- Some sutures are replaced by a bone in adults,
LESSON 9. JOINTS this is called synostosis or bony joint – a joint
- Also called articulation or arthrosis
- Point of contact between two bones, between
bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth
- Arthrology is the scientific study of joints
- Kinesiology is the study of motion of human
body
JOINT CLASSIFICATION
- Can be classified by its structure and function
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
- Based on two criteria: (1) the presence or
absence of space between articulating bones,
called synovial cavity, (2) type of connective
tissue that binds bones together
1. FIBROUS JOINTS
- No synovial cavity, bones held together by
dense irregular connective tissue (rich in
collagen fibers)
2. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
- No synovial cavity, bones held together by
cartilage
3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
- Have synovial cavity, united by dense
irregular connective tissue of articular
capsule (often by accessory ligaments)
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
1. SYNARTHROSIS
- Syn = together
- An immovable joint, plural is synarthroses
2. AMPHIARTHROSIS
- Amphi = on both sides
- Slightly movable joint, plural is
amphiarthroses
3. DIARTHROSIS
- Freely movable joint, plural is diarthroses
- All diarthrosis are synovial joints
- Have variety of shapes and permit several
different types of movement
FIBROUS JOINTS
- Lacks synovial cavity and are held together by
dense irregular connective tissue
- Permit little to no movement
TYPES OF FIBROUS JOINTS
1. SUTURES
- ‘sutur’ – seam
- Fibrous joint composed of dense irregular
connective tissue
- Occurs only between the bones of skull
- Immovable (synarthroses) in adults but slightly
movable (amphiarthroses) in infants and
children
- Play important role in shock absorption in the
skull
in which there is a complete fusion of two
separate bones into one. A synostosis is
classified as synarthroses.
- If frontal suture persists beyond the age 6, it is
called frontal or metopic suture (‘metopon’ –
forehead).
2. SYNDESMOSES
- Syndesmo – a band or ligament
- Fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance
between articulating surfaces
3. INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANES
- Substantial sheet of dense irregular connective
tissue that binds neighboring long bones
- Permits slight movement
- Body has TWO principal interosseous
membrane: (1) between ulna and radius (2)
between tibia and fibula
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
- Lacks synovial cavity
- Allows little to no movement
TYPES OF CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
1. SYNCHONDROSES
- Chondro – cartilage
- Immovable joint (synarthrosis)
- When bone elongation stops, hyaline cartilage
replaces the bone and it becomes a synostosis.
- In x-rays, this joint is seen as thin dark areas
between white-appearing bone tissue
2. SYMPHYSES
- means growing together
- Ends of articulating bones are covered with
hyaline cartilage, but a broad, flat disc of
fibrocartilage connects the bone
- All symphysis occur in the midline of body
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
- Unique characteristic is that it has a space
called a synovial cavity or joint cavity between
articulating bones
- All synovial joint are classified as diarthrosis
- Bones are covered by a layer of hyaline
cartilage called articular cartilage, which
reduced friction during movement and helps
absorb shock.
PARTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
1. ARTICULAR CAPSULE
- Also called a joint capsule
