Conflict and Peace Building SEM 6th PROG. 2 Myevwt

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Conflict and Peace Building
Content
Unit 1: Concepts
(a) Understanding Conflict
(b) Conflict Resolution, Conflict Transformation and Conflict Management
(c) Peace Building: Meaning and Concept
Unit 2: Dimension of Conflict
(a) Ideology
(b) Economic/Resource Sharing Conflict
(c) Socio-Cultural Conflicts - (Ethinic, Religious, Gender Based)
Unit 3: Levels of Conflicts
(a) Local
(b) Sub-National Level of Conflict
(c) International
Unit-4: Conflict Responses: Skills and Techniques
(a) Negotiations: Trust Building
(b) Mediation: Skill Building; Active Listening
(c) Track I, Track II & Multi Track Diplomacy
(d) Gandhian Methods
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Q 1. Discuss the concept of Conflict Management. Highlight the differences and

similarities between Conflict Resolution and Conflict Management.
Answer - Introduction
Conflict can be seen in our day today life. It arises with the differences of thoughts and
ideas on some issues between two individuals or a group. We see many examples of
conflict around us on national and international level. This driving force can take many
forms, from a physical battle to a clash of wills, but the result is always the same: conflict
creates tension, and this keeps readers engaged.
Conflict Management:
Conflict management according to Ogonor (2004) is a strategy employed to reduce
the frequency of destructive encounters by strengthening the inhibitors to conflict
actions and avoid triggering off events according to Ogonor conflict management is
aimed at limiting and avoiding violence between two parties. It therefore covers every
action taken before during or after conflict aimed at mitigating its effects and to ensure
that both parties live in peace harmony and conduct themselves in an orderly manner.
Igbinoba sees conflict management as a term which refers to an unresolved dispute. It is

a method used by people in handling disputes.
According to Aghedo, conflict management is an umbrella term. When
disaggregated, three meanings are discernible that is, a term, an approach, and a
discipline. As a term, conflict management refers to a process whereby dispute is

reduced and therefore brings about a positive change in behaviour. As an approach, it is
a systematic method of dealing with the causes, symptoms, dynamics, transformation,

containment, settlement, and resolution.
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Conflict Resolution:
Conflict resolution refers to the process of addressing and resolving disagreements or
conflicts between individuals, groups, or organizations in a constructive and peaceful
manner. It involves finding a solution or a compromise that satisfies the needs and
interests of all parties involved. Conflict resolution may involve communication,

negotiation, mediation, or other techniques to help parties overcome their
differences and work towards a mutually acceptable outcome. Effective conflict
resolution can help prevent further escalation of conflicts, promote better relationships
and communication, and lead to greater cooperation and productivity.
Differences between Conflict Resolution and Conflict Management:
 Conflict resolution, is a process that  Conflict management, focuses on

seeks to end a conflict by addressing controlling or containing the
its root causes and finding a mutually conflict rather than resolving it.
acceptable solution.  The goal of conflict management is
 The goal of conflict resolution is to to minimize the negative impacts

resolve the conflict in a way that of the conflict and prevent it from
satisfies both parties and allows them escalating or becoming more
to move forward without continued destructive.
conflict.  Conflict management techniques

 Conflict resolution may involve may include creating rules and
negotiation, mediation, or other guidelines for behavior, promoting
forms of problem-solving techniques effective communication, and
to reach a solution that is acceptable finding ways to reduce tension and

to all parties involved. stress among the parties involved.
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Similarities between Conflict Resolution and Conflict Management:
1. Goal-oriented: Both conflict resolution and management are goal-oriented
processes aimed at reducing or eliminating conflicts and improving relationships

