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in good condition for their government owner—His “discovery”
that the states, political entities, made the Constitution of
America, the nation of men—Story of America (from May 29,
1787, to July, 1917) being a sealed book to him, he does not
know that our Constitution is both federal and national—
Supreme Court, in early days and in 1907, and Webster and
Lincoln tell him his mistake—Not knowing the decision of
Gettysburg, recorded at Appomattox, he chooses between Lord
North of 1775 and Calhoun and summons the latter to prove that
the American people did not make their Constitution and its
grant of enumerated power to interfere with their individual
freedom—Jefferson, Pendleton, Webster and many other
Americans correct Sheppard’s error of fact—As the American
people of 1776 accomplished their successful Revolution
against government, may it not be the thought of Sheppard and
other Tories that the Eighteenth Amendment has been
established by a successful revolution of government against
the people—Marshall again tells us of the American day when
the legal necessity “was felt and acknowledged by all,” that
every power to interfere with human liberty must be derived from
the people in their “conventions”—Acting on the Congress
proposal of 1917, governments of state citizens command the
American citizen and create a new government power to
interfere with his individual liberty—But no statesman has yet
told us how or when, prior to 1917, we became “subjects.”
XIX. Are We Citizens? Page 298
Hamilton thinks it a prodigy that Americans, in “conventions,”
voluntarily constitute the enumerated First Article government
powers to interfere with their individual liberty—Marshall, in
Supreme Court, declares “conventions” to be the only manner in
which they can act “safely, wisely and effectively” in constituting
government of themselves, by making such grants—When
proposed 1917 first new grant of that kind is supposedly made,
American people and their “conventions” are completely ignored
—The proposers have a Fifth Article which does not mention
“conventions”—The proposers have the old Tory concept, that
the people are the assets of the state and that government is the
state—Still trying to find out how and when we became
“subjects,” we expect to get information from the litigations of
1920—We expect great counsel, on one side, to urge the facts
we know—We fear that other great counsel will urge, in reply,
some fact or facts which we have not been able to ascertain—
We are certain that there is no Eighteenth Amendment, if the
facts we have learned are all the facts—That we may listen
intelligently to all the great counsel, we review some of the facts
we have learned.
XX. Lest We Forget Page 307
“The important distinction so well understood in America,
between a constitution established by the people and
unalterable by the government and a law established by the
government and alterable by the government”—Our first glance
at briefs of 1920 gives us hope that some modern leaders have
acquired the knowledge of Hamilton and his generation—We
find, in one brief, in Marshall’s words, the Supreme Court
statement of the fact that “conventions” of the people, not states
or their governments, made the Constitution with its First Article
grants of power to interfere with human liberty—But this brief, to
our amazement, is that of the foremost champion of the only
other grant of that kind, the Eighteenth Amendment, a grant
made entirely by government to government—In 1920, seven
litigations argued and reported under the one title “The National
Prohibition Cases”—Distinguished counsel appear for many
clients, for the claimed omnipotent Parliament of America, for
the American government which we used to know as our
supreme government, for a few state governments who did not
wish to be part of the omnipotent Parliament, for those engaged
in the lawful business of manufacturing, etc., the commodities
named in the Eighteenth Amendment—Like the human right to
breathe, such manufacture, etc., was not the privilege of a
citizen—Both rights are among the human rights men have
before they create nations and give governments power to
interfere with some or all of their human rights—Citizens of
America, giving their only American government its enumerated
powers, gave it no power to interfere with the human right
mentioned in the new Amendment—Human rights never are
privileges of citizens—Citizens establish government to protect
existing human rights—Only “subjects” get any rights or
privileges from government—All early Americans knew these
primal truths—Neither the French aristocrats, before French
Revolution, nor Tories of 1776 in England or America knew them
—Eighteenth Amendment Tories do not know them—Madison
(in 1789) and Supreme Court (in 1890) knew that commodities
named in new Amendment are among those in which a human
right “of traffic exists”—In litigations of 1920, no counsel appear
on behalf of the human rights of American citizens—But we
know that no decision of our own Supreme Court, established to
secure our human rights, although the decision may settle
disputes between other litigants, can change us from “citizens”
into “subjects.”
XXI. Briefs Ignore the American Page 325
Citizen
No counsel knows all are discussing whether Americans, twelve
years after 1776, voluntarily became “subjects”—Common
concept of all that Fifth Article a “grant” of power to state
governments (of state citizens) making them attorneys-in-fact for
citizens of America—Discussion entirely as to extent of power
“granted”—Eighteenth Amendment concept that Fifth Article
“grant” made some governments of state citizens a supreme
American Parliament, unrestrained master of every human right
of all American citizens—Opposing concept that the Fifth Article
“grant” made those state governments a Parliament whose one
limit is that it cannot interfere with the sovereignty of any political
entity which is a state—Both concepts ignore supremacy of
nation of men over federation of states—Both ignore dual nature
of “one national and federal Constitution”—Both ignore
“conventions” in Seventh and Fifth Articles as the citizens of the
American nation—Both ignore that each state “legislature” is
attorney-in-fact for the citizens of its own state and that no
legislatures are (except Congress in enumerated matters)
attorneys-in-fact for the citizens of America in any matter—Our
facts, brought from our education with the early Americans, all
ignored by all counsel in the litigations—The Virginia Convention
itself and Lee, Pinckney, Hamilton, Madison, Wilson, Iredell and
others state what all counsel of 1920 entirely ignore.