- Surrounds a synovial joint, encloses synovial
cavity and unites articulating bones
- Composed of TWO layers: (1) outer fibrous
membrane, which consists of dense irregular
connective tissue that attaches to periosteum of
articulating bones (2) inner synovial membrane
that is composed of areolar connective tissue
with elastic fibers. This membrane has
 accumulation of adipose tissue called articular
fat pads.
- Ligaments are fibers of fibrous membranes that
are arranged as parallel bundles of dense
regular connective tissue that are highly
adapted for resisting strains.
2. SYNOVIAL FLUID
- Viscous, clear, or pale yellow named for its
similarity in appearance and consistency to
uncooked egg white
- Consists of hyaluronic acid secreted by synovial
cells in the synovial membrane and interstitial
fluid filtered from blood plasma
- FUNCTIONS
a. Reduce friction by lubricating the joint
b. Absorbing shocks
c. Supplying oxygen and nutrients and
removing carbon dioxide and metabolic
wastes from the chondrocytes within
articular cartilage
- Contains phagocytic cells that remove microbes
and debris that results from normal wear and
tear in joint
3. ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS, ARTICULAR
DISCS, AND LABRA
- There are TWO accessory ligaments in synovial
joints: (1) extracapsular ligaments lie outside the
articular capsule (2) intracapsular ligaments
occur within the articular capsule but are
excluded from the synovial cavity by folds of the
synovial membrane
- Articular discs or menisci are crescent-
shaped pads of fibrocartilage that lie between
the articular surfaces of the bone and are
attached to the fibrous capsule.
- FUNCTIONS OF MENISCI
a. Shock absorption
b. Better fit between articulating bony
surfaces
c. Providing adaptable surfaces for combined
movements
d. Weight distribution over greater contact
surface
e. Distribution of synovial lubricant across the
articular surfaces of the joint
- Labrum is a prominent in the ball-and-socket
joints of the shoulder and hip. This is the
fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge
of the joint socket
- This helps deepen the joint socket and
increases area of contact between the socket
and ball-like surface of head of femur or
humerus
- Tendon sheaths or synovial sheaths are tube-
like bursae. They have TWO layers: (1) the inner
layer called visceral layer is attached to the
surface of tendon (2) the outer layer called
parietal layer is attached to the bone
- Tendon sheaths protect all sides of tendon from
friction as tendon slide back and fourth
TYPES OF MOVEMENT AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1. GLIDING
- Simple movement in which nearly flat bone
surfaces move-back-forth and from side-to-side
with respect from one another
- Limited in range due to the structure of articular
capsule and associated ligaments and bones
2. ANGULAR MOVEMENTS
- Has increase or decrease in the angle between
articulating bones
- Major angular movements are:
a. Flexion – there is a decrease in angle
between articulating bones
b. Extension – there is an increase in the
angle between articulating bones, often to
restore a part of the body to the anatomical
position after it was flexed
c. Lateral flexion – movement of trunk
sideways to the right or left at the waist
d. Hyperextension – continuation of
extension beyond the anatomical position
e. Abduction – also called radial deviation; is
the movement of a bone away from the
midline
f. Adduction – also called ulnar deviation; is
the movement of the bone toward the
midline
g. Circumduction – movement of distal end of
a body part in a circle

BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS

- Bursae are saclike structures that are situated

to alleviate friction in some joints.
- They are filled with fluid similar to synovial fluid
and can be found between skin and bones,
tendons and bones, muscles and bones, or
ligaments and bones.
- The bursal sacs cushion the movement of the
body parts against one another
3. ROTATION
- Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
- If anterior surface of bone of limb is turned
toward the midline, movement is called medial
rotation.
4. SPECIAL MOVEMENTS
- Only occur at certain joints
a. Elevation – to lift up; a superior movement
of a part of the body
b. Depression – to press down; an inferior
movement of a part of the body
c. Protraction – to draw forth; movement of a
part of the body anteriorly in the transverse
plane
d. Retraction – to draw back; movement of a
protracted part of the body part to
anatomical position
e. Inversion – to turn inward; is a movement
of the sole medially at the intertarsal joints
f. Eversion – to turn outward; movement of
the sole laterally at the intertarsal joints
g. Dorsiflexion – refers to bending of foot at
the ankle or talocrural joint (occurs when
you stand on your heels)
h. Plantar flexion – involves bending of the
boot at the ankle joint
i. Supination – movement of the forearm at
the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in
which palm is turned anteriorly
j. Pronation – movement of forearm at the
proximal and distal radioulnar joints in
which distal end of the radius crosses over
the distal end of ulna and the palm is turned
posteriorly
k. Opposition – movement of the thumb at the
carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb
moves across the palm to touch the tips of
fingers on the same hand
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1. PLANE JOINTS
- Also called planar joint; are flat or slightly curved
- Permit back-and-forth and side-to-side
movements between flat surfaces of bones and
they may also rotate against one another
- An axis is a straight line around which a bone
rotates or slides
- Biaxial
2. HINGE JOINTS
- Also called ginglymus joint
- The convex surface of one bone fits into the
concave surface of another bone
- Uniaxial
3. PIVOT JOINTS
- Also called trochoid joints
- The rounded or pointed surface of bone
articulates with a ring formed partly by another
bone and partly by a ligament
- Uniaxial
4. CONDYLOID JOINTS
- Also called ellipsoidal joint
- The convex oval-shaped projection of one bone
fits into the oval-shaped depression of another
bone
- Biaxial (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction)
5. SADDLE JOINTS
- Also called sellar joint
- The articular surface of one bone is saddle-
shaped and the articular surface of the other
bone fits into the saddle.
- Biaxial (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction)
6. BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS
- Also called spheroid joint
- Consists of ball-like surface of one bone fitting
into a cuplike depression of another bone
- Triaxial (flexion-extension, abduction-
adduction, rotation)
FACTORS AFFECTING CONTACT AND ROM AT
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
ROM refers to the range, measured in degrees of a circle,
through which the bones of a joint can be moved.
1. STRUCTURE OR SHAPE OF ARTICULATING
BONES. The structure or shape of articulating
bones determines how closely they can fit
together.
2. STRENGTH AND TENSION (TAUTNESS) OF
THE JOINT LIGAMENT. The different
components of a fibrous capsule are tense or
taut only when the joint is in certain position.
3. ARRANGEMENT AND TENSION OF THE
MUSCLE. Muscle tension reinforces the
restraint placed on a joint by its ligaments and
thus restricts movement.
4. CONTACT OF SOFT PARTS. The point at
which one body surface contacts may limit
mobility.
5. HORMONES. Joint flexibility may also be
affected by hormones.
6. DISUSE. Movement at a joint may be restricted
if a joint has not been used for an extended
period.
 SELECTED JOINTS OF THE BODY distal row of
carpal bones,
which is synovial
(saddle), dia
abduction,
adduction,
and between slight rotation
both rows of
Selected Joints of the Axial Skeleton carpal
JOINT ARTICULAR CLASSIFICCATION MOVEMENTS Carpometacar Carpometacarpa At thumb, synovial Flexion,
COMPONENTS pal l joint of thumb (saddle); remaining extension,
Suture Between skull Fibrous, amphi & None between phalanges synovial abduction,
bones syn trapezium of (plane), dia adduction,
Atlanto- Between Synovial Flexion, carpus circumduction
occipital superior (condyloid), dia extension, at thumb,
articular facets slight lateral gliding in
of atlas and flexion other digits
occipital Metacarpopha Between heads Synovial Flexion,
condyles of langeal and of metacarpals or (condyloid), dia extension,
occipital bone metatarsophal metatarsals and abduction,
Atlanto-axial (1) Between (1) Synovial (pivot) Rotation angeal bases of circumduction
dens of axis and (2) synovial (plane), proximal
anterior arch of dia phalanges
atlas, (2) Interphalange Between the Synovial (hinge), Flexion,
between lateral al heads of dia extension
masses of atlas phalanges and
and axis bases of more
Intervertebral (1) Between (1) cartilaginous Flexion, distal phalanges
vertebral bodies (symphysis, amphi extension, Sacroiliac Between Synovial (plane) Slight gliding
