n st t~~ ~~_:~~~:
·me
· ,.,~
two pumps A nnd B, which nrc in pnrnllcl need not bC identical. But for the
0 J,
.". N4 same head , the multi stage pump discharge is the sum of the flo w rates of each pump.
~
N1 N2 NJ
i.e. Ot1 + On. (Fig. 8.9)
t';ff • '
If P_\!JUP £\ has more hg d.lban-p.ump..B...pump B cannot be added unti.1 thc operating
Q----'>
head is below the shut off head of pump B . Since, the system rcsistance.£urvc rjg:s with
k' if(ff.'/ I ) ./ U .J l_.Y~ )

Fig ure 8.6
0'
Muscl1el curi•es
c{.'}/ -:<5L2>Us-J --
Q. the combined delivery Q A+ B will be less 1han the ~aratc opc:nuing discharges
~-·-· -.
,.
. <;·'/~<y:- - 10~
. . · A.:~.'J'~!.?
- f-0 n
r- .
I:
c:.W
Bll ,,. TUltllO MActllNliS HVDKAULIC- PuMPS .. 'J31J l

QA+ QB but cenainlY..@!!!_lcc.tlwl either one. For a very fiat (static) curve two similar If p~_lJp~_AJmd B !l.r.e 001 idcnticnl us shown in Fig. K.9, !h~n the p~mp _B ~hou~ot
pumps in parallel will deliver neari;-lwice the flow. (Fig, 8.BS-- __,.....,__
_.,_ _...,,.,. .__r.~ - ...~_. -... 4 . .
' · ·
. . . . , • . ,. . . , , ., , ... , .,,f'"!'~•YPT"<f ~o t._.
be run and cannot even be started up if the operating point is above its shutoff heiW.
l
II r System 'rcsislcncc
curvc.(H"' H 5 + KQ2)
PUMPS COMBINED IN SERIES
To d..:v£!.QP.!IJ.t.i.g_~. ~cad'. the pumps should be connected in series as shown in figure
l
I !!. I 0. Th..: waler from the suction pipe enters the pump C at inlt!t and is discharg..:d at
/ " 1hc outlet with increased pressure. The wuter with increos..:d pr..:ssure from the pump
' ....... C is 1aken lo th..: inlet of the pump D . The pressure of water nl the pump D ..:xii will
.......
'
he mor..: than the pr..:ssure of waler at the pump C exit.
- --....__.. . . . .
- ---- - ---.--:--- ~ -·----
- --
l
------ - ......
I ~ '\
I ' To delivery
' '\• I ' \ \ pipe H
\ I \ \
\
b
\ I
\ \
\
~
\
\
0 A · A+B Q~ \
opcraling points From \
'
~~~~~!ing_ruili!,t.
Figuu 8.8 7\<'o similar 1111111ps conn~cud in para/I~/
·n1~1bin..:J hruk..: eow..:! is fou~d by adding t~e brake ~~~..Q_umps A and B

. tJ J /
l
Th..: comhined ..:Oiciency equals
....
o~uuv' 1: l
-::::
'(Ps)A+B
f? -
- .
. J , ' ·- ·
..c;:~; ~~ ~c.J' '},j

. . - -
-
. _
' ~ _,,,_,. lv-Pv ,,J<..)) /
'Si PumpC
I
I
I
I
I
I
I Pump D
l.
., _1\.oJ-"'·•,, · ·"··· - .... -~---":""·---- I / .J..)!.> .,
I
I I\
~
I I
uiY
. II i l~1np~ System
rcsistcncc
I
\
-~//
- _.,,
-
" I
curve
Figure 8.10 Pumps su1es fl' :
(H c l:fs + KQ2)
..,.--
in
tki
/
Tu~h£Q.!:!~1.~ ~~~ P..l:IIDP_~~ the same. Th..: _c ombined bead is. highcr-ilian
enhcr one. The punlllJi.in series need not be idcmic.al.nt all , since th..:y merely handk
"the same discharge .~~l'.5_~.1: !!-~vc different sp·..:~ olthough normally both
arc ·driven by tlic same shaft.
Thc-~bln~in1 h..:ad for two different pumps in seri..:s will be more
L.
than either C or D separately, hut not as grea! as their. s~!!!,:.
-- The combined pumps perfromance curves are shown in the figures 8.11 and 8.12.
Tb.u_~ined power ii; J.b~ ~um of !>rake R~~!..[Qr C ~-n.!!.P..3!..~~C?-~perating point
l
~e.
O operating points B A_ A+B Q4

<.S./<.) '-;_, \ IThe combined efficiency is = pg ( Qc+(P,oHk+D11,,,>c+v r&
flgurt 8.9 'f\1'11 diffut'nt p1111111s combintd in para/It/
L 340 ),> TURBO MAC'IHNES
HYDRAULIC PuMPS < 341
L r'~ Combined System resistance

'curve (H = Hs + KQ 2J
AXIAL FLOW PUMPS
f DESCRIPTION
t~
I
I
An axial flow pump consis.uof a propeller type impeller running in a casing with fine
clearances between the. ·blade tips and ihe' co.Sing inner ~ali~. .The fluid cs$cntially
passes almost axially through ·a lternate. rows of the fixed si:ator blades and moving
rr rotor blades iii a multistage axjal flow pump. The figure (8. 13)' shows a single stage
t~ axial flow pump.
"c:
--
PumpC
~~ 0 opcruting point~ D C C+D Q4
L Figure 8. // Two dif]fuent pumps connected in series

Flow)
II i •· S y~tem res i~tnnce

~11rve (II - 11 1 K<J2J ~;~
lr
t
I
I
(I)
I
Stationary inlet Stationary outlet
--
I
i~
_ ~nglc pump I guide vanes guide vanes
...... /
..... Impeller (or) Rotor
_,.
~:
,, Figure B.! J Single stagt a.tial flow punrp
t; The inlet guidC....vanes..~ the fluid to enter I.he rotor with a purely axial velocity.
The impeller blades. however i;j;"art a whirl component to the fluid. The outlet guide
,..,,., opcrn1lng C C+D Q4 vanes eliminate the swirl on lhe outlet side and tum the flow towards the axis. ·
point~
(To ensure a smoolh flow without shock at the design condition, the blades of the
~tr Figure 8.12 1\vo similar pumps co1111ec1ed in series impeller must be twis ted. The flow area is the same at inlet and ou et and the maximum
head for 1his type of pump 1s ·o the order of 20 m. The usu?-1 11umber of blades lies
Pumps In Serles betwccn. t ~o..~nd :!,~~~~ wil!L~~~.~j~~icr ·10.impeller diameter .~tio. of 0.3-:: 0.6L
Let.!!..= Number of idcnticol impellers mounted on the some shoft. The advantage of an axial flow pumpJ.i its compact construction as well as its ability
lTI" !f.m_= Heod developed by each impeller. to run 111 extremely high speeds.
Then the tolol hcod developed= n x Hno . I.
~ The discharge passing through each impeller is same. ~ELOCITY TRIANGLES

fo- The inlet and outlet velocity triangles are drawn for axial flow pump (Fig. 8.14). It
Pumps in Parallel will be noticed that the imJ>:Cller blade has an aerofoil ~i.mumd tha~ the inlet relative
~ Lei 11 !!! number of lt.lcntlcnl pump~ urrn11gct.I in purnllcl. velocity vector \VJ docs riot ini'f®Re tangentially but rather the blade is inclined at
c::' . . ·- - -···· ·-· -
!;,,_ Q = Discharge _fr~r:n_o~ an angle_!1-i!!:idence ;'IQ' the relative velocity vector W1 . This is similar to the angle
la!! TotoI.dischorM =:.!!...~JJ.:.. of attack of an aer,ofoil in a free stream. It is a~surri~that there is no shock al entry
Each pump works against the some head. and that th5__fluj,9_leaves the_b.lade.tang~ --
[. ·~--
B~
J
~42 ;. T1;1<uo M...c·111r-;1:s !
HYnR11111 tr P\JMf'S « H~ J
I '
It should be noted 1hat the flow area is the annulus fanned between the hub and the
~ 1
blade tips. Then we may write
.,.... m = pC,,(rrCRi' - R~)] ~,•'• J

The work done by the pump is
·- ----- . p .,I
IW = mU(Cx~ - Cx I 1) J
Impeller . THE ENERGY TRANSFER OR HEAD I
u
The energy transfer ( £) is given by
~~
J
w
E =
=
mg
U(Cx 2 - C,, 1 )/g
j
¥ For maximum energy transfer 1he absolu£~~1low velocity must be axial at the inlel i.e.
Ci= C,, . Hence,
,__,,....--
- -- - - -,
er 1 = !10"
•,: -;' \ "'""
C, 1 =0
- -- - -- .--· · - -
.-
E =: UC q I 1'
J
Outlet guide vane E in 1erms of angle fi~ is obtained as
COi /Ji = (U - C,, 2)/C.,

j
or
c, 1 = u - c 11 co1 fli
Figure 8.1./ Velocit,\' trning/es of tLTiaf jlow pumps
Hence substi1u1ing for C..i in 1he above equation, r:d-
Since lhe stator is fixed; ideally the absolute velocity Ct is parallel to the .tr11-iling
edge of lhe blade (not shown in Fig. 8.14). The relative vel~ity W1 is obtaineq by' I~.:= u(u ~ Cn,_c.°..~ ./3.7)/g I
vectorially subtracting 'the impeller langcntial velocity U(= ·U1 = U2) from C1.
Wj ideally should he parallel 10 the rotor leading edge of the ro1o·r.
In the exit veloc ity diagram, the· relative velocity vector W2 is parallel to the blade
This is the maximum energy LQnsfcUlr head develo~d b,Y..an.a.itlil! .~ow pump.
For £ 10 be cons1ant over the whole blade lenglh, lhe blade angle /h should be
J
trailing edge. increased because U increases with radius. It is seen from the above equation that
there must be a corresponding increase in the '1erm Cn cot {Ji. Since C 11 is constant.
/J2 should increase. Hence, the hlade musl be twisted as the radius inereuses.
j
THE WORK DONE ON THE FLUID
Note: Since the ds:nsiry change acrQ:ts an axial Oow fan is so law. it may be con-
From Euler's
.... ___. pump
.. _
. --
equation,
·- the work done on the fluid
I\V = m(U2Cx U1Cx1 ) I
sidcr.:d 10 he operating with an incompressilll.c..Jluid..and therefore the same equations
. .f!l~Y b~ ~-~cE_.._
~o~~pum_e.~ '
-·· --- ---
- ~
1 -
AXIAL PUMP CHARACTERISTICS
Changes in the condition of lhe fluid take place at_______ --
a constant .._...--._...--
_..___mean radius, therefore
Typical head-now power and efficiency curves are shown in fig 8. 15. A steep negati":e
WI
=
U2 = U
________..__...
Ut wr = slope is evident on Lhe head and power curves a~~s. This can be explained
__ __
-
considering Lhe maximum energy transfer equation. For a given blade design at fixed
"
Also assuming a. cons1an1 flow
....-...... _____ --area ....
____ , ..
from the inlrct to outlel, w'e have
.- ·-·-·-~
speed wi1h axial flow at inlet u r.\_.-\ .
~(:-
-- -· .- - I
Cri = C, 1 = C, = C,, 11:· = U(U - C., cot/Jz)/g I . C·c, <. p._ ,
r ~. il
l!m .
· \ I~) ) 1 ,
)44 :i>- TU!lBO MAClllNl:.S
HYDRAUt!JC PIJMPS < 345 .
~fl-'· ...
-0
. (' -' -...-\·-·--,1.
When the liqui~ flows thrCl_ug_h_l!_~!;Il!r.jf~g~!R.l!!!!P• the !!~~ic l?~S.S~.!$ (suet.i on pres-
"
..c.
-0
sure) aJ_ the eye of~Jm'2!tl!er is reduE_~ and th.=_ vel~it y i~es.111erefore, there
.......c 300 is a danger that cavitation bubbles may_ form at the inlet to the impeller. When the
~ nuid -moves into a higlicfpressuie-rcgTon, lhesebuhliies C-Oil~psc·with tremendous
{' \;"'
u
~
@:I force. giving.riset opressures as high as '3300 atm. Local pittilffo~ the imJ>C!ller can ·
8.
>. result when the bubbles collapse on a metallic surface. and serious damage can occur '
u
c ~oo ' ' hy this prolonged cnvitauon erosion. Noise· js also_generatcd .in the form of shaip
f u
·;::;
~
cracking sounds when cavitation lakes place.
~''•
·-~
IE
u
?'''
Power CaVi!il\on is-most likely to occur on the suction side of the pump between the lower
c
reservoir surface and the pi.Imp inlet since it is in this region that the lowest pressure;
"''
·;:;; 100
fi u
-0
._
will occur. A cavitation parameter is defined as
~~1 0
....
~
(1 = Pump totalHead
inlet head above vapour pressure
developed by pump .
~il 40 80 120 At the inlet flange

Pcrcc11111gc of dcsl~11 fluw rntc a = Pi/t>N + V,2/2g -
~~~-'-~~~-'-~
P1•nrl pg_,,.. rJ P8 H
~r
Figure 8.15 Clwracleri.ttic c11r1•r.f of axial flow pwirp
Now Q is proportional to C11 und therefore
·-.
where all pressures are absolute
(or)
-
-------H,..
~
ilr.r
w
Id E/dCn ex d E/dQ ex -U cot fJ2 I
For axial now al inlet. fi2 is rclntivcly smoll. and thus for a given pump at a given speed
la=TI
the head-now relationship has a steep neg~tive slope. The power curve is similarly very Every pump has a critica.1cavitation number@ which can only be.~et.e~ined by
steep. the power requirement at shut off being perhaps 2- 2.5 times that required at the .testing to find the· minimum values ol NPSH l>efore cavitation occurs. One method is
'l
or
to· d~tcrmine the normaf11ead-How diarac.ieristic the pump and then to repeat the
~J9
design point. Thi s makes for a very expensive electric motor to cover the eventuality
at the low now rates and so the fixed blade axial now pump is limited lo operation at test with the inlet to the pump progressively throttled so as to increase the resistance
the fixed design point. In variable flow machines, the blade angle is adjusted so that to flow at the inlet (Fig. 8.16). It will be found that for different throttle vB.!ve settings
the ~ump runs at its maximum efficier\cy at all loads and reduces the shut off power the performance curve will fall away from the normal operating curve at various points
k requirement. I
In the figure 8.15, the power and head curves are seen to enter a region ofinstability at
about 50 percent of the design flow rate. This is due to C0 becoming increasingly small
~
and thereby increasing lhe angle of incidi:nce of now onto the blade until separation
and stalling of the bl.a de occurs. Further head rise nt even lower flow rates and the • T NPSH
consequent power rise is due to the recirculation of the nu id around the blade from th e
pressure side to the suction side and then up onto the pressure side of the next blade.
An· increased blade stagger angle will once 'again reduce this recirculation, thcrehy
br the power requirement. '
CAVITATION
Q, Q, Q, Q, Q2 Q, Q~
. Q~
furr ( Cnvi;ntion is defined as n phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a llowing f'lgurt 8.16 H,., Olld NPSH \•mus Q
liquid in the region where the local ahsolu_te static pressure of the liquid falls hclow
and one definition of the occurcnce of minimum NPSH is thc .. point at which the
the vapour pressure of the liquid and the sudden collapsing of.these vapour bubbles
b in the high pressure region ..)

head II drops below the normal operating characteristic by some arbitr:uily selected
percentage. usually about J. percentage. At this condition static inlet pressure P, and
"""'-
· - --- - 'I
J
346 ;. 1\llUIO MAl,llll'liS

I IYORAIJl.IC' il\IMPS .;( 347
. ' j
(a) ~xternal gear pumps --
inlet vdoci1y V; arc measured, and c;. is then calculated from ·the above cqua1ion. The
minimu.m required NPS!J or Uc may then be plotted for the different degrees of inlet
1h~o1tling 10 give a curve.of Uc vesus flow co-efficient. ·
. ~ (h) Internal gear pumps
()/J I -<I- -{-~)--Lobe pumps
[
J
. From 1he s1cady flow energy equation, the energy loss between the free surface (A) - (d) Screw pumps
I ·:
and the inlet side of the pump can be determinc:<l. If the datum is placed a1 1he lower
reservoir surface, VA = 0 and ZA
P,./pg
=
0. Then the equation intcrms of heads becomes
= P,/pg + V//2g + H,uc1it1n
2. Vane pumps
3. Pis1on pumps
TI1e uetai ls of the o.:nnslruction and operation of gear. vane and pislnn pumps arc
J
discussed in the following sections. ·
where H,.,c1lu11 = Z; +hf;+ htuss at inlet. Substitution for P;/pg in the defining
equation of a. gives 1. Gear Pumps J
(PA/Pg - Puap/pg - H,.,c1iu11) (a) External ge_
a r.pump Fig. (8. 17) illustrates the opera1ion of an external gear
a=
Hm
purrip which develops flow by carrying fluid between the teeth of two mcshjng gears.
. ~J~/l
•
;_,;_-/l) b;•c)LJ)J//
_,. ~· "': . - Ou1lc1
-:.··:·)
I
J
If u is above Uc, cavitation will not OCC\!S But in order to achieve this, it may be
nec-ess;ry· i-odecrcareii,:,~~~- by decreasing Z; and in some cases 1he pump may ( t;).) ~if.>! »/:>/') .
( 'I -~ · ' ,
-. . (
'. ,·•(p '_/'Li...,.JV
have to be placed below 1h'c reservoir or pump free surface. i.e. negative Z, . especially
if Ir 1 , is pur1io.:ularly high due IO u long inlet pipe.
!>rive gcur~ ·~ J
Jfl,~//P-:u;o~Jtr.;'<! ~ ~
.( . I . ) )J . /
.· I , . I /
METHOD OF PREVENTING CAVITATION
--·- .. - .. '···-···- ..-·- . ,..., ,, l
. The following factors should be taken into accounl 10 prevent cavi1a1ion: '".)- Iv • ~~.... c.J:''
I '
L>,.... J
- I
.. , " 'fdt (
C . . -':"I') vJw/
,,.
.-,,. 1 1J d
'JJ:L{T-'u;,.,i7. ltJ j_!PiJ<..JJ.I
'/
1
..... "
I. The pressure of Iii<? flowing liquid in any pan of the hydraulic system shoult.I nOI Inlet .ef
be allow·cd to fall_pc low its yµpq11r: prc_S,li\[Il:. For example,· the uhsolutc pressure
head should not be below 2.5 m of water, if water is the ~orking medium.
. Figure H. 17 fatrrnul grur pump
l:I!J
\
One of the gears is connected lo a drive sha(l. £<!.~ncct~_Jo the primemover. The
I
2. TU~i!!Lm:.i!.i::.ri~Js'or c~alings such a~_ .alu~inium, bro.nze and stainless steel
second gear is driven as it meshes wi th the driver gear. Oil is carried around housing
_
which arc cavi1ation resistant
......... -..... ....,. materials should be used. . .
in chambers formed hetw~el'I ~.housing an~-~~~ wear plates. The 5.!!~!iQn .side is
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
. where teeth c:;omc out o~ and it is the place where the volume expands. bringing
. \ ahm.it a reduction in pressure hclow atmosphcric_pr.ess11.o:. Fluid TSpushcd into 1his
UJ'
I
The pumps are broadly classified into two as (a) Hydrody_!l_!!!!ic (or) non- posi1ive :~L~void hy atmospiiCrfcPressure because the oil supply tank is vented to 1he almospherc
I ·
displacement pumps; ex: centr!fugal and axial pumps and (b) l:fr~rostatic (or) po~itive
. displacement pumps; ex: qear PU.IT'!P~_?._n_!i__van<,:_p~s. The former type is used for
\ The ~@.~gsjii.9$: is where ~..!.!!_go .!11!0 mesh.~ and ii is here where the~
· ~.lYil:.cm.miiiingleeth.
.wu\
if' '-:'>11~·P> (low-pressure. high-volume flow applications. These pumps are nol self:£!i@iug. This The theoretical flow rate of a gear pump is given by
- is because there: is 100 much cleareance SP.3C!!_be!Y!'..!;'!.!L!~~~g.!\.~_staliOJ!a.ry
e m3
~ ) - , -
(Juyu;) Q,1, I = l-
\{.D x N· tY f""'
.
· .~!~ts and tg,_scal again.~!!!fl.WSRheric grcSS!!Q; and thus the displaccmc:_n~~ceii '
iIJ::r
the inlet and outlet is not a positive one)~c laner type of pumti eiec1s a (ixed quantity l ) i.7) f"...J I: It., I • -·I-' 3
where. Qih is the 1heorc11cal1low rate in m /min. Vo is the pump displacement
of fluid per revolution of the pump shift. A pressure relief valve is used 'to..jl.[QJ.WJhe
volume in m-' /rev and N is lhe pump speed in rpm. The displaccmcnl volume Vo is
pump againstove_rpressure, because a positive: displacement p'u mp continues 10 eject
fluid even though the 0Uiie1 valve is fully closed causing an cx1remely rapid build
up in pressure as the fluid is compressed. Where as, f~posi\i.Y\!_ disp_lac.emcnl II Vo= ~(D~ - Df}ll L
pu~pJ~_in_ s_u_c h..~ -~a_s~'. 1hcn: is no need f~r ~afc~ de~icc~_!2.e!<;vent [!umf? damn~.
Posi~pli!Cf!IJJCDI pumps can be classifieCI by the type of motion of internal
ele.mcnts. The nm.lion may be eith~r rotary or reciprocating. - - t . - ( ) ( : :. •
. 'lliere a.re essen11ully of thr~e basic types: .P
/
wl1ere.
(),, - outsic.le diameter of gear teeth. 111
D, - inside diameter of gear teeth. m
L
· 1 ~..v'<J Lr /r.rt.:.'-v/ ._ 1. ' .'.:.~,..,.., L - width of gear teeth. m
I. Gear.pumps
. . _, . --
.I
~
H YDRAULIC PuMPS ._ 349
348 1- TURDO MACIHNES /
'-;~
I
~£1
The i;xtcrnal genr eump ~ s,nur gem. (~1.!.!£~r.:._~'!~~y . at_ !!.i,g!~..:~ru;!!~s)• .l!.sl.!s~l Inlet Outlet
· gears (which arc limired to low pressure applicntion due IQ. end. t_h rust P.roblems) and
u't:~ i15r:i:l-;;&oonc gear~°< which provi dc..g-rcnlcr now rules s111001):iy). ..
0
- ...
l~
(b) Internal gear pump Fig. (8. 18) shows the configuration of the inrcrnol gear
pump. This pump consists of an intcrnnl gear, a rcgulnr spur gear, a crescent shaped
seal and an cxl<;! n'!! h_tiu~!,1_1.g . ....---·· :· --·-::··- - - -- -.- ---
~~c;,;~;(j(J_~
L, ) 11)
Rotor housing
L Crescent seal / Mechnnical seal
"''!!'( ;'/1]/u~ ~lr~ •,i-/~u7 f'igure 8.20 Screw pump

. - ... I ,. ,_ I There may be one, two or three screws. ln a 2-scrcw pump, one is rotor and tbc other
· ".'-.....0,.,... <.J_p/.) ":'3-Uy; ... ~ i_. ,,,,;ucr is idler. li1 a 3-scrcw pump then: arc two idlers on either sidcof the rotor. two idlers
Inner gear
I ~ '--===:- , - I
JCl: s :seals to~.P?.,~cr rotor ~nd arc ,driyert .by, fb!.~.ru!ssure and not by metall!c
b11 {.::.J1rLM...~1,,,; <.tz>;..,J;,.)9-f'
Figure 8.18 lntemnl gear 11111np contact with roto·r. 'The JiqU1d entering the inlet passage flows into the le fl_end of the
As power is applied lo cirhcr gear, the morion of 1l1e RCOrs drnws fluid from the . ro1ur when: it is trnppcu in pockcls formed by lhe th'r cads nnd is carried towards the
tcsctvulr nnd forces ii around htith sides of 1hc crescent seal, wh ich acts as a seal 1.li~chnrgc. 111e~~ tn •nt of flu id is similo a nut n the ower screw.
Ltl between the suctiorf rind dis·d rnr .. When the lcclh mesh on th!.' side oppnsill.'
to the crcsc.:cnt sen , the fluid is· forced lo enter the ll!st.-hargc port of lhc pump.
The ndvantugcs of screw-pump overt e other types of pump arc:
I . Screw pump operates u~to a continuous working prcs:;urc of about 150 bar.
(c) Lobe pump The lobe pump is il1t.l:.1rnted in Fig. (8. 19). This pump operates 2. The screw pump ii; free from pulsation and vihration. So. the pump is silent while
L in a fashion similar lo the external genr P.ll!Jlp. nut unlike the external gear pump.
both. lobes arc driven cxtcrnnfly' s() ..itiat th.cy do not nctu:illy contact each other. Thus.
they arc quitcr than other types of gear pun1ps. Due to the smaller numhcr of mating
~Jll.! ·
2. Vane Pump
/
c..J,.- ~L
.,.,
--
,
P l-r('. ~ ~
.
clements, the lobe pump's output will have a greater amount of pulsaJion: although J r v ~~
L its volumetric displacement is generally greater than for other types d'f gear pumps.
· · outlet )v r ex}Ow.f~
,.. , I
Vane pump (Fig. 8.21) consists of a rotor disc having a ~mbcr of radial slots and is
.
splined to the drive shaft. Tue rotor rotates inside a cam ring: Each slo'i has a vane
designed to mntc with the surface of the' cam ring as the rotor turns. There is an
.L ~
'u':J '-'fl,,.D..-'
-· (o/J•Jc.....)_IJ)
-
. . . ~ - / . cf'/ ~
•
/' \..:.r,.'r !Jecccntrici1y between the roto r and the cam ring. The vanes arc free to slide radially
I ' _,::> '
with the help of springs and thus fonn the required seal hctwccn the suction and
dischnrge connections. Centrifugal force keeps th~ancs out against the surface of
(!Jv;'.'J/JvJJ":' _
. • . • , • a> vu-1 <r the cam ring. ~- " - ........:>
'IJ;·if-'J' ~ /17.a../e. ,'
L
'), /!)_, , . - Cam ring surfocc J?'c..;,,;,
'J 1! ~i! .);IJ pu}J~ <,fJ!:',/1..--
, ,Ji.,;,,i,,::.ur ,.~, '1 ~'
b
Shan
flgure 8.19 l.obe r11111111
-
'~F' '
. ,-- .
V--r
,
.! ' "
Inlet c::> ·ll\111-+-F·~~