XXII. No Challenge to the Tory Page 335
Concept
Eighteenth Amendment rests on imaginary Fifth Article “grant”
making the state governments of state citizens attorneys-in-fact
for the citizens of America, empowered to give away all human
rights of the citizens of America—“Grant” assumed in every brief
—No brief recognizes that one supposed “grantee” is supposed
“grantor”—Or that each of two supposed “grantees” was a
competent maker of Articles (as proposed Articles were
respectively federal or national) before and when the
“conventions” made the Fifth Article—Or that Philadelphia
Convention knew and held “conventions” existing ability
competent to make any Article and state legislatures, existing
ability incompetent ever to make Articles like First Article or
Eighteenth Amendment—Or that Tenth Amendment declares no
power given to state “legislatures,” while all ability to make
national Articles “reserved” to “conventions” of “the people” of
America—No brief challenges sheer assumption of Fifth Article
“grant” or supports assumption by any fact—Every brief, for or
against Amendment, is based on the sheer assumption—No
brief knows that enumerated powers of only American
government to interfere with human freedom can be changed by
no one save the citizens of America themselves in their
“conventions”—Madison’s tribute to these “conventions” in which
“free inhabitants” constitute new government power over
themselves—Hamilton explains great danger to human liberty if
“legislatures” or permanent government bodies could create
such new government power—That knowledge of his generation
confirmed by story of government-made supposed Eighteenth
Amendment—Our gratitude to that generation of men who
(1776) made it and (1788) left it impossible that governments
could create new government power to interfere with American
human liberty—Our regret that modern leaders have not known
this great and immutable protection to American liberty.
XXIII. The Challenges That Failed Page 350
Supreme Court wisely writes no opinion in “National Prohibition
Cases”—In each of four numbered paragraphs, Court states its
own negation of one challenge made to new Amendment—All
four challenges are negatived in seventeen lines of statement—
First two challenges trifling and purely technical—Third
challenge based on rights of the citizens of some particular state
—Fourth challenge to “extent” of Fifth Article “grant” of power by
“conventions” to “conventions” and “legislatures”—This
challenge asserts “grant” which advocates of Eighteenth
Amendment must and cannot prove—Court negative amazingly
accurate—All counsel have argued incessantly about “extent” of
power “granted” by Fifth Article—Court negatives in statement
which speaks of power “reserved” in Fifth Article—Concept of
“grant” disappears—Court knows what “conventions” knew,
when they made Fifth Article, when they insisted on Tenth
Amendment Declaration expressly stating the distinct reservees
of the two existing powers “reserved” in Fifth Article—Supreme
Court of Marshall’s day knows it and Supreme Court of 1907
knows it—“Citizen or Subject?”—Eighteenth Amendment
answers “Subject”—Real Constitution answers
“Citizen”—“Conventions” insisted on plain statement of correct
answer—Counsel of 1920 do not know it—Their four challenges
make plain that fact—All challenges based on error that
governments of state citizens are attorneys-in-fact for citizens of
America—In Virginia Convention and in Supreme Court,
Marshall explains that powers of state governments “proceed
not from the people of America” but from the citizens of each
respective state—No counsel of 1920 knows this important fact.
XXIV. Governments Claim Americans as Page 371
Subjects
Patrick Henry, opposing Constitution in the “conventions,” knows
that it takes power from the state legislatures and gives them no
power—All modern leaders “know” that it gives those
legislatures great power as attorneys-in-fact for the citizens of
America—Many modern leaders “know” that it makes those
legislatures an omnipotent Parliament over the citizens of
America—No modern leaders remember 1781 and 1787
existing ability of the state legislatures to make federal Articles
or Articles not creating government power to interfere with
human liberty—Common modern concept that Fifth Article is
“grant” to these “legislatures” and to the very “conventions”
which made the Fifth Article—Leading brief, against
Amendment, more than fifty times admits or asserts this
imaginary and remarkable “grant”—Some extraordinary
concepts of our American institutions in briefs—In a famous
opinion, Marshall explains a fact and on it bases the entire
decision of the Supreme Court—The fact itself is that the
Constitution granted no power of any kind to the state
legislatures—No brief knows or urges this fact or any of the facts
we learned in the “conventions,” the facts on which we base our
challenge to the Eighteenth Amendment concept that we are
“subjects”—Briefs for the Amendment examined to find out why
we are supposed to be “subjects”—Amazing claim that, when
governments alone change the national part of the Constitution,
Supreme Court has no power even to consider whether
governments in America can make a change in the enumerated
powers given to their own government by the citizens of America
—Remarkable Tory concept that the number of Senators from
each state is the only thing in America immune from government
invasion, if enough governments combine—Indignation of
American citizen changes to mirth when he realizes this concept
to be only basis of thought that he is a “subject” or that there is
an Eighteenth Amendment—American citizen, seeking to find (in
the briefs for the Amendment) what happened, between 1907
and 1917, to make him a “subject,” startled to hear the answer,
“Nothing”—Citizen’s amusement increased on learning, in same
briefs, that whole American people, in Constitution which
expressly declares it gives no power to state governments,
made those governments of state citizens irrevocable and
omnipotent attorneys-in-fact for the citizens of America—
Amusement increased by finding that main champion of Tory
concept quotes Marshall’s Supreme Court story of the making of
the Constitution, but omits, from the quotation, the paragraph in
which Marshall points out that everyone knew why the
“legislatures” could not make and only the “conventions” could
make the national First Article, with its grant of enumerated
power to interfere with human liberty—Curiosity added to mirth
on finding this brief echo Madison’s own knowledge that his Fifth
Article contains nothing but “procedural provisions,” while brief
bases its entire contention on mere assertion that Fifth Article is
greatest grant of power ever made by free men to government.