between parties.
2. Communication: Effective communication is crucial for both conflict resolution and
management. Clear and open communication can help parties identify issues,
understand each other's perspectives, and find mutually acceptable solutions.
3. Collaboration: Conflict resolution and management require collaboration and
cooperation between parties. Both processes involve working together to identify and
implement solutions that address the underlying issues.
4. Emotional intelligence: Both conflict resolution and management require emotional
intelligence. Emotional intelligence involves understanding and managing one's own
emotions and recognizing and empathizing with others' emotions. This skill is essential
for effective communication and building trust.
5. Adaptability: Conflict resolution and management require adaptability. As new
information or challenges arise, parties must be willing to adjust their approaches and
strategies to find solutions.
6. Negotiation: Negotiation is an essential aspect of both conflict resolution and
management. Parties must be willing to make compromises and find solutions that are
mutually acceptable.
Conclusion
Conflict management allows parties to continue to work together, even in the face of
conflict, while conflict resolution will seek to eliminate or mitigate (less serious) the
conflict.
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Q 2. What is peace building? Discuss the roles of various factors and, agencies in
peace building.
OR
Elucidate the various stages of peace building in a conflict-ridden society and

comment on the growing importance of peace building.
Peacebuilding is a long-term process of encouraging people to talk, repairing
relationships, and reforming institutions. For positive change to last, everyone affected
by a destructive conflict has to be involved in the process of building peace.

Transforming relationships is key to putting an end to violence.
Peacebuilding is a process that aims to prevent the escalation of conflicts and
promote the recovery, stability, and development of societies affected by violence or

war. The success of peacebuilding efforts depends on various factors and agencies that
work together to build sustainable peace.
Roles of various factors and agencies in peace building:
1. Political leadership: Political leadership plays a crucial role in peacebuilding, as
political leaders are responsible for creating and implementing policies that promote
peace and reconciliation. They can use their power and influence to resolve conflicts,
negotiate peace agreements, and support post-conflict reconstruction and
development.
2. Civil society: Civil society organizations, such as non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), community groups, and religious institutions, play an important role in
promoting peace, reconciliation, and social cohesion. They can provide critical support
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to peacebuilding efforts by engaging with communities, advocating for human rights

and social justice, and providing essential services to those affected by conflict.
3. International organizations: International organizations, such as the United Nations,
the World Bank, and regional organizations like the African Union or the European
Union, play a critical role in peacebuilding by providing funding, technical assistance,

and coordination support. They also help to mediate peace negotiations, monitor peace
agreements, and support post-conflict reconstruction and development.
4. Security sector: The security sector, including the military, police, and other law
enforcement agencies, plays a critical role in maintaining peace and security in post-
conflict societies. They can provide security for communities, disarm combatants, and
support the restoration of the rule of law.
5. Media: The media can play an important role in peacebuilding by promoting
dialogue, providing accurate and impartial information, and countering hate speech and
propaganda. They can also support peacebuilding efforts by highlighting the positive
stories of reconciliation and rebuilding.
6. UNESCO: UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization), whose slogan is "Building peace in the minds of men and women,"
works to promote peacebuilding through inter-country cooperation, cultural

preservation, education, and scientific research. UNESCO believes that through
educational and scientific advancement, preservation of cultural heritages, and open
dialogues between countries, they can promote and sustain peace and development.
They offer jobs around the world in the fields of education, science, cultural studies
(anthropology, sociology, etc), and development, where you can work to build and
maintain peace in a number of ways.
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7. The World Bank: The World Bank is involved in several aspects of development in
countries around the world, including peacebuilding strategies and practices. They
assess peacebuilding strategies and recommend effective and sustainable ways for
countries to continue promoting peace and to rebuild after conflict. They also fund
peacebuilding initiatives in post-conflict countries to ensure future stability,
accountability, and rule of law. For those looking to work in peacebuilding through the
World Bank, they offer a variety of jobs including program management, consulting,
social protection, governance and operations, and other peacebuilding-related
programs and activities.
The process of peacebuilding in a conflict-ridden society can be divided into