{d) Screw pump The screw pump (Fig. 8.20) is nn axial flow positive displace-
ment unit. It consists of a rotor or screw to ·which_lhe source of power i.e. electric
~~ motor~ directly connected. The screw. may be single helical or double helicnl. The
11dv11n111~. o~ douhl~ hclic1111S 1hn11h£Yj~~·!!~~~S~!~¥.~~-!y."'t11c llllln
ts cnrric<l
forward to th·c discharge along the rotor in p'ockcts formed between teeth and the
~
r casing. Figure 8.11 Vane pw11p
~ii'
I / I '/'
J
,;
- . ·' . ..- ~ I),) ,...J l., o " . (_ ,l1.~/
350 ~ TURBO MACHIN1'S . ,_ / Lt:'PU~J (.../ _../ ~ )I .
I , .
;A ·.-1c..J_r'. - HYDRAULICPvMPS <( JSI, I
"""'
During one-half revolution of rotor rotation . the volume ini;reases between lhe rotor Center line - l 1--Cylindcr block
an~ cam ring. The resultfog volume expansion causes a redl;c;iion·of pressure. This is I ccnlcr line
the suction process which c.:auses fluid 10 flow through the i!\lc;1 port and fill the void. \,
~
i
As the rotor rotntes through the second. half revolution, t.h~:;~~rfoce ~f the t;ilm ring Case rinlle
pushes th~ vanes back 'into their slots, and the _trapped vol'ume ii; reduced n:sulting
in increak of pressure. This positively ejects the !rapped fluid through the·discharge
pon. J
3. _Piston Pumps . ..
A P.iston pump works on the principle that n reciprocating piston.c.:an draw in lluid
when it retracts in a cylinder bore and discharge it at high pressures when il extends.
There are two basic types of piston pumps (a) axial piston pump and (b) radial piston
Rca'ction ring J
Figure 8.23 Radial piston pump
pump. t
. . ( . As lhe cylinder barrel relates, 1he pislons on one side move outward. This draws in
j
(a) Axial p_iston pumps Fig. (8 .22) shows an axial pision pump. In axial piston fluid , as each cylinder passes the sucii'onpons -of lhe pintle. When ;pis1on..p~1he
pumpS.the pistons afc:.£?£~~1JE_the axis·of the cylinder bl~~ lt consists of a cyl inder Point of maximum cccenfrici1y, ii is. forced inward by the reaction ring. This forces
block rotating with the drive shaft: A universal Unkconnects the block to the drive the fluid 10~~1_;r the discharge port of the pintle.
-~~J!Jpo provide ali.g nment and positive d~e ccn1rc.lin.co~llnik;ti1;1ck is
l!JiVc t~_Ccntre line of the drive ~f)l\ft . The c'ylin.d cr tilock
SCI at iln offset angh:_rg}_
co~~ns a number 2r 11is1on!_~!;.c;!:l...?..~e. The p1ston rods 3re· connected
. ,..,~
MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF PUMP J
to the drive shaft flange by ball and socket joints. 'The pistons;are forced in and out of Jet Pu.me
their bores as the: distance between the drive shaft flange and.'i.:ylindcr block changei;.
Univerut hnk
A jct pump is shown in Fig. (8 .24) Jcl l?!l.J!'l?-5.£~!i>.<LlQJ.if!J.h_s~~~~.tl!L!ti!:!~
_4.~~!.1.\i !Y wl\£~ .!!..~'-~LLqYPJJ!i.l:J, of. wutc:.r. is .u.vAif.Ql>.h; ~$!!:p,<,lbwn.1.hc: .~r.J.h. Stc¥!l.,(or) '
I
;.._,
water nl n hiU~.u.!£2~ forced through a fine ape~!'!:.C:.!1~lZI!!! t~!!.hy_co.n~c:rting

'!!.Q.hl ..nf.Jh~:_pr£!i~!.!L'r.H.£f8Y .!~t~>. kin~tic .c'!~rgy. It rc&uh~ in lowcril!,g of prcuurc
Rotating sha i\ causes causing suction to take pliu;e. A part of 1he suction is due probably Lo the drop of I I
pis1ons,10 n:ci11rllCalc \:..,i-
pressure resulting from condensation of the steam. Steam is generally used in jet
/ pumps used lo feed the water lo a boiler. .
•. • . _ - ,, Dischugc from IUl'l'IY ·
.A·<f o )t.~1,../J ~'-' . . ' t,·~f.J( .,"'rV:/) ~rcQ~t~',' .....
: l' I . .-' I
I
...-·{..,. /, '-'
/ '-~· · .V 1.;:,' '.)·'' I I . j:
•- ' , ·J
• ,:>cf~ I.I I~,°'.>,._,. ( .)y t..~P.,1) ) I ,I

.,_.,
'I >'·>J~~,,~;'..,.~·u;,.? '' s ./ 1
(_1 ) I ·•
-·
..
.• .
From inlet
Pis1on is withdrawing
from bore at inlet /
·, ~ r <>\.•'
.
I
I ..
(" 1 L:,.,J \I .'-' J~<::..}./ ._,
L
,....v_
"~ r'. J -l -·" '
I o.'
flguu 8.11 Axial pisw11 p11111p
(b) _B;_i_cf.ia_[pj~to11.pump A radial pump is illustraled in ~jg. (8.23) It consists
.i'
!,
o..f.ni!ltle lo direcl fluid in and out of lhc..cvlindcrs, a clfulder ~el with pislons, nnd a
. ) "I. p lJ l , ( .
" () · _,r
L
_rotor containing ucaction ring. ~pj~!_~~~~.L~~_lll.£L.w.i.!h 1hc
_!c~9_iE,Q.~to ~ntrifugal force qn_<!_Eack pr~-~~re on the pislons. for pumping
_ ____
ac1ion. thc rcac1ion ring 1s ..movcd -· . -
___ __ _e_£~~ntrj_~£1_(Jy_w_i~~,r.cspc~1.~~Jhc..pi_nll_c or_ s1:1_~n axis. Figure 8.14 Jet pump
L
2'·:,.,l;;../ I (_;J; j l .'I i'(S tyi- ;.1 &' c5 LiP Ip>}
· 7"' -= - . • -
t!W
I 352 )- Tuiwo MAClllN!OS HYDRAULIC P\J).ll'S < 353
The nozzle can lower the pressure to three fourths of atmospheric pressure, i.e. ahout vicinity and caries it upwards to the top of deiivcry line. ~.:..~~~~~n
Ibig 2.5 m suction head can he obtained. Jjrrnm..also serves to prehcaLthe water fed Ill the rise ahovc the wntcr level because of it!i low density. .
boili:r. With Wllh!r al high pressure. II more perfect vaccum can he pruJm:cJ. ~II th:ll i11e nir is introduced at a considerable depth below the water surface. so that the
a sucion lift of 5.5 to 6m can be obtained. The jct should be nenr the surface of ressure due 10 the column of height L is less than that due lo height .'I, height of
water. Several jets may be employed·if a large quantity of ;~ter i~~tt;t;; pu·~ipc·d :Tuc
L ciip::ic1ty of n jct pump ranges upto about 50 l/s.
ff the rate of !low from supply reservoir is Q 1 and the quantity of water sucked per
water levCI ·above the nozzle, thus, causing the flow of water to the desired delivery
level. The pump discharges water as long as there is a supply of air. For best results.
~he Ii ft of the pump 1k. - H) should be less than H .
second is Q,, thcn the total discharge rate from the pump is Q Q1 + Q, = <...._ ..
4dY.a1:1tag~S I _ fli( )1!. ~- r ...,·r
L If H 1 is the height of supply reservoir nbove the jct, H, is the suction head and lfi1
is the delivery head. then efficiency of the jet pump is given by
,,.
- work dune
j
) / !.I' ( .-'if·~.~
, I. Nc;>,_t_!l,Q.~.i.ng. parts, np valves.• ............
~.-
No damage......due_.to...solids
~·- -· -·"·- - ~.· ·
in suspension in water.
.. ........ . ... .. . .
.
>!:if!' 2. ~a!~~JM&~[ ~\l?.nJ.ttY._qf,..Yatcr ~r. !_~~e~ di~5Jcr tha!! !lny_~~h.!:!.P.Ump. ·
1
- work consumed r 3. To drain out water ~rom ~i.!J~S. ~here th_t; ~~.!nP.~~.~r~ _n_re alr~ady ll~?ilablc
L n
·I} -
Q,(11,
Q1(H1 - Hi1)'
+ 11.i)
I r .
- .I
.
/
Disadvantages ·; , ' - •
I ' -~ -' cfifc°JJUJ_,,")
- _.
.
/
foJi'-:'
-··.
\ I. .Ycry.Jow c,:flicicn.c:y. The volume of air in m.l( V) at atmospheric pressure, required

./
...;, l!'.,~1... .,,, ,,..Mu!r f !?o!.PY to lift one m.l ofwat~rthrough a heig?t.(L - H) depends on the efficiency.
Li Air Lift Pump ('_;c-':"J~- .;-
- ,,,
t.....M
- ... . ~
The pumps that utilise comr_r_i:ss.~~ air_! c>.Hft ~atcr ar~k_n_2~..D.J!~. ~J.r...!lli 12!!!.!!D.S· ThE_ )
2;..l~ ir)i;_~~a.¥.e p_~~blcm.
)~
'~~ 1
p/ -
. .
,.
°;), ·- ., . :
lu -.. ( ~~ : H/, r
· ·:
_I , l"l_s <!"'l&>.1Jvi )
funcrion of COJll[lf~!!:"E.<L.!~_i! j~~o form II 111ixrure · ~fair ltntl waler anu lo reduce the Submersible Pump --+-> v < ·'""·' c.,.m : / ' · ... · '~ u · :-
mixture density. The dens\1y_9{.;i..miitJu~e. o.f ui.r and water is much lower thnn that of
As the n.a me implies, the ~ump and elcctr~c motor both. ar~. submei;xcd in ~ater. ·~ i _;;,_,. j; {.
l"
(
pure water. If such a mixture is hulanccd :1gains1 a \~a1cr· c;iiu.1i1~~.llic..f1irnic-rw-nlriSe
much higher than the l:lller.
Air1nkt
•'fl.Ji,-"' ~v·~-<c..rj- ~_,·1
•' -
Submersible pumps arc ~~-2~?~!=-..~~~u!ttstage ccntnfugal pumps. . · · . · ·
directly coupled with the elcc.J[ic motor, which is totally enclosed. The motor and
pump sh::irts arc support~ in Willer lubricated eJain bearings. .' I ..
1!
-"
1·t·\--\)
b- -s
~
(.: ' /
. _:,:;J,}
'[!les!!. PU"!P.~ nre vcr~i.c.a_l .~.c~t~i_ fugnl pumps wi!fin~inl or.IJ!.i~c!1 _!!~~. _in;ipellcn.; , __;; -~
All the metallic bearings.arc wnter lubricated an!pro1ec1ed against the S:!ll5'· ~n ~
J
I I
: ,._ / •
return valve is fitted to a Hange at the top of the PJ!.!TI..P.:.The suction line of the pump ~- 't::::·.:j.
is situated between the pump and the motor.and provided with a perforated strainer. . i '.', ·~
~
--
ru'j
_1 : 0'" .A ..;;__J 1:-P / )!_,Jt:>
Motor of the submersible pumps are filled completely with water. The water cools /.;,.. ~
I. 7 . , .. the windings, insulated iq a plastic _impervious to ;;icr. pc
~shart is connected ~ .J [=·1c~\ ·t\
/ l :•. . > r. I_.r-
-:,.. p,_ ( - j .,.J l' l..~,
to the motor shaft by a muff coupling. r;,?_,..,. ~ <SL?l?- /) _, l'.:"'
fu!bme~iblc pum~ arc installed below the lowes~ctc~~ll. )' -
Lu G GH These pumps can be usually employed in open wells where frequent changes or water '
level make the working of a horizontal pump difficult.
1-?" ,..J) ·a
Before a submersible pump is installed, the motor must be filled with clean nqn~;icid
L water free qf sand for the purpose of priming. The pump must be started with the
vah:c slightly open. If the.re is i c6risi<lerable amount of sand in the water. then the
pump must be operated with valve partly open, until the sand contents arc reduced 10
acceptable quantity. i;ie valv~ mpy th_cn be or:9ed gradu~_lly. / _ .., ~ .
b Advantages
=:
~ 1J'.Y.)J>. _jcJ"J (Q,...J'lf/bc__.t)>JY, t ' . ~ ,,.., u(i'>l:'._I( j.J 1J' y/e:.rt,'
~
)>-,,..
..• . ,._, ·
l.J..,..<>u •<f'/ W··,,!.<P-,
""
J..>.,-Jc>A/~ ,
. ,...
Figure 8. 2~ Air lift pump I j ,J1i&.~J>VWall efficiency and thercfon;n~.~~~~al in operation.
L f;g. (8.25) shows the air lift pump. Compressed air, supplied by a compressor in-
stalled on (or) ahove the ground level, is passed through one or more nou.lcs at the J "-f..(.v.Jj 7·'-~J.
'(~' ,;_
2. ~_? .1!1~!:6~ance because of it~. glandless~onstruction an~ wate.r lubri.cat.i<?n.
~_P.r~jl)g i~_requirc~ ~ue to su.~rrie~ed if1St<1ll~tions.
bouom into the water at a considerable depth , bel ow the water surface. The rapid i.., >.
/
~ 4. No su_ct~?n pr~b]e_m_~ ~mce foot valve 1s no~ required.
0 1 5. Low nmse level.
6: stream of air at the noz.z.lc exit produce a jet and entraps the water in the immediate
l~-" ' .l/ 'IJ ,>~/Z.--' · · ···-···-··-·""
...,
uJ
. 354 }-' T\JRBO MAClllNES HVDkAULIC PuMl'J ~ 355

l, ' t;.loll
SOLVED PROBLEMS 4211.8 x 0 .65
Torque delivered =
Example 8.1 A centrifugal pump of 1.3 m diameterdelivcrs.3.5 m 3 /min of water 10
· at a tip speed of 10 m/s and a flow velocity of 1.6 m/s. The outlet blade angle is at = 273.7 Nm
u.;,J
· 30" to the tangent it the impeller periphery. Assuming zero whirl at inlet and zero Example 8.2 The impeller of a ccn1rifugal pump has backward-facing blades
,slip, calculate the torque delivered by the impeller. .......
inclined at 30° to 1he tangent at impeller outlet. The blades are 20 mm in depth at the
· Solution There is no slip. Therefore,
lh =Pi
outlet, the impeller is 250 mm in diameter and it rotates at 1450 rpm . The flow rale
through 1he pump is 0 .028 m) /s and a slip factor of0.77 may be assumed . Determine
1he 1heoretical hc:ad developed by 1he impeller and the number of impeller blades.
J
The Euler head is given by Solution First consider the no-slip condi1ion. \
Assuming hlades of infini1esimal 1hickness the How area may bc calculated as
'IE= ~ =
MR
U2C.,-U1C.1] '
IC
ttld
Flow area = Impeller periphery x Blade depth
-Since, there is no inlet whirl component, C..q =0 = lTx 0.02 x 0.25
15.7 x 10- 3 m 2 ~
E = U2Cx2 =
g Flow velocity C,2 = Q/A
= U2 (U2 - Wxi>
g
= 0.028/(15.7 x 10-l)
t.:d
- 1.78 m/s
Given /12 = 30°. From the outlet velocity triangle (Refer Fig. :8.2) · From the nut let velocity triangle (Fig. R.2)
;
c"2 __c"2 b
Wxl = - -
tan 30° W, I , - ·
tan 30"
' 1.6
= tan 30"
= l.78/tan30°
= 3.08 m/s . I
ill::J•
E = 10 ( 10 1.6 ) Now.
9.81 - tan 300
U2 = rr DN /60 ·
= 7.36 m "' W /(N/S) = lT )( 0.25 x 1450/60
= 19 m/s
l;!:!'J
Power·delivered (W) = E x (mg) Absolute whirl componenl

m = p x Q
C ,~ =
= 1000 x 3 .5/60
=
U2 - Wx 2
19 - 3.08 k.l!J
= 58.33 kg/s
= 15.92 m/s
:. Power delivered (W) =
=
7.36 x 58.33 x 9.81
4211.8W
TI1e Euler head is
E = U2Cx 1 -
g
U1 Cx, L
= 0 (on wh irl ul inlet)
L
Power and assuming C, 1
Torque delivered = Angular vdocily
E = U2Cx 1
I
= 4211.8x - -
(U/r)
g
19 x 15.92
U = wr • tip speed U
. r
=
=
IOm/s
1.3/2 = 0 .65 m
-
=
9.81
30.83 m L
L
356 }" TuRDO MACHINES HYDRAULIC PuMPS <\ 357
6 The slip factor (a) is given by nncl from the outlet velocity 'triangle (Rcfor Fig. 8.2)
a,
c;i H'.r2 = U2 - C.r2
= = 4.3 m/s
b C.r1 16.76- 12.46
C,2 = .w.. 2 tan Pi
c~, = 0.77 x 15.92
· = . 4.3 x tan40° = 3.6 m/s
= 12.26 m/s
b
. Now.
Therefore, the theoretical head with slip is Q = area of flow x Velocity
u2c; 1 = rr D2b2 x C,7
E, -g- = a,.E = 7f x 0.4 x 0.05 x 3.6
r~
= 0.2262 m 3/s
= 0.77 x 30.RJ
= 23.74 m /s Example 8.4 A centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two tim~s· thc
inner diameter and running at 1200 rpm. works against a total head of 75 m. The .
The stodola slip factor is given by velocity of flow through the impeller is constant and equal to 3 mis. The vanes arc .
b] rr sin P2
set back at an angle of 30° at outlet If the outlet diameter of the impeller is 60 cm
and width at outlet is 5 cm, determine (a) vane angle at inlet {b) workdonc per sec by
as= I - Z(I -(C,1/U2)cotP2) impeller and (c) manometric efficiency. (MKU-Nov. '96)
I, !
r Solution I
[lg
Then,
rr sin 30°
Di= 2D1. N = 1200rpm. Hm = 75 m, Cr1 = C,2 = 3 m/s. Pi= 30°
D2 = 0.6 m. b2 = 0 .05 m
b 0 .77
z =
= I - Z[I _ (l.78/19)cot30° )
8. 15 (a) Vane angle at Inlet The inlet velocity triangle for a centrifugal pump is
i;hown in Fig. 8.26
Number of blades required:: 8. ' c,,
tan/Ji= -
~!J Example 8;3 The outer diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump is 40 cm Ut

and outlet width is 5 cm. The pump is running at 800 rpm and working against a head
of 16 m. The vane angle at outlet is 40". A ssuming the m11nometric efficiency to be D1 = -D2
2
= 0.6
-2
= 0.3 m
c.,•c,
~
· 75 %. Determine the discharge. (MKU-Nov. '89.) U rr D 1 N · rr x 0.3 x 1200 I
1=~ = = 18.85
ms
Solution 60
Di= 0.4 m, b2 = 0 .05 m, N = 800 rpm, Hm = 16 m, /Ji= 40°. . 3
Tim= 0.75. tan {J 1 =- -
18.85 u,
~
The impeller tip speed
/J1 = 9.M3°
U _ rr D2N _ rr x 0.4 x 800 Fiiurttlf.26
2 60 - 60
- (b) Workdone per second ·
I = 16.76 m/s
W =mU2Cx2
lmr From the definition of manometric efficiency
Hm Ui = rr D2N = rr x 0.6 x 1200 = 37 _7 m/s
k~ =
Tim 60 60
' (U2C.r2/g)
g x Hm 9.81x 16
,;, = pQ = p(rr D2b2 x C,2)
C~2 = - -
U211m
=
16.76 x 0.75 = IoJ x TC x 0.6 X 0.05 x 3
~1{ = 12 .46 m/s = 282.7 kg/s

...,
....J
>
0
358 TURBO MACHINES HYDRAULIC P\JMPS <( 351\

d
i
. From.outlet velocity diagram. Total quantity of water handled by the pump
"!l -
. C,2 Q, = Q + Qiou =75 + 2.25
C.r2 = U2 - W .r2 = U2 - --
tan fh .
. '
= 77.25 l/s j1 ~
=
3
37.7--30 =37.7- 5. 196' ' .
tan a
Q, per side = 77.25
- - 38.625 l/s
2 - :.... I' .
= 32.504 m/s !
:. Cr1 =
38.625 'x 10-l i~
:. w = 282.7 x 37.7 x 32.504 6.83 x 10-l
;:::;: 5.66 m/s
W = 346.42 kW l
I
Now, ....J
(c) Manometric efficiency a1 = 90°
'1m
'1m
=
;:::;:
=
Hm
(U2C.r2/g)
75x9.81
37.7 x 32.504
60.04%
·;
From inlet velocity triangle, (Fig. 8.26(a))
tan /3 1
/31
=
=
c,,
u-; :;:
Jl.71°
5.66
9.16 L} I
u,
c.,•c,
Flguu 8.26(a)
II
I
~
·-
(b) The absolute water angle uU

Example 8.5 A radial, single stage, double suction, centrifugal pump is manu-
fiM;tured for the following data. . : : · ·
Arca of flow at outlet = rr D2b2 x Con1rac1ion faccor
where b2 = 23 x -~ = 11 .5 mm per 5ide
Q = 75 l/s
H.. = '30m
Di= lOOmm
N = 17.50rpm
D2 = 290mm
I
. b1 = 25 mm per side
A1 =
=
rr x 0.29 x 0.0115 x 0 .87
9. 12x I0- 3 m 2
! ..
L'
=
bi = 23 mm in total
Leakage loss =
a1=90°
2.25 l/s Mechanical loss = I.04 kW lh 27°
contraction factor due to vanes thickness 0.87.
'10
=
55%
• Determine (a) the inlet vane' angle (b) the angle at which th~ w'!ter te"aves ihe wheel.
= Velocity of flow at outlet
C,2 =
Q
Ai=
38.625 x 10- 3
0 .00912
I!
.,
u
(c) absolute velocity of water leaving impeller (d) the manometfic efficiency and (e)
· the volumeUic and mechanical efficiencies.
= 4 .24 m/s I
Peripheral speed at outlet

I
~'-'
. Solution rr Di N rr x 0.29 x 1750
. Ui = 60= 60
(a) Inlet vane angle
The blade speed at inlet,
rrD1N rr x 0. 1 x 1750
•
Now, /32 = 27°
= 26.57 m/s
L
U1 ;:::;: --
60
= 60
=9.16 m/s ·
. .,. C,2
lllna2;:::;: C,,2
Area of flow al inlet
wh~re C,z
L
A1 = Tr Di bt x Contraction factor C,,2 = U2 - W.. 2 = U2 - tan/32
=
.,
. . Velocity of flow at inlet

=
Tr x 0. 1 x 0.025 x 0.87
6.83 x JO- ) m2 =
=
26.57 - 4.24
18 25 tan 270
· m/s
L
Q 4.24
C,t =A.' . . 1ana2 = 18.25
I
a2 = 13.08°
L
L 360 i> TURBO MAC:IUNll.S Hvoiv.uucPIJMl'S ~ 361
L (c) Absolute velocity of water at exit

C,2 4.24
(a) Manometric head
v.2 - yl .
I
C2 = sina2 =sin 13 .011° Hm = (Po-P;)/pg+ 0

1
+(Zo-Z1)
L (d) Manometric efficiency

C2 = 18.74m/s
P; =
=
pgH1=13,600 >< 9.81 >< 0.25
33354 N/m 2 (Vacuum)
28
l~• '111 = Hm .
U2C.• 2/g
30
Po = 1.5 x toS N/m2
Velocity of water in both the suction and delivery pipes.
= (26.57 x I B.25)/9.81
L (e) Volumetric efficiency.

'111 = 60.7% Vo= Vi = --
Q
rr D2
4
0.1
= -rr--
_ x 0. 15
4
2
= 5.66 m/s
L· 'lv =
Q
-=-
Qt
75
77.25 Therefore.
1/u = 97.09%
1.S x I OS - (-33354)) + (5.662 - 5.66
2
) + 0.5
1· Hm = (
bi (f) Mechanical efficiency 1000 x 9.81
18.69 + o+ o.5·
2g
· ·
Fluid power =
'70 = = 19. 19m
l Shaft power
pg(~) Hm (b) Overall efficiency

:. Shaft power =
L: '10
IOOO x 9.81 x (
75 x 10-3) 30
2
1/0 =
pgQHm
p
1000 x 9.81x0.1 x 19.19
= 0 .55 = 22 x 1000
t; ancl 1/m
=
=
20.07 kW
20.07 - 1.04 [
20.07
Shaft power - mechanical loss]
·: 1/m = --'----------
Shaft power
=
=
18825.4
22000
85.6% I ,
1/m = 94.B% Example 8.7 A centrifugal pump is working against a head of20 m while rotating·
Ll Example 8.6 During a test on the centrifugal pump, the following reading were
nt the rate of 600 rpm. If the blades are curved back al outlet tip and velocity of ftow
remains constant at 2 mis. Calculate the impeller diameter when 50% of the kinetic
obtained. Vaccum gauge reading= 25 cm of Hg, pressure gauge reading= 1.5 bar,
energy at impeller outlet is converted into pressure energy.
l~·
effective height between guages = 0.5 m, power of electric motor= 22 kW, discharge
of pump= JOO Vs, diameter of suction and delivery pipes is each 15 cm. Determine Solution
manomctric heacl and overall efficiency of the pump.
llm = 20 m . th= 45°, N =
600 rpm, C, 1 = Cl'J = 2 m/s
Solution From outlet triangle for a certrifugal pump. (Refer Fig. 8.2)
t~ '
H1 = 25 cm of Hg vaccum Po = 1.5 bar c.. 2 = U2 - Wd
c,,
= U2 - - -
6
Zo - Z,
D
=
=
0.5 m
D1 =Do= IS cm
p
Q
=
,...,
22kW
0, I m3/~ •
.
2 .
lh - ----- a U1 - 2
tan45°
tan fJ2
/,; • • J-
362 );> TuR1lO MAClllNES HYDRAULIC PuMl'S <C 363
'
and . '
:. h/o
4 x 0.012 x 100 x 3.182
c2 ~ Jc;2 +_c;2 = Jcu2 - 2>2 + 22 ,;_-.