(2) between (2) synovial (plane), lateral flexion, articular surfaces
vertebral arches dia rotation of sacrum and ilia
Vertebrocostal (1) between Synovial (plane), dia Slight gliding of hip bones
facts (2) Pubic Between anterior Cartilaginous Slight
between symphysis surfaces of hip (symphysis), amphi movements
articular part bone
Sternocostal Between Cartilagionous None between Tibiofibular Proximal Synovial (plane) at Slight gliding,
sternum, and (synchondrosis) sternum &first tibiofibular joint proximal, fibrous slight rotation
first seven pairs between sternum & pair, slight between lateral (syndesmosis) at
of ribs first pair, synovial gliding condyle of tibia distal joint; dia at
(plane) between between and head of proximal, amphi at
sternum & second to sternum and fibula; distal distal
seventh pair, syn second tibiofibular joint
between sternum through between distal
and first pair, dia seventh pair of end of fibula and
between sternum & ribs fibular notch of
second to seventh tibia
pair Ankle (1) Between Synovial (hinge), Dorsiflexion,
Lumbosacral (1) Between (1) cartilaginous Flexion, (talocrural) distal end of tibia dia plantar flexion
body of fifth (symphysis), amphi extension, and its medial
lumbar vertebra (2) synovial (planar), lateral flexion, malleolus and
and base of dia rotation talus; (2)
sternum (2) between lateral
between inferior malleolus of
articular facets fibula and talus
of fifth lumbar Intertarsal Subtalar joint Synovial (plane) at Inversion,
vertebra and between talus subtalar and eversion
superior and calcaneus of calcaneocuboid,
articular facets tarsus; synovial (saddle) at
of first vertebra talocalcaneonavi talocalcaneonavicul
of sacrum cular joint ar, dia
between talus
Selected Joints of the Appendicular Skeleton and calcaneus
and navicular of
JOINT ARTICULAR CLASSIFICATION MOVEMENT
tarsus;
COMPONENT
calneocuboid
Sternoclavicul Between sternal Synovial (plane, Gliding, with joint between
ar end of clavicle, pivot), dia limited calcaneus and
manubrium of movement cuboid of tarus
sternum, and first
Tarsometatars Between three Synovial (plane), Slight gliding
costal cartilage
al cuneiforms of dia
Acromioclavic Between Synovial (plane), Gliding and tarsus and bases
ular acromion of dia rotation of of five metatarsal
scapula and scapula on bones
acromial end of clavicle
clavicle
Radioulnar Proximal
radioulnar joint
Synovial (pivot), dia Rotation
forearm
of
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
between head of
radius and radial - Combined hinge and plane joint formed by the
notch of ulna;
distal radioulnar condylar process of mandible and mandibular
joint between fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone
ulnar notch of
radius and head - Freely movable (diarthrosis)
of ulna - Can only do elevation and depression
Wrist Between distal Synovial Flexion,
(radiocarpal) end of radius and (condyloid), dia extension,
scaphoid, lunate, abduction, ANATOMICAL COMPONENTS
and triquetrum of adduction,
carpus circumduction 1. ARTICULAR DISC
and slight
hyperextensi - Fibrocartilage disc that separates synovial
on cavity into superior and inferior compartments
Intercarpal Between Synovial (plane) Gliding,
proximal row of except for hamate, flexion,
carpal bones, scaphoid, lunate extension,
 2. ARTICULAR CAPSULE ELBOW JOINT
- Thin, fairly loose envelope around
circumference of joint - Hinge joint formed by the trochlea and capitulum
3. LATERAL LIGAMENT of the humerus, trochlear notch of the ulna, and
- Two short bands of the lateral surface of the head of radius
articular capsule - Allows flexion and extension
- Covered by parotid gland
- Helps strengthen joint laterally and prevent ANATOMICAL COMPONENTS
displacement of mandible
4. SPHENOMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT 1. ARTICULAR CAPSULE
- Thin band that extends inferiorly and anteriorly - Anterior part of the articular capsule covers the
from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the anterior part of the elbow joint
ramus of mandible 2. ULNAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
- Does not contribute to strength of joint - Thick, triangular ligament that extends from the
5. STYLOMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT medial epicondyle of the humerus to the
- Thickened band of deep cervical fascia that coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna
extends from the styloid process 3. RADIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
- Limits movement of mandible - Strong, triangular ligament that extends from the
lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the anular
SHOULDER JOINT ligament
4. ANULAR LIGAMENT OF THE RADIUS
- A ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of - Strong band that encircles the head of the radius
humerus and glenoid cavity of the scapula
- Also referred as humeroscapular or HIP JOINT
glenohumeral joint
- Allows flexion, extension, hyperextension, - Also called coxal joint
abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral - A ball-and-socket formed by head of the femur
rotation, circumduction and the acebulum of the hip bone
- Rotator cuff muscles anchor the humerus to the - Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
scapula. lateral rotation, medial rotation, and
circumduction
ANATOMICAL COMPONENTS