several stages, which include:
1. Conflict analysis: This stage involves understanding the root causes of the conflict,
the parties involved, and the impact of the conflict on the society.
2. Ceasefire and peace negotiations: This stage involves bringing the parties involved
in the conflict to the negotiating table to agree on a ceasefire and a peace agreement.
3. Transitional justice: This stage involves addressing the harms caused by the conflict,
such as human rights abuses, through various mechanisms such as truth and
reconciliation commissions, reparations, and prosecutions.
4. Reconciliation and social cohesion: This stage involves promoting dialogue and
trust-building among different groups in the society to foster long-term peace and
stability.
5. Sustainable development: This stage involves promoting economic and social
development in the society to create opportunities for all and reduce the risk of future
conflict.
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Importance of peacebuilding
 The growing importance of peacebuilding stems from the recognition that
conflicts and violence have significant and long-lasting consequences, not only
for the societies directly affected but also for the broader international community.
Conflicts can cause immense human suffering, displacement, and death, and can also
lead to economic and social instability. Therefore, peacebuilding has become a
critical component of international relations, and governments, international
organizations, civil society groups, and other stakeholders are increasingly
recognizing the need for sustained peacebuilding efforts.

 Moreover, as conflicts become increasingly complex and multi-dimensional,
peacebuilding has become more challenging, requiring a comprehensive and
integrated approach. Conflicts are often rooted in underlying political, economic,
and social factors, and addressing these underlying causes requires a long-term
perspective and sustained engagement.
 Peacebuilding is a crucial process that aims to prevent and resolve conflicts,
promote reconciliation and social cohesion, and support sustainable development.
The process involves multiple stages and requires the involvement of various actors
and factors. As conflicts continue to pose significant challenges to societies and the
international community, the importance of peacebuilding will only continue to
grow.
Conclusion
Peacebuilding is a complex process that involves multiple actors and factors. Political
leadership, civil society, international organizations, the security sector, media, and
economic development all play critical roles in building sustainable peace. Collaboration
and coordination among these actors are essential for achieving lasting peace and
preventing the recurrence of conflict.
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Q 3. Discuss the various dimensions of conflict with special emphasis on gender-

based conflicts.
Conflicts can take various dimensions, including political, economic, social and cultural
dimensions. One important dimension of conflict is gender-based conflict, which refers
to conflicts that arise from unequal power relations between men and women and the
ways in which gender intersects with other forms of identity, such as ethnicity, religion,
and class.
Here are some of the dimensions of conflict with special emphasis on gender-
based conflicts:
The feminist movement first started in America. And from analysis this movement
has spread all over the world. By feminism it is meant that positive thoughts about
women, thinking and understanding about women etc. In this movement not only
women but some men also supported. With this, women can also get equal rights as
men.
Mary Wollstonecraft also mentioned about feminism in one of her books

"Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792). Since she presented a manifesto of
demands for women's civil rights, in which she talked about women's education and
suffrage and the right to voluntary marriage, hence she is also called the mother of
feminism.
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Its various dimensions:
1. Political dimension: This refers to conflicts that arise from political power struggles,
such as elections, political representation, and governance. In many societies, women
are underrepresented in politics and decision-making positions, which can lead to

conflicts over political power and influence.
2. Economic dimension: This refers to conflicts that arise from economic disparities,
such as unequal access to resources and opportunities. Women often have limited
access to economic resources, such as land, credit, and education, which can lead to
conflicts over economic opportunities.
3. Social dimension: This refers to conflicts that arise from social inequalities, such as
discrimination, exclusion, and violence. Women are often subjected to various forms of
violence, including domestic violence, sexual violence, and trafficking, which can lead to
conflicts over women's rights and protection.
4. Cultural dimension: This refers to conflicts that arise from cultural differences and
values, such as religion, ethnicity, and language. Women may face discrimination and
violence based on cultural practices and beliefs, such as forced marriages, female genital
mutilation, and honor killings.
Conclusion
Gender-based conflicts can have devastating effects on women, as they often face
multiple forms of discrimination and violence. Women's participation in peacebuilding
efforts is crucial to address gender-based conflicts and ensure that peacebuilding efforts
are inclusive and sustainable. Efforts to promote gender equality and empower women
can contribute to reducing the risk of gender-based conflicts and promoting peace and
stability.
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Q 4. Why have ethnic and religious conflicts gained salience in post-cold war era?
OR
Explain the phenomenon of religion-based conflicts with the help of various