=
2 x 9.81 x 0. 1
24.74 m
~e know that! ,: . Now, manomeuic head
U2 C.r!
. v;
Hm = -
g
- - L osscs m
. lh e .impe-IIer an d casmg
. Hm = (h, + hi1> + hfo + -2g
v2
= - - L oss o f k.meuc
U2Cx2
- . energy = H + 11/o + _Q_
2g
g
3. 182
= V2~x2 =
:. Hm _ ~ ( ~!) =
20 + 24.74
45.26 m
+ --9-
2 x .81
U2CU2 - 2) (U2 - 2) 2 +4 Now using the rclnliun

20 = g 4g pgQ Hm
p =
'lo
, 3Uf - 4U2 - 792.8 =0 1000 x 9.81 )( 0 .025 x 45.26
- 0 .7
Solving for U2. we gel
15.R6 kW
:• U2 = 16.94 m(s Example 8.9 Find 1he rise in pressure in the impeller of a cenu-ifugal pump
.' .. but, through which water is Oowing Ul lftC Talc of 151/s. The internal and CX!ernaf diamctcll
rrD2N
U2 = 60
of the impeller arc 20 c m and 40 cm respec1ively. The widths of impeller at inlet and
ou1lci arc 1.6 cm and 0.8 cm. The pump is running at 1200 rpm. The waler enters
60 x 16.94 1he impeller radially al inlet and impeller vane angle at ou1le1 is 30°. Neglect losses
Di = 1T x 600 through 1he impeller.
= 0.5392 m
Solution
(or) D 2 = 53.92 cm
Example 8.8 A centrifugal pump has an overall efficiency of70per cent, supplies
Q = 0.015m 3 /s Di = 0.2 m D2 = 0.4m bi = 0.016m
25 Us _o f waterto a height of 20 m through a pipe of IO cm diameter and length of I 00 m. bi = 0.008 m N = 1200rpm C1 = c,. th = 30°
Assume friction co-efficient, f = 0.012. Estimate I.he power required to .drive the Applying Bernoulli's equation al the inlel and ou1lc1 of the impeller and neglecting
pump. losses from inlet lo outlet.
'Solution Energy al inlet= Energy a1 outlet - workdone by impeller on water
"" = 0.7 Q = 0.025 m 3 /s H = 20m

D = 0. 1 m L = IOOm I = : 0.012 Pi c?
-pg + -2g + Z1 = -pg + --=- + Z2 -
Pi c; C,2U2
--
2g g
Loss of head due to friction in pipe
. 2 If inlet anti m11lc1 of the impelle r arc al lhc snmc height ( Z1 = Z 2)
hfo = 4j L \lo
2gD Pi Cf Pi Ci C,2U2
- + - =- + - - --
where V is the velocity of water in the pipe. pg 2g pg _ 2g g
Vo = Q
--=Tr 0 .025
2
= 3.18 m/s Pi f'1 c , 2U2 c; c~
TrDz _ xO.I .. pg ·-=----+
pg g
-2g
4 4 2g
L 364 )> Tu~uo MACHINES HYDRAULIC PUMl'S < 365
r,
L But,
-PR
/>2 Pi = p ressurc ri.se m
- -pg . 1mpe
. II er.
Example 6.10 In a centrifugual pump handling liquid water the head loss in the
impeller is 3m. while the pressure gain in the casing is 4.7 m of water, which is 38.5%
of the ahsolute kinetic energy at the impeller exit. If the velocity of ilow al the exit
of impeller is 4 .64 mis and the impeller tip speed is 30 mis. when the difference in
l Therefore,
. . . c..2V2 ci + -c~
pressure gauge readings installed at the impeller inlet and outlet is 35.3 m of waler
find (a) the exit blade angle and the Euler work input (b) manometric efficiency
(c) the actual pressure rise in the impeller. Assume slip coefficient of 0.85. · .'
Pressure rise m impeller = - - - -
g 2g 2g (MKU-April ' 96)
[
h:, From inlet velocity triangle, (Fig. 8.27) ,
Solution
C1 = Cr1 a1 = 90°, C..i = 0 Impeller head loss - 3 m
l Cr1
Q ·
= Arca of flow at inlet- c,,•c,
C2
-1
2g.
= I
:___
0.3 85
·
x 4.7 = 12.21 m/s Cr1 = 4.64 m/s '·
Q 0.015 Vi = 30 m/s (6P)1'"p•llu = 35.3 m
~ TC
- = TC x 0.2 x 0.016 = 1.492 m/s
-D1h1 u, (a) Exit blade angle and Euler work Input
a~r :. Ci = 1.492 m/s Kinetic energy al impeller exit
· Flgurt 8.27
From outlet velocity triangle, (Fig. 8.28) C2 = .../2 x 9.81 x 12.21 = 15.48 m/s
~
C,2 From the ou1lc1 velocity triangle with fluid slip at impeller exit (refer Fig. 8.3).
lk.1 tan/Ji= - -
U2 - C.r2
. Cr2 -
c~ 2 = Jc~ c~1 = J15.481..:. 4.642
L U2 -C.. 2 = .- -
wn/h
Ideal absolute whirl velocity
= 14.77 m/s
Q 0.015 ,·
C,2 =- -= · = 1.492 m/s
i~
rr D2b2 rr x 0.4 x 0.008 C~ _ 2 14.77 = 17.38 m/s
Flgurt 8.28
:. Vi - C.12 =-
1.492
- = 2.584 m/s
Cx2 = Us - 0.85
tan 30°
l11c him.le nnglc nt exit
rrD2N rr x0.4 x 1200
~ U2= -60- = 60 =25133m/s
. . Cr2
tan/Ji =
~ U2 - C..2
:. C_, 2 = U2 - 2.584 = 25. 133 - 2.584 4.64
= 30 - 17.38
~. C .r2 22.55 m/s
20.18°
b- Velocity at impeller exit.
lh ·=
Euler work input
~
C2 = /c;2 + c:2 W/m = a 1 U2Cx2
tlm- = J22.55 2 + I .492i = 0.85 x 30 x 17.38
= 22.6 m/s = 443.191/kg
l ..
: . Pressure rise =
25.133 x 22.55
9.81 -
22.62
+
1.492 2
--
(b) Manometrlc efficiency
H,,. (6 P)1'"r'""
2 x 9.81 2 x 9.81
'ltn = -,-=
. ~U2C.r 2 /g)(U2Cx f g)
I
m = 31.853 m 1
~
J
366 :;.. TURBO MACHINES
I
H YDRAULIC PuMPS ~ 367
' J
35.3
(30 x 14.77/9.81)
35.3
= 45.168
Volume flow through the pump is
Q = Area x Velocity of flow

- I
1Jm = 78. 15% '! = .(27Tr1b) x c,, j
(c) Pressure rise in the impeller
= 2rr x 0 .051 x 0 .064 x 1.29
= 0.0265 m 3/s
U2C'
= __x_l -
g
impeller loss -
2g .
c2
-1 {b) Stagnation and static pressure rise across the Impeller
Using lhe coniinuity equa1ion ri C,, ::::: ri cl')
J
45. 168 - 3 - 12.21 0.051 x 1.29
Exampte·S.11
= 29.958 m
An impeller with an eye rudius of 51 mm nnd nn ou1sidc diume1cr

Cri :::::
=
0 .203
0.324,m/s
J
'of 406 mm rota1es nt 900 rpm. The inlet and outlet blade angles measured from 1hc
J
At ou1le1, iangcntial impeller velocity is
radial llow direction arc 75° and 8.1" rcspccJivcly,, while the blade depth is M mm.
Assuming zero inlet whirl, zero s lip and an hydraulic efficiency of 89 percen1. Ui = wr2
Calculate, · · : · · 900 x 27T)
= ( 60 x 0.203
(a) the volume How rate through the impeller
· (b) lhe stagnation and static pressure rise across the impeller
(c) the power transferred to the fluid and
Hydraulic efficiency
= 19.13m/s . J
(d, , the input power to the impeller
To1al head developed by pump
Solution Since there is no sl ip, T'/11 = Theoretical head developed ~.J
I
P~ = P2 = £
H,,, :
(a) Volume flow rate through the Impeller

If the change in polcntial head across 1hc pump is ignored. the total head developed
I
The outlet blade anglc measured from the tangential direction j
by the: pump is given by
/Ji = 90° - 83° = 7° - -Pi) + (c~
- (Pi- pg -- --CL) 2
J
H,,,- -
and 2g
Pt = 90° - ·7 5° = 15° and for an incompressible fluid, the total pressure head co-efficient is
,Al inlet, tnngcntinl impeller velocity is

C',=c,,
P112 - Put = (Pi+
pg
Ci)_ (Pt+ Cr)
2g pg . 2g J
u, ::::: "''' ::::: Hm
900 x 2rr) x 0.051
,· =
:::::
(
4.81 m/s
60 .
u,
Now,
E
UiCs
= -·-
Ui
= -=-cu2 - 1
Wxil
J
Figur~ 8.29 g g '
From the inlet vclt>1:ity triangle (Refer Fig. ~. 29)
c,, C1
tan Pt = - = - [Since zero whirl Cx 1 = OJ
=
19.13 (
- .-
9.81
· C,
I 9 .1 3 - -1-
. tan7°
)
J
U1 u, . 19.13 ( 0.324)
c, = 4 .81tan15° = - - 19.13- - -
-
9.81 Ian 7°
= 1.29 m/s = :\2.15 m
l 368 )» TURBO M11nt1Nl:S HVURAULIC' P\;~IPS .,; 369
~~ the blades occupy 6 percent of the circumferential area and the hydr~ulic efficiency
Therefore,
Hm = 0.89 x 3 1.91 {neglecting slip) is 76 percent, what must he the pump impeller diameter?
= 2R.6 m
Solution Frqm the continuity equation. the veloeity m th!! pipe~ i~
L Hence,
Poi - Poi =
=
2R .6 x 101 x 9.81
278.5 kPa
V =
=
Q/A0.04 = 2.26m/!. .
Now,
(~ x 0. 15 )
2
L c2 = ( cri2 + c.t2 ) 1/2

2 Tutnl losses = +
Pipe friction losses other lmscs
and
=
(yl)
4//Vl
--+3 -
. .
L Cx 1 = V2- - -
Cri
tan/h
0 .324 - (
2gd
4 x 0.005 x 40
2g
"22g
+3··) -
= 19. 1 3 - - -
tan 7°
0.015
m 8.333 Y. 2.262
= 16.49 m/s
~u 2 x 9.81
C2 = (0.3242 :+ 16.492 ) 112
= 2.16 m
= 16.49 m/s
~if Solving for the static pressure head

Torn! requ ired head = 35 + 2.16 = 37 .16 m
From the definition of the dimensionless specific speed. the speed of the pump t!>
'·
dctcm1im:d.
P2-P1
= H~ _ ( c? ~ c;) NQt/2
Lr pg
= 2
28.6 - ( !6.49 - 1.292)
Ns = (g H)~/4
0.075(9.81 x 37.16)~/4
Pz- Pi = 143.5kPa 2x9.81 N = (0.04) l/2
L (c) Power given to fluid = 31.28 rev /s
= pgQllm Flow nrca pcrpcmlh.:ular to impeller outlet periphery is
~
3 D
= I0 x 9.R I x 0.0265 x 28.6
= 1T D x - x 0.94
= 7.43 kW
· 10
(d) Input power to impeller

= 0.295 D
2
~~ Ps =
=
Power given to Ouid/1J,,u~rn/I
7.43/0.89
Now.
C,2 =
Q
Flow area
= 8.35 kW 0.04
=
b- Example 8.12 The basic design of a centrifugal pump has a dimensionless
specific speed of0.075 rev. The blades are forward facing on the·impcl!er and the outlet
0.295D 2
0 . 136
angle is 120° to the tangent, with an impeller passage width at outlet equal to one-tenth = /j2 m/s
b- oft,11e diameter. The pump is to be used to pump water from a vertical distance of35 m
at a flow rate of 0 .04 m 3 /s. The suction and delivery pipes are each of I 50 mm
diameter and have a combined length of 40 m with a friction factor of 0.005. Other
Also.
Ui = rrDN
= rrD x 31.28
losses at pipe entry, exit,' bends etc arc three times the velocity head in the pipes. Ir
R = 98.3D m/s
~
J
.......
370 ;. TURDO MACHINl'.S H YORAULIC PUMPS <{ 3,,71 .J
The hydraulic efficiency is (b) Power input
.,
T'/lf
Hm
E
Fluid Power developed by pump
p = pgQH,,.
,,
lol x 9.81 x 0.016 x 42.1
J
= Fluid power supplied to impeller = 0 .76 x 103 >· -,~
No slip, therefore, = 8.695 kW
·• ·r G!I
"
E = U2Cxl Example 8.14 A centrifugal pump with 1.2 m diamctcr runs 111 200 rpm and
_,
·:..'~~ ; \
g pumps 1880 l/s, the average lift being 6 m. The angle which lhe vanes make at exit
11nd with the tangent to the impeller is 26° and the ·radial velocity of flow is 2.5 mis. '
gHm Dctcrminc the manomclric efficiency and the least speed to Stan pumping againSI a . ··~ ~
=
:~>-,~~-J
C.r1
: .. U2r111 head of 6 m, the inlet diameter of the impe.l ler being 0 .6 m. ·•
9.81 x 37.16 ' ': ·. : • 1:~;·..
= Solution
98.3D x 0.76 . 1c:. ·
= 4.81/D m/s Given D1 = 0.6 m Di = 1.2 m cl""J = 2.5 m/s
The 9utlet·velocity triangle (without slip) gives (Refer Fig. 8.2)

N
11111
=
=
200rpm
6m
Q
fh
=
=
1880 .l /s
26u ·
= 1.88 ml /s
.:.,· J
~ • I •
I ', ~·
C11
tan60° = Cx2 - U2
(i) Manometric efficiency ·.
Hm .. I
0.136 '1m = ·, ~! I
= (U2Cxifg) :" h·· ""·j
.:; ;; kw
D2(4.811D - 98.3D)
rrD2N
Hence,, U2 = 60
J.
;
3 T{ x '1.2 x 200
D = 0.0495D - 0.0008
.. = 60
. . Impeller diameter(D)
=
= 0.214 m
c.. = U2 -
12.57 ·m/s
·'.: J
•. /
•.·
:,
,.
Example 8.13 A small centrifugal pump, when tested at N = 2875 rev/min l \V.r1
"\ ' with water, delivered Q =

57.2 m3 /h and H = 42.1 m at its best efficiency point
W.r1
Cri
= -- =- 2.5
- =5.13m/s f.
tnnfh tan 26
' (17 = 0.76). Dctennine the specific speed of the pump nt this test condition. Compute
..the required power input to the pump. (MKU-Nov. '97) = 12.57- 5. 13 = 7.44 m/s
I
C.r1 lll9
t. Solution
.' T'/m =
6><9.81
12.5 X 7.44 =63 ' 3% I
57.2 <
N = 2875 rpm, Q = 3600 = 0.016 m 3/s, Hm =42.1 m. (ii) Least speed to start the pump It is given by
I
liw
.(a) Specific Speed of the pump U}- Uf = 2g Hm
= ·: "; L .~
_;.
(Tf >< ~ x NY-(Tf x ~~- x Ny =
..;_
i'-: Nz N../a
H~/4 \... ...r..
2 x 9.81x6
.•.;.. ·· :;~\ri?,;·:·
; ,:.f~ !.:.Ji'
=
.2875J0.016 2.96 N 2
= 117.72 . .
r 't
1····~··~
·.:>:;:
·. ...,. . ."IJtit ~. I I
.;'• (42.l)l/-4 N = IQ9.4 rpm : :: ;': '. ~~;·:Ji:,' '
1·; = 22 N :::::: 2G0rpm :( $>-hii •!rf,i~' . Im
_..,fif:1'.! .
~-
...
L 372 :;;.
.t
j
TURDO MACHINES
HYllRA\ll.I\ P\;MPS ... -373 f
M
Example 8.15 A centrifugal pump having external and internal diameters of
.
.
~
~
r
2g Jim
respectively 1.25 m and 0.5 m is discharging water at the rate of 2000 lit/s against a :. Ni = i
·1
head of 16 m. when running at 300 rpm. The vanes arc curved back at an angle of (rr~2y -(rr!t .. I
u 30° with the tangent at the ou1le1 and the velocity or llow is conslnnl at 2.5 mis. f-"ind
(a) hydraulic efficiency of the pump, (b) power required and (e) least speed at which 2 x 9 .81 .~: 16
..,
!!r,f Ni
=
I!
a the pump commence~ lo work.
Solution
· (M U"-Oct. 'VRJ
r~·25)
2
_ (" ~0.5f .
~-} Di = 1.25 m Di = 0.5 m Q = 2 m-'/s :. N = 295.4 rpm
,.i
Hm 16m N = 300 rpm flz 30° C,1 = C, 1 = 2.5 m/s Example 8.16, A three stage centrifugal pump has impellers 40 cm in diameter
~ and 2 cm wide at outlet. The vanes arc curved back at the outlet at 45c and they
ltiJ
(a) Hydravlic (or) Manometric efficiency
'Im =
Hm x g
reduce the circumferential area by 10%. ~e manometric efficiency is 90% and the
overall efficiency is 80%. Dctennine the head generated by the pump. when running at
IOOO rpm delivering 50 litres per second. What should be the shaft power?
.l
. I
~~.JT
U2C.•2 . . CMKU-Aprit ·97) t
U2
TTD2N
= --W = ]'( x 1.25 x JOO = 19.64 m/s Solution
60
C,z 2.5 : Given. Number of stage, n =3
= Vi - tan fh =
b· C.rz
= 19.64 - 4.33
19.64 - tan 300
15.31 m/s
Di
Reduction in area 01 outlet

= 0.4 m .
= 10%
bi = 0.02 m. fh = 45~
16 x 9.81
1/m =
L- ,,,,, =
19.M x 15.31
52.2%
(I) Head generated by pump .
Arca of flow at outlet = 0.9(rr D2b2J ·I
= ,. i
~ (b) Power required (Ps) 0:9 x 1T x 0.4 x 0.02 ·'.1
~rn Neglecting the mechanical losses. the power required to run the pump is equal to the A2 = 0.023 m 2
fluid power developed by the impeller I
·. I ·
= 0.9. = 0.8, = IOOO rpm.
~
j
i.e .. Ps = W = ritU2C,1 '11n 110 N I
,;, = pQ = IOOO x 2 Q = 0.05 m1/s

= 2000 ,k g/s
n ... ,,, = 20lXl x 19.64 x 15.31
Vcloci1y or llow ot outlet
!Sr 601.38 kW c Q Q
- - = Ai
-
. ·r1
=
rrD2b2
b (c) Minimum starting speed
uf - u~ = 2gflm
=
=
0.05
0.0226
2.21 m/s
- (rr6Q
2 2
f , (
TT DiN)
--W D1N)
= ' 2gHm Outlet impeller tangential velocity
t®' .
[(.:D2)
2 1 2] = = 60=
TT D2N rr x 0.4 x IOOO
N
2
6Q 6o )
- (rrD 2gHm
U2 60
I~ = 20.94 m/s
.~'-t j .
374 :> Tl.Jaso MACHINES

HYDRAULIC PuMP'S < 375
' J
From the outlct velocity trianglc:s (Fig 8.2)
c .•2 = U2 - w..2
The head developed by each pump
Hm = [N:r/3
x2~r/3
\V..2 = C,1 = 2.21 m/s
= [ 1000
'J
']tJ
0
['.' tan4? =I)
:. c ..! = 20.94 - 2.21=18.73 m/s
= 52m
'' Total head developed {H) = 156 m.

From T/m cquation H
'· :. No. of pumps (n) = H..,
1/nr X (U2C.r1) 156
~Im = (g) = \ti
52 1
0.9 x 20.94 x 18.73 = 3 MJ
'~ J~
II
= 9.81 Example 8.18 A centrifugal pump having three stages in parallel delivers 360 m 3
= 35.99 m of waler per hour. against a head of 16 m when running at a speed of 1500 rpm.
Diameter of i1s impeller being 150 mm. ,
Total head gc.;ncratcd by the pump A mulli· stage pump. geometrically similar to the one given above, but having stages
3
in series is to be designed to run at 1200 rpm and to deliver 450 m /h of water against •
= = 3 X 35.99
~·
II X Hm a head of 140 m . Find the impeller diameter and the number of stages required.
= 107.97 m Solution
I
llll
'
(ii) Shaft power input (Ps)
It should be noted that in the first pump, all the three stages arc in parallel which
means that head of each stage will be the s~e .i.e 16 m. Where as the discharge of '
each stage will be 360/3 = 120 ml /hr. ~i" I
P.r = pgQ(H,,,
'.~' ~-
x n) ,.
On th e contrary, in the second pump the stllges' are in series which means that each
TIO .
Power.output of the pump,;,, pg Q(Hm x 11)

stage would deliver a discharge of 450 ml /hr. Where as tots:I head of !40m will be
equally contributed by each stage. .
•I
So, :1
... p - 1000 x 9.81 x 0.05 x 107.97
Q1
Q1
=
=
120 m3 /hr
450 m3 /hr
!,,·1d
(1
·l s - I\
0.8
. I
H1 = 16m
I
=
52959.3 Iii = the head generated by each stage in the second pump.
0.8 Equating the specific speed of pump- I and pump-2, we get l11 Wll
= 66199.1 w
~ = (NNi2)2 (!.!J.)6/~
I', 66.199 kW Q2 H1
= (1200)~(Ht)~' l' L
4
TI1us, Shaft power 66. 199 kW
120
Example 8.17 Find the number of pumps required to take water from a deep
.we.II under a to(al head of 156 m. The pumps arc identical and ru~ at 1000 rpm. The or
450
H 2)6/4
1500 H2
0.64
i,, L
,specific speed of each pump is given as 20 while ihe rated capacity of each pump is ( 1/1 = 0.27
150 Ifs.
Solutlon
(M KU-Nov. '96)
H2
Hi
= 1.78 •II L
II= 156 m, N = IOOO rpm. N.r = 20, Q =0. 15q m 3/sec and f/2 = 1.78 x 16 = 28.4 m
l .l76 );o Tiruno MA«"lllNI'~
HrnRAL"Llt" PuMrs < 37'7
l~
Number of stages
Now. the cav11arwn parameter
NPSH
" =
140
II = 2H.4 = -l .9 JI
3.317
= =
Li II
Equating head co-efficient of pump- I and pump-2

5
=
36
0.0921
From rhc steady llow energy equation taking the re~ervoir levcl u~ datum t l,. = Ol ·
(~f (~~)2
w. 11,
- = wc ger fur ca~e ( 11
~~ Hi
, V2
(Z~) ~~)
/>1 P,. .
+ Z1 =- -
(~~r = ! (
- +
f>J!
_!.
2g PR
(sum of head loi;ses)
~I
ir
2
[·:NPSH=z~y2] ~
1500) (28.4) P,, Pi
( 1200 16 tZ1.+h1) = -pg ~ (uH>- - ~t~
I pg
= 2.77 · .(,
L- D2 = .JV? x Di
P1 = 1.8 kPa
l
= .JV? x 0.15 = (0.75 x 13.6)-3.317-0.1835 ill
lr D2
or
=
= 0.25 m
250 mm
For case 121
= 6.7m :.i~
111
. it
. 1lj
L-
1
p, Vf P,,
Example 8.19 When a laboratory test was carried out on a pump, it was found _:
pg
+ -2g + Z2 = -PR - h h Pi = 830 Pa
that for a pump total head of 36 mat a discharge of0.05 mJ /s, cavitation began when
the sum of the litatic prcsi;urc plu~ the veloci ty head at inlet was reduced to 3.5 m. The
m atmospheric pressure 750 mm Hg and the vnpour pressure of water is 1.8 kPa. ff the
z~ + hh . = <0.62 x 13.6> - 3.317 - o .0846
!rjJ pump is to operate at a location where atmospheric pressure is reduced-to 620 mm = 5.03 m
II g and the vapour pressure of wnrer is R30 Pa, whnt is rhe value of the cnviration Since rhc now rate· is rhc same, /1 I• =Ith and the pump muse be lowered hy u dis111ncc
porame1er when 1he pump develops rhc sumc 10101 head :md discharge? ls it necessary =
r 7. 1 - Z~ I I .<i7 m al the new locarion.
lr In reduce rhe heigh! of rhc pump above rhe supply and if so hy how much°!
Solution Cavitation hegan, wher.

- Example 8.20 An axial flow pump has an imp!!llcr of ourler diamcter 1.0 m. The
dia of hos~ ts 0.5 m. If specific speed of pump is 38 and velociry or llow is 2 m/s.
.. 1!.
Suggesr a sui1ahlc speed of rhe pump to give a head of 6 m. Also dclcrminc vine
P1 v,2
Lr and at this condition P;
-pg +-
2g
= P_l'll1,, the vapour pressure. Then
= 3.5 angle at rhc entry of rhe pump, if the now is a'dal at inlcr.
Solution
· 11
.ii.
= = = 38, = 2 m/s
L [NPSH
v.2
P1+
= -
pg
. v/- -Puup]
2g
-
pg
D, I m. Dh
(a) Pump speed
O.S m,
Discharge . ~
N1 Ca
Arca of flow x velocity of now

nnd H :: 6 m
I
t
~~
~ -1-
= 3
5
-
1.8 x 103 ' · !::: ~(D[ - D~)
4
x C0
. 1
· · .
l
2g . 9.81 x 10J
= 3.317m = NPS/f = ~<1 2 -o.5 2 > x 2
~ = 1.178 m3/s
]
__,
378 }>- TURBO M11ClllNES HYOR.AULIC PuMPS <( 379'

j
.. ,
Also. (c) Boss diameter
Ns =
N../Q
HJ/4
Velocity of flow ]
38 x 6314
Cn = 0.5,fiiH
N = v'fffi = 0.5 ./,...2_x_9-
.8-l_x_2 "-1
N = 134.22 rpm = ].I ]2 rn/s J
(b) From inlet velocity diagram Discharge through the pump
u, =~=
: :·
n DhN rr x 0.5 x IJ4 .22
60
Q = n-cD-'
4
- '
D;,)Ca J
-= 3.51 m/s C, =C1 0.180 = Jr
4 co.29-
' - D;,>
' x 3.132
:. tan /11 = c..
-
U1
= --
2
3.51 Dl = 0.0109 J
f31 = 29.67'° u, Dh = 0.1 1 m
Example 8.21 An axial flow pump has the followi ng particulars: discharge ·=
11!0 Us. head developed= 2m, specific speed = 250, speed ratio= 2.4. Flow ratio =
Figure A.JO Example 8.22 A jct pump filled 2.5 m ab.ove the suction reS«:rvoir and 18 m
below the supply reservoir lifts water through a total height of2 .7 m. Determine the
efficiency of the jet pump when it delivers 7.5 l/s. of water while.usi ng 2.75 l/s from
J
the supply reservoir.
0.5. Calculate (a) speed of the pump (b) the runner diamcter(c) the boss diameter:
Solution
Solution
= 2.5 m
J
Q :::; O:°l 80 m3 /s H :::; 2 m N, ~ 250
Hs H1 = 18 m H, + HJ = 2.7 m
Q i =2.751 / s Os + Q1 = 7.5 l/s
Speed ratio = 2.4 Aow ratfo = 0.5 · '·
HJ =· 2.7 - H, = 2.7 -
Q, =7 .5 - Q, =7 .5-2.75
2.5 = 0.2 m Qs = 4.751/s ~
I
(a) Pump speed
N.JQ .. Therefore,
N, = HJ/4
N, x f/ ·'14 250 x (2) 314 '
.
Jct pump efficiency,
Q, (11,+Ha)
J
N = - JQ = ./0.180 'lj = Q 1(H1 -Ha)
(b) Runner dlam~ter,

N = 991 rpm
=
4.75(2.5 + 0.2)
2.75('18 - 0.2) I
J
= !•
Peripheral velocity
u = 2.4,/2gH
'i 'lj 26.2%
j: ;
L
= 2.4./f'X'9.8 1 x 2 i SHORT QUESTIONS
= 15.03 m / s
L
' i.
I 8. 1. What is a centrifugal pump?
. Since, R.2. TI1e centrifug al pump is similar in construction to the froncis turbine. (Truc:/Folsc)
rrDN
u = .60
8.3. The efficiency o~ the vonex casing cenuifugal pump is than the
efficiency of volute casing centrifugal pump.
D
D
=
=
60 x 15.03
rr x 99 1
0.29 m
8.4. Draw the veloci ly triangles al inlet and exit.of a cen1rifugal pump.
8.5. What is D slip factor? Write the citprcssion for workdone per kg or waler or a
L
centrifugal pump wilh fluid slip.
l JHO ;. Tl 111111) M 1\l"lll~FS liYl>RAUl.IC' PuMrs ... JIU
.,
l 8.6. S1a1i~· hcml is 1111: sum or
1a1 suction head anti manometrh: head .
set hack at an angle of 45° to the outer rim and the entry .of the pump is radial.
The pump runs at 1000 rpm and the velocity of now through the impeller is
constant at 3m/s. Also, calculate the workdone by the water per lc.g of water
(bl manomctric hend and delivery head.
and the velocity and direction of water at outlet. <MU-April ,'97)
l (c J suction head and delivery head.
8.7 . Define: m:inometric head.

8.8. Deline the following for a centrifugal pump
. (Ans: (a) 10.8° (b) 892.9 J/kg and (c) 28.52 mis and 6' I
R.11. A centrifug:il pump delivers water against a net head of 14.5 meters and at a
designed i;pccd of I000 rpm. The vanes arc curved back al an angle of 30' w11h
(n) Manomctric efficiency
lhe periphery. The impeller diameter is :mo mm nnd 1hc outlcl width i~ SO mm.
ls (b) Mechanical efficiency
(c) Ovcrnll eniciency
R.9. What is meant by minimum starting speed urn centrirugul pump'!
Dclcrminc·lhe dischiirge of the pump. if mnnometric efficiency is 95%.
· . . (Ans: 0 . 168 m·'li•l. ·
8.12. A centrifugal pump delivers 30 litres of water per second to a height of 18 meten
8. 10. What is NI'S//'!
l 8.11 . Whut is priming'!

