TRANSFORMATION

LESSON 1:
ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE
ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE
> Chemical compound that act as
storage and source of energy
within the cell.
ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE
> Also known as the energy
currency of the cell.
STRUCTURE?
FAMILIAR? NUCLEOTIDE
 * *

*Phosphoanhydride bond
ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE
> Cells generate ATP in different
ways.
ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE
> Two process of ATP Production:
1. Aerobic Respiration
2. Anaerobic Respiration
ATP-ADP CYCLE
ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE
STEP 1:
- ATP will undergo hydrolysis
in order to release energy
Water
+ Energy
Release Energy
+ Energy
ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE
STEP 2:
- ATP hydrolysis will produce
one adenosine diphosphate
(ADP), inorganic phosphate (Pi),
and energy
ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE
STEP 3:
- ADP will undergo cellular respiration
in order to regenerate ATP.
Cellular Respiration
 Cellular Respiration
+ Energy
 1
3 2
ADENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE
- Bonds of an ATP molecule
is relatively unstable.
How can our cells use the
energy released during ATP
hydrolysis to power other
cell processes?
REACTION
COUPLING
- an energetically favorable reaction
is directly linked with an
energetically unfavorable reaction.
REACTION
COUPLING
the linking often happens through a
shared intermediate, meaning that a
product of one reaction is “picked
up” and used as a reactant in the
second reaction.
ATP HYDROLYSIS and
REACTION COUPLING
- The phosphate molecule must
be transferred to another molecule
through reaction coupling.
MEMBRANE PUMP
ATP Coupled Reactions
LESSON 2:
CELLULAR
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
- Set of metabolic reactions and
processes that take place in cells
of living organisms to produce ATP.
 AEROBIC PATHWAY
Reactants (Raw Materials) Products (Outputs)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Glucose 6 moles of
Water
6 moles of 6 moles of Energy
Oxygen Carbon dioxide
 AEROBIC
RESPIRATION
Three Major Stages:
1. Glycolysis (Breaking down of Glucose)
2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC and Chemiosmosis)
 LET’S UNPACK
TERMINOLOGIES
OXIDATION
- loss of electron
REDUCTION
- gain of electron
ELECTRON
CARRIERS
- small organic molecules that
pick up electrons from one
molecule and drop them off with
another
TWO TYPES of
ELECTRON
CARRIERS
1. NAD+
2. FAD
 1
Nicotinamide Adenine
Dinucleotide
2
(NAD +)
Flavin Adenine
Dinucleotide (FAD)
TWO TYPES of
REDUCED ELECTRON
CARRIERS
1. NADH
2. FADH2
Nicotinamide Adenine
Dinucleotide (NAD+)
Electron and
Hydrogen
Nicotinamide Adenine
Dinucleotide + Hydrogen
(NADH)
Flavin Adenine
Dinucleotide (FAD)
Electron and
Hydrogen
Flavin Adenine
Dinucleotide + 2 Hydrogen
(FADH2)
First stage
 GLYCOLYSIS
“GLYCO” “LYSIS”
- sugar - To break apart
GLYCOLYSIS
- Process of breaking down glucose
into two molecules of pyruvate that
takes place in cytosol of cells.
GLYCOLYSIS
HAS TWO PHASES:
1. Energy-requiring Phase
2. Energy-releasing Phase
GLYCOLYSIS
Net Products:
> Two ATP
> Two NADH
> Two Pyruvate
PYRUVATE
PYRUVATE
 PYRUVATE
OXIDATION
- Links glycolysis to the rest of
cellular respiration
 GLUCOSE
(6-Carbon molecule)
GLYCOLYSIS
2 (3-Carbon
PYRUVATE molecule)
 PYRUVATE
Oxidation
Carbon
atoms
PYRUVATE
Oxidation
Oxygen
Carboxyl group
 PYRUVATE
Oxidation
CO 2
(Carbon Dioxide)
PYRUVATE
Oxidation

ACETYL GROUP
NAD+ NADH
PYRUVATE
Oxidation
ACETYL CoA
CoA
Coenzyme A
 PYRUVATE
Oxidation
GLYCOLYSIS
GLUCOSE
(6 Carbon atoms)
2 (3PYRUVATE
Carbon atoms)