theories.
Ethnic conflict, a form of conflict in which the objectives of at least one party are
defined in ethnic terms, and the conflict, its antecedents, and possible solutions are
perceived along ethnic lines. The conflict is usually not about ethnic differences
themselves but over political, economic, social, cultural, or territorial matters.
Ethnic conflict is one of the major threats to international peace and security.
Conflicts in the Balkans, Rwanda, Chechnya, Iraq, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and
Darfur, as well as in Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip, are among the best-
known and deadliest examples from the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The
destabilization of provinces, states, and, in some cases, even whole regions is a common
consequence of ethnic violence. Ethnic conflicts are often accompanied by gross human
rights violations, such as genocide and crimes against humanity, and by economic
decline, state failure, environmental problems, and refugee flows. Violent ethnic conflict
leads to tremendous human suffering.
The post-Cold War era, which began in the late 1980s and early 1990s, was marked
by a significant increase in ethnic and religious conflicts around the world.
1. End of bipolarity: The end of the Cold War marked the end of the bipolar world
order, which had been dominated by the United States and the Soviet Union. With the
collapse of the Soviet Union, there was no longer a superpower to maintain stability and
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order in the world. This created a power vacuum that was filled by local ethnic and
religious groups, who began to assert their identities and interests more aggressively.
2. Globalization: The post-Cold War era was also marked by the rapid spread of
globalization, which led to greater economic and cultural interdependence among
nations. However, this process also created winners and losers, and many ethnic and
religious groups felt that they were being left behind or exploited by global economic
forces.
3. Nationalism: The collapse of the Soviet Union also led to a resurgence of nationalism
in many parts of the world. Nationalist movements often define themselves in ethnic or
religious terms, and they often seek to assert their dominance over other groups.
4. Legacy of colonialism: Many ethnic and religious conflicts in the post-Cold War era
have their roots in the legacy of colonialism. The arbitrary borders created by European
colonial powers often divided ethnic and religious groups, leading to long-standing
grievances and tensions.
The phenomenon of religion-based conflicts has been studied by various scholars
and theorists from different disciplines. Here are some of the theories that explain
this phenomenon:
1. Essentialism Theory: This theory argues that religion is an essential and unchanging
aspect of human identity, which shapes individuals' beliefs, values, and behavior.
According to this theory, conflicts arise when different religious groups come into
contact and their essential differences clash.
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2. Social Construction Theory: This theory argues that religion is a socially constructed
concept, which varies across time and place. According to this theory, conflicts arise not
because of essential differences between religions but because of the ways in which
different groups construct and interpret religious ideas and symbols.
3. Identity Theory: This theory argues that conflicts arise when individuals or groups
feel that their identity is threatened. According to this theory, religious identity can
become a salient aspect of individual or group identity and can be used to justify or
legitimize conflicts.
4. Resource Mobilization Theory: This theory argues that conflicts arise when
resources such as land, water, or political power are scarce, and different groups
compete for them. According to this theory, religion can become a mobilizing factor
that is used to rally support for a group's claims to resources.
5. Structural Functionalism Theory: This theory argues that religion serves a functional
role in society, such as providing social cohesion, meaning, and guidance. According to
this theory, conflicts arise when religious institutions or practices are disrupted, or when
different groups have different interpretations of the role of religion in society.
Conclusion
The combination of these factors led to a surge in ethnic and religious conflicts in the
post-Cold War era, as groups that had been suppressed or marginalized under the old-
world order sought to assert their identities and interests in the new global context.
Overall, the phenomenon of religion-based conflicts is complex and multifaceted, and
no single theory can fully explain it. However, these theories can help us understand the
various factors that contribute to religious conflicts and how they can be addressed.
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Q 5. Discuss the linkages between the local, national and international conflicts in
the present-day world.
In today's world, there is a complex interplay between local, national, and international
conflicts. Local conflicts often have national and international implications, and national
and international conflicts can also have local impacts. local conflicts might include
disputes over property lines or access to public resources such as parks or schools.
National conflicts might include protests or strikes over political or social issues.
International conflicts might include diplomatic disputes or military conflicts between
two or more countries.
Local, national and international conflicts:
Local conflicts Local conflicts are typically those that occur within a particular
geographic area, such as a neighborhood, city, or region. These conflicts often arise
from disputes over resources, land, or other issues that directly affect the people living
in the area. Examples of local conflicts might include disputes over property lines, noise
levels, or access to public resources such as parks or schools.
National conflicts are those that occur within a particular country or state. These
conflicts may be driven by political or ideological differences, economic disparities, or
social issues such as race, religion, or gender. National conflicts can take many forms,
including protests, strikes, civil unrest, or even armed conflict.
International conflicts are those that involve multiple countries or nations. These
conflicts may be driven by economic, political, or ideological differences, or may arise
from disputes over territory, resources, or cultural differences. International conflicts can
take many forms, including diplomatic disputes, economic sanctions, trade wars, or
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military conflicts. conflict over terrorism could lead to increased security measures in a
particular country, which could exacerbate tensions between different groups within that
country.
Linkages between the local, national and international conflicts:
Here are a few examples of how these different levels of conflicts are interconnected:
1. Local conflicts can escalate into national or international conflicts: Many local
conflicts start as small-scale disputes over resources or territory, but they can escalate
and draw in other groups or nations. For example, the civil war in Syria started as a
series of protests against the government but quickly turned into a full-scale conflict
involving multiple regional and global powers.
2. National conflicts can have international consequences: Conflicts within a country
can have ripple effects on neighboring countries and the international community. For
example, the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan has had regional implications for
neighboring countries such as Pakistan and Iran, and the international community has
been involved in efforts to stabilize the country.
3. International conflicts can impact local communities: International conflicts can