8. 12. Pumps arc connected in parallel to
(a) develop a high head
through a pipe of 90 m long and 100 mm diameter. If the overall efficiency of
lhc rump i!' 75% find. the power required to drive the pump. Take I = .o.o 12.
(Ans: 20'kW)
8. 1;1. Thcdinmcters of an impeller of a centrifugal pump at inlcl and outlet arc 30cm
l
(b) develop u high disch:irgc
and 60 cm respectively. Dc1ermine the minimum starting speed. of the pump ..if
(c) develop a high power
it works against a head of 30 m. (Ans::89 I .8 rpm)
8. 13. Pumps arc conncc1cd in - - - to develop a high head. 8. 14. A four slagc centrifugal pump has four identical impeller keyed 10 the same
8. 14. Define the phenomenon cavi1:11ion
shaft. The shaft is running at 400 rpm and the total manomctric head dew loped ·
l 8. 15 . The cavitation parameter is ddincd as

(a) u
(b) u:::;
= H,,,/N PSH
<N PSH) )< Ii,,,
hy lhe muhiiaage pump is 40 m. The discharge through the pump is 0.2 ·m'!o/s.
The vanes of each impeller are having an outlet angle of 45"'. If the width·and
diameter of each impeller at outlet is 5 cm and 60 cm respcc1ivcly. 'find the
(c) u = NPSH/11,,, munomelric efliciepcy. (Ans: 7-i.7'.l· I
l 8.16. Can cavitation be prevented in the centrifugal pumps '! How'! 8.15. The diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump at inlet and ou1le1 arc 30 cm
and 60 cm respectively. The velocity of flow at outlet is 2.5 ml~ and vanes :ire
EXERCISES set back at an angle of 45u :it outlet. Determine the minimum staning speed of
l 8.1. Explain the working of a single-siage centrifugal pump with sketches.

8.2. Di!Tcrcntiatc hclwcen the volulc casing and vortex casing for the centrifugal
the pump. if the manometric efficiency is 75%. (Ans: I 59.3 rpm)
8.16. A three stage centrifugal pump has impeller 40 cm in diameter and 2.5 cm
wide at outlet. The vanes arc curved back at the outlet al 30~ and reduce the
pump? . circumference area by 15%. The manometric efficiency is 85'l and overall
l- !l..1. Oht:iin an expression for the workdone per kg of water. hy the impeller of ;i
centrifugal pump. .
8.4. Define the lcrms : Suction hcnd. delivery head. s tatic hcnd nml mnnomctric hem!.
dlicicncy is 75'l.. Determine the head generated by the pump when running at
12.GOO rpm and discharging 0.06 m~ /s. Find also the shaft power.
(An~: (n) I JH.R m ond !ltl 109 kWJ
8.5. Deri\'c the cxpr~·ssion fur the mini'murn ~peed rur sturting u centrifugul pump. !1. 17. A ccn1riful!11I pump hu~ nn impeller of extcrnul dinmc1cr 60 cm ond in1crnal
l 8.6. Draw and discuss the performance curves of u centrifugal pump.

8.7. What is a mulii -stage pump? Describe muhistnge pump with
(a) impeller.; in parallel and (b) impellers in series.
di11mctcr :m cm. The vnne angles al inlet and outlet ore ;10 · and 45° resP<:«:livcly.
The velocity of flow is constant at 2.5 m/s and the velocity at inlet is radial.
Find the pressure rise through the impeller, if the pump speed is 276 rpm.
8.8. Explain the phenomenon of cavitation. Whal arc the effects of c:iviiation? How . (Ans: 5.45 m of water)
ID : c~n caviiation be prevented? 8.18. A centrifugal pump is working against a head of 20 m while rotating at the rate
<l!!;7 of 600 rpm. If the blades are curved back to an angle of 45° to the tangent.at the
8.9. A centrifugal pump has external and internal impeller diamelers as 60 cm and
30 cm respectively. lbc vane angle at inlet and outlet arc 30~ and 45'' respect- outlet tip and velocity of flo~ remains constant at 2 mis. Calculate the impeller
diameter when all the kinetic energy at impeller outlet is wasted.
b ively. If the water enters the impeller at 2.5 meters/sec. Find
~(a) speed of the impellers in rpm. (b) work done per kg of water.
(Ans: (a) 275.66 rpm .a nd (b) 53.34 J/kg)
(Ans: 0.6J4 ml
8. 19. A centrifugal pump handling water has backward curved vanes. The impeller
8.10. Calculate the vane angle al inlet .of a centrifugal pump impeller having 300 tip diameter is 500 mm. The relative velocity at tip section is·-l5e to the tangent
b- mm diameter ot inlet and 600 mm diameter at outlet. The impeller vanes ·arc at cxil. If the radial velocity at exit i~ 15 mis. the now al 1he inlet is radial and
""""'\\
!J .11
l
! i!·,~,.:
I• '
\': I~
382 ),> T\JRBO MAClllNi;.5
'
the impeller develops a head of 68 m. Find (a) pump speed, if the impeller
efficiency is 70% (b) the manomcuic head, assuming 50.percent of the kinetic
energy at the impe'l ler is wasted and the head loss in th~ impeller is 5 m. and
(c) the lowest spe.:d to start the pump if U1 = 0 .5 U2 . (MU-April '96)
9 !f.]
(Ans: (a) 1500 rpm (b) 42.3 m and (cl 1270 rpm I 1:,.
8.20. Water is required to be lifted through 110 m height from a well. Number of
· identical pumps having speed 1000 rpm. specific speed 25 rpm. with 11 rutcd HYDRAULIC TURBINES :irJi
ill!·~
dischargcof6 kl/min nre 11vai111hlc. Determine how many pumps will be required
nnJ hnw 1hey ~h11uld he connected. (Ans; (u) 4 and (hl Scrii:sl
8.21. Ce~trifugal pumps dl!liwring I 0 ml /min of li4uid against a head oi":!O 111 has
4 sta~es in parallel. Diameter of impeller is 20 cm a11d speed 1500 rpm. /\
geometrically simila,r pump is to be made up with nun~ber of stages in series
' I 1·j
to deliver 15 m~ /min against a head 200 m and to run at 1000 rpm. Calculah:
the impeller diameter and the number of stages require~l-in the second case. INTRODUCTION IY -
Ii',, J
. !Ans: (a) 6 (b) 0.41 m)
H:tdral!Jic t1;1_r:P.in.es conven the hy_9rnl!.li.c ~nergy into elec_trical energy. The main types
'•
8.22. A single stage cen.uifugal pump with impeller diameter as 300 mm rotaies at -;f turbi~~;used in 1he se days ~e the i mpuls~ and re'8Ci)Qii .1u.rbines~ The predominant
2000 rpm nnJ ·lifts 3 m3 of water per ~cc to a height of30 m with an efficiency
(1ypc or impuls~ 1urbine is the pclton whcei)(~.£!.i.oll..!~in\;§_are of tw~ I. I ji -o
of 75 per cent. Find the number of stages and diameter.of each impeller of a
similar multistage pump to lift 5 m 3 of water per sec to ;i height of 200 m when
routing at 500 rpm. lA~: (a) 7 and (h) 0.39 m)
Radial or M ixed now 2. Axial now. Two lypcs of oxiul now turbine¥ exilil, one i•
propelfer 1urbine and 1he·;;th;~--on;-is Kapian turpirie. The former ·h~ fixed blades
. whereas'ihe l·ati~r has adjustable blades. Franc.i s ty~qirn; is.an example for radial ft ow
1
1
1
I
1J
I
8.23. The imi>cller of an axial flow pump is 1.2 m in diameter while the boss is 0.6
m in diameter. Find the most suitable speed to provide a head of 2.5 m. The
1urbines. The following tnble summarizes the head, power and efficiency values for
each type of turbine. I I~
velocity of flow through the impeller is 4.5 mis and the specific speed of the
pump is 335 rpm. Find also the vane angle at inlet at the exterior tips and near
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
Ii J
the boss. Assum.: no whirl at inlet. (Ans: (a)" 340.8 -rpm (b) 11 .5~ and (c) !.1
~llJ
22.5°) . The imponant classification of hydraulic turbines are
8.24. Ajet pump is fiued at 3 m above the suction reservoir and 19 m below the supply
1. According to.th_e type of2.~.E}.~~Y..~U~~. !~Let
reservoir lifts water through a toial height of 4m. If the jct pump oclivcrs RI/min
of water while using 2.5 l/s from the supply reservoir, dl:termine 1hc efficiency (a) Impulse turbine (Pelton wheel) Energy available at the turbine inlet is only ; ~ .; 'I
I
kineiic energy and the pressure is atmosp~ from inlet !2.!huurbin.1U1.ullc:1.
,!!.," j·~
ofjet pump. (Ans: 48.9 %1 1'i
or
8 .25. Describe the following with the help II line diagrnm. (b) Reactlo.n.turbine Energy available at the turbi!!e..!!llet is bo_th kin~tic energy
I
• I
(a) Jel pump (b) Air lift pump and pressure energy. Examp!C:°Francis, Kap!~~ ~~f>".l~l!_rbines.
8.16. Enumerate the advanatages and disadvantages of air lift pump as compared
with 11)e centrifugal pump. 2. According to t~~~~~-<?.f_fJ£'.!YJQ.r.Q.yg,IJ..!b.~JJJ.nner
I
..,_;ii
lt27. Describe: the construc1ion nnd working of n submersible pump.
(a) Tangential flow turbine Water nows ~"tong the tanru:.n~ ~f the runner.
-8.28. Explain the construction and working of the following·pumps with a neat sketch
(a) Gear pumps
ExaffiiJ"lcr Pellon wti~c·1
~
- -- - I i
( '' '
(b) Vane pump (b) Radial flow turbine ~~r..Jlo\lo's_ i1_1Jhe_p1~!_al dirc<:~£>.!Uhro.ugh..the runner. ~ !lw
(c) Pision pumps Jr the water nows from outwards to in~_radially, the turbine is c.!)I~ the
Rl?<>C.. /i <.1ll ' ) 'Inward radial flow tllrbine'. On the other hand if water flows radially from inwards
lii-ii1ii·v..·,iil~-:--t1iciu~s known us 'Outwunl mdial jlt1w 1urbi11~~·-·- .. · ·- --·--
--. -·- ~- · · ·----- ·-· · ·~ · . -.- ·· -~ ~ . ... ....... ·- -· ··- ·.---·· - ·- --- -·---- ! !1L
(c) Axial flow turbine WateLno~Ji..!i!i:QY&..li...!..h.:3.!1.r.!~_ 1110,ng the direction
~!
parallel lo2!:e axis of rotation of the run~er. Example K.aelan and propeller.
(d) Mixed flow tu,rbine Wwr flow~~hrough 1he runner in the radial direction
i1r. L
and leaves in the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner.
~ 384 ,. TLllUIO MArlllNt:S
, •. , llrnRAl Lll"Tl"RlllM.S ..;: . :l85
Table 9.J U !;-./'~LS ~-
1. Nozzle and flow control arrangement (Spear) The water from the
ku Parameter Pelton wlretl Fr<111ciJ t11r'1i11e Kaplan 111rl1i11e res~1;.··n0w'slli.roiigll iliC'J>Cii~i~Is··a'i ..1h~ outlet of which a no7.7.le is fitted. The
j!ill:!,lc converts tl1c.,e to111i h~ad at the inlet nt the nP7.7.lc:...i.nto kinetic energy. The amou'!l
Head (111) 100-1700 80-500 upto 400 of water striking the curv~d buckets of the runner is controlled. fly providing a spear
L~ Max. power (kW)

Best efficiency ('ib)
55
93
40
. 94
.:m
94
in the nn7.ZlZ"nie spcnrJt a c°-rlffiil_needle which is operated eiiher by a hand wheel
or automauc:illy in an axial direction. depending upon the si7.e of the.unit ..
-------------~---~- -- . ..
2. Run.n.~r..~nef.!J..'!.g/J~ts -The rotating wheel or circular disc is called the runner.
f ----
On the periphery of lhe 'runner a number of.....---
buckets, eveilfy ·spaeed, arc fixcO.The
.fu~ 3. According to t~~-':!.:~.~ -~t the Inlet of tu.~~1-~-~ -" j'i I)
:--_.. -......___-~ - .
shape of lhc ouck~ls is of·a double hemispherical cup or bowl. Ench bucket is. divided
(a) Hig[J_JJead turbine.(~11J.'2P
m) Example: Pellon wheel - - --(f-r!J ('fl,, Ji. . Jnto two wnimctrical parts by 11 cJ_ividing wall wh1~h.~s k~own ~s the .rpn11er. jct , ~
of wntcr strikes on J~P.!!!~r_.__Thc spliuer then 1v1dcs the jct intu two .equal pans · ~Zr
The
~ . (b) Medium head turbine (50-lSO m) Example: Francis ~ RoJ.i:r.l and rhe water comes out nt the outer ~tlrer.1'lTiffi:hu~--·
ln!t (c) Low head turbine 50 m) Example: Kaplan and propeller _t\?liJe
(/esS-ih;~_..._. jet through-;- angl'Cbc1ween 160..ana.J6S 0 1n the same- plancaslfic Jet Due to_this
..dc'lfcction of 1be je.L rhe momentum of the fluid is changed react ing on the buckets.
4. According to the specific speed of the turbine
..... ,.. . A bucket is therefore pushed away by the jct
~LI
.. . .. ··.:
- ~-- ·-
~ -t C~§.i.aa..
-
(a) Low specific speed turbine(< 501 Example: Pelton wheel
-·-·--
(b) Medium specific speed turbine. (50 <; Ns < 25p) Example: Frani.:is
.
Ti.!.:_casing prevents the splashing of the water and discharges the water
to tail race. The spent water~venically inlo 1~J9_~£! rc~£!_yoir or tailrace and the
WhQIC energy lransfcr from the nozzle outlet 10 tail race lakes place at constant pres a
(c) High
--.--specific speed turbin_e. (> 250) ·E;~mple: Kaplan and.propeller ~.-1-iiCcasiniTs.. m-aaeor
~Uj
/, cast 1ronoffabnclm!(fstee1-p1l!Trr.------ - ---:
.. ··-· ~
? 12.J: ...,.__..- ~,.,.- .,. __ 4""---·

(. ~ 4.,.§r~ak./ng.jet
To stop.Jknrnner aj_~hin a short time. a smnll no1.zle is provided
PELTON WHEEL I -
, c__,,p which directs the je1 of water on to the __. ·- - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - · - - · -- -
back of the vanes. The jct or water is called
'i ".-. I~,, the breafii/8)er.'if ihcrc-~~:~2.'f>rc:-l!~fngJcCihc r.u"'ifi~~ tp_i_!lc_!!1q goes ~n revolving
! The pclton wheel turbine is a pure impulse turbine in which a jct of fluid leaving
the nozzle strikes the buckets fixed to the periphery of a rotating wheel. The energy
' ·· .ru/for a long time.
lTI:ir
-~
available al !he inlet of rhc turhine is only kinetic energy. The pressure at the inlet and
outlet of the turbine is atmospheric. The turbine is·used for high heads ranging from VELOCITY TRIANGLES AN.D WORK DONE FOR PELTON WHEEL
150 to 2000 m. The turbine is named after The water supply i~ from a constant head reservoir at an elcvatio11 111. ahovc !he
ItL!/ L.A. Pelton, an amcrican engineer. The nu id flows in Lhc tangential direction. centre-line of 1hc jct. The nozzle al the pen stock end. converts !he total head at the ·
./
,.- I / - inlet lo rhc nozzle into a water jct with velocity Cr. at atmospheric pressure.
PARTS OF THE PELTON TURBINE sJJ:.;1.9'._, _j/J<.Jf-!,-c)i/J. c)~1v The velocity triangle for !he now of fluid onto and off a single bucket arc shown in
b The main parts of the Pelton turbine arc as shown in Fig. 9.1. _ ..,
<.)JY.:J U~ j) <.f . / fl '
. . I}
_µid':'° .r
Fig. 9.2.
r-u> iw~l ~
L~~ .
/ 0. 0/,~c";i~
6 '-1/
. .- I I
0
~,)_;.1'1..r U!,tfr}' pJj:m_,,J /J
:,--- .· · c
~--c,~
c"',
o<
7.
v~~tJfu!:'?
· ;J<./,,,,':" ,. (_}!::.Jl _., V- Pcnstock
I. Ca!ing · J! (,., CJ <£.(;;;/ I u If.
~
11m· Bucket
(Vanes)
~C
i.J v.? - ( I~-.., -l:Jo O ,.,.
I) U'
v
J .J -
:-,·
J){? )JIJU '-'" v';J,t> ~ 0-
b ~
Shipe of bucket
Figure 9.1 Pelton rurbin~
b ~ .;.. . .
<..--b 0 ./ C.,.,..1)_:• cJ I
¢.
-;-__,.J'
Figure 9.2 Vtloclry triangles for a pelto11 turbine
.] '·
·-
· 31\6 ,_ ·Tu1rno MAC"111:-:Es llYnRAlll.ICTUROINl:S ' 387 ' :J
If th.: buck.:t is brought to rest, then subtracting the bucket speed U1 from the jet Hydraulic Efficiency .
:::>
'vclaeiLy C 1 gives the relative fluid velocity Wt _onto the bUcket. The angle turned
The hydraulic efficiency is defined as c· ,-1,1,,),,,.
through by the jct in the horizontal plane during its passage over the bucket surface lid
is ·a' and the relative exil velocity is W2 . If 1he bucket speed vector U2 is added LO Energy transferred- ~_r'JWb
W2 in the appropriate dire~tion, the absolute velocity at exit C2 will be obtained. h T/11 = Energy available in jel -e-
should be reali.7.cd that th~ component C.r 1 of C2 can be in the positive or negative X
direction depending on the magnitude uf U .
£/(Cr /2g) J
Prom Euler's turbine cqu:ition
iLn; =....,L~O", 1h.: maximum hydru~~~,.~!fi:_~s_~J!..LQ<LP.~!.5~-~I. In practice, lhe
denectinn angle is in the orderOTf60'' - 165~.ioavoid interference with 1he oncoming
\V /m = U1C.r, - U2C.r?
jcl and 1111 is ;11:-wrdin,gly reduced. Tiic~~~x imum hydruul ic efficicnL'Y is
!!iJ
l
..
~ ·· ·
and sine.: in this case C.•: is in th.: n.:gative x-direction I_ cos a
rir1r<.1f>Ji
~=.,
= (Cf
\V /111 = U[(U + W1) + (\V2cos( 180° - a) - U>I •111m .. /2g) __ ,__. .:-.... I
Assuming no loss of relative velocity due to friction across the huckel surface
PELTON WHEEL LOSSES AND EFFICIENCIES
hJ
______,.
(\V1 =\Vi), then ·---·- · .... ~·-- Ji;;.:, .
~!.P:J!n..~.~..s!.!!~liY.ill!;Jltc; ~JHIU:.!U.Ll\J;,Q.1Mdi;J1.nd ar"-.£!!..r:tm~~d
~
(1-1cad h1ss1.?s occur in lhe ..
\V/m = U(\V1 - \V1cosa) nJ:..~!f!imtand bend f1;Sscs. Lo~-~-~ ~J.:'.? .o~cu.r: i.~...'hH. noal~ and 1hese are c~prcssed
.~ .
. '{· in lerms of a,J:~~!JY...CJ?.J<(l~.ip.nt .C1• (varies fr~&.J.0-.~0..,9-9). Finally. there are
Therefore. ·
wi.ndagi: and frictio.11. lo_s_sc;~ in tbc. wh.ccl. itself} The waler supply is from a reservoir
w · al a head //1 above the nozzle. As 1he fluid moves through 1hc prcssun: tunnel and 1he I
., E = U[(C1 - U)(I - cosa))/g N .S (9.1)
pcnstock up10 the entry 10 the noule, a frictional head loss h I occurs. A funhcr h.:ad 6
. - '-....· _.;.··· ....... ~·· ·
The above equation can be op1fmized by differcn1ia1ing with respect to U.

....- ·" - •-r- ... ~-:..-..__~
1 , \"' 1~ V- 1 L
loss h;,, due to losses in the nozzle takes place so lhat 1he head available for power
generation al exi1 from 1he nozzle is !/'.Thal is r !; 1 ·,.'tJ ! ·/·.•(_.; 1
:i .
r-- aI
dE . T - ,_1, .• I hJ?
d =(I - cosa)(Ct - 2U)/g =0 / 1 "\ ·• • · ' fl' =
--
1/1 - (hr+ h;n)
... - ......':\..·- ·-·- ·'"'
c21., '-•'·· -.
/
r't ~1 1J~·o I.: [j b·
For a maximum, and then
u . //
.1/i ,"\ '\- 1 ,
I -g J--,1 (_,_, f
,.;,,Ju; t..),!J <J!:f'
·i
. I
'~ ~-· 1·'.',,-,1
·
C I -- 2U ~
·(
v·
.x'
_
t
'
_ ....!__ _ _ ,.. • ~-
(a) Pipe-line Transmission Efficiency
,,,,.,,,,, -~~cr~Y._ al end of pipeline

L
(or) ,,, ' 1;... \J../c I Ju,;.JoJ; l-
En.:rgy available. at reservoir
kl··
U=Ct/2
.. -
But in prac1ice. maximum energy is 1ransfcrred when the whc~velocily is 0 .46 times
. -.-·-· E= Ll
,,
(.( .,.,,..,..,., .,_
{ C 1- Ll l (• -KC,;;,"- l/j
-
(9 . 2) ·~-
- .1 ,l . .
I
=.
. ) • .
(//1-lrr)
-
H
,- -ii,-.:- : : :
1/1
. . • I,!. •
L
• '"'"' {b) Nozzle Efficiency'·- ;i , l,;l . c .. .., ~~~·1JU 1 "
. the velocity of j c r----··- -- - - - . ( \.).. ) -· ( "" ~-
L
\
\. -CI ~ o. 4-6 l.,P -' .
'
Subs1111Hing equation 9.2 in equation 9. I, we have Energy al nouli: ou1Jc1

. , ( 1Jv (JJ,·;,_ t .f.Jl 'IN = Energy al noz1.le inlet
~ ~
.
· Enm = Cj(l
·
In prao.:1icc s11.rfoEs~1r lhl! bud.ct iijlrc~cnl_und W2 :f. \\'1 . 111cn eq11111ion IJ. I
- cosa)/4g
7
c1·
ii ·5 L)
---;,,
II'
11, - ltr
II'
;L,
bccomc.:s · / ./ , . C~/21:
E = U<C1 - U)(l - Kcosa)/g
···· · ~. . .. . , ...~ ·,,.--~ .... :.. . ~
UIJQ/I J_JJ_:p,}I,, ~--. ~-//._ __
.,, •. 4·, •. . ..... _ ;,.
/ ·- , I , . (or)
whc.:re K i:i Jhc n:lati\'C
. . . \ K-~ Y"~
\'clOCily ratio \V2/ W1.
) ---
(.0 .1
}'
i.L.J -r~· . I.fl/
· l- Cr
TIN= 2.~H
JL
"l"",
L 381! » T111mo MAClllNES -. ~ '>HYDllAUU\Tl' RBINES °' 389
l
"..
.· u,:-
~ So, nozt.lc a~cy-.
~ f_!!_) (11:) =-=(II')

9f the nol.7.le ~-µ~t change. This is accomplisned by a spear valve. The position of the
spcnr is controlled by u servo-~echnni~m th11 sense~ the load c;hnnges. : "· ·l·
'
• ',
\111 I/ //1
DOUBLE GOVERNING OF PELTON WHEEL
~ I'\
c2
= --'-
2gll I
All modern pellon 1urhines:use Double regulation method. This method of governing
co~trols the turbine soced and pressure (i.e. watcd1ammcr) in the j>C:n_~~k· by the . II ..
' I
combined spear and deflector co,ntrcil. ·operated by the oil pressure governor (Fig.
and .t
9.2(a}). ·
Lr (c) Nozzle Velocity Coefficient
Actual jct velocity
=
Li
Theoretical jct velocity
c,, = -C1-
... . ·. .~-· .. .{g!!.
ti Therefore. the no1.1.lc cf!ieicncy becomes

TIN~ C u
1
.. ~ --· · -~ --·
Malnt ... wr tlcll
l"r1nk
1..t,('I
-
FromTurhi n.:
(d) Number of Buckets Main Shilt
b, Number of buckets on a runner is given by

D ~f "ukrufft
N=IS+- ) . · 1-
. 2d ~I / G_p-?
b where 'Jr. is the pitch diameter of the pcllon and d is the diameter of the jct. i
---
The ratio D /dis called the jet ratio.
(e) Overall Efficiency

-
I
I
lJU Power produced

l]t, = Actual energy supplied I:~if;~;:::~~f;~;.~~I
p ·· OilSump - ' ~ /
b
l>rlkt..,t•
= _1_
pgQll 1-1
1· = t'Jo
f-nJ
- l'lun1<•0po<t1
• • • • + Nnnl< (.'lrrw.l
)_,r
;.. , _ .
. '- .
* .. -
;v v , ...J._,./VerJJ. ".I
where H is the head at the no1.7.le inlet nnd
-------~
,,., is a mc11surc of the performance of the turhinc .
f'igur1 9.1(a) Doub/~ R~gulutlon >j'C.J'J/I,, G7 U11; 1 ~';"'
~ GOVERNING OF PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

'
The centrifugal governor (or) actuator is nu.ached to the main shaft of the turbine.
When the lond on the turbine decreases, the speed of the turbine increases and the , ·
H__ydraulic turbines arc usually c~led directly to an electrical g£Ds:r.ntor and since flyballs of the governor rotate at higher speed and move away from the axis by the ·
I
f
the generator must run at a constan~. the spec<!.Jl-.Qf. thc turbine must remain centrifugal force. Therefore, the sleeve moves upward. The motion of the flyballs is
tillf ~htioa~- It is also desirable to ~~~_sf!icienc;y 1ransmitted to the bell crank lever and it rotates anticlockwise. The roller on the cam
and therefore the ratio.JliC 1, must remain the same. That is the jet velocity must not
is raised and the deflector is brought between the nozzle and the buckets. Al the same
change. The only way lef~just to t~~'1..li'Og_e_l~~~s to change the
lime, the double piston in the distribution value moves down. Now.-port·2 is open and
b inp~t~.P..!-'!~
The input power is given by the prod~ct
pg Q H' wher@is constant (and hence
port- I is closed. High pressure oil from the sump enters the distributing value through
the middle port and flows down to servo motor striking the left face of the piston. So
---- j
Ct) and the only variable is Q. The chal'}ge in flow rate 1s effected by noting that
C 1A. where A ~ the nozzle ~~~Since C 1 is constant, the cross sectional area
the piston moves to the right. forcing the spear to more to the right i.e. into the noule.
=
br
Q
- -- ------
. / / . I · - - ; · - I . E}>~ C 1 A
' u """J"_f?tr.r-:-1L_.,v'' v--·L () 11.PJ (._..l.".A o b.V::/")
-- ,, _ --.
(,_,/' 1l_.J/(.,r
.. , ~~
.
<(_,).//,,,;Jb...f' LP- -:·
:1]
·11
396 'I 1-J

