FLUID MECHANICS (SETK2233)- Assignment 2

Submission Date: 4 JANUARY 2024

Question 1

The water in a 10 m diameter, 2 m high aboveground swimming pool is to be emptied by unplugging a 3

cm diameter, 25 m long horizontal pipe attached to the bottom of the pool. Determine the maximum
discharge rate of water through the pipe. (Ans: 4.43 liter/sec)

Question 2

A 90o elbow is used to direct water flow at a rate of 25 kg/s in a horizontal pipe upward. The diameter of
the entire elbow is 10 cm. The elbow discharges water into the atmosphere and thus the pressure at the exist
is the local atmospheric pressure. The elevation difference between the centers of the exist and the inlet of
the elbow is 35 cm. The weight of the elbow and the water in it is considered to be negligible. Determine
a) The gauge pressure at the center of the inlet of the elbow (Ans: 3.434 kPa)
b) The anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place (Ans: 136 N)
Question 3

Repeat Question 2 for the case of another (identical) elbow being attached to the existing elbow so that the
fluid makes a U turn. (Ans: 6.867 kPa & 218 N)

Question 4

A reducing elbow is used to deflect water flow at a rate of 30 kg/s in a horizontal pipe upward by an angle
 = 45o from the flow direction while accelerating it. The elbow discharges water into an atmosphere. The
cross sectional area of the elbow is 150 cm2 at the exist. The elevation difference between the centers of the
exist and the inlet is 40 cm. The mass of the elbow and the water is 50 kg. Determine the anchoring force
needed to hold the elbow in place. (Ans: 1.18 kN)

Question 5

A 3 in diameter horizontal water jet having a velocity of 140 ft/s strikes a curved plate, which deflects the
water 180o at the same speed. Ignoring the frictional effects, determine the force required to hold the plate
against the water stream. (Ans: 3729 lb)
Question 6

A sluice gate is commonly used in irrigation systems, which controls flow rate in a channel by simply
raising or lowering a vertical plate. A force is exerted on the gate due to the difference between the water
heights Y1 and Y2 and the flow velocities V1 and V2 upstream and downstream from the gate respectively.
Disregarding the wall shear forces at the channel surfaces, develop relations for V 1, V2 and the force acting
on a sluice gate of width W during steady and uniform flow.

Question 7
A pipe of 0.2 m diameter and 50 m length is consists of 2 unit of 90 o elbows, gate valve, sharp entrance and
sharp exist. Calculate the pipe equivalent length and a total head loss whenever a flowrate is 0.2 m 3/s and
valve is fully open. Assume a friction factor is 0.005. (Answer: L1=72m, L2=10m, L3=20m).

Question 8
Water of 1.94 slugs/ft3 density and 0.000011 ka2/s kinematics viscosity was pumped between two tanks at
0.2 ka3/s flowrate through a pipe of 2 inch diameter and 400 ft length as shown in figure below. Given a
relative roughness of pipe is 0.01. Determine a horsepower required by the pump. (Answer: 4.2hp)

Question 8
Water pipe has changes it diameter from 140 mm to 250 mm. If a flow of water from smaller diameter to
bigger diameter experienced of a head loss is 0.6 m higher than the opposite direction, calculate a velocity
in the pipe. (A: V=9.17m/s)
Question 9
Water at 20oC is flowing at 0.05 m3/s through a asphalted cast iron pipe of 20 cm diameter. What is a head
loss for 1 kilometer pipe length? (A: hf =11.95m)

Question 10
Determine head loss due to friction in a horizontal pipe of 40 mm diameter and 750 m long when a flow is
67.6 x 10-6 m3/s. Given a pipe roughness and kinematics viscosity is 0.0008 m and 1.14 x 10 -6 m2/s,
respectively (A: hf =0.936m)

Question 11
Oil with specific gravity of 0.85 and kinematics viscosity is 6 x 10 -4 m2/s is flowing in a pipe of 15 cm
diameter at flowrate of 0.020 m3/s. Determine the head loss of 100 m pipe distance. (A: hf =9.847m)

Question 12
The bathroom plumbing of a building consists of 1.5-cm-diameter copper pipes with threaded connectors,
as shown in the figure below. (a) If the gage pressure at the inlet of the system is 200 kPa during a shower
and the toilet reservoir is full (no flow in that branch), determine the flow rate of water through the shower
head. (b) Determine the effect of flushing of the toilet on the flow rate through the shower head. Take the
loss coefficients of the shower head and the reservoir to be 12 and 14, respectively.