2 Acetyl CoA OXIDATION 2CO2

2NADH
PYRUVATE
Oxidation
End Product:
1. Two CO2
2. Two NADH
3. Two Acetyl CoA
Second stage
KREBS
(Citric Acid Cycle)
(Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)
KREBS CYCLE
- series of chemical reactions
that release stored energy
by aerobic organism
KREBS CYCLE
- Occurs in the innermost part of
the mitochondria, the Matrix.
MATRIX
 Acetyl CoA
(2 Carbon) Isocitrate
Citrate NADH
(6 Carbon) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Oxaloacetate CO2
(4 Carbon)
Alpha-Ketoglutarate
NADH (5 Carbon)
Malate FADH2 Alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase NADH
CO2
GTP/ATP
Fumarate Succinate Succinyl CoA
(4 Carbon)
KREBS
END PRODUCT:
CYCLE
- 2 CO2
- 3 NADH = 1 Acetyl CoA
- 1 FADH2
- 1 ATP / GTP
 Oxidation of
PYRUVATE
End Product:
CO2
NADH
Two Acetyl CoA
KREBS
END PRODUCT:
CYCLE
- 2 CO2
- 3 NADH x2
- 1 FADH2
- 1 ATP / GTP
KREBS
END PRODUCT:
CYCLE
- 2 CO2 - 4 CO2
- 3 NADH - 6 NADH
- 1 FADH2 - 2 FADH2
- 1 ATP / GTP - 2 ATP/GTP
GLYCOLYSIS
END PRODUCT:
PYRUVATE OXIDATION
END PRODUCT:
> 2 ATP > CO2 (Release)
> 2 NADH > 2 NADH
> 2 PYRUVATE > 2 Acetyl CoA
KREBS CYCLE
END PRODUCT: TOTAL:
> 4 CO2 (Release) > 4 ATP
> 6 NADH > 2 FADH2 > 10 NADH
> 2 ATP > 2 FADH2
Third stage

OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
HAS TWO COMPONENTS:
1. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
2. Chemiosmosis
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
\

Electron Transport Chain

- Series of proteins found in the
inner membrane of the
mitochondria
INNER
MEMBRANE
INNER
MEMBRANE
Electron Transport Chain
- transports electrons from one
member of the transport chain to
another
- NADH & FADH2
CHEMIOSMOSIS
\

CHEMIOSMOSIS
- makes ATP through the
proton gradient produced in the
ETC
\

CHEMIOSMOSIS
- makes ATP through the
proton gradient produced in the
ETC
 KEY STEPS of
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
KEY STEPS of
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
1. Delivery of electrons
by NADH and FADH2
GLYCOLYSIS
END PRODUCT:
PYRUVATE OXIDATION
END PRODUCT:
> 2 NADH > 2 NADH
KREBS CYCLE
END PRODUCT: TOTAL:
> 6 NADH > 10 NADH
> 2 FADH2 > 2 FADH2
KEY STEPS of
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
2. Electron transfer and
proton pumping
KEY STEPS of
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
3. Splitting of oxygen to form
water
 H2O
O + H + H = WATER
O
H H
O
KEY STEPS of
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
4. Gradient-driven synthesis
of ATP
KEY STEPS of
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
1. Delivery of electrons by NADH and
FADH2
2. Electron transfer and proton
pumping
3. Splitting of oxygen to form water
4. Gradient-driven synthesis of ATP
Delivery of electrons by NADH and FADH2
Electron transfer –- Complex I
Proton pumping
Intermembrane space
Ubiquinone
Electron transfer - Complex III
Proton pumping
Cytochrome C
Electron transfer - Complex IV
Proton pumping
Splitting of oxygen to form water
Gradient-driven synthesis of ATP
1 NADH = 3 ATP
GLYCOLYSIS
END PRODUCT:
PYRUVATE OXIDATION
END PRODUCT:
> 2 ATP > CO2 (Release)
> 2 NADH > 2 NADH
> 2 PYRUVATE > 2 Acetyl CoA
KREBS CYCLE
END PRODUCT: TOTAL:
> 4 CO2 (Release) > 4 ATP
> 6 NADH > 2 FADH > 10 NADH
> 2 ATP > 2 FADH
 1 NADH = 3 ATP
AFTER OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
10 NADH X 3 ATP = 30 ATP
Delivery of electrons by FADH2
Electron transfer –- Complex II
Ubiquinone
Electron transfer –- Complex III
Proton pumping
Cytochrome C
Electron transfer –- Complex IV
Proton pumping
Splitting of oxygen to form water
Gradient-driven synthesis of ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP
GLYCOLYSIS
END PRODUCT:
PYRUVATE OXIDATION
END PRODUCT:
> 2 ATP > CO2 (Release)
> 2 NADH > 2 NADH
> 2 PYRUVATE > 2 Acetyl CoA
KREBS CYCLE
END PRODUCT: TOTAL:
> 4 CO2 (Release) > 4 ATP
> 6 NADH > 2 FADH > 10 NADH
> 2 ATP > 2 FADH
 1 FADH = 2 ATP
AFTER OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
2 FADH X 2 ATP = 4 ATP
 AFTER OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
10 NADH = 30 ATP
2 FADH = _____
4 ATP
34 ATP
 WHAT IS THE FINAL
ELECTRON ACCEPTOR?
 H2O
O + H + H = WATER
H H
O
 OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
End Products:
1. 34 ATP
2. WATER
GLYCOLYSIS
END PRODUCT:
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
> 2 ATP END PRODUCT:
> 34 ATP

KREBS CYCLE
END PRODUCT: TOTAL:
> 2 ATP > 38 ATP
Reference:
Khan Academy. (2019). Cellular
respiration. Khan Academy.
https://www.khanacademy.or
g/science/biology/cellular-
respiration-and-fermentation