·! ~
}> 1\IRBO M.-\ClllNliS ..
". H YORAIJLIC"' TCIRBfNliS ..: )91
'
The no1.z°le outlel area is reduced. Hence, lhe area of jct and the rate of flow of water
strikins the buckets is reduced. Consequently, the speed which was increasing with
lhe decrease in load is brought under control and remains constant.
When the load on thi: turbine increases, lhe speed of the ~u.rbine decreases. This
I 00 il J
ii
I
causes the fly balls of the actuator to comedown and thus the sleeve moves downward,
causing the l'>cll crank lever 10 rotute clockwise. Thc distritiu.tion value rod moves
upward. Now. port- I is opcn and port-2 is closed. The high pressure oil enters the
'1(%)
HO
6()
~ :i/J
servo motor through port· I to the right side of the piston. The piston moves 10 the left. 40
causing the spear to move out of the nozzle. The nozzle outlet area is now increased.
Hence the amount of water striking the buckets is increased .. Thus the ·speed of the
lurbinc is controlled and kept constant. Under this condition. the deflector is moved
20
0
lJ
~l!J
25 50 75 100
'• away from thi: ji:t and there is no obstruction lo the jet.
% of Full Loud
When the turbine is running ut normal loud, piston in the distribution vnlvc nnd the
actuator occupy their nomrnl positions as shown in figure. Both the ports I and 2 arc f'igurt 9.4 Variation ofp~lto11 turhint effici~nry "'itli lOC1tl ·'I
clqscd. No flow of oil to the servo motor and lhe spear value is at its normal position. j·
' RADIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IMPULSE TURBINE
Reaction 1urbine means that the water a1 the inle1 of the lurbine P.OSSCsses kinetic ·lj
·1/
The ch:iracteristic curves of an impulse turbine for a constant head are shown in
figure 9.3(a) & Cb). In Fig. 9.3(a) it is seen that the peak values of efficiency do not
-energy -~.£!j as pressure ~y. ~s
_the "".a.t~r.
llows throughd;-;; of ~nner~j;p~ . ·11
. I
-r.H~ncr
P.ressure cnergr.goes on changing into kinetict.cnergy. Thus the water through lhe
vary much for various gate openings. In Fig. ~.3(b), it is seen that the peak power
occurs at the same speed irrespective of the nozzle settings. Tpis is due to the nozzle
\'elocity remaining constant in magnitude direction as the flow rate changes. giving
-boi"i1 llie
is under pressure. The runner is completely enclosed in an air- 1fiiht. casing and
c~slng and ihe runner are always fu~ter.
Radial flow turbine means that '"j
1he water flows in the radial direction. Radial flow turblii'CSare grouped as Inward ,;
an optimum value of U / C1 at a fixed speed. Windage and . mechanical losses and radial OoW!ilr.iirn~ciOWwa[d rndjal Oow !Ydtines. The total head o"fiiiCiidial- I
variations in loss coefficients cause the small variations. flow turbines
--·--·· .. - -·- ··"' range from about 30 10 500
--~· . . - -~m.
..... ............ . - .. ·· · .... ·"-···-~.·-
Con~tant
ui;;
Head
. - ·_.
U~.,. . v."/u-~
• I MAIN PARTS OF A RADIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE i1lJ
p
: 1"" I .
The main componcms of a radial flow rcac1ion turbine a rc (Fig. 9.5) ·/·.
I
~
.
'
YO
. T C •-' r<.F?/
W111cr from 1:/J
,. ,
~
HU Pcnmx:lc /
T . I
(.l ,~, ,/I ·:,(. · .. J-::t_>
·~~
b
''<':'bl 711 I
/, I I
60 , • Nozzle
/ /
_. ....... - _,.,.
!Ill
/ 1
1
1
1
1euina c_ '- / -
l'1 i f / _,
. c '' (...
I .) .·~ /'
. - .,
1 I
3 'l
'I. i·
N> N1 N, . N 1
.I ~
Spcct.1--.).
Cal
Speed~ J''..c>' ~Ru'.1ncr
Guu.Je
Figo/e 9.J Ef]icienc.v and poll'u output 1•ersus spud in "" impulse turbine wheel
1
Iii practice. one is usually more interested in the fixed speed condition since the
generators run at constant speed. The Fig. 9.4 shows that the variation of efficiency
V'.........:_i;
1l!L
.
with load is slight, except at low loads, where the decrease is due lo changes in the Figurt 9.5 Radial flow turbint
nozzle efficiency, and at high loads the increased jet diameter gives rise to higher
th~~!)stocks
bucket losses. 1. Casinfl._ The water from enrcr 1be 'ilfilag. which is of spiral
slf.ipC. tfiC. area of cross section of the casing goes on decreasing gradually. The
'Ciiiii.!!B_Eorr.iplctdy_~!.!Jmunds .the ru;;;;:r nr rh'.' furl.:~ JIL
r : . // ....- . . /' /I . - -
~p n?'J v A.../ c.A.r, _,.:,1-0.- c)Jr-.P .f 'J · W- f, - -;1't'/ (~
. •
l / . /'"'':--"I TQ/]ncfo Vt..,/)

~~J~~/
39:! ;. Tl'RDO M.\l"lll'-'l:S HYORAlJLlCTUIUllNES 4' 393
~~ 10 facili1:11c "arcr rJow :H .:ons1:1nr vel'!'.il~ rhrou!!.hour rhe circumference of thc runner.
'l11e casing is usually 1i1:1Jc of concrete, cast steel or e!,.~.l!.~£.L
At the outlet, (r:idius d>. the water leaves lhc blade at an angle /Ji to the ta.ngcntial
\•clocity vccwr. The absolute outlet velocity C2 is the resultant of lV2 and Vi . The
- -·-· _ -
·- .. ... .. -.-.·-···
-
lluw ~···h1i:ll1•·~ C, 1 nntl C, 1 urc c.lircclcd 1uw11nls the nids of ro1n1ion nnJ nre J:i\'cn 'hy
2. Gu/qo vonos The s111tiu1111ry gui<k v1111cs 111c lillcc.l 1111 11 st11tiui1111y cm:ulm
Q /2rr r1b 1 and Q /2rr r2b2 respectively, where b is the height of the runner.
m wheel which surrounds the runner. The guide vanes allow the water to strike the vanes
IDJ Euler's turbine equation gives
fixed o~.11nc! without shock atihc inlet Tl1is fixccfgulclc vanes are lollowca-by
adjustable guide vanes. Th.e cross sectional area between the adjustable vanes can be
E = \V/mg,,;, (U1C..t1 - U2C..t2)/g
and E is a maximum when C..t2 is zero. that is when the absolute: and now velocities
l varied for flow control al part load.
3~nner
.. -·---..
It is a cirr;ular wheel on which a series of radial curved vanes arcjjxed.

The wjltcr passes into~ rotor where .ii moves radial ly through the rotor v:rnes and
arc equal at the o'u tlet or a2' 90°
NET HEAD ACROSS REACTION TURBINE

= -
Pa
p
+ .-.·I Z
J.(:}
v· l
leavcs~~m~lcr. b!.!_cr, the water turns !h!,ough 90° into

Ecr ·L
t the draft tube.

_____., · -
4'. Draft tuf;z.e The pressure al the exit of lhc rotor of a rcaction lurbinc is i:cncrnlly
The net head • H' across the turbine is the difference in the total head between the ·
inlet nnnge nnd the tnil water level. The net head H is different from the gross head
//1. Thus hdrc-~~et.L<' i
le~_:rn the atmospheric pre~ure. 111e waler al exit cannot be directly discharged to Turhinc total inlet ~cad= p yl htWJneJ . )_ . : ru..nne.r cf.::/.
~ the ~se. A~.Q_c:__qr__p_illg_qij_~~~ally increasing area is used for discharging the _!!. + + Z,, hf 11, -· .
~~r
_!!.._
water from the turbine cxi1 ICl the lnil race . In oTliCrworclS.the draft tuhe is a 1U'Oc pg 2g (.;' ~.!< ._,, Iv') · . l..J •
-..1.. •.·: .:.1 3
of incn.-asing cross sectional :i'reaWlilchconverts the kine\ic energy of water al the
turbine exit into pressure energy. ---- --:-·-----·------~
-
and 1urbme total outlet head= p vi
I,,,
L ' L ' ·-"'~~- · ~
. <.)_ f i f .JY
. · ,·"'I'.·:i.!~:.1
t - - - ·-·-·--·--···...--
VELOCITY TRIANGLES AND WORK DONE
P; + 2~ + ZJ t . --~-3::::·~ -~:·1:-.,....
->
1 ·, ;,,·
t11r
The inlet and outlc1 vclnci1y triangles for a runner arc shown in figure 9.6. Where lhC preSSUrCS arc gauge pressure, - ·r ;"--- •\\, ~"
-j--.. : :1 I
l- Water enters the runner from the inlet guide vanes (al radius r1 ), with absolute
velocity, at an angle at to the direction of rotation. The tangential velocity at the inlet
is U1. The relative velocity vector W1 obtaind by substracting U1 from Ct at inlet, is at
Total head across turbine (H)
= <P., - P1)/pg + (V~ -yJ>/2g + (Z., - Z1l /

' I
::
.
• \
\
I'
I
I /~I
. I
.
'-I
r
an :ingle fJ1 to the direction of rotacion. Pt is also the inlet blade angle for shock-free But in the tail-race PJ is atmospheric and Z3 is zero. Therefore --· ~\ --~·-·1
~i '\t
t•nrry. H -- - \.L\
II= (P,,/pg + V!/2g + Z,,) - Vl/2g ~ / \ It'-+ I
l ./
, ...)
(fl ... __, -,-;L-IJ/•
L__.I -
Alsn.
H =Hi -h/p - Vl/2g
--.. 'L
- ; · . . . . t..1
. L 1) =r..:\¥'.~~,
Zo
=
/ ' "'J;;j- l
where /J ,. is lh!l, pipe fcictjon..head lass and t~e energ>: given to the runner. by the"' n .. ' .; J ..
1
~alcr P-Cr unit weigh! of flow js_ n rPt•t-'l-Jttle
. (., ::,,, . ~ ; " I I
[k- W /mg =H - hJ - hi - h, o) 1 • '-':· r:.;/P. c).A/(l.?1'bd;r..v: t-1
q::i::::: u1 y n-v ; b, C{,J:J/J>/)
If th~atcr is .Qi~charged directly into thUai.l.:.rKc1.ml!L!he runner outlet. the kinetic
( f'IJ (., ,
--"\':::>
w e\J-=- · Cr:i... -11·n_ri b1· tf Jp,,? energy lost would he high. By fitting a draft tube between the runncro"u1Je(and t.ailracc.
~ a continuous stream of water is formed between the two. The tail·raee velocity is
reduced bccau:;_c of the.in.crease in cross sec1ional...a.rea.of.~rnCt tube and. because
t • ,~ (. ( I_...
J- i_;;., C,sff;_/?(;_j ~,? p.)
the tailrace prcs~un: j_~ atmospheri~b~ runner outlet pressure must now be below the
~
f~~· ~
/. .> •'. · ·:~·J;~ : 1 ,J~?-B» I -.:-1.:_jr ·-

• I at-;aspbcncpr~~~j~. -Applying the energy equation between the runner outlet and
Cail-race gives
-P2 + -vf + Z2 = .,l'J

. .:. . + -vJ + Z1 + ltJ
I •
fi '
l'.rrr.
figure 9.6 Velociry triangles for a Francis 1urbi11e r:u2/y- pg 2g pg 2g
c-'~ \-~
L~·'.) l' r ) >· . ) - 0 • ·,.,. ~:>("( ....{'/"'
(}'--~--· 1··1;[_..,-1 0 ivu-1, ;..::i.1~!} 1 ~ , [--::.fv .~; J.;~-k ~ ~?_rt};--:
urc.,) J
( ).,,1.J; ~,
- "'fr?
- .[._, 51,; )!:'; ~ ·1~./J
394 :;... TllRUO M. .ClllNl:S H YORAULIC TUKlllN!iS ._ 39S' ·)

-
where hd is the head loss in the draft tube. Pulling P3 and Z3 equal to zero Power received by runner
Pi
-PK = (V.12 - 2
V, )/2K - Zi
-
+Ir"
(h) Hydraulic efficicncy(t'/11) Fluid power available at inlet flange
(P, +. .Pm)/pgQH = -QH

E J
pg
There is a limit for the cittent of V3 reduction because of th~ tube length.~
h!ngth increase~ b.1 also inr(!':iscs. TI1c d~~~c;C),\1.1~«~~. X~!J..\~-~.~ ~.i.~~:..!b.IJ..~!1Jlle
111e term ( P,- + P,,, )/pg Q H is the theoretic al energy transfer per unit weight of ij
~f.~~llS.'l~.~ .should.ML.i.;~1;.~c;ct~.l;lq,~to ensure that separation of boundary layers fluid now. The maximum hydraul ic efficiency is
d~s not,,. .•occur.
'"' ........ ,. 't_.....- . There is also an.. uppei
. . ..limit
. ~_...,,on
.. ....the vfil~oTz;·
. .,_. , ............... ~, .. Q.!,c:liic!'IO'iii ~~~itailon
...."-...,..._~ ... , -..::.- - -..: U tCx ,
= ---
J
. e rrect. . - ' ... :
_
. ...... 1111
Kif .
. .----._.......
RADIAL FLOW TURBINE LOSSES
The losses in tcnns 11f energy h11l:1111:c through the turhine is givl!Jl hy
GOVERNING OF REACTION TURBINES
'u'/,- )t_5 -· ' I . .,
• ;J
_.
1
/,/" ,_,' '.>"'
.
, P. Pm + P, +Pc+ Pt+ P, =
. ~: - ·- ---..,...--..;-~
.,.:..;_..
,"titii.• IJ>icJ l- _._,. i l?·'
~ .
..)...,.P)d
.
• (9.3)
..__
t_p-/ ' The q11;1111i1y of wa1er flowing tn thi: ri:actinn turhinc is cnn1rollcd tiy rota11ng 1he guide
hlatlcs. These blades a~c pivoted and connected by levers and links to the regulaung
J
ring (Fig. 9 .6(a)). The regulating ring and lever are connected by two regulating rods.
where P, =shaft power output. Pm =mechanical power loss, P, =runner power loss,
=
. , · • • P" casing and dra ft tube loss, P1 = leakage loss and P = water po.wer available.
"'"'.'"r'v~ P, + P.- + P1'1o__gel_her is the hydraulic 11ower lciss. · ·fs (.f:'.PU'Y #'
This regulating lever in tum in connected with regulating shaft, which is operated by
the piston of the servo motor. ;-J
_)",.j:,,<.)':7,1/ · ~~~-~~~~~lo~s_~e,,__iS:-Cf~-~- -~<;> .fij.£!lgn, ~h.~~- i!Uh.~ .i.~.IJ~r:: ewy and flow ·· ···· ~Guide
open
vanes
- • : 1') -
iv-Jr-. V
• -;
Vl.v 1 separation. II results in a ht;ad loss h, associated w)·lh the flow rate through the runner
•·r ·--··"'"'.-.-
. 0 Q, . / -Guide voncli
P, = pgQ,lr,
dosed
11J
--- I
Lcakal!C power loss P1 is caused by a flow rate q leak ing past the runner and therefore
n'o t bei;g h1!1ldlcdJry the run~r. Thus · J
' Q = Q, + q
ond w11h u tnt ;1 I hc11d //, .inuss the runner, the lc11lrngc power loss hccumc~ j
· C~sing power los{.,@ili due to
casing and the draft iubc.
-----
P1 = PK'f 11,
t'!!:.ft!.SV.2!1,.~J!x,.~nd~~;.P!!e!i.~'!,1~.~~es in the
.
;.
!
I; I
.lw
!I
I I
"" 'ffifiis''hC";dTo~~si;::lhcn ;:, :/ll ;:;. ") / ~ L~>lti> 1...S

r
TI1e total energy hal_an.c £_ o~ equal ion 9..11h11s hecnmes
p" = pgQ!r,.
. · ~ --_,,.,,. I~
I
\pgQH =Pm+ pg(lr,Q, +Ir, Q + H,q

.-~,.· - · -·- --· ' .. ··-· __ _
.. ~ · · .,. . . ... ,,........ .,.. __...,
+ P,)
Figure 9.6(a) Frn11ci.r 1itrbi11t Govuning
·when the load on the turbine increases, the spc.:d increases. The fly balls of actuator
-L
Thus , move a way from the axis and the sleeve raises. The distribution valve rod is pushed
down. Port- 2 is open and port- I is closed . TI1e high pressure oil enters the servo motor
,..,,,
=
=
Shaft output power
Fluid power available at inlet flange
Ps/(pgQH)
through port-2 and pauses the piston to move towards right. The oil in the right side
of the piswn is pushed back into the oil sump 1hrough port- I and upper past of the
distributing valve. When the piston of th~ servo ~~tor moves to the right, regulating
L
L J96 > TURDO M 1\ClllNES
--~-..
(°o)is to,
-f "('. .
flvi= P3~ H ~Pi·no<.'O(

... -....
I t-
HvoRAULICTuRBINES °" 397
L ring is rotated to decrease the flow area bclween lhe guide vanes by changing guide
vane angles. Thu~ rhc 11u11n1iry of wmcr renc:hing the runner blades is reduced. ·n1cre- 1.•
;.- · j
(~·U Lf /~~10"/~) 'L,JD l:.y::-"J)
// '
Efficiency
CA evt_;~,},?/-?.? ~,
fore, the speed is brought to normal gradunlly. and then netualnr. 111:1111 lever am.I
cJis1rihu1ion valve nllain 1heir normal pmilion. /\ relief valw is provided in lhc pcn-
tJ stock 111 prevent water hammer which may arise due lo the sudden reduction in the
flow passage between the guide blades . .Its funct ion is similar to that of a deflector
in pchon turbine. When there is a sudden decrease in load on the turbine. the relief
u-;~/'c.r1.;9~(r_r1r---7"7'('----- . - .
~
.~ ~
valve opens and diverts the water to the tailracc. Thus double regulation (speed and
o~~ Jr.iA.r~(. ,,J~
fu:.J pressure) is achieved in reaction turbines. Similarly when the load on the turbine
increases i.e. when 1he speed lrns a tendency lo incrcu~e. regulating ring is moved in
- (,.
1/J.,..a ·G.,, ..__;. /
/
r un11V
~. - .
the opposite direction so us to increase the passage urea between the guide hl;ides and . ..~ . ' c c_,,,~,_;~ ) ~?
- ~Y--"C.1-?l/<._>1..,(
L allowing more water to strike the runner blade.
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR A REACTION TURBINE tor ~YOJ"l 3 1'$
L Curves of water power input torque exerted by the wheel, flow rate efficiency and
brake power outpur for constant gate opening arc shown in Fig. 9.7.
At full opening, the flow rate as shown in Fig. 9.7 varies with the runner speed. It is .
Brake power output }u ,_;
·/...I'?
no longer independent of the wheel speed. 111e behaviour of the turbine at constant Figurt 9.8 Rtaclion turbint characttrisrics at consrun/ spud
L ~.
speed is of most interest since the generntor runs nl u fixed speed. As the elec1rical
load changes. so the flow rate is changed hy vuriation of !he gate openin11. It is seen
from lhe Fig. 9.8 that the head increase.~ slightly as lhe load decreases due to the
When a reaction turbine 9pcrating at constant speed experiences a load decrease. the
cro6s sectional area between the inlet vanes changes and angle a1 decreases. The,inlet
runner area is constant and therefore 10 satisfy the continuity the relative velocity w, .
friction head loss. This is proportional to Q 2 which is less at lighter loads. It will
~
must decrease. The result is that the flow onio the runner is no 1.onger shock free and
also be noted that the cfficienc curve at constant speed is not as flat as in an impulse
tur~ ·~ .:. .:. - at eitit C2 may increase. This gives a higher kinetic energy loss at the runner exit a."
, ___ -t, L,. UN/ Y Cu-t.J-'3 (fl__;- well as an increase in the ~hirl component C X: down the draft tube. The flow is then
Torquc - - · spiral in nature, which decreases the draft tuhc efficiency. The ellic1ency of a reaction
L ,/ turbine al light loads therefore tends to be less than that of the pelt on wheel. although
the design maximum efficiency may be greater.
'Ilic ntlvantni:c 11f un inwnrd 011w rcnction turhinc over nn· outwnril now rcni:tion
'
Fl11i1I flow er i11pu1
turbine is that the forme1 adjusts automatically according to the load on the 1urbine.
tr - ..--------- J,
~ <. !~;9'.-r &.J/)r

Whenever the load on the turbine is decreased, it causes the shaft to rotate at a higher
speed. The centrifugal force, which increases due to higher speed. tends to reduce the
quantity of water flowing over the vanes, and thus the velocity of water at the entry
.;.
~ k-- Flow rare (Q) _h le L-.v
- (_..~• .(_,< (./Id)
. . is also reduced. It will ultimately tend to reduce the power produced by the turbine.
fL1 /; ""' .. - . / - . - . ., . l>l
C....vc .- t. . ,, ~Y,./; uJ../~__p lJ:>. ~ AXIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE
. Droke power )~ VI',..;. lhf::t U_t.,,:?Ar TllfJl'ief In axial flow reaction turbine, water flows parallel to the ax rs of rotation of thi: shaf1:·
~~~-
output · - v~- -· " l(J
In a reaction turbine . the head at the inlet of the turbine is the sum of presi;urc energy
~ J.. -e--· p -=- P()4? f-1 und kinetic ener1:ty nnd 11 part of the preK~ure energy i~ cunvc11cd into kinetic energy
as the water flows 1hrough the runner. For the axial flow reaction turbine, the ~haft of
the turhine is vertical. The lower end of the shaft which is made larter is known as
~ N (r.p.m)
I
' 'lruh· or 'buss'. The vanes are fixed on the hub and hence the hub acts as a runner for
~lil the axial flow reactio n turbine . The two important axial now reaction turhines arc
Figure 9.7 Reaction turbine clraructeriJtics at full opening
I. Propeller Turhine and
b 2. Kaplan Turbine
- rj
, ; ........
;I il
39& :i> TURBO MACHINES
I ,
HYDRAULICTURDINES ~ 399 ,
q
...J
(ff the vanes are fixed 10 t~c hub and arc not adjustable, then the :turbinc i~ known as 11:
propeller turbine on the ocher hand if the vanes on the hub arc adjustable the turbine
is an
Water from the pcnstock enters the guide vanes through scroll casing. The inlet guide
vanes arc fixed and arc situated al a plane higher than the runner blades such that the ;i j
knowri as a Kaplan 1ur/linJ. It is named after V. Kaplan, Austrian engineer.
Kaplan turbine is suitable. where a large quantity of water at low heads (upt6 400 m),
nuid must turn through 90° to enter the runner in the axial direction . Load changes
are effccted by adju~tment of the runner blade angle. The function of the guide vanes
!\'i '/!
is available. -~_,___
j,,,IJ
is 10 impart whirl to the nuid so tha1 the radial distribution of velocity is the same as in
The main pans of a Kaplan .turbine are (Fig. 9.9) a free vortex. Since this type of turbine is used for low heads and high now rates. the
I. &roll casing blades must .be long and have large chords so that they arc strong enough to transmit
2. Guide vanes the very high torques that arise. Pitch/Chord ratios of 1-1.5 arc typical for axial flow t •?
3. Hub with vanes tur.bim:s and this results in four, five or six-bladed runner.
4 . Draft tulle
VELOCITY TRIANGLES AND WORK DONE
·'j
Tin: wh•clty tnangh.:s nrc usunlly druwn 111 the mean rut.Jiu~. since cont.lllllHIS change
from hub to 1ip and arc shown in figure 9.10. The now velocity is axial at the inlet
and nu11t:1. llcncc, C, 1 = C,1 = C~ 'Ilic blade vdod1y vcc111r U1 ii. suh~lfllClc:d
;. J
1: .
I i
from the absolute velocity vector. C1 which is at angle a1 10 U1 to yield the relative
velocity vector \V1 • For. shock free entry on10 the runner W1 is at the blade angle /31.
For maximum efficiency the whirl component C x~ is zero, in which case: the: absolute
,,;'j
.
velocity at ex.it is axial , and then C2=
u,
C,1 • . 1.
.iii "
'
l\J
II
·1
I 11w.D
- -~= -_ j-
·I
~1
Cllll
Ci = C r l
~l
U1
Wlt
Figure 9.10 Velaciry trian/ges for an axial flow liydraulic turbine
Or.ift rube.
Euler's turbine cquutiun gives
I::,.,, U(Cx, - Cx 1 1/g
L
and for ~.cro whirl at exit
E = UCx.fg L.
1 ~1L
Now.
Cx, = U - Cacot(l80° -fJ1)
Fig11n 9.9 Kaplan 111rbi11e
= U + Ca cot fJ 1
L 400 )> TURDO MAClllNES HYDRAUUCTUlullNES "( 401
L and therefore.
£ = (U 2 +UCa cot /Ji)/g

COMPARISON OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE EFFICIENCIES ·
The characteristic curve (Fig.' 9.11) for the nxial flow Kaplan turbine is similar to
that of the radinl How turbine. The maximum efficiency is lower and the efficiency
L lf E is conslant along the hlade radius. and Ca is constapt over the crn:;s-sectional
area, then as U 2 increases frnm huh In lip, f/1·mfl1 11111~1 dccrcnsc In kccp /; Cllll~lunt.
llencc, fl1 must increase from hub to tip anti the blaJc must therefore he twisted .
curve is much flatter for the impulse turbine. The Francis turbine peaks at the highest ·
efficiency hut falls off
rnpidly at part load. The Kaplan turbine has a much natter
curvc: than the Frnncis turbine and ediibits a similar maximum efficiency of the two .
imponant axial flow turbines. and hence it has constant average maximum efficiency
~
while the propeller turbine efficiency increases as load increases. After reaching a·
GOVERNING OF KAPLAN TURBINE peak value, it falls off at the maximum load.
Kaplan turhine governing employs two servo motors one for operating i:uidc vanes
(as in Francis 1urhincJ and the othcr for operating runner vanes !Figun.:s 9. IO(nl &
~~~·
~0
(b)). 801h the servo motor distribution vnlvcs nre interconnected. There l'iy, the runner
vanes and guide vanes arc simultaneously operated so that water passes through the
JOO
Francis
1<;,) !:'. /)Y .. -e- p.v\~.:.>h

blades without shock at nil fond condition:;, This system of governing is known ns 90
'Douhlc rcgulnliun'.
~J
'1
% / .
i
80
) _!'i<./ J' (/fl' ....1-- . '"','.~ ~ l; I
. .,,, ·-
Generator
shaft 70 -
........::i.s'-- r-
.
&r Servo motor
~Servo motor 60
~ Regulation
rod
~ Turbine shall
50
f, ':) Turbine shall

~~·J
20 40 60 80 JOO %ofpowcr
f°l1tur1 9, / l Cli1irut·1n/sliC' cur1·1"J fur h_vdr11ullr;- 1urbinr

i'g Rinde.•
SELECTION OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

The type of turbine required for a specific purpose can be selected on the basis of the
r~ Figurt 9.JO{b) Servo motor mrclumism

value of the specific speed. The type of turbine for different specific speeds is given
below.
operating runner vw1u of
Sptcific Speet! Typt of Turbine
r lcuplun turbine. Sliow11 in srcrio11
Figure 9.JO(a) Go1·rrning of Kaplan rurbi11r .5 -35 Pelton wheel with single jct.
0J and on reduced scule
Servo motor for the runner vanes, consists of a cylinder with a pismn operated hy 35-70 Pelton wheel with two (or) more jets.
70- 4_50 Francis turbine.
Ij;-T
~6 I
high pressure o il which is supplied by distribution value (not shown in ligurl' J. The
servo motor piston is connected with an operating rod which moves up and down·and
passes through the turbine shaft which is made hollow for this purpose. The operaling
rod 1ransmi1s the motion to the runner Mades with an appropriate link mechanis m
i 450- 1000 Kaplan turbine.
Selection of turbine is a highly technical job and requires great experience. Selection
{
enclosed in lhe runner hub. based on specific speed is a scientific method and gives a precise information. The .
I
~m
. . - I
(/V'I '1 ) (., 1 0_:~ ~ r(p.. C:/( ~u~U-~r l<.,1?_{~- C..: 1. • < _,.·,. ·" c:..1 /....Q·;_,.. ....
--··
(....
_f"J i_,,v"J)
'-:t--'
.
--
.
(- , .- l-'
: '
]
402 ).>- TuRJio MACHIN~ li YDKAULICTURllll-I ES ~ 4-03
turbine tyre is also sl!lected based on head of water available at the turbine inlet. This
melhod is huscd on experience und ohscrv11tionul factors only.
The advantages of draft tube arc
I . The pressure at the runner ex i.~belo~.=_at~~pheri_~!~-~~~ and ti}_£ turbine
' J
operates efficiently as if it is placed at the tail-race.
J
Jlt:<1d uf wu1a in nu:tr;s. Type a/Turbine
· . 0 - 25 KJ!plan turbine 2. :Oe kinetic energy (C?__Bg) ~f \l/~!e~~!..the turbi~e-~~ne;_~_l:l.t.~:t_!:_~en.ed
into useful pressure e.ni:rgy,
25 - 50 Kaplan or Francis (preferably Francis)
1 50 - 250 Francis turbine
3. The turbine may be inspected easily and properly as it is placed above the --"'
250 and above Pelton turbine.

tail-race.
j
DRAFT TUBE ~,I; <Jxfl/dc <)(s~~-';;:.(_lr'cJ.q:;.J.::·~ TYPES OF DRAFT TUBES
There arc four types or" draft tubes. used in practice. depending upon the Oow
The 11\;ail\!.h!._e head is hi!l.!1.i.!1..!!.!l..i!!~P.ulse IYI.bincJ.ike tl!!;..RSl!.Q!!~heel 11nd then.: is not
much lo~s in the uwrall turhine 1111tp111 nllhough the 111rhine is phiccd n metre i1r two
A~·ay fn11111hL'. level 11f the tuil·rm:e. Whereus. in the cusc of renct!Ofl turbines, the hen.fl
conditions nml the height of the turbine uhovc the 1ail-race and so on. They arc
nnmely, .
J
~
I . Conical draft tube ·
available is low and a considerable f!]ction.of this ayailiuw:J1ca~L~o.uld~
if the turbines are placed above the tail-race level and the water /~om the turbine just
exhausted at the atmospheric· pressure. But, both the output and the overall turbine
2. Bell inouthcd or inoody spreading tuhe
3. Simple elbow or bent tube
.
4. Elbow-draft tube with circul11r inlet and re_ctangul11r outlet.

