Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/

ḱerh₂-
This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the
term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based
on comparative evidence.

Contents
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Root
Alternative reconstructions
Derived terms
References
Further reading

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology
Potentially a collective derivation in *-h₂ from *ḱer- (‎ “to grow”)‎ ,[1] of which the original root noun
may be fossilized in Latin crās.[2] A possible loan relation with Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- ‎(“horn”‎) has
also been suggested. However, it is probably unrelated to Old Chinese 觡 ‎(*kraːɡ, “antler”‎) and 觥
(*kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made of animal horn”‎) despite the phonological and semantic
resemblance between the three.

Root
*ḱerh₂-

1. head, top
2. horn

Alternative reconstructions

*ḱer-[3][4]

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱerh₂-‎(40 c, 0 e)
*ḱérh₂-s ~ *ḱr̥ h₂-és ‎(root noun‎)

>? Proto-Italic: *krās ‎(“at the peak, at the start, early”‎)

>? Latin: crās ‎(“tomorrow”‎) (see there for further descendants)
*ḱérh₂-os ~ *ḱérh₂-es-[5]
Proto-Hellenic: *kéras

Ancient Greek: κέρᾰς ‎(kéras‎)

*ḱerh₂-o-now-os ‎(literally “head nodding”‎)[6]
Proto-Italic: *keronowos
Latin: cernuus
*ḱérh₂-s-ō ~ *ḱr̥ h₂-s-né-s
*ḱerh₂-s-ro-m[7][8]
Proto-Italic: *kerazrom
Latin: cerebrum (see there for further descendants)
*ḱórh₂-we-h₂ (collective‎)[9][10]
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kárˀwāˀ
Lithuanian: kárvė
Proto-Slavic: *kòrva (see there for further descendants)
*ḱr(h₂)-ént-

⇒ *ḱrént-os ~ *ḱrn̥ t-és-s[11]

Proto-Germanic: *hrinþaz, *hrunþaz (see there for further descendants)
*ḱŕ̥ h₂-es-n-h₂ ‎(collective‎)[12]
Proto-Hellenic: *kárahna

Ancient Greek: κᾰ́ρηνον ‎(kárēnon‎) (backformation from *kárahna)

Doric: κᾰ́ρᾱνον ‎(kárānon‎)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥ Hšā

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥ Hṣā

Vedic Sanskrit: शीर्षा ‎(śīrṣā‎)

*ḱr̥ h₂-nó-s[13][14][15][16]
Proto-Celtic: *karnos
Proto-Brythonic: karn
Old Breton: carn
Breton: karn
Middle Welsh: carn
Welsh: carn
Gaulish: *carnon ‎(“horn”‎), carnuātus ‎(“horned”‎)

→ Ancient Greek: κάρνον ‎(kárnon, “Gallic horn”‎)

Proto-Germanic: *hurną (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥ Hngám
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥ Hngám

Sanskrit: शृङ्ग ‎(śṛṅgá, “horn, tusk”‎) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *kornū

>? Latin: cornū (see there for further descendants)

⇒ *ḱr̥ h₂-néh₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śírˀnāˀ
East Baltic:
Old Latvian: sirna
Latvian: stir̃na
Lithuanian: stìrna
Proto-Slavic: *sь̀rna (see there for further descendants)
*ḱŕ̥ h₂-os ~ *ḱŕ̥ h₂-es-[7][17][18]
Proto-Armenian:
Old Armenian: սար ‎(sar, “tip, top; mountain”‎) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćŕ̥ Has
Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śr̥ Hás

Sanskrit: शिर ‎(śira‎)

Proto-Iranian: *cr̥ Háh

Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬁𐬯 ‎(sāra‎), 𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬯 ‎(sara‎)

 *ḱr̥ h₂-s-ḗr ~ *ḱr̥ h₂-s-n-ós ‎(“hornet”, literally “the one with horns, i.e. antennae”‎)[19][20][21][22]
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śirˀšō (see there for further descendants)
Latgalian: šyršyns
Latvian: sir̂ senis
Lithuanian: širšuo, šìršė
Proto-Slavic: *sьrxy (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Finnic: *herhiläinen
Proto-Germanic: *hurznutō (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *krāzrō
Latin: crābrō (see there for further descendants)
*ḱr̥ h₂-wós, *ḱér-wo-s ~ *ḱr̥ h₂-éw-os (‎ “deer, stag”, literally “the horned one”)‎ [23][24][25][26]
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śirˀwas
Old Prussian: sirwis
→ Proto-Finnic: *hirvas, *hirvi (see there for further descendants)
→ Proto-Samic: *sërvēs, *sërvë (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *karwos (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *kerawós

Ancient Greek: κερᾰός ‎(keraós‎), κερᾱΐς ‎(kerāḯs‎)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćr̥ Hwás (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *kerwos
Latin: cervus (see there for further descendants)
*ḱr-o-h₂-s-no-m[27]
Proto-Albanian: *krōna
Albanian: krye
Unsorted formations:

Anatolian:[1]
Hittite: [script needed] ‎(karau̯ ar‎), [script needed] ‎(surna‎), [script needed] ‎(harsar‎)
Luwian: [script needed] ‎(zurni‎)
→ Persian: ‫ سرنا‬‎(sornâ‎) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *herutaz ‎(“deer, stag”‎) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: κάρυον ‎(káruon‎)

References
1. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “(SI)karāu̯ ar / karaun”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite
Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston:
Brill, →ISBN, pages 517-518 (https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-the-hittite-inh
erited-lexicon/page//mode/1up?view=theater)
 2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “crās”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic
Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,
→ISBN, pages 140–141 (https://archive.org/stream/MichielVaanEtymologicalDictionaryOfLatin_
201811/Michiel%20Vaan%2C%20Etymological%20dictionary%20of%20Latin#page/n153/mod
e/1up)
3. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “¹k̑ er- (https://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?basename=\data\ie
\pokorny&method_pages=substring&text_pages=574)”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches
Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München:
Francke Verlag, page 574 (https://archive.org/details/indogermanisches02pokouoft/page/574/m
ode/1up?view=theater)
4. ^ Nussbaum, Alan J. (1986) Head and Horn in Indo-European‎[1] (https://archive.org/details/nussbaum
-head-and-horn-in-indo-european-1986/mode/2up)
, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
5. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κέρας”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-
European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van
Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 676-677
6. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cernuus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic
Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,
→ISBN, pages 110-111 (https://archive.org/stream/MichielVaanEtymologicalDictionaryOfLatin_2
01811/Michiel%20Vaan%2C%20Etymological%20dictionary%20of%20Latin#page/n123/mode/
1up)
7. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hersan- ~ *herzan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic
(Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages
221–222 (https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-proto-germanic/page/?view=the
ater)
8. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cerebrum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic
Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,
→ISBN, page 109 (https://archive.org/stream/MichielVaanEtymologicalDictionaryOfLatin_20181
1/Michiel%20Vaan%2C%20Etymological%20dictionary%20of%20Latin#page/n122/mode/1up)
9. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “karvė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon
(Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page
230 (https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-the-baltic-inherited-lexicon/page/230?
view=theater)
10. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kòrva (https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-the-slavic-i
nherited-lexicon/page/n246/mode/1up?view=theater)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic
Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston:
Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1574-3586), page 236
11. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hrinþiz ~ *hrunþiz”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic
(Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages
247–248 (https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-proto-germanic/page/?view=the
ater)
12. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κάρᾱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-
European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van
Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 641
13. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sьrna (https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-the-slavic-i
nherited-lexicon/page/n495/mode/1up?view=theater)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic
Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston:
Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1574-3586), page 485
14. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “stirna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon
(Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages
428-429 (https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-the-baltic-inherited-lexicon/pag
e/?view=theater)
15. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*karno-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-
European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 190-191 (https://archi
ve.org/details/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic/page/n194?view=theater)
16. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hurna-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-
European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 259 (https://ar
chive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-proto-germanic/page/259?view=theater)
17. ^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with
special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and
monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 906 (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=EiF0wNeMpYwC&pg=PA906)
18. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden
Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 570–571
19. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sьršenь (https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-the-slavi
c-inherited-lexicon/page/n10/mode/1up?view=theater)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic
Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston:
Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1574-3586), pages 485-486
20. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “širšuo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon
(Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages
449-450 (https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-the-baltic-inherited-lexicon/pag
e/?view=theater)
21. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “crābrō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic
Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,
→ISBN, page 140 (https://archive.org/stream/MichielVaanEtymologicalDictionaryOfLatin_20181
1/Michiel%20Vaan%2C%20Etymological%20dictionary%20of%20Latin#page/n153/mode/1up)
22. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hurznuta/ō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden
Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 259 (htt
ps://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-proto-germanic/page/259?view=theater)
23. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κεραός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-
European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van
Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 676
24. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κερᾱΐς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-
European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van
Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 674
25. ^ Čong (Cheung), Dž. (2009) T. K. Salbijeva, transl., Očerki istoričeskovo razvitija osetinskovo
vokalizma [Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism] (in Russian),
Vladikavkaz: Izdatelʹsko-poligrafičeskoje predprijatije im. V. Gassijeva, →ISBN, pages 22, 82,
177, 178, 320
26. ^ Abajev, V. I. (1979) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-
Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow and
Leningrad: Academy Press, pages 179–181
27. ^ Stefan Schumacher & Joachim Matzinger, Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch,
Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2013), 224.

Further reading
Oshiro, Terumasa (https://gyoseki.kyoto-su.ac.jp/ktsuhp/KgApp?kyoinId=ymemgigoggy) (1988)
“Some Luwian words of Indo-European origin (https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/24/
0/24_0_47/_pdf/-char/ja#page=3)”, in Orient (https://jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/orient/list/-char/en),
volume 24 (https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/24/0/24_0_47/_article), page 49: “(3)
horn (574)”

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