XXV. Citizen or “Eighteenth Page 397
Amendment”?
Congress is only legislature with any power of attorney from the
citizens of America—At very beginning and very end of original
Constitution, citizens of America expressly so state—All briefs of
1920 based on asserted assumption denying those two
statements and insisting Fifth Article is “grant” to governments of
state citizens—Briefs for new Amendment assert “grant” made
governments of state citizens omnipotent master of everything in
America (including all human rights) save number of Senators
from each state—On this Tory concept depends entirely
existence of Eighteenth Amendment—Tory concept being
absolute myth, Amendment disappears—Amusing to find Tory
briefs for Amendment with American citations and quotations
which annihilate Tory concept—Unconscious humor of Wheeler
surpasses “Comic Blackstone”—Tory legions, fighting under
crescent of Mohammet, claim to be American and Christian
crusaders—Americans would have remained “subjects” if
Parliament, passing the Stamp Act, had said: “You subjects
must obey this command we make but, making it, we do not
legislate”—“Statement” that citizens of America universally
demanded this sole Amendment which attempts to change the
First Article enumerated powers—“Proof” that 4742 Tory
members of governments of state citizens said “Yes” to the
change—Jefferson and Madison tell us that concentration of all
power in legislatures “is precisely the definition of despotic
government,” that 173 “despots would surely be as oppressive
as one,” and that “an elective despotism was not the
government we fought for”—Calhoun contended one state might
defy supreme will of citizens of America—Tories for Amendment
go far beyond doctrine finally repudiated by Gettysburg—On
Tory concept that we are “subjects” of omnipotent government,
assert that some governments of state citizens may dictate, in
all matters of human right, what the citizens of America may and
may not do—Echo from “conventions” which made Fifth Article,
“How comes it, sir, that these state governments dictate to their
superiors, to the majesty of the people?”
XXVI. The American Citizen Will Remain Page 416
Supreme Court holds American people, “for most important
purposes,” chose to be one nation, with only one government of
the First Article enumerated powers to interfere with human
liberty—America, the nation of men, and United States, the
subordinate federation of states—Tories for new Amendment
must prove that American people, as one “important” purpose,
meant that governments of state citizens could interfere with
every human right of American citizens—Reserved rights and
powers of American citizens are entirely at their own direct
disposal, for exercise or grant, “despite their legislatures,
whether representing the states or the federal government”—
American citizen must know this of his own knowledge or his
human freedom will disappear—Emmett and Webster and their
generation knew it—Madison writes Fifth Article and states
exactly what it is to the “conventions” which made it—Hughes
unable to begin his Tory argument for new Amendment without
adding to that Madison statement what Madison pointedly did
not say—Senate now about to repeat 1917 blunder that
governments of state citizens have aught to do with altering the
national part of the American Constitution, which part is within
the exclusive control of the citizens of America themselves
—“Conventions” are the people—“Legislatures” are
governments—“Citizen or Subject?”—Supreme Court answer
certain—Court’s history and traditions show American concept
of Hamilton that this Court bulwark of American citizen against
government usurpation of power to interfere with human liberty
—Webster forecast Court decision on new and Tory
Amendment, answering “Citizen or Subject?”—All Americans
once knew same correct answer to same question by Pendleton
in Virginia Convention of 1788, “Who but the people can
delegate power? What have the state governments to do with
it?”
APPENDICES
I. The Original Constitution of the Page 445
United States
II. The Resolution Which Proposed Page 458
the Constitution to the
Conventions of the People of
America
III. The First Seventeen Amendments Page 460
to the Constitution
IV. The Alleged Eighteenth Page 465
Amendment
V. The Nineteenth Amendment Page 466
CITIZEN OR SUBJECT?
CHAPTER I
SUBJECTS BECOME CITIZENS