J
i:ffii;iency may be considerably improved by pla!=ing the turbine above the tail-race
l11e fim form is the straight concial type stretching from the turbine to the tail-ruce.
'
. 07 n/J •,I:_/
<! ..r . . I
•
/
I
t.,;:- .
,., ) ' ,
JJ.p ~!fv# J
I ) _l/ The second type is also a straight draft tube except that it is bell-shaped. This type
of draft tube has an advantage that it can allow Oow with whirl component to occur J
.- "
1
' n
I
"' ''
Runnc"' J ' • . '
exit '-(v/J ..V<.JJ (fl<.J) !: J !J.-=> with very small losses at the turbine exit. In any turbine, the exit absolute velocity
;fr'u/
,,.u~
·.- -
l.,., J b
I
usunlly has a whirl component especially at part loud operation, the bell-shaped draft
tube may be preferred where the operation is at part load for long periods of time.
· The third form is the bent draft tube, is used when the turbine must be located
,J
very close to or below the tail-race level for some other considerations. However, the
Cl I Id
n 1 I
.,
1
;.
!J
I )
Tail-rnce effii:iency of bent draft-tube is usually not us great as that of the first two types. The
- '-'//of";
fourth form of draft tube (Elbow dra ft tube ) is similar to the thi rd one excc:pt that the: ~
exi t shape is st111are or reetanguhir ins1cml of cylindrical as in the bent druft tube.
111e height of the draft tube is governed by two factors. l11e lirst is cavitation, wh ich
Runner exit requires 1hat the pre~sure at the turbine exit <>r draft tube entry, should not be less than I
one-1hird of an atmosphere. The second factor is separation. which occurs if the draft wJ
tube has too large an angle of Oare. Jn prac tice. the angle should not be more than I 0°
to prevent separntion. Draft tube efficiencies range generally from 0.7 to 0.9 for the
I
fi rst two types while they are 0.6 to 0.85 for the bent tube types. I
....;
DRAFT TUBE THEORY
C:1111Mdc1 the Jralt tuhe ~hown in Fig. lJ. 1.1. 'Ilic 1urh111e exit i~ 111 u height JI, ahovc:
the tail-ral'C level. I.ct subscript I denote the conditions at the ro1or ex it and subS(;ripl
2 dcnnle the conditions at lhc oullet. Applying Bernoulli's cquulion lo inle t und oUllcl
L
of the draft tub!! rnking the draft tube. exit as the dutum line we get.
Figuu 9.12 Types of draft tubes
kvel and leading the water from the turbine outlet to the tail race by a tube such that
the "1atcr reaches .atmospheric pressure only al the tail race. The pipe of gradually
Pi v2
- + - 1 + (Hs + X)
pg 2g
P2
= -pg v,
2
+-=- + 0
2g
+ hd ( 9.4) L
i~crcasing area which is used for discharging .wa.t~.r from the turbine exit to the tail
race is called as 'drafr rube'. ·
where x is 1he distance of bottom of draft tuhc from tai l-raci: and h.i is head loss in
the draft tube.
L·
\
;I
L
:I
404 ~ TURllO MM' lliN r:S
HH>~.,lU.:-1\ ~ °" ~
~
@ EFFICIENCY OF DRAFT TUBE
,--~-t---.~~~~~CD <;(/()?J.) I
his defined as the ratio the or actual conversion of kinetic energy into pres.sure c.nefgy
in the draft tube lo the kinetic energy available at the draft tube inlet.
~~ (V12 - Vf /2R) - ht1

"J' = cv,212g >
I
~ or
IL Hs
UrLA?v
~ <V? - Vb - 2ghc1 .. - - f'?'
T/Jr = y2 ;5 .
I
L CAVITATION IN TURBINES z I ~ ( p(\ -rt )(P J-. ~ ,_.,. <..r:,;;~

Turbine cavitation occurs on the suction surfaces of the blades, at the runner outlet.
~l
. where the static pressure is a minimum and the absolute velocity high. II should be
x· avoided although it has linle cffeCI on the pcrfonnance of the turbine since it occurs
ofter the runner. · ' ·
- '1, (]) Applying the energy equation between the runner outlet and tail-race gives
b Figure 9.JJ Drafr Titbt

J.rr{l/.l-tek i f/ j. vf - vf /2g = (PJ - P2)/pg - Z2 + Z3 + hc1
Putting Z3 = 0, and as the outlet velocity V2 increases, Pi dee~ and has its lowest
value when the vapour P, is reached. Al this preSsurc, cavitation occurs (begins) and
b- and
P1
= Atmospheric Pressure Head + X
hence putting P3 equal lo Pu1m and Pi equal to Poop• the above equation beco~
( Vf - vf) /2g - h4 =(Parm - P...,p) /pg - Z2

i
I
I
II
pg
tfib
I
= Pa +x Dividing this equation by the net head across the turbine gives the 'Thoma caviration
pg parameter' for the turbine
= I
~
1 a ((Par'" - P,.,,,,)/PR - Z21/H 1.
Substiluting this value of p in equation 9A, we gel
T'N ·= (N PSll)/H
Pi y1 (Pn ) y2 The critical value or NPSH nt which cavitation occurs is detennincd from a test on
- + -i +(H,+X)= -+X +--t+hJ
n 2R .n ~ a model or full size machine.in which Pi is decreased until the minimum value at
~ or
Pi v? Pn v:;
which cavitation begins or the efficiency suddenly decreases is found. Knowing Z2
and H it is easy to compute the critical value sigma,, which is the value below a. as
given by the above equation, for any other similar machine of the same homologous
-pg + -2g + Hs = -pg + -2g + hJ
series must not fall.
~ :. ~
pg
= Pn
pg
- Hs - ( v? - v{ -
2g 2g
hJ)
The above equation shows that the maximum elevation of the turbine above the
tail-race is given by
Z2 =(Parm - PIHlp)/pg - a,H