ANATOMICAL COMPONENTS
1. ARTICULAR CAPSULE
- Thin, loose sac that envelops the joint and 1. ARTICULAR CAPSULE
extends from glenoid cavity to the anatomical - Very dense and strong capsule that extends
neck of humerus from the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the
- Inferior part of capsule is its weakest area femur
2. CORACOHUMERAL LIGAMENT 2. ILIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT
- Strong, broad ligament that strengthens the - Thickened portion of articular capsule that
superior part of articular capsule extends from the anterior inferior iliac spine of
- Strengthens superior part of articular capsule the hip bone
and reinforces anterior aspect of particular 3. PUBOFEMORAL LIGAMENT
capsule - Thickened portion of the articular capsule that
3. GLENOHUMERAL LIGAMENT extends from the pubic part
- Three thickenings of the articular capsule over 4. ISCHIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT
the anterior surface of the joint that extend from - Thickened portion of articular capsule that
the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle of extends from the ischial wall bordering
anatomical neck of humerus - Slackens during adduction, tenses during
- Often indistinct and provide minimal strength abduction, strengthens articular capsule
- Play role in stabilization when humerus 5. LIGAMENT OF THE HEAD OF THE FEMUR
approaches or exceeds limits of motion - Flat, triangular band that extends from the fossa
4. TRANSVERSE HUMERAL LIGAMENT of the acetabulum to the fovea capitis of the
- Narrow sheet extending from greater to the head of the femur
lesser tubercle of humerus 6. ACETABULAR LABRUM
- Functions as retinaculum (retaining band of - Fibrocartilage rim attached to the margin of the
connective tissue) acetabulum
5. GLENOID LABRUM 7. TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT OF THE
- Narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the edge of ACETABULUM
glenoid cavity - Strong ligament that crosses over the
6. BURSAE acetabular notch
- Four bursae are associated with shoulder joint
- Subscapular, subdeltoid, subacromial,
subcoracoid bursa
 KNEE JOINT
- Largest and most complex joint of the body
- Modified hinge joint that consists of three joints:
(1) tibiofemoral joint (2) tibiofemoral joint (3)
patellofemoral joint
- Flexion, extension, slight medial rotation, lateral
rotation
ANATOMICAL COMPONENTS
1. ARTICULAR CAPSULE
- No complete, independent capsule unites the
bones of the knee joint
2. MEDIAL AND LATERAL PATELLAR
RETINACULA
- Fused tendons of insertion of the quadriceps
femoris muscle and the fascia lata
3. PATELLAR LIGAMENT
- Continuation of common tendon of insertion of
quadriceps femoris muscle that extends from
the patella to tibial tuberosity
4. OBLIQUE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT
- Broad, flat ligament that extends from the
intercondylar fossa and lateral condyle of the
femur
5. ARCUATE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT
- Extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to
styloid process
6. TIBIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
- Broad, flat ligament that extends on the medial
surface of the joint that extends from the medial
condyle of the femur to medial condyle of tibia
7. FIBULAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
- Strong, rounded ligament on the lateral surface
of the joint that extends from the lateral condyle
of the femur
8. INTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENT
a. Anterior cruciate ligament
b. Posterior cruciate ligament
9. ARTICULAR DISCS
a. Medial meniscus
b. Lateral meniscus
10. BURSAE
a. Prepatellar bursa
b. Infrapatellar bursa
c. Suprepatellar bursa
- Movements are voluntary and can be
consciously controlled by neurons
- Most muscles are subconsciously controlled
2. CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
- Forms most of the heart wall
- Is striated
- Movements are involuntary
- Has built-in rhythm called autorhythmicity
3. SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
- Is located in hollow internal structures such as
blood vessels, airways, and most organs in
abdominopelvic cavity
- Is nonstriated
- Movement is involuntary
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
1. PRODUCING BODY MOVEMENT. Movements
of the body such as walking and running or
localized movements such as grasping a pencil.
2. STABILIZING BODY POSITIONS. Muscle
contractions stabilize joints and help maintain
body positions
3. STORING AND MOVING SUBSTANCES
WITHIN THE BODY. Storage is accomplished
by sustained contractions of ringlike bands of
smooth muscle called sphincters, which prevent
outflow of the content of hollow organs.
4. GENERATING HEAT. As muscle contracts, it
produces heat, a process known as
thermogenesis.
PROPERTIES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
1. ELECTRICAL EXCITABILITY
- Is the ability to respond certain stimuli by
producing electrical signals called action
potentials (impulses)
2. CONTRACTILITY
- Is the ability of muscular tissue to contract
forcefully when stimulated by an action potential
3. EXTENSIBILITY
- Is the ability of muscular tissue to stretch, within
limits, without being damaged.
4. ELASTICITY
- Is the ability of muscular tissue to return to its
original length and shape after contraction or
extension