Question 13
Water flows from a large reservoir at the rate of 0.034 m3/s through a pipe system as shown in Fig.
Calculate the total amount of energy lost from the system because of the valve, the elbows, the pipe
entrance and fluid friction. (Ans : 4.707 m)
Question 14
The volume flow rate through the pump shown in Fig. is 0.014 m3/s. The fluid being pumped is oil with
specific gravity of 0.86. Calculate the energy delivered by the pump to the oil per unit weight of oil flowing
in the system. Energy losses in the system are caused by the check valve and friction losses as the fluid
flows through the piping. The magnitude of such losses has been determined to be 1.86 N.m/N.
(Ans : 42.9 m)

Question 15
For the pump test arrangement shown in Fig, determine the mechanical efficiency of the pump if the power
input is measured to be 2.87 kW when pumping 125 m3/h of oil (g = 8.8 kN/m3) (Ans : 0.86 or 86 %)

Question 16
Determine the energy loss if glycerine at 25 oC flows 30 m through a 150 mm diameter pipe with an
average velocity of 4.0 m/s. (Ans : 13.2 m)

Question 17
Determine the friction factor f if water at 70 oC is flowing at 9,14 m/s in an uncoated ductile iron pipe
having an inside diameter of 25 mm.(Ans : 0.038)
Question 18
Water at 10 oC is flowing at rate of 115 L/min through the fluid motor shown in Fig. The pressure at A is
700 kPa and the pressure at B is 125 kPa. It is estimated that due to friction in the piping there is an energy
loss 0f 4.0 N.m/N of water flowing (a) Calculate the power delivered to the fluid motor by the water. (b) If
the mechanical efficiency of the fluid motor is 85 %, calculate the power output. (Ans 0.92 kW)

Question 19
In chemical processing plant, benzene at 50 oC (SG=0.86) must be delivered to point B with a pressure of
550 kPa. A pump is located at point A, 21 m below point B, and the two points are connected by 240 m of
plastic pipe having an inside diameter of 50 mm. If the volume flow rate is 110 L/min, calculate the
required pressure at the outlet of the pump. (Ans : 759 kPa)

Question 20
A 6 cm diameter horizontal water pipe expands gradually to a 9 cm diameter. The walls the expansion
section are angled 30 oC from the horizontal. The average velocity and pressure of water before the
expansion section are 7 m/s and 150 kPa, respectively. Determine the head loss in the expansion and the
pressure in the larger-diameter pipe. Density of water is 1000 kg/m3. (Ans : 0.175 m and 169 kPa
(approximately).
Question 21
Water at 10 oC flows from a large reservoir to a smaller one through a 5 cm diameter cast iron piping
system, as shown in Figure below. Determine the elevation z1 for a flow of 6 L/s. The density and dynamic
viscosity of water at 10 oC are 999.7 kg/m3 and 1.307 x 10-3 kg/m.s. the roughness of cast iron pipe is
0.00026 m.(Ans: Z1 = 31.9 m)

Question 22
Two pipes connect two reservoirs (A and B) which have a height difference of 10 m. Pipe 1 has diameter
50 mm and length 100 m. Pipe 2 has diameter 100 mm and length 100 m. Both entry loss KL =0.5 and exit
loss KL =1.0 and fraction factor, f = 0.008. Calculate rate of flow for each pipe and the diameter D of a pipe
100 m long that could replace the two pipes and provide the same flow.

Question 23
Glycerine at 30 oC is flowing between two large reservoirs. These reservoirs have differences in the level of
10 m and connected through a plastic pipe. This pipe is 75 m long and goes up to a height of 3 m above the
upper reservoir for a distance of 25 m where its diameter is 50 cm from the ‘sharp-edged’ entrance. The
average velocity of glycerine along this distance is 62.79 m/s. After 5 m declining from the highest point
of the pipe, its diameter is suddenly expanded to 100 cm before enters the ‘rounded’ exit of the lower
reservoir.
a) Sketch a diagram for the problem above and list the location where losses occurred in that system,
b) Calculate the ‘major losses’ that occurred in the system,
c) Calculate the ‘minor losses’ and total head loss that occurred in the system,
d) Pressure (P) at the highest point of the pipe.
Question 24
A washing operation at a palm oil plant requires 0.4 L/s of water at 273K. At this flow rate the centrifugal
pump given to you has a head of 26.2 m and a brake horsepower of 172 W. The pump performance data for
water at 273K are shown below.
(Lpm = liters per minute)

V, Lpm H,m bhp,W

6.0 46.2 142
12.0 42.5 153
18.0 36.2 164

a) Calculate the pump efficiency (percent) for each row of data. Show all units and unit conversions.
b) Compare with the efficiency of the pump at your required flow rate. Explain whether you will use
the pump available for the washing operation.

Question 25
An orifice with a 4.6-cm-diameter opening is used to measure the mass flowrate of water at 15C ( =
999.1 kg/m3 and =1.138 ×10-3 kg/m.s) through a horizontal 10 cm-diamater pipe. A mercury manometer
is used to measure the pressure difference across the orifice. If the differential height of the manometer is
18 cm, determine the actual volume flowrate of water through the pipe. [Ans: 0.007 m3 /s]