I:
. ;~
The above equation shows chat the inlec pressure al Che draft tube inlet is less than
This equation implies that, as the net head is increased, the turbine elevation above
liJil almospheric pressure.
the !ail-race must be decreased. For an excessive head, Z2 might be negative, which
~~~,~
implies that excavation would be needed to place the turbine below the level of the I·
tail-race.
. !•
!·
t1$
----- \
· ~]:
'-"
406 )> 1\111110 MAClllNES

HYDRAULIC' TURDINF.S " 407'
1)
,··
and jct d iameter
I
SOLVED PROBLEMS
•Example 9.1 A generator is to be driven by a small Pelton wheel with a head

of 9 1.5 m at the inlet to the nou.le and discharge of 0.04 m 3 /s.
The wheel rotates
d = c: )''2 \\I?
at ?20 rpm and the velocity c0efficient of the nozzle is 0 .98: If the efficiency o f the
wheel, based on the energy available at entry to the nozzle is 80 per cent anc1 the ratio =
( 4 x 0.96: x 10-)) l/l
''j
" l
of bucket speed to the jct speed is 0.46, determine the whecl-tO-jct-diameter ratio at
the centre-line of the buckets, and the speed of the wheel. What is, the dimension less
= 0,0)5 m
power specific speed of the wheel?
·s"olutlon
Di amc1er rnl io
D
-d = 0-.035
-
0.501 "J
:~ "~·
Power developed .
Overall efficiencyqu .
fP ··.f:
=--~~~v~ble
pgQHrio/ J
. :, ::
.
14.5
Dimensionless power specific speed is given by equation

;J
"-=/~1 x 0 .04 x ~1.5 x 0.8 ' N 112
p
N,,, =
Power developed= 28.72 kW p l f2(g H)5/4
2 4 \IJ
Velocity c·o cfficient
720 x (28.72 x 1ol)'' x ( I )5/ I
c, 60 103 9.81 x 91.5

Cv
C1 =
=
(2gH) lf1
0.98(2 x 9.81 x91.5)1/2
. ..
=
=
0.013 I rev
0.0131 x 2rr rad IJ
I
= 41.52 m/s Hence, Power spec ific speed =0 .082 rad. ii J

Thercforc, Example 9.2 A Pelton wheel working under a head of 500 meters. produces
13,000 kW at 430 rpm. If the efficiency of the wheel is 85% determi ne (a) discharge
U = 0.46C1 of the 1urbine (h) diameter of the wheel (c) diameter of the nozzle. Take C,. 0 .98 =
=
=
0.46 x 41.52
19.1 m/s
and speed ratio iis 0.46.
Sqlutlon
· (MU-Oct. '96)
J
Also. = 500 m. = 13. 000 kW. = 430 rpm.
u = wD
2
Given H P
(a) Discharge of the turbine

N 110 = 0.85
J
p
Q
J
where D is wheel d iameter ::=
fl>: II x 110
2 x 19.1 x 60 13. 000 )( 103
D =
720 x 21t' = 10 3 x 9.8 1 x 500 x 0.85
= · 0.507 m = 3. 12 m / s
3
Jet area (b) Diameter of the wheel We know the velocity of jet
l<W
'A = Q/C1 C = Cv/2gH

0.04 .- .... = 0.98 x -./.-2-x_,9....,.8- l_x_S_,00,..,. Ib
= 41.52
= 97 .06 m/s
= 0.963 x 10-l m 2
l
408 }> TURllO MAClllNl!S
HYDRAUUCTuRBINES ~ 409
L In actual practice, maximum efficiency takes place when th!: velocity of the wheel is
0.46 Ji mes the velocity of the jet.
Hence. Power available at the nozzle
1 .
i.e.
= 2 x 150 x 91.062
L~ u = 0.46.C = 621.903 kW
= 0.46 x 97.06
Power nvniloble ot the no1.zlc =621.903 kW.
u = 44.65 m/s .. ''
l The wheel diameter is
(b) Hydraulic efficiency
=
tiff
E
u x 60 C~/2g
D =
L =
rr x N
44.65 x 60
1T x 430
where E =
w =
W/mg
U(CJl 1 + C.r1 )
cJI, = Ct = 91.06 m/s
D = 1.98 m
lr (c) Diameter of the nozzle (d)
The discharge through the nozzle must be equal to the discharge of the turbine.
From the inlet velocity triangle (Refer Fig. 9.2) .
W1 = Ct - U =
91.06 - 41.89
Therefore, · Wt = 49.17 m/s
~!f Q = c x (~d 2 )
Assuming no loss of relative velocity
W2 = W1=49. 17 m/s
= (~ x ~ y12
Lr d
( 3.12 x ~) t/2
From the outlet velocity,triangle {Refer Fig. 9.2]
WJl 2 = W2 ·cos 15°
= 97.06 1T = 49.17 x (0.97)
rn d = 0.202 m or 202 mm = 47.49 m/s
!fui
Then
Example 9.3 A Pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of 0.8 m and is
running al I000 rpm. The net hcocJ on the Pellon wheel is 400 m. If the side clearance CJl1 = WJl 1 - U =47.49-41.89
=
L- angle is 15° and discharge through the no7.7.le is 150 lit/sec, find (n) Power available
at the nozzle and (h) hydraulic cOiciency of the turbine.
5.61 m/s
(MKU-Nov. 1996, Apri/-1998) W/m = U(C.r 1 +CJli)
Solution = 41.89(91.06 + 5.61)

[m- Given D = 0.8, N = 1000 rpm. H = 400m, Q = 0.150 m3 /s = 4049.51 W /kg/s
(4049.51/9.81)
~mci :. 1/H =
~
(a) Power available at the nozzle= (91.062/2 x 9.81)
m = pQ = loJ x 0.150 = 150 kg/s 412.79
Ct =Jet velocity = 422.63
~ .. =
Assuming U 0.46 Ct and
= 97.7%
~ u = rr DN
6() =
rr x 0.8 x 1000
60 Example 9.4 Tuo jets strik.e at the buckets of a Pelton wheel. which is having
= 41.89 m/s shaft horse power as 20,000. The diameter of each jet is given as 15 cm. If the net
=
b~ :. Ci = 91.06 m/s ·
head on the turbine is 500 m, find the overall efficiency of lhe turbine. Take C11 1.0.
(MKU-Ap'ril '97) i
.I
·1J
> T\!RB9 M~ClllNES HYDRAULICTURB!NES ~ 41 ~
- J
410
' JJ
Solution
Number of jc;ts =2. $haft power =20,000 HP. 1 HP =0.736 kW
henc;e. Shaft p0wer :14,720 kW, D = 0 .15 m, H =· 500 m, C., = 1.0.
Solution
The Fig. 9. 14 illustrates the system with the ve~ocity triangles.
1J
I~
~ D·7'10
Velocity of each jct = C.,J2g H . .
=
=
~----
1.0J2 x 9.81 x5Q9
c,
·IJ
C1 99.05 m/s
'· i
Arcn of cnch jct, A =
=
~Di
4
~(0
4 . 15)
2
• I
~
~2
u
:J
= 0 .0177 m 2 Flgur~ 9. /4
lj
:. Discharge of each jet · · Power output
Hydraulic efficiency ;:;:
=
=
A x c1·
0.0177 x 99.05
Energy available in jct
w j
'.} = (l/2mCf)
= 1.75 m3 /s
:. Total dischargeQ =
=
2 x 1.75
3
3.5 m /s
Al entry 10 nozzle
H = 600-48
J
= 552 m
J
I
Power nt the turbine inlet

Nozzh! velocity coefficient
= pgQH
= Ci
lo-3 x 9 .81 x 3.5 x 500/1<>3 c.,
17198.75 kW
Theoretical velocity
C1
j
Ovc.rall Efficiency (2gH)l/2 '
110 =
ShaftP.owcr
pgQH
14, 720
= 17198.75 Thus,
Ci = 0 .98(2 x 9.81 x 552) 1 1 2
Iij
0 .856
- M.'.H1%
Example 9.5 The buckets cir a Pellon wheel deflect the jct through a~ angle of N~w.
= 102 m/s
~j
!ll:lJ
170° wh ile the relntive velocity of the waler is reduced by 12 percent due to the bucket I •
friction. Calculate I.he theoretical hycfraulic efficiency from the velocity tri'anglcs for W/m = U1C1 1 - V2C.c2
I . I.
a bucket/jet speed ratio of 0.47. Under a gross head of 600 m the wheel develops = U((U + Wi) - (U - W2 cos(l80° - a))) ., I
, 1250 kW, when the loss of head due to pipe friction between the reservoir and I.he = U((C1 - U)(I - K cos a)) lll:l6
nozzle is 48 m. The bucket circle diameter of the wheel is 900 mm. and there are two
. jets. The nozzle velocity coefficient is 0.98. Find the speed of .rotation of the wheel where W2 ::::: K W1. Substituting the values, I
and the diameter of the nozzles if the actual hydraulic efficiency is 0 .9 times at that I
calculated above. W/m = 0.47C1(C1-0.47Ci)(l -0.81!cosl70°
0
bi
W = 0.465md . Ii
L HYDRAULIC TuRlllNES ~ 413
' .
412 )> TURRO MACI llNES
and hence
L Therefore,
d2 =
143.5 x 4
Theoretical Hydraulic Efficiency
= =
1000 x 102 x rr
J .792 x 10-3 m 2 ..
~ll
0.465/0.5
0.93 d' = 42.3 mm
Actual Hydrualic Efficiency is Example 9.6 Design a Pelton wheel for a head or 60 m and speed 200 rpm.
The Pelton wheel develops 100 k\V.1ake Cu = 0 .98, Spc:cd ratio= 0.45 ·and overall
L =
=
0.9 x 0.93
0.837
efficiency = 0.85.
Solution
· ·
\Vheel bucket speed

H = 60m N = 200rpm P = IOOk\V C., = 0.98 Speed ratio= 0.45 110.: 0 .85.
b u = 0.47 x 102
41 .94 m/s
(a) Diameter of wheel (D)
Velocity of jct
\Vhecl rotational speed c, = C,,J2gH
bi N =
u x 60
rrD
=
=
0 .98 x
33.62 m/s
../2 x 9.81 x 60
47.94 x 60
r~!! =
=
x 0.9
1f
1017 rpm
Velocity of the buckets
u = speed ratio x Jig H
= 0.45 x ./2 x 9.81 x 60

Actual power developed
fi.~ Actual Hydraulic Efficiency =
Energy available in jet
= 15.44 m/s
1250 x 10J But

rrDN
11 0.837 =:: u =
(l/2mC~) 60
~J[. Substituting for C1 and solving for the mass flow rate :. D =
60 x 15.44
1f x 200
1250 x 10-1 D = 1.47 i:n
~
(o,
m
'j 0.837 x 0.5 x 1022 (b) Diameter of the jet (d)
= 287 kg/s Ovcrnll efficiency
p
r
I"
Hence for one noZ7.lc, 170 = ·pgQH
t:W m = 143.5 kg/s p
Also from continuity equation

Q = pgH · 110
1! 100 x lol
\i:.:-l m = pC1A = 103 x 9.81 x 60 x 0 .85 ... I'i
•El
. where A is the nozzle area = 0.1999 m 3/s It
'
~· ' A= ~d 2 But, . r1
,mr
•J .!l
4
Q = Area of jet x velocity of jet '
where d is the nozzle diameter
= ~d2 xq
~ = pC1Trd2
:. m
II
I
1bl" 4
tl.!!J
J
-414 ;> TuRBO MACHINt;S
HYDRAULICTURBINES " 4).5
~
.. ,l
lli!l
(iQ 4 x 0.1999 (b) Diameter of the jet (d)
.-.d = r~= Tr x 33.62 I
_,
= T2I x 1.59
d = 0.087 m .; d=-xD
12
d = Q. 133m J
(c) Number of buckets
z = 15 +
D
-2d = 15 +
1.47
..
(c) Quantity of water required -j
. 2 x 0 .087 ' Q = 7!..d1 x ci
2:\.4.5 4
Jr l
z = 24 = 4 x 0. 133 . x 53.16
(d) Size of buckets Q = 0.739 m /s1 j

(d) Power developed
Width of buckets = 5d = 5 x 0.087
Depth of buckets
= 0.435 m
L2d = 1.2 x 0 .087 .
P =
=
T/O x Power available al thc nozzle
T/o x (pgQH)
j
=
= ·-
= 0 .104m
Example 9.7 A Pelton wheel is 10 be designed to run a.t 300 rpm under a head
of I 50 m. The nozzle diameter is not to eJtceed one-twelfth the wheel diameter. J{ p =
0.84 x (1000 x 9.8t' x 0.739 x 150)
913.5 kW
Example 9.8 An electricity generating installation uses a Francis turbine with a
J
I
The overall efficiency is 0.84. Determine the diameter of the wheel. diameter of rotational sr.ccd of 1260 rpm. The net head across the turbine is I 24 m and the volume
jct. quanitity of water required and power developed. Take Cu
ratio = o.,4~. . .
0.98 and speed = llow rate is 0.5 m 3/s. The radius of the runner is 0.6 m, the height of the runncr vanes
al inlet is 0.03 m and the angle of lh!! inlet guide vanes is set at 72° from the radial
direction. Assuming that the absolutc' llow velocity is radial al the exit. find the torque
J-
Solution and power eltertcd hy the water. Calculatc the hydraulic efficiency.
If = 300 rpm H = 150 m ~ = /2 l/O = 0.84 Cu = 0.98 Speed ratio= 0.46.
Solution
From the angular momentum equat ion
J
(a) Diameter of the wheel (D)
Torque,
Velocity of jct C1 =
=
C~J2gH
0 .98./fX 9.81 x ~50
T = m(r2C.i 2 - rtC.i 1 ) J
= 53. 16 m/s
But Ci 2 = 0, since the flow is radial al outlet, and therefore I
T = -mr1C.q J
Velocity of the wheel (U) = Speed ratio x Ji8'H = -pQr 1C, 1
= 0.46J2 x 9.8) x 150 = -10" x 0.5 x 0.6C, 1 . !
' I
= .· .24.96 m/s = -300Ci 1 N111 fmJ

.
But, ; The inlet area ''' · ·'· .
I
u =
rrDN
60 .
where bi is lh~ inlet runner height
A= 2rrr1b1'
L.
60 x 24.96
D = ir x 300 = 2Ir x 0 .6 x 0 .03
D = 1.59 m = 0 . 113m 2 , iL
l. 416 > TuRBO MAClllNES
HYDRAULICTURBINES < 417
Now flow velocity c,., is given by

l Cr 1 =
=
Q/A
0 .5/0. 113
Solution
Power given to runner
,,,, =
l
= 4.42 m/s
Power available
From inlet velocity triangle m(U1C.r 1 - U2Cxl)
= pgQH
C.r1 = c,I tan fJi
~~
I = 4.42 x tan(72")
13 .6 m/s
But since the llow is radial at outlet, c..1 is zero nod ' m' equals pQ. Therefore
u,c..
Substituting for C.r 1 gi ves
'111 = gH
1
fj 0.97(2gH}l c.r1
lt 1 T = -300 x 13.6 0.82 = gH
'
= -4080 Nm
~
hence.
This is the torque exerted on the fluid. The torque exerted by the fluid is +4080 Nm
't;r
~.
and is the torque exerted on the runner. · c.. , = 0.423(2gH)l
Torque exerted by water on runner= 4080 Nm
Now. rrom inlet velocity triangle (Refor Fig. 9.6)
a Power exerted
r~, tana1 = C11 /C.r 1
=· W = Tw
= 0.4/0.423
= 4080 x (271' :; 260) I
m From which , inlet guide vane angle a 1 co 43.4° !·: •
~ = 538 kW ii
Hydraulic Efficiency, '111
tan f3t = Cr1 /W.r, .' ·I
ll _S!_ ,,•'
Power Exerted =
b· = Power available
C.r 1 -U1
i:
0.4
.
I
:
538 x 10J = 0.423 - 0.97 \
=
L- =
pg QH
538 x 10J
from which, fJ1
= -0.731
= - 36.2° to give the blade angle /Jt as ( J 80° - 36.2") = 143.8°

I;·..
t•
1000 x 9.KI x 0 .5 x 124 with U1 > c. I
b- = 0.885
88.5%
Runner speed ·,,
11'
=
rrD1N l'I \
=
(t
-
• 0
Example 9 .9 An inward flow radial turbine has an overall efficiency of 74 per
Ut
60 n,
~
~ cent. The net head H across the: turbine is 5.5 m and the required power output is D1 =
60 x 0.97 x (2 x 9.81x5.5) 2
1T x 230
I
11....,,
1,
125 kW. The runner tangential velocity is 0.97(2gH)l while the flow ve loc ity is ,,
:1
:r.
0.4(2~H} l. If the speed of the runner is 230 rpm w ith hydraulic losses accounting Runner inlet diameter = 0.836 m. Ii
~ for 18 per cent of the energy avai lable, calc ulate the inlet guide vane exit angle, the
inlet angle of the runner va ne, the runner diumeter ni in let and the height of the runner .
Overall efficiency ·
at inlet. Assum e that the discharge is radial. Power Output

= Power available
~
'la
Ii
·.I.
J
418 l> TURDO MAClllNl'.S
(or)
HYORAULICTUIUllN£S ~ 419' J
(a)(i) Guide vane angle
pgQH = 125 x HY
at = tan
I (C,,)
c.,. J
Hence. flow rate
Q =
125 x ICP
0 .74 x 1000 x 9.81 x 5.5
=
= 16.:1"
9.5 )
tan-• ( J2.4 ·]
= 3
:l.I:\m /s
(II) Inlet velocity
But also
Q = 1T D,b,C,1
Ct = cci + ci>!'• ..r1
J
Therefore, I
= (9.5 2 + 32.4 2P
bt =
1T
3. 13
x 0.836 x 0.4(2 x 9.81 x 5.5)l. •
I = 33.8 m/s J
= 0.287 m
(b) Runner blade entry angle
Hence. height of runner= 0.287 m. tan /31

C, 1
c,,
- U1
J
·~, Example 9.10 A Francis turbine has a diameter of 1.4 m and rotates at 4:10 rpm. 9.5
Water enters the runner without shock with a now velocity (C, 1 ) of 9.5 mis and leaves
the runner without whirl with an absolute velocity of7 mis. The difference between
the sum of the static and potential head~ at entrance to the runner and at the exit from
-
=
32.4 - 31.S
I0.55 J
· the runner is 62 m. If the turbine develops 12250 kW and has a flow rate of 12 m 3 /s . Hence,
of waler when the net head is 115 m, find
(a) the absolute velocity of the waler at entry lo the runner and the angle of the inlet
guide vanes. (c) Total head across runner
/Ji = 84.6° J
(b) the entry angle of the runner blades and
(c) the head lost in the runner
Al inlet.
=Energy (head) transferred to runner+ Head lost in runner
iJ
Solution I
Runner tip speed
u, = trDN
1/1 -Pt + -Cr
= />/) 2g
+ Zt I
I ....,
60 At ou1h:1,
1T x 430 x 1.4
60 H,•
P2
= -pg + C~
~ + z,
2g . • ~
31.5 m/s
Power given lo runner .Now, for zero whirl at outlet
IV= m(UtC.r 1 - U2Cx1 ) w u,c.. ,
- = --- '-'
mg g
·.. But C.r2 is zero, since there is zero whirl at outlel. Hence
Hence, loss of head in 1he runner
12250 x lcP x 60
c.., =
=
1000 x 12
32.4 m/s
x 11 x 1.4 x 430
=(Pi- Pi)+ (c~ -Ci)+ (Zr - Z2)- u,c.., //IL
-~ ~ g
l HYDRAUUCTUk!llNE5 ~ 421
420 » Tu1mo MAClllNI~'>
l But,
From inlet velocity triangle
= C,,
(P1 ;II Pi)+ (Zi _ Zi) = 62 m sin 100
c,
L Head loss in runner c,,
C1 = - -
sin JOO
=
1.8
0.1737
..... ,...
= 1
(3).!I -7
2
)-(31.5 x 32.4) C1 = 10.366 m/s .. ..
LI
I
62
+ 2x9.81 9 .81 ·
= 13.69 m (b) The velocity of whirl at Inlet
tan 10°
c,,
l
::i
C.r,
Example 9.11 An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diam-
1.8
eters as 0 .9 m and 0.45 m respectively. The turbine is running at 200 rpm and the c.. , =
tan I 00
width of turbine at inlet is 20 cm. The velocity of flow through the runner is constant
c.. , = 10.208 m/s
l and is equal to 1.8 m/s. The guide blades make an angle of IO'' to the tangent of the
wheel and the discharge at the outlet of the turbine is radial. Draw the inlet and outlet
vcJocity triangles and determine
(iii) The relative velocity'at Inlet
(i) 111c absolute velocity of water at 1he inlet of runner. w, = /w;, +cl,
""
!~
ti~
(ii)
(iii)
The velocity of whirl at the inlet
The relative velocity at the inlet
w.. , = C.r 1 -U1
nD1N 'Jr )( 0.9 )( 200
(iv) The runner blade angles U1 = --=
60 60
(v) Width of the runner al the outlet . u, 9.425 m/s
L- (vi)
(vii)
Mass of water flowing through the runncr·pcr second
Head al the turbine inlet w..,
=
= 10.208 - 9.425
(viii) Power developed and hydraulic eniciency of the turbine = 0.783 m/s
l '
·1
Solution
Given Di = 0.9m D1 = 0.45 m N = 200rpm b1 = 0 .2m
W1 .
w,
=
=
(0.7832 + 1.8 2) J
1.963 m/s
~ Cri = C,2 = 1.8 m/s ai = 10° a1 = 90° (Iv) The runner blade angles
~ (a) The absolute velocity of water at inlet of runner (C 1; p, = tan- 1 ( C,,)
w.. ,
I
II.
' ·I
L
I
1.8 )
-1 (
= tan. · 0.783
/31 · = 66.49°
~
;l
:-h-
fh = ian-
1
(~~)
~!_:1
nD2N 7f )( 0.45 x 200
Ui = --=
60 60
k ~
~
w C 1 =Cr1 Ui = 4.712 m/s
Ir~
-u- 1
Figur~ 9.15
lli =
/Ji =
_, ( 1.8 )
tan . 4.712
20.91° ;..
~- J.
J
422 ;;.. . TuRBO M/\CHINES HYDRAUL!CTuRBlNES ~ 42'3
-j
: I
(v) Width of runner at outlet The discharge through a radial tlow reac1ion j Example 9.12 Design an inward flow Francis turbine whose power output is 330 ........
turbine is given by
Q = rr Di bi C,, = rr D2biCri
kW under a head of 70 m running al 750 rpm. Tiii = 94%, TIO = 85%. The tlow ratio
at inlet is 0.15. The breadth ratio is 0.1. The outer diameter of the runner is twice the j
inner diameter of runner. The thickness of lhe vanes occupy 6% of the circumtial area
(Or) of the runner. Flow velocity is constant and discharge is radial al outlet.
D1b1 = D2b2
bi =
Dib1 Solution j
D2 P = :no kW II = 70 m N = 750 rpm Tiii = 0.94 TIO = 0.8.5
0.9 x 0 .2 Flow ratio =0.15 Breadth racio = 0. l D1 = .2D1.
=
bi =
0.45
0.4 m
How vclocily
C,i = Flow ratio x ,(igfi

J
(vi) Mass of water flowing through the runner per second
= 0.15 x ./2 x 9.81 x 70
m
Q
= pQ
rrD1b1Cr1 = 7r x 0.9 x 0.2 x 1.8
= 5.56 m/s J
Discharge al ouclcl
= 1.0 18 m3 /s
m = 1<>3 x 1.018 Q = pgl/
p
X l)O
j
rh =· 1018 kg/s
330 x HP
(vii) Head at the turbine Inlet (H)
Pi V1
=
=
JQl x 9.81 x 70 x 0.85
0.565 m 3 /s
j
H = - +_Land
pg 2g
. But.
J
(
v,2 u,c.. ,
H- 2; g
[·:C.x2 =OJ
Q = Actual area of flow x Velocity of flow
U1C.x 1 Vf = 0 .94rr D1 b i x C, 1
H = -g- +2g
- ;
9.425 x 10.208 1.8 2
Sin ce. breadch racio j
= + - -- bi
9.8 1 2x9.8J 0. 1 bi = O.ID1
II = 9.973 m [·:V1 = C2 = C~ 1 ) D1
(viii) Power developed

Q
D?I .
=
=
0.94 x TT x Di x O.ID1 x
Q
c,,
--------
0..56.5
)J
w = m(Ui c ... > 0.94 x rr x 0. 1 x Cri - 0.94 x JT x 0. 1 x 5.56
=
W =
1018(9.425 x 10.208)
97 .942kW and
Dr = 0.587 m
:J
~J
(ix) Hydraulic efficiency bi= 0.1xD i=0.0587 m
u,c...
rm =
gH
Tangential speed of the runner at inlet I
no
=
=
9.425 x 10.208
9.81 x 9.973
98.34%
u, = 60=
= 23.05 m/s
rr Dr N rr x 0.587 x
60 J
L 424 > Tl•11no MAC'lllNt:S HYDl'lAULICT\JRBINES -C 4~
"
.}\
f~,
From hydrauic efficiency relation Solution . . .
~~ 1'111 x gH H = 30 m . Di = 1.2 m. D2 = 0.6 m. /31 = 90°. a1 = 15°. C,. 2 =·o. C, = Cri .
1
C.r1 = u, (a) Speed of the wheel If there is no loss of energy in the guide and runner
~
0 .94 x 9.81 x 70 vanes, the working head.
= ·23.05 ci ci
= 28m/s H =Euler's head+ -1. = E + -1.
. 2g 2g
1
Frnm inlcl vclixi1y 1ri;m ~Jc, Guide blade angle [Refer Fig. 9.6]
Since, C~ 1 =
0. C2 C,2 =
{ '
~l
E= u,c.. 1
c,. R
tnna1 = c ..~ :. H = U1C., +Ci = U1Cx
1 1 + Cl2
b a1
a1
=
=
tan -I (5.56)
11 .23"
-
28
H=-+-
u? c;
g 2g
Since fJ 1 = 90°. Cx 1 = U 1
2
g
.
2g
g. 2g -
~ Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet From inlet velocity triangle, (Refer Fig. 9.16)
c,, - 5.56 c,, · ·' ,

tana1 = -
tan fJ1 = C,r
1
- LJ1 - --
28 --
- 23.05 u, . '·
b fJ1 =
From outlet velocity triangle, [Refer Fig. 9.6)
48.32°
U1 = Cr1/,tana1 = Cr1/tanl5°
, = 3.732C,
Bute,. =C;2 , andU1 =3.732C,..
1
f.i c,2 (3.732C,. ) 2 Cl,

@ tan /J2 = U2 H=
~
+-.
2g
~/1
rr D2N I
But U2 = 6Q Di= 2D1=0.2935 m 30 = 1.42c; 1
+ 0.051 c~.
t
C2 =Cr
~
C,1 =4.516m/s 1
I 1T x 0.2935 >: 750
·~ = 60
= 11.53 m/s
Then U1 = 3.732 x 4.516 = 16.854 m/s
5.56) 60 x u, : 60 x 16.854 UJ .
/Ji = - 1(
S pee d N= =- ---
~
tan 11 .53 rr D1 1f x 1.2
Fi1un 9.16
fJ2 = 25.74° =
N 268.24 rpm
Width al oullct. (b) Vane arlgle at exit
~ 112
D1b1
= - -
Di =
0 .587 x U.051!7
0.2935
tan /J2 =
C,
U2
4.Sl6
-1= -U2-
rrD1N 1T x 0.6 x 268.24
bi ~ 0 . 1174m Ui = --=
~
60 60
Example 9.13 A Francis turbine· working under a head of 30 m has a wheel = 8.43 m/s
diameter of 1.2 m al the entrance and 0.6 mat the exit The vane angle at the entrances fJl : = 28.18°
is 90° and guide blade angle is 15°. The water at the exit leaves the vanes without any
~ tangenti:!I velocity and the velocity of now in the runner is constant Neglecting the Example 9.14 An ou.tward flow reaction turbine has internal and external diam-
effect of draft tube, and losses in the guide and runner passages determine the speed eters of the runner as 0.6 rri and 1.2 m respecl.ivcly. The guide blade angle is .15° and
of the wheel in rpm and vane angle at exit. (BU-April '96) velocity of flow through the runner is constant and equal to 4 mis. If the speed of
the turbine is 200 rpm. Head on the turbine is 10 m and discharge 11 outlet is radial.
~
J
....,
.i26 > T!,IRBO MAClllNES HYDRA ULICTURBINES <( 42"
J
Determine Hence, {3 1 = 24.82°
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
The runner vane angles at the inlet and ou1let.
Work done by the water on the runner per kg of water and
tanfJ2 = u2
C,1
J
..;1.
or
C2\1)
·1
1·Solutlon
Given n,
N =
=0 .6 111,
200rpm,
1.2 111 ,
· /)2 ;:;::
If= IOm,
a1
cr2
=
=
15",
90°
c,. ;:;::,C,1 = 4 m/s fi2 = 1un-1 J
Hence, fJ2 = 17 .65°
1-u1-of
~C2 :Cr2
(Ii) Work done
W/ m = U1C... 1 ·:Ci= C,2
J
Wz'"'J = 6.28 x 14.93 -.·c. . 2 = o
93.76 W /(kg/s) J
(Ill) Hydraulic efficiency
u,c. . ,
J
~
I
11 II = gu
I
c,, 93.76
=
I
u
Cx I
w.,,
'111 =
9.81 x 10
95.58% ,J
Figure 9.17 J
Example 9.15 An axial flow hydrnulic turbine has a net head of 23 m across it,
(/) Inlet and outlet vane angles
rrD1N
and, when running at a speed of 150 rpm, develops 23 mW. The bladc tip and hub
diameters arc 4.75 and 2.0 m respectively. If 1he hydraulic efficiency is 93 per cent
and the overall efficiency is 85 per cent, calcula1e the inlet and outlet blade angles al
J
U1 = 60 the mean radiu s assum ing axial flow al outlet ".
;:;::
Tr x 0.6 x 200
60
= 6.28 m/s Solution
Meun diameter
J
rrD2N
U2 =
=
Tr
60
x 1.2 x 200
= 12.57 m/s.
dm = 2
D+d j
60
4.75 + 2
w.. , = c. ., -U1 = -- - I
c,, 4
2
c.• . = - -=--
1an 15° tan 15° = 3.375 m bVJ
= 14.9~ m/s Overall efficiency
:. w.. , = 14.93 - 6.28 = 8.65 m/s ' I
I
tan fJ1 =
w. . ,
s. '70 =
Power developed
Power available
IIBi
/I~
23 x 1a6
/11 = i:in-1 (s.:5)
Power available = 0.85
= 27mW
L 428 )> TURDO MAClllNHS llYl>RAULICTURBINES . <t. 429
L Available power= pg Q Fl. Hence flow
Q =
rnlf!
27 x 106
But W, 1 equals Um since C.r2 is zero. Hence
tan /32 = 26.5

8.21
IOOO x 9.81 x 23
b Rotor speed at mean diameter

= 119.7 m3 /s Outlet blade angle
lh = 17.2°
Example 9.16 A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to dhclop 9100 kW.
~
rrdmN
u,,, "" ~60 The net available bead is S.6·m. If the· speed ratio= 2.09. flow ratio= 0.68. overall
c:flicicncy Rh% nntl the diameter or the ho~i1 i~ lf.l the diumcler t>f 1hc runnc:r. FinJ
Tr x ·'·~7:'i )( 150 the diameter of the: runner, its speed nnd the specific speed or the turbine.
= --60--
~ = 26.5 m/s Solution
.
,,..,
')
Given
Power given lo runner = Power available x '711 P = 9100 kW =
H 5.6 m · Speed ratio= 2.09
= 0.86
~! = 6
27 x 10 x 0.93
Flow ratio '= 0.68 Overall Efficicncy17,,
= 25.11 mW I
Db= -D
But theoretical power given lo runner is 3
~f w = pQUmC:ci (C.r 2 = 0) D-Diamcter of runner Db· Diameter of boss.
.
25.11 x I06 = 1000 x 119.7 x 26.5 x c.. , Now. spec d ra110 = ./Ui
2g H
~ c .. , 7.9 m/s [ 1111 U1C.1 J
= ---;Tl 1
U1 =
=
2.09 x (2 x 9,.81 x 5.6)!
21.91 m/s
Axial velocity
c,,
~H Q
c,, = rr-:;- Flow ratio= ./2gH
~ -(D- -d 2 J
4
119.7 x 4 :. Cri = .
0.68 x (2 x 9.81 x 5.6p
I
=
~ =
rr x
8.21 m/s
(4 .752 - 22)
The Overall effieic~cy is given by

= 7. 13 m/s
From the inlet velocity trinnglc !Refer Pig. 9.101, C., = C, p
b
1
C,,
17,, = pgQll
tan ( I HO'' - fl 1) ::: ----·--
Um - C.ri 9100 x 10-'
:. Q =
8.21 0.86 x 9.81 x 5.6 x I03
~ Inlet blade angle

26.5 - 7.9 = 192.6 m 3/s
The discharge through a Kaplan turbine is given by
~ ' /31 = 156.2° Q = tr

4ID 2
- D 112 ) x C,1 I
At outlet
Cr1/~
192.5 = i[ D
2
-UIY] x 7.13
·/
1·
~
ran/Ji=
!I
~
J
430 );» TURBO MACHINES
0.88D 2 = 34.38 From inlet velocity triangle (Fig. 9. I 8(a))

HYDRAULICTURBINES <( 431 ,
J
=
:. D
The speed of the turbine is given by
6.22 m
C.r1
_s_
= 1an35°
9.92
J..
_
rrDN 1anJs~
Vi
:. N
=
=
60
60 x 21.91
14.17m/s
J
1T x 6.22 w.. , = U1 - C.r 1 f'/gur' 9./8(a)
N =
J
67.3 rpm Using 1he rda1ion for 'llf
The Spccilic speed is given by '111 x II x g
u, =
N,fP c..,
N, =
=
H~/4
67.3,/9100
(5.6)5/~
=
=
0.88 x 20 x 9.81
14.1 7
12. ll!m/s
J
=
Example 9.17
N, = 745.25
A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 20 m develops
11800 kW. The outer diameter of the runner is 3.5 m and hub. diame1cr I. 75 m.
w.. ,
The negative sign iridica1es _tha1 the
12. 18-14. 17 =-l.99m/s
w.. , is in thc negative X-axis direction.

J
The guide hlade angle Ill lhc extreme edge of lhc runner is 35°. The hydraulic and (I) (a) Runner inlet angle,
overall cfficicneies of 1he 1urbine arc 81!% and 84% respectively. If 1he velocity of . c,, i.CBIJ
l
· whirl is zero at oullet detemiine. ·. tan(l80 - .fli>
(i) Runner inlet and outlet vane angles at the excreme edge of the runner and
= \V.q
180 - fl1 = 78.66
(ii) Speed of the turbine.
/31 = I 01.34° j
·: ·:· Solution
Given II= 20 m. P=llROOkW. D=3.5m •. Db=l.15m
(i) (b) Runner outlet angle,
Guide blade ang.11.: a 1:= 35°. = 0.88,
I/If l]u =0.84 and.. c.. 2 =
0 From outlet velocity triangfe (Fig. 9. I 8(b))
!ml
I
\
. The discharge through the runner is
,,., = I'
pgQH
For a Kaplan 1urbine
l11 = l/1 and c,. = C,1
C,i
""'
c' .c"
LJAw' I
I
tan/J2 = Uz lrl3I
U2
11800 x ICP
Q = tan -1(9.92)
103 x 9.81 x 20 x 0.84 fh = --
12. 18
Figurt 9./8(b)
Q = 71.598 m /s 3
fh = 39.2° lQJ
Q is given by
(ii) The Speed of turbine
c,,
Q =
=
Tr
4
2
-(D - D;;) x
.
71 .598
,
c,..
N =
u,
rr
x 60
D
L
Tr 2 , 12.18 x 60
- x (3.5 - 1.15-)
L
,.
' ,".!
4 = Tr x 3.5
= 9.92 m/s
N = 66.46 rpm
L 432 > TvRBO MACHINES HYDRAULICTURB1NES < 433
L Example 9.16 A propeller turbine running at 50 rpm has n runner diameter

as 6m and effective area or flow as 20 m 2 • The angle or the runner blades al inlet
and outlet arc I 50° and 20° re~pcctively with the tangcn1 to the wheel. Assuming
C2 = C, =
H =
1 5.71 m/s
15.7 x 5.8 1
9.81
+ (5.7))2
. 2 x 9.81
.
constant velocity of now calculate, (a) discharge, (b) theoretical power developed, and
=
L (c) hydraulic efficiency.
Solution
Now.
'IH =
UCx.fE
I0.96m
(15.7 x 5.81)/9.81
~= 10.96
N=50rpm. d=6mA,Jfwivt=20m 1 • f31=150°. {31=20°. C,, =C,2
=
~
. 'IH 84.84%
(a) Discharge
U=-rr DN
- = rr x 6 x 50
= 15.7 m/s Example ~.19 A Kaplan turbine has an·outcr diame1er of 8 m and inner diameter
60 60 ns 3 rn and developing 30.000 kW at 80 rpm under a head of 12 m.. Thc ~i~harg~
L] As in Kaplan turhine. Vi = U2 = U . through the runner is 300 m3/s. If hydraulic efficiency is 95%. dctc'r minc (a) inlet
and outlel blade angles. (b) mechanical efficiency and (c) overall efficiency.
:. ll2 = 15.7 m/~
~l~1·..· From outlet velocity triangle I Refer Fig. 9.1 OJ
Solution
=
D 8 m. D11=3 m, p = 30. 000 kW. 1111 =0.95
tan f3i =
C,1 C,1 N = 80 rpm. H = 12 m. Q = 300 ml /s
U2 =15.7
~~ :. C,1 15.7 x tan 20° = 5.71 m/ s (a) .Blade angles at Inlet and outlet
In Kaplan turbine~ U1 ~ U2 as flow is axial and C, , = C, 1
Given C,1 =Cri = C, Now. "
..'
~
Discharge
rr DN 71' . x 8 x 80
Q = Atfftl'ti11t x C, U = "60" ~
60
= 33.5 m/s
=
Q =
20x5.71
I 14 .2 mJ /s
Discharge, Q = i (D
2
- Dl> x C,
~ilT (b) Theoretical power developed

From inlet velocity triangle !Refer Fig. 9. IOJ
C, = Tr
300
-(82 - 32)
4
= 6.95m/s
f . = _s_
From outlet velocity triangle (Refer Fig. 9.10)
tan( 180 - /Ji)
~ U - Cx, cri 6.95
5.71 tan /Ji = u,_ = 33.s
tan(l80 - 150) =
f.i '
15.7 - Cx 1 f32 = 11.72°
li!J Cx, = 5.81 111/5
Using the hydraulic efficiency relation
Power clevclopccl = PxQ(~ ix_') 1111 xg H
f Cx, = u
t;w: I ·
= 10·' x 9.81 x 114 .2 ( · 9~ ~· )

15 7 81
0.95 x 9.81 x 12
i
= 33.5
= 10416.98 kW
= 3.34 m/s j
~
I
(c) Hydraulic efficiency Now, from inlet velocity triangle (Refer Fig. 9.1 OJ
~
H = UCx 1
g
+ C~
').g tan(l80-P1> =
Cr,
U .
· 1-Cx,
./
J
..,
434 ;;. TURBO M/\CHINES HYDRAULIC TURBINES °' '·'35 j
Bui.
J
tan -1 ( 6.95 )
180 - .81 -
- 33.5 - 3.34 .. lT , 2
Q = -co-
4
- D,.l x C,
= 12.98°
= ~ <D~ - (0. 30)~ l x C,
/J1 = 167.02° 4 .1..
(b) Mechanical efficiency
P. 30000 X 10-l
"
( 3.34 :X 33.5 )
{)~
=
4Q
;(1" -=<ij:f)~
4 x 299.58
J
1Jm
- pgQ (C:c;U ) 103 x 9.8 1 x 300 9 .81 = 1T x 0.91 x 5.97
'Im = 89.4%
(b) Speed
D = 8.38 m
J
(c) Overall efficiency. . rrDN
u =
'10· = 'Im X '1H = 0.95 X 0 .894
60
60 x 18.4
j
N ::::
'lo = 84.9% rr x R.311
' I
N = 4 1.1) rpm
Example 9.20 Find the operating speed and diameter of the ru nner of a Kaplan
1urhim: having the fullowing.~pcci fi cations. . , ..
j
Haled power = I I 500 kW, Average head =4.3 m. , , SHORT QUESTIONS
Ov.:rall efficie ncy= 9 1%, Oiame1er of runner boss = 0.3 x diam!=lcr of run ner, speed
ra1i11 = 2 l·luw ratio= 0 .65 ~ ·
Solution
lJ . I . D.:lin.:: Hydraulic lurbin.:.
9.:!. Diffcr.:miatc hc1wcen 1urhi n.:s and pumps
9.3. How arc turbines classified?.
J
p 11 50 kW H = 4 .3 m '10 = 0.9 1 9..t . Energy availahlc at 1hc impuls1.: lurhin.: in lc1is only Kin1.:1ic Energy. <True/False I
I
o,, = 0.3 D .· ·s peed ratio = 2 Flow rati9 = 0.65 9.5. What is a reaction lurhim: '?
u..a
9.6. Classify hydraulic 1urh i nc.~ ai:cord ing 10 1hc dircclion of fl ow 1hrough runner.
(a) Runner d iam eter 9.7. P.:111111 wfu:d b a high head lurhine . (Trudfalsel
u = Speed ra1io x fiiii ...,,
9.ll. l.uw head turhines arc
(a) Kaplan 1urbincs. Q1!i
I
= 2 x ./2 x 9.8 1 x 4.3 <hl P mpelle~ lurhines
lll.4 m/s cc) ll o1h (a) and (b)
=
9.9. f-rancis 111r1linc is a - - spccific spci:d 1urhinc.