have significant impacts on local communities, including displacement, loss of
livelihoods, and exposure to violence. For example, the conflict in Yemen has resulted in
a humanitarian crisis, with millions of people facing food insecurity and displacement.
Local, national and international conflicts in the present-day world:
There are many local, national, and international conflicts taking place in the present-
day world. Here are a few examples:
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1. Local conflicts:
 Afghanistan: The Taliban has taken control of the country after the withdrawal of
US troops, leading to violence and instability in the region.
 Yemen: The conflict in Yemen between the government and Houthi rebels has
resulted in a humanitarian crisis, with millions of people suffering from food and
medical shortages.
2. National conflicts:
 United States: Political polarization and racial tensions have led to protests, riots,
and violence in the country.
 India: The dispute between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region continues
to escalate, with frequent clashes between the two countries.

 Myanmar: The military coup in Myanmar has resulted in protests, violence, and
human rights violations.
3. International conflicts:
 Syria: The civil war in Syria has resulted in the displacement of millions of people
and has drawn in several international powers, including Russia and the United
States.
 North Korea: The ongoing tensions between North Korea and other countries,
particularly the United States, over nuclear weapons continue to be a major source
of international conflict.
Conclusion
local, national, and international conflicts are interconnected in complex ways.

Addressing these conflicts requires a multi-level approach that considers the interplay
between different levels of conflict and engages local, national, and international actors.
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Q 6. Examine negotiation as a technique of conflict resolution.
OR
What are the major approaches of Conflict Resolution? Discuss in detail.
Negotiation and conflict are fundamental concepts to understanding the relationships

among nations. The act of negotiation is a part of human life. It starts from our family to
society and extends to the international arena. The need for negotiation is rising daily
because of unavoidable conflict situations. The notion of negotiation is the heart of
the concept of conflict response mechanisms. The pressing need to end the conflict
through negotiation is also realised whenever conflict arises. negotiation is the process
of resolving dispute permanently by providing and addressing both sides' needs
and demands. There are underlying factors that impact negotiation such as power,
rights, resources. Moreover, negotiation as a process involves various techniques and