LESSON 10. MUSCULAR TISSUE SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

- Make up 40% - 50% of total adult body weight - Each of your skeletal muscles is a separate
- Scientific study of muscles is known as organ composed of hundreds to thousands of
myology calls are called muscle fibers.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS

OVERVIEW OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
- The hypodermis is composed of areolar
TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
connective tissue and adipose tissue
1. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE - It provides a pathway for nerves, blood vessels,
- Most skeletal muscle move the bones of the and lymphatic vessels to enter and exit muscles
skeleton - Fascia is a dense sheet or broad band of
- Is striated (alternating light and dark protein irregular connective tissue that lines the body
bands) wall and limbs and supports and surrounds
muscles and other organs of the body
- Connective tissue has three layers:
 a. Epimysium. Outer layer, encircling entire
muscle. It consists of dense irregular
connective tissue.
b. Perimysium. Also a layer of dense
irregular connective tissue, but surrounds
groups of 10 to 100 muscle fibers,
separating them into bundles called
fascicles.
c. Endomysium. Penetrates the interior of
each fascicle and separates individual
muscle fibers from one another. This is
mostly reticular fibers.
Muscle fibers form a ropelike tendon, which attaches
muscle to a bone. When connective tissue elements
extend as broad, flat sheet, it is called an aponeurosis.
Voluntarily controlled muscles of your body compose the
muscular system.
MUSCLE ATTACHMENT
INSERTION
TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS
Skeletal muscle fibers that have a high myoglobin content
are called red muscle fibers and appear darker.
LEVER SYSTEMS AND LEVERAGE
Muscle fibers that have a low content of myoglobin are
called white muscle fibers and appear lighter.
Skeletal muscle fibers are classified into THREE main
types:
1. SLOW OXIDATIVE FIBERS
- Appear dark red because they contain large
amounts of myoglobin and many blood
capillaries.
- ATPase in the myosin heads hydrolyzes ATP
relatively slow and the contraction cycle
proceeds at a slower pace than in “fast” fibers.
- Generate ATP by aerobic respiration
- Twitch contractions last from 100 to 200 msec,
take longer to reach peak tension.
- These slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant tibers are
adapted for maintaining posture and for aerobic,
endurance-type activities
2. FAST OXIDATIVE-GLYCOLYTIC FIBERS
- Largest fibers
- Contain large amounts of myoglobin and many
blood capillaries
- Generate ATP by aerobic respiration
- ATPase in their myosin head hydrolyzes ATP
three to five times faster than myosin ATPase in
SO fibers.
- Reach peak tension more quickly but briefer in
duration – less than 100 msec.
- Contribute to activities like walking and sprinting
3. FAST GLYCOLYTIC FIBERS
- Low myoglobin content, relatively few blood
capillaries, appear white in color
- Generate ATP through glycolysis
- FG fibers contract strongly and quickly
- Adapted for intense anaerobic movements of
short duration like weight lifting or throwing ball
- Fatigues quickly
LESSON 11. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
- Has 700 individual muscles
SITES: ORIGIN AND
- The attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the
stationary bone is called the origin
- The attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to
the movable bone is called the insertion
- The fleshy portion of the muscle between the
tendons is called the belly (body).
- The actions of a muscle are the main
movements that occur when the muscle
contracts.
- Certain muscles are also capable of reverse
muscle action (RMA) wherein during specific
movements of the body the actions are reversed
therefore the positions of origin and insertion are
switched.
- A lever is a rigid structure that can move around
a fixed point, called fulcrum.
- A lever is acted on at two different points by two
different forces called effort, which causes
movement and the load or resistance, which
opposes movement.
- Mechanical advantage is wherein load is
closer to fulcrum therefore small effort is
required to move larger load over small
distance.
- Mechanical disadvantage is wherein load is
farther from fulcrum and large effort is required
to move small load at greater speed.
 - Levers are categorized into THREE types
according to positions of fulcrum, effort, and
load:
1. FIRST-CLASS LEVERS
- E-F-L
- Scissors and seesaws are examples
- Can produce mechanical advantage or
disadvantage
2. SECOND-CLASS LEVERS
- E-L-F
- Wheelbarrow is an example
- Always produce mechanical advantage
3. THIRD-CLASS LEVERS
- F-E-L
- Forceps is an example
- Most common lever in the body
- Always produce mechanical disadvantage

COORDINATION AMONG MUSCLES

1. PRIME MOVER OR AGONIST

- Leader
- Contracts to cause an action
2. ANTAGONIST
- Stretches and yields to the effects of prime
mover
3. SYNERGIST
- Contract and stabilize intermediate joints to
prevent unwanted movements
4. FIXATORS
- Stabilizes origin of prime mover so it can act
more efficiently

*Compartment is a group of skeletal muscles, their

associated blood vessels, and associated nerves, all
which have common function.