· Flow vdocity, 9. IO. Thi: fluid flow~ in lhe - - direc1iun lhrough lhc Pellon turhinc. 1.:::1
9. I I. Wh al is spi:ar in a Pellon turbine?
C, • ·= Flow ratio x J2g H 9 .1:!. Dcscrihc hrii:Oy the hucke1s of Pellon wheel.
=
=
0.65 x ./2
5.97 m / s
x 9.8 1 x 4.3 9. I."\. The jcl of waler is deficc1cd hy the buckcls 1hrough an anglc of hc1ween
(a) I 00 and I 20°
(b) 160 and 165°
l~
(c) 130 and 140"
L
Now. ·'
p 9. 14. Whal is mcanl hy breaki ng jc1"!
IJO . = 9.15. Draw 1hc inlet and ou1lc1velocity triangles for n si ng.Ii: huckcl of Pellon wheel.
pgQH IJ. I 6. Fo r M:iximum Energy trnnsfcr. the whei:l vcloci1y is
IHiOO x I03 (a) 2C1
Q · ·= c,
0.9 1 x 103 x9.8 1 x4.3 . (b)
= 299.58 m)/s (cl C1/2

where C 1 is 1hi: veloc ity of jel at huckcl inlet.,
J1L
l 436 ;. TURDO MllC"lllNES HYORAllLIC"TURBINfS .( 4J7
9.6. Design n Pelton wheel for a head of 80 m and speed 300 rpm. The Pellon wheel ·
t 9.17. Ddinc hydraulic cnicicncy.
9.18. Hydraulic clliciency is I 00% when the angle turned through by the jct in the
hori1.0n1al plane is - - .
9.19. Define the terms for a Pelton turbine,
·
=
develops i 40 kW. Take Cu 0.98, speed ralio=0.45 and Overall.cffidency=0.8.
(Ans: (a) D=l.l 12m, (b) d=8.55cm. (c) z=22)
9.7. A Pelton ·wheel is to be designed for the following specifieations. Power= 1000
L. (a) No1.zlc Efliciency

(b) Nozzle velocity coefficient
9.20. The nozzle efficiency and velocity coefficient ure related by
kW, head= 200 m, speed= 800 rpm, overall efficiency= 0.86 and jet diameter
is not to exceed one-tenth the wheel diameter. ·
Determine: (a) Wheel diameter, (b) Diameter of the jct and (c) Number of jCts
(a) 'IN /C~ = I required. (Ans: (a) 0.673 m. (b) 6.73 cm, (c) iJ
~ (b) '7N =Cu

(C) C,, c T}~
9.8. A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of JO mis with a jet of water Howing
at the rare of 700 litres/sec under a head of 30 m. The buck.ets;deHoc1 the jct
9.21. Deline overall efficiency of 11 Pelton turbine. through an angle of 160°. Calculate the power and efficiency or the turbine.
9.22. Classify radial llow turbines. Assume C., = 0.98. (MU-April '98)
L 9 .23. Drnw the velocity triangles for an inward flow radial turbine.
9.24. What is a draft tube? Why is it used in a radial now turbine?
9.25. Define the hydrnutk efficiency of a radial flow turbine.
(Ans: (a) 187. 110 kW. (b) 90.8%)
9.9. A Pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of Im and is running iii 1000 .
rr.111. 111e ncl head on the Petton wheel is 700 m. If the side c:lcaranc:c anJlc is .
9.26. How docs nn inw:1rd flow radial turbine udjusl uutumuticully tu the load vurin· J5° nnd discharge through nozzle is 0.1 ml /s, find (a) Power available at the
~~ tion·!
9.27. What is an axial now hydraulic turbine? Give Examples.
nozzle, and (b) hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
... (Ans: (a) 686.7 kW. (b) 97.2%)
9.28. Differentiate between propeller turbine and Kaplan turbine. 9. 10: The three jet Pelton-wheel is required to generate 10,000 kW urider 11 net head
~j
9.29. Why must the blades of an axial flow turbines be long? of 400 m. The blade angle al outlet is 15° and the reduction in relative velocity
9.30. Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles for a Kaplan turbine? while passing over the blade is 5%. lf the overall efficiency of the wheel is 80%.
9.31. How arc the types of turbine selected for a particular llpplication? C., = 0.9.R and Speed ratio= 0.46. find (a) the diameter of the jc;t. (b) total now
9.32. Give the range of specific speed values for the Pelton, Francis and Kaplan in m-' /s and (c) the force excned by a single jct on the buckets in the 1angential
~
,~.,,..
turbines.
9.33. What is a draft tube?
direction. · (Ans: (a) 12.5 cm (b) 3.18 ml /s (c) 94. 1 kNJ
9.11. A Pelton turbine develops 8 MW under a ne1 head of 130 mat a speed of
~
9.34. Why is a draft tube used in a reaction turbine? 200 rpm. Assuming the coefficient or velocity for the n<?zzlc as 0.98, hydraulic
9.35. List the types of draft tubes. ns
cnicicncy 87% speed ratio as 0.46 and jet diameter to wheel diametcrralio
L 9.36. What are the advantDges of u draft tube?

9.37. Define Efficiency of draft tube.
9.38. What is the phenomenon of cavitation in hydraulic turbines?
:is 1/9, determine, (a) the discharge required. (b) the diamelcr of the wheel.
(c) the diamelcr and number of jets required. and (d) the specific speed.
[Ans: (a) 9.6 ml /s. (b) 2.22 m, (c:) 0 .25 m and 4 and (d) 40.8)
9.39. Compare the effect of cavitation in pumps and hydraulic turbines. 9.12. A Pelton turbine develops 3 MW under a head of 300 m. The overall efficiency
L- 9.40. Deline Thoma cavitation parameter. of the turbine ii: 83%. If speed ratio= 0.46, Cu = 0.98 and specific speed is
16.5. then find (a) diameter of the turbine and (b) diameter of the jct.
[Ans: (a) 1.78 m and (b)0. 14 ml
EXERCISES
9. 13. Draw and Explain th'e main parts of a radial flow reaction turbine.
L- 9.1. Draw a neat ske tch of a Pelton turbine ond describe the func lion of its main
components.
9.14. Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles for an inward flow rcacton twbinc.
9. t 5. Define the following terms for a radial now reaction turbine.
(a) Hydraulic efficiency
9.2. Obtain an expression for the workdone per second by waler on. the runner of a (b) overall dficiency.
b,· Pelton wheel.
9.3. Draw inlet and outlet velocity triangles for a Pelton turbine and explain them
9.16. An inward ·now reaction turbine has outer and inner diameters of the wheel as
) m and 0.5 m respectively. The vanes arc radial at 1he inlet and the discharge
briefly. is radial at the outlet.,The waler enters the vanes at an angle of JO". Assuming
9.4 . Dqive an expression for maximum efficiency of the Pelton wheel giving the 1he velocity of flow to be constant and is equal to 3 mis, find (a) the speed of
L- relationship between the jet speed and bucket speed.
9.5. Define the terms: speed ratio, jet ratio, and coefficient of velocity.
wheel and (b) the. vane angle at outJe1. [Am: (a) 325 rpm. (b) 19.43~)
9. 17. An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameters as 1.2 m
and 0.6 m respectively. The velocity of flow through the runner is conswit and
lr
]
.1)8 ;;. TuRBO MAClllNES
' is l!ljUal II> l.!I mis. Dc1erminc (a) discharge through the runner and (ll) widlh
HYORA ULICTURUIM:S ... ~9
of the turbine arc 88% and 84% respectively. .If the velocity of whirl is zero at
J
al ou1let if the width at inlet is 20 cm. CM KU-April "97)
[Ans: (a) 1.36 ml /s. (b) 40 cm l
9 .18. A reaction turbine works al 500 rpm under a head of I 00 m. The diameter of
outlet, determine
(a) Runner inlet and outlet vane angles at the extreme edge of the runner
and (MU-Oct. '98, BU-New. '96)
J
the turbine at inlet is I 00 cm and the now area is 0.35 m 2 • The angles' made hy (b) Speed of the turbine. (MKU-Nm: '971 ~
.,
absolute and relative velocities at inlet arc 15° and 60° respectively wi1h the
. tangential velocity. Dctennine (a) the volume now rate, Cb) the power devdoped
and (c) efficiency. Assume whirl at outlet to be zero. .::•
9.26.
[Ans: (a) 103.64° and 40. 16° and (b) 65.32 rpm)
A Kaplan turbine runner is 10 he designed 1odevelop9100kW. The ncl uvailuhlc
head is 5.6 m. lfthe speed ratio= 2.09, now ratio= 0.68, o vcrall eliciency 861l.
J
[Ans: (a) 2.9 m 3 /s, Cb) 2356 kW and (c} 82.65%1 and the diameter of the boss is 1/3 of the diameter of the runn.:r. Find (a) thc
9.19. A Francis turbine with an overall efficiency of70% is required to produce 147
kW. It is working under.a head of8 m. The peripheral velocity= 0.3J2R Hand
diameter of the runner, (b) speed and (c) the specific speed of the turbine.
(Ans: (a) 6.21m(b)67.5 rpm and (c ) 746)
j
the radial velocity ofnow ;it inlet is 0.96./'l:iH. The wheel ~ns at 200 rpm and 9.27. The hub diametcr' of 11 Kaplan turbine. working under 11 head of 12 m, is 0.35
the hydraulic losses in the turbine arc 20% of the avi:ilablc i;ncrgy. Assuming times thc runner diameter. The turbine is running at I 00 rpm. If the vane angle
. radial discharge. determine (a) the guide blade angle. (b) the wheel vane angle
at inlet. (C) diameter of th.: wheel at inlet and (d) width of tl'!e wheel at inlet.
of the elltrcme edge of the runner a1 outlet is 15" and flow ratio 0.6. find Cal
diameter of the runner, (b) diameter of 1he hub and (c) the discharge thro ugh
j
!Ans: (a) 35.45°, (b)42.54", (c) 36.~m and (d) 20 i:ml the runner. The velocity of whirl al 1hc outlet.is assumed as zero.
9.:!0. An uu1ward flow reaction 1urbim: has internal and externa! diameters of the (Ans: (a) 6.55 m, (b) 2.3 m and (c) 271.8 m·' /s)
runner as 0.5 m and 1.0 m respectively. The guide blade, angle is 15" and
velocity of flow 1hroui;h the runner is constant and equal to •J mis. If the speed
of t1'c! turbine is 250 rpm; head on the turbine is 10 m and diseharge at outlet is
9.28. A Kaplan turbine has the hub diameter of 2.0 m and runner diameter of 5.0 m .
If it develops 25,000 kW when running at 150 rpm under a head of 25 m. with
rw and 'lu of 90% and 85% rcspcc1ivcly, detennine the discharge through the
J
radial. detennine (a) the runer vane angles at inlet and outleti (b) work done by turbine and guide blade angle at inlet.
the water on the runner per second per kg of water and (c) hydraulic efficiency. (Ans: (a) 119.93 m 3/sand (b) 52.29" ]
t~
(Ans: (a) 32.5°. 12.5°, (b) 73.3 W/(kg/s) and (c) 74.7%) 9.29. A Kaplan turbine working u11der a head of 4 m produces 11000 kW. Speed ratio
'.9 .21 . An inward ftow reaction.turbine has external and internal diameters as 1.0 m and 1.2 and now ratio 0 .65 , hub d iameter is 0.36 times the outer diameter of runner.
0.6 m respectively. The ~ydraulic efficiency of the turbine is io% whe~ the head Taking overall efficiency as 85%, find the diameter and speed of runner. . I
(ln 1hc turbine is 36 m . The velocity of now at outlet is 2.5 ·.iTh's and discharge (Ans: (a) 9.15 m and (b) 22.19 rpm] i:.ur
at outlet is radi:il. If the vune :inglc at outlet is 15" and .width of the whed 9 ..10. A K;iplan turhinc has a specific speed of 450. If it develops 10.100 kW under
i~ I 0 cm ut inl~t and qutlet. detennine: (a) the guide. bladc ~ngle. (b) speed of a h.:ad of :!O m. find the diamc1er of the runner. Take sp.:ed ratio as 2.
I
. the 1urllinc. (c) vane angle at inlet, (d) volume flow rate and (e) power developed . I Ans: 4 m )
(Ans: (:i) 4.2° .. (h) 297 rpm. (C) 17. I", (d) 0.47 ml /s amJ (c) 150 kW] 9.3 I. What arc the !lases of select ion of a turbine at a panii: u·l.ur place'! U!1
I
9.22. An inward now r.:action turhine has an exit diameter of I metre and its breadth 9.32. Descrihe 1hc theory of draf1 tuhe and draw the different t y pe.~ of draf1 tubes.
at inlet is 25 cm. If the velocity of now at inlet is 2 mis, .find (:i) the mass 9.3J. fa plain the phenomenon of caviration in rurhincb.
of water passing through the turbine per second. Assume 10% of the area of 9.34. Explain with a neat sketch the double regulation governing method in an
now is .b19(:ked by blade thickness. If the speed of the runner is 210 rpm and impulse tu.rbine. w:i
guide blades make an angle of I0° to the wheel tangent, draw the inlet velocity 9.35. With a neat diagram. explain the method of governing a reaction turbine .
triangle and find (b) the runner vane angle al inlet, (c) velocity of wheel at inlet, 9.36: Describe the g overning method used for an axial now turbine. l
~
(d) the velocity of wa1er leaving lhc guide vanes and (e) the relative velocity of
water entering the runner blade.
(Ans: (a) 1413.6 kgls. (h) 80.I'!, (c) 11 mis, (d) 11.52 mis· and Cc) 2.03 mis)
9.23. Draw :i sketch of a Kaplan 1urbine and describe the working principle of the
m:iin pans of the turhine. · · .,
9.24. Druw the velocity tri.anglc~ of a Kaplan nllinl flow turbine and derive 1hc
· ·
L
expression for work done. .·.
9.25. A K;irlan tu.rbinc: working undc:r a head of20 m develops 12,poo kW. The outer
diameter of the runner is 3.5 m and hub diameter 1.75 m. The guide blade ungle
' al the entrance edge of the runne r is 35°. The hydraulic and overall efficiencies
,I
L
L
L
!j 10_ _ _ _ __
~
POWER TRANSMITTING
~ TURBO MACHINES · ~~~~~~~------.,......
L
L INTRODUCTION
Turbomachines arc catcgotjscd as
t
lL
...
{a) Power absorbing turbomachincs
Example Pumps, fans. ~lowers, and compressors.
{b) Power generating turbomachincs
Example Steam/gas turbines, and hydraulic turbines.
b· (c} Power transmitting tllrbomachines

Example Fluid couplings and torque convenors.
·11ic power generating and power absorbing turbomachines arc tiScd respectively to
b produce and absorb power, the Ouids Oowing through them experience a change in
enthalpy ~cen the inlet ·Md 1be outle.!.:...In,a power transmining turbomachine. the,
Ouid is to_tally contained in a rigid casing and does not cross the system boundAry.
The po~~nsmitting turbomachincs esscn1ially serve the~-~-J!_urpose as mc-
~
~al~~siol!_Clevlces such a.s year train and clutch assembl~in transmiilrng
poweil>Ctween two different shafts. In a gear train, the drive is positive i.e. if the drtver
-sn~iW:i\Siiaft will necessarily rotate. In a power lnlnsmitting turboma-
cbinc, there is no positive drive, since the driver.and driven shafts arc not mech_!!l~Y
b~
~ed. -----~ · · ·'
THE HYDRAULIC COUPLING
k
I
The Ouid or hydraulic coupling is a device used for trammitting power from driving
1, shart to driven shaft with the help of fluid (generally oil). Oil is used as the~ing
Ou id because of its stability, non-£Q.!JDsiveJliltun: and lubricating prQ~. 1ben: is
k ' no °iilechanicol connection between the two shaf\s. -

The hydraulic coupling consists of a radial pump impeller mounted on a driving
·
shaft and a radial now reaction turbine mounted on the driven shaft Both the impeller
and runner arc identical in shape and together fonn a casing which is completely
~ enclosed and filled with oil.

44:! ;.. TL'RBO MAClll~ES
(a) Working Principle Li.:1.

POW ER TRANSMIITI NC TURUO MAC lllNt:.5 ..,; 44~
J
N 11 - Speed of driving shafl
In the beginning. both the shafts are at rest. When 1he driving shafl is rotated. 1hc oil
s1ans moving from lhc inner radius 10 1he outer radius of 1he pump impeller as shown
in.th~ Fig .. I 0.1. The pressure energy and kinetic energy of lhe oil increase al 1he ou1cr
N 8 - Speed of driven shaft
T,.. - Tort1ue al driving shaft
J0
radius of 1hc pump impeller. TH - Torque at driven shaft
i~kr
Then. power uvailuhle 111 sh111'1 t\ is
P11 a N11 T,..

J
, -
-
.
,,., )v .l 'ltsv;.1if17 ;,1" i._.;.J 0 v1..-»'"
. . /' ~ .
•ind power 1ransmi11cd 10 shaft B is
P 8 a NH Ts
J
. J.vd f f:_lt_..,. The efficiency equa1ion 1hen hecomes I
Nu x '/"11 j
I/ f f = ;v-:·-;r-~
= Ta i.e 1he 1orque transmillt:d is the same.

runner Bui T.~
N 11 Driven shaft speed

J
Figuu JO. I Fluid (or) flydraulic coupling 'IFC = -N 11 = Driving shaft speed
The energy-increased oil 1hen enters 1he runner of 1he reac1ion .1urbine al 1he ou11:r
radius and flows from lhe outer radius 10 1he inner rad ius of the 1urbine runner. The (c) Slip > Lr.I
0
......,.,.-
oil while flowing through .lhe runner, trans fers its energy 10 Lhe b lades of lhe runner Slip of fluid coupling is defined as the ratio of the differe nce of the speeds of Lhc
and makes the runner 10 rotate. Thus, finally, the driven shaft roiates. The oil 1hen driving and driven shafts to the speed of lhe driving shaft. Mathematically,
flows back in10 1hc pump impeller. Thus, a continuous circulalion of oil occurs and w;;j '
hence continuous ro1a1ion of holh shafts arc maimained . · . · N11 - No
Slip rr
. The power is transmi11ed hydraulically from the driving shaft 10 the driven shaft and N,.,
· 1h~· driven ,1taf1 is fn:e from engine vibrations. N11
I
I
The speed of the driven shaft is always less than lhe speed of the driving s hafl .hy = N,., ='
· abou1 2 per cent. The cflicicncy of the power trans mission by hydraulic coupling is
about 98% . or
(b) Efficiency
The efficiency of hydraulic coupling is derived in the following equation.
ra=l~J ~
Powt:r output Tht: lluid coupling effects a smooth transfer of powt:r from the engine 10 the transmis-
'lllu1J c.•urhng
=
Powcr input
Power transmitted 10 the driven shaft
Power" avuilablc al 1h1: driving shaft
sion. All jerking and roughness is eliminated by the use of the fluid coupling. This
provides s mooth take off and reduces the wear and strain on the drive train.
At high engine speeds, the coupling is very cfficienl. It gives one to one ratio between
driven and driving mcmhers. Al medium speeds, the coupling is.not quite us effective.
L
But power 'a1 any ~haft 1s given hy
2rr NT
Power= - - -
60
Al luw engine speeds there is liulc power transfer. When the engine speed is low, there
is no power transfer. This is same as having a conventional clutch in the disengaged
posi1ion. This allows the coupling 10 acl as a clu1ch. As lhe engine si><:cd is increased,
L·
power transfer hccomcs more effective.
(or) ·
.The lluid coupling c:innot increase the torque ahovc that produced hy the crank shafl .
IPower a(Spced x Torque) I /L
-
: I
!
POWERTRANSMITI'l!'IGTURBOMAClllNES ..( 445
444 ;. Ttmuo MACHINES
I ;
l Efficiency of torque converter
I
IJ.!;J
TORQUE CONVERTER
TI1e hydraulic torque converter is 11 device usctl let 1rnns111i1 incrcused or clccreasec.I Power output
l/11
,_ ' power from one shaft tu another. The torque transmitted at the driven shart may be Power input ·
more or less than the torque available at the driving shart. The torque al the driven ws(T.., +Ts)
bill shar1 may be increased by about live times the torque available at the tlriving.shaft · = w..,T,._
with an efficiency of about 90%. _
" A torque converter (Fig. I 0.2) comprises of (i) pump impeller coupled lo the driving = WB
- ( Ts)
1+-
l shaft (ii) turbine runner coupled to the driven shaft and (iii) s_tator or lixed guide vane
arranged hetwecn the pump impeller and the turbine runna.
CJh\'iously,
W1t T,.,
when there arc no guide \•anes. torque converter reduces to flange coupling.
~llim•inH
because. when
L Ts= 0
111en,
L I~"- = ~~ ~ff I
L Turbine shnfi Further depending upon the design and orientation of guide vanes. the torque con-
verter may function as a torque mulitip\ier or torque divider.
Torque converter acts as a torque multiplier i.e., when Ts is positive. To achieve this.
the guide vanes arc designed to receive a torque from the oil in a direction opposite
L flgurt! 10.2 1ilrque cmwertu

to 1hat excr1cd on the driven shafi.
If the guide vanes are designed such that they receive a 10rque from the oil m the
sam<: dir.:ctitm as lhat of the driven shaft, then the torque converter will act as a torque
Oil flowing from the pump impeller to the turbine runner exerts a torque Im the
divid.:r i.l'. when 7'.~ is nc:gntive. '
L, stationary vanes. 111ese vanes change the direction of flow or nil. therehy making n
possible torque anc.1 spcec.l transform111ion .
The torque rdationship is described as
Usually the torque converters arc employed for torque augmentation i.e. for mcreas- ·
ing the torque. Lnrge magnification arc obtained by having two or more sets of turbine
runner and lixed guide vanes.
L where
IT11 =-f~:F!AJ Torque converters rind application in diesel locomo1ivcs. earth moving machinery
and automobile power traitsmilling units.
At low speed ratios. torque converters arc more economical than fluid coupling.
Conversely when the speed ratio approaches unity, the fluid coupling is economical.·
T,.. - Torque at driving shaft
b' T 8 - Torque at driven shaft

Ts- Torque at stationary vanes
For optimum advantages in a sy slem, the transmission system 1s so designed that
the unit acts as a converter at low speed ratios and as a coupling al high speed ratios
i.e. at speed ratios above 0.5.
TIIC power Ul uny shur1 is proportional ln lhc prllllucl or lm4ue un<l shaft spcc<l.
I I
Then, power available at shart A is
b~'
,::,
CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUID COUPLING & CONVERTER
,P,..=w11T1il The characteris1ics of fluid coupling and Torque convenor arc shown in Figures
10.3 and 10.4. The efficiency and Torque ratio (Ts/T,.,) are functions of speed ratio
b and power' available at shart B is

( N 8 / N,\). The torque ratio of a torque convenor falls with increB!img speed ra1ios. ·
while at the same time the cffici!!ncy increases. Al a speed ra1io between 0.65 and 0.7
(design value). lhc transmission efficiency reaches i1s maitimum value of about 85%.
Po = wnTn or If the speed ratio exceeds the d_c sign value, the efficiency decreases quite rapidly.
6 = wn(T11 +Ts)
~
-r
f
4-16 }> ,TuRBO MACHINES Powt:R Ttv.NSMITIING T URBO MACHINES <{ 4-47
' [
ra1io. Thus 1he 1orque convenor is a more efficient power transmitting device at low
speed ratios, while the Ouid coupling is more efficient device al speed ratio nearer to
''
''
0.9$ or 0.98.
For au1omobiles, 1hc speed ra1io varies be1weco 0 nod 0.98. Thc...cfon:. it ili usual
[
II.I '' u to have a combination of fluid coupl ing and hydraulic convertor, so as to avoid the !!I
l
inefficient range of operation of each device. A1 low speed ratios, the unit ac1 as a
~1
To 1orquc convertor while at high speed ratios, the same unit works as a fluid coupling
1TA with torque ratio of unity and its efficiency inc reases to about 0.98 with an increasing
speed ratio.
EXERCISES
L1
U.5
10 . 1. Whal arc power lransmiuing turhomachines?
u
10.2.
I IU.
10.4.
Whal is hydraulic coupling'!
Explain wi1h a neat ske1ch, llll! working of Ou id coupling.
Derive the cfficicncy of a Ouid coupling.
L
0 0.5 0.65 1.0 10.5. Define: Slip of a Ou id coupl ing. Show thal Slip a = I - '7 where '7 is 1he flu id
., Figure 10.3
NefNA
Torque converter cl1arac1uis1ics
10.6.
coupling efficiency.
Jn a Ouid coupling, lhc speeds of 1hc driving and driven shaf1s arc 800 rpm
and 780 rpm respectively, find
L
(a) 1hc efficiency of lhc hydraul ic coupling and (b) lhc slip of the coupling.
09S1---------- 10.7. What is a Torque covencr?

(Ans: (a) 97.5% and (b) 2.5%]
L
10.8. How docs a torque converter d iffer from a Ouid coupling?
I
I 0.9. Draw a neat sketch and explain 1he working, principle of a wrque convener?
t To
I0.10. Derive 1hc expression for the efficiency of a torque converter? Li.
q i I TA
I0.11 .
ICl. I::!.
I 0.13.
What is 1he roh: of guide vanes in a 1orquc converter?
Compare torque converter and flu id coupling on the ha.~is of speed ratio.
Write a note on 1hc charuc1eris1ics of o Ou id coupling.
I 0.14 . Discuss 1hc characteristics of torque convert or. L1
t
0.5
No/NA I"~).
.
- ,., 0.95.
/ .
. . . .~ .. r'<f'!
' '- '/7'q)' I.• .. . . . i,.
1.0
l
L,
1-'lttun 10..I Flllitl cn&J1/1i111 r:11arartuistirs
:But the cllicicncy of the lluid coupling increases continuously with speed ratio.
· reaching a maximum value of about 95% when the speed ratio is 0.95. However.
. the rise in efficiency of the Ouid coupling is not as fast as that of the torque con-
venor during initial stages. Infact, the torque convenor, running at its design ratio
(0.65 - 0.7), has a higher efficiency than that of the fluid coupling at the same speed l'11
J
.. l
~
APPENDIX
'
AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR BLADE DESIGN

(FOR COMPRESSOR PROBLEMS)
# include <stdio\h>
# include <math.h>
ff include cconio.h>
main (
{
double al, a2, ~l, b2, i, j, k. 1. Al, A2, Bl. £12, q, r, s, t;
\ flont. td, WF, U, C~, Cp• 1005.0, R, Um, Ut, Ur:
r~ int x;
char Q;
printf ("enter temperature difference=");
!
l
scanf ("%f", &tdl;
printf ("enter workdone factor="):
scanf ("%f", &WF);
r
~J . printf ("enter mean blade speed m/sec) =");
l_ ..
scanf ("%£•, &Um);
printf ("enter axial velocity Cm/sec) =");
scanf ("%£•, &Ca):
print£ ("enter the blade tip speed (m/sec) =");
f. scanf ("%f", &Ut);
l _' print[ ("enter the blade root speed (m/sec) a");
scanf ("%(",&Ur):
rl..__
printf ("constant reaction blade? = ");
scanf ( ·ic·.. &QJ:
c lrscr ( ) :
if ( Q = = 'y' ) I •CONSTANT REACTION BLADlt DESIGN • /
{
~ i_
for (x=l; x <=3; x++)
{
if (X == l)
~~ : l
U = Ut;
printf ("blade t i p angles (deg . ) \n\n");
"' }
l I ~
else if (x == 2)
~
U= Um;
print£ ("mean blad~ angles (deg . ) : \n\n");
}
,~
~·
~
\
::J
r-i
-150 ;. T\.IKDO MAC"lllNES APl'E!'lDIX ..;: ~51 ;j J
...
else Bl = atan ((U I Ca) - tan (All);
bl = (180•81) I 3.14 ; ,. , ~
U = Ur; printf (•in let blade angle = %f \ n • , bll; 1~·

printf ("blade root angles (deg.) :\n\n"); A2 = atan ((Um/U)• tan (k));
..'·.-
} a2 = (180•A2) / 3.14;
i = (td • Cp)/(WF • U •Cal; printf ( " outlet air angle = %f \n " , a2);
j = (0.5 • 2 • Ul I Ca; 82 = atan ((U I Ca) - tan (A2 ) );
k = a tan ( ( i + j l / 2) ; b2 = (180•82) I 3 . 14;
bl = (180 • kl I 3.14; p r intf ("outlet blade angle= %f \n", b2J;
printf ( " inlet blade angle= %f \n", bl);
1 = atan (j - tan (kll;
R = Ca I (2•U) • (tan (Bl) + tan (82)) ; r-,1
printf ( "degree of reaction= '+.f \n\n", R); ·~
b2 =
(180. 1)/3.14; )
printf ("outlet blade angle = %f \n", b2); )
printf ("inlet air angle= %f \n", al= b2);
printf ("outlet air angle= %f \n\n", a2 =bl);
) r: l
' '
} INPUT
}
else enh:r 1emperature difference= 20
n
. j
{ enter workdone factor= 0 .92
c~rscr ( ); /•FREE VORTEX BLADE DESIGN. I enter mean blade speed (m/sec) = 210
i = (td • Cp) I (WF • Um • Ca); c:nter axial velocity (m/sec l = 157 .5 :...:.,
j =
(0.5 • 2 • Um) I Ca; enter blade tip speed (m/scc) = 262 .5
k=atan ( ( i + j ) /2); enter hladc rout speed (m/sccJ =. 157.5
bl= (180 •kl I 3 . 14; constant reaction hlade ? ;;; y
printf ("mean blade angles . (deg . ) :\n \n");
. printf ("inlet blade angle= %f \n", bl); OUTPUT
l = a tan ( j - tan ( k) ) ;
b2 = (180 • ll I 3.14; llladl· lip angle~ (deg.) ;
printf ("outlet blade angle= %f \n", b2); rnlet hlath: angli.: = 47.687020 -~·, ,
printf ("inlet air angle= %f \n•, al= b2); outlet hlaue angli: = 29.6597·17
printf ("outlet air angle= %f \n \n•, a2 =bl); \ inlet air angle= 29.659747
for (x =
l; x < = 2; x + +)
'\\ outlet air angle= 47.687020
{. Mean blade angles (deg.):
if (x == ll inh:t blade anglo.: = 44.935090
{
U = Ut; - . . :. '--....
o utlet blade angle= ll!.6011!:\6
inlet air ungle = 18.601836 -·! ...
printf ("blade t\p angles (deg.) \n \n" l ; nuth:t air an!!le = 44 . 'J\ ~fll.Xl ' .
) Blade rout angles <de!!. ): ....-
o l 11u inlet blade angle = 43.261696
- )
outlet hlade angle= 3.414273 l
U = Ur ; inlet air angle= 3.414273 i
printf ("blade root angle s (deg.) \n\n • l ; uutli:I air angle= 43.261696 ;·
} (A
Al= atan ( (Um I U)• tan (l));
al= <lBO•Al) I 3.14;
printf (•inlet air angl e = %f \n" , all;
/ '
'
i

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·...

All righls resorved. No part ol this publicnllon may be reproducod

J In any lorm wllhout th• prior wrlllen pormlulon ol tho publl!hore.

the book was developed, odilod ond produced ol:

Pro/«:t Coordlr111tor: Sarlla C

Printed It Kay Kay Prlfll•17, Do/hi · 110 007

This book will be useful to teachers and students of Mechanical Engineer-

J Tot.al-to-Total Effic.i ency

I xii ,. Tu11.oo M11r1t1NEs

7. Dimensional a~d Model Analysis 287

~ Diagram Efficiency of a Two Stage Curtis Turbine

F Stage Efficiency, Turbine Efficiency and Reheat Factor

r Impulse Turbines Versus Reaction Turbines

Main Parts of a Centrifugal Pump · · Air Lift Pump

. Static Head (H.) . 330

CLASSIFICATION OF TURBO MACHINES

3. The Newton's Second Law of Motion

BASIC LAWS AND GOVERNING.EQUATIONS

1. The Principle of Conservation of Mass

2. The F_lrst.Law of Thermodynamics

I:r = m(r2C.r2 -r1C.. i)

1W = m(U1C.r1 - U2C.r2>\t[l I(Aho),= voAPo = APo/Po =A.Po/PI

Iw = m(U2C.r2 - U1C.r1) > ol

6 ):> TuRBO MACHINES

. Equating eqns ( 1.4) and ( 1.5 ),

~The pol~~o pi:_:ffic~ is

Tu-T1=.T1(~~ -1)=r1((~~)~ -1) Pol

'Ill ere fore,

Then from equ's 1.7 and l.7a,

Assuming the irreversible adiabatic expansion (1-2) as equivalent to a polytropic

[ Equating 'Cqns. (1.12) and (1.13),

T1 -1; = (1 - ~:)=Ti(• -(~r-")

l 16 )> TuRDO MAClllNES

For a turbine with N-slages, we have

1 R .F= !.::1_ > l

Individual Ainge~ would be

ITo2 =Tod I - JLT11) I (1.23)

t -- ,.,, > ,.,,

IR~F = '11/1"/s I ( 1.21)

Toi - To) = TJs Toiµ

The actual work output .is For nn isi.:ntropic compn:~~ion ,

where; Ro = PotH+ul Poi represents ~e overall pressure ratio. Since T02, _

SOLVED PROBLEMS ti.ho =

r (a) Total-to-Total efficiency

,,,, = ho1 - ho2

(a) Finding the type of turbo machine

[ Using isentropic relation

1100 ( 1;5 ) 1fjl

:?:? > TURDO MAClllNES BASICCONCEPTSOFTuRBOMACHrNES, < 23 1

= 800 x 0.1=80 kg/s = Cp Toi (0.23) [I +(I - (0.23 x 0.86)}) x 0.86 j

W3,4 = CpT03µ [I+ (1 - µq,)) x 'Ir

(a) The change in total pressure of the oil

T2-Ti 320- 305

Tis = 0.798 x 1500 = .p97.45 K

'"IP = ( r ) ln(Tif T~)

= 86.7% 0.4) . ln(8.16)

= '1r T1 (I - T,~: 11 ) T3 = T1 - (l1T>11n1r

P1 = (Ti) .,,.1:-11 = (~) ~·~ J.nJm

Tu-T1=.T1( -1)=r1(()~ -1) Pol

o.___ _.. ,.___ _. .._ _.... .