skills.
Negotiation as a technique of conflict resolution:
Negotiation is a widely used technique of conflict resolution that involves a process of
discussion and compromise between parties with conflicting interests. It is a method of
resolving disputes in which both parties work towards finding a mutually agreeable
solution. Negotiation can be a very effective technique in resolving conflicts as it allows

both parties to express their needs and concerns and work towards a solution that
benefits both parties.
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 Principles of negotiation are that both parties should be willing to compromise
in order to reach a solution. This means that both parties should be open to
making concessions and adjusting their expectations in order to reach a mutually

acceptable agreement.
 Principle of negotiation is that both parties should be respectful and courteous
towards each other throughout the process. This means that they should avoid
using aggressive or confrontational language and focus on finding a solution that

meets the needs of both parties.
Negotiation is a valuable technique for resolving conflicts as it encourages

communication and collaboration between parties with conflicting interests. It can be a
challenging process, but with the right approach, it can lead to a successful resolution of
the conflict.
Conflict Resolution:
Conflict resolution refers to the process of finding a peaceful and mutually acceptable
solution to a disagreement or dispute between individuals or groups. It involves

identifying the underlying causes of the conflict, developing effective communication
strategies, negotiating a solution, and working towards implementing and sustaining

the solution.
There are various approaches to conflict resolution, including:
1. Negotiation: This involves direct communication between the parties in conflict, with
the goal of reaching a mutually acceptable solution.
2. Mediation: This involves the use of a neutral third party, or mediator, who helps the
parties in conflict to communicate and negotiate with each other in order to reach a
resolution.
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3. Arbitration: This involves the use of a neutral third party, or arbitrator, who listens to
the arguments of both sides and makes a final decision that is binding on both parties.
4. Collaborative problem-solving: This approach involves a joint effort by the parties
in conflict to identify and solve the underlying problems that led to the conflict, with the
goal of creating a mutually beneficial outcome.
5. Restorative justice: This approach focuses on repairing the harm caused by the
conflict, rather than punishing the parties involved. It involves bringing the parties
together to discuss the harm done and to work together to find a solution that
addresses the needs of everyone involved.
6. Litigation: This involves taking the conflict to court, where a judge or jury makes a
final decision based on the evidence presented. While this approach is sometimes
necessary, it can be expensive, time-consuming, and can often create further conflict.
Conclusion
Negotiation and conflict resolution require effective communication and problem-
solving skills, as well as an understanding of the underlying interests and concerns of
each party. Successful negotiation and conflict resolution can help to build stronger
relationships and prevent future conflicts from arising.
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Q 7. Discuss the process of mediation and its benefits as a method of conflict
resolution. At what stage of conflict mediation can be helpful? Substantiate your

answer with example.
OR
What is the role of a mediator in handling a conflict?
Mediation is a method of conflict resolution that involves the assistance of a neutral
third party, the mediator, to facilitate communication and negotiation between the
parties in dispute. The goal of mediation is to help the parties find a mutually acceptable
solution to their conflict.
The process of mediation typically involves the following steps:
1. Intake: The mediator meets with each party individually to gather information about
the conflict, discuss the mediation process, and assess whether mediation is appropriate.
2. Joint Session: The mediator brings the parties together in a joint session to establish
ground rules, identify the issues, and set the agenda for the mediation.
3. Private Caucuses: The mediator may meet with each party privately to gather more
information, clarify positions, and explore possible solutions.
4. Negotiation: The mediator facilitates negotiation between the parties, helping them
to identify their interests, generate options, and reach agreement.
5. Agreement: If the parties reach agreement, the mediator may help them draft a
written agreement that captures the terms of their agreement.
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Some of the benefits of mediation as a method of conflict resolution include:
1. Confidentiality: Mediation is a confidential process, which means that the parties can
speak freely and openly without fear of their words being used against them in court.
2. Voluntary: Mediation is a voluntary process, which means that the parties have
control over the outcome and can choose to participate or withdraw at any time.
3. Cost-effective: Mediation is often less expensive than litigation, as it does not involve
the same costs associated with court fees, attorney fees, and other legal expenses.
4. Preserves Relationships: Mediation can help to preserve relationships between the
parties, as it focuses on finding mutually acceptable solutions that are agreeable to both
parties.
5. Faster Resolution: Mediation can often lead to faster resolution of disputes, as it is
not subject to the same court schedules and delays that can prolong litigation. Overall,
mediation can be an effective method of conflict resolution that offers numerous
benefits over traditional litigation.
Escalated or after it has reached a critical point. Here are some examples of how
mediation can be helpful at different stages of a conflict:
1. Early stage: Mediation can be helpful in preventing conflicts from escalating. For
instance, if two employees in a company have a disagreement, a mediator can intervene

early on and help them resolve their differences before it turns into a full-blown dispute.
2. Mid-stage: Mediation can also be helpful in de-escalating conflicts that have already
started but have not yet reached a critical point. For example, if two countries are
engaged in a political dispute, a mediator can work with both parties to find common
ground and avoid an escalation of the conflict.
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3. Late stage: Mediation can also be helpful in resolving conflicts that have already
reached a critical point. For instance, if two communities are engaged in a violent
conflict, a mediator can work with both sides to negotiate a peace agreement and bring
an end to the violence.
The role of a mediator in handling a conflict is to facilitate communication and

negotiation between parties who are in disagreement or dispute with one another. The
mediator acts as a neutral third party and helps the parties to understand each other's
perspectives, identify the underlying issues, and find mutually acceptable solutions.
Here are some specific roles that a mediator typically plays in handling a conflict:
1. Creating a safe and confidential space for communication: The mediator creates a
safe environment where each party can express their concerns and feelings openly and
without fear of retaliation. They ensure that the discussions are confidential to
encourage honest communication.
2. Facilitating communication and negotiation: The mediator helps the parties to
communicate effectively with one another and find common ground. They encourage
active listening, ask open-ended questions, and reframe statements to ensure

understanding.
3. Encouraging mutual understanding: The mediator helps each party to understand
the other's perspective and needs. They may ask questions to help each party see the
issue from the other's point of view.
4. Identifying the underlying issues: The mediator helps the parties to identify the
root causes of the conflict and the interests that are driving each party's position. This
helps the parties to find solutions that address the underlying concerns.
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5. Finding mutually acceptable solutions: The mediator helps the parties to generate
options for resolution and to negotiate a solution that meets the needs of all parties.
They may facilitate the drafting of an agreement or settlement that outlines the terms of
the resolution.
Conclusion
Mediation can be helpful at any stage of a conflict, and its effectiveness depends on the
mediator's skills, the parties' willingness to participate, and the specific circumstances of
the conflict. the role of a mediator in handling a conflict is to help parties communicate
effectively, understand each other's perspectives, identify the underlying issues, and find
mutually acceptable solutions.
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Q 8. Analyse the importance of multi-track diplomacy in resolving conflicts.
OR
What is Track - II diplomacy? Discuss in detail.
Multi-track diplomacy refers to the process of involving various actors and channels,
beyond traditional governmental actors, in the resolution of conflicts. It recognizes that
conflicts are complex and multifaceted, and that solutions require input from a diverse
range of perspectives and stakeholders. Multi-track diplomacy involves the engagement
of various actors, such as civil society organizations, grassroots groups, religious and
community leaders, and even businesses and corporations.
Importance of multi-track diplomacy in resolving conflicts:
Multi-track diplomacy is important in resolving conflicts for several reasons.
Firstly, it acknowledges the importance of involving a wide range of actors who may
have different perspectives and interests in the resolution of conflicts. This diversity of
perspectives can lead to more creative solutions and a broader understanding of the
issues at hand.
Secondly, multi-track diplomacy can help to build trust and create networks between
different groups, which can be crucial in building lasting peace. By engaging a diverse
range of actors, it is possible to foster understanding and build relationships between
people who may not have had previous opportunities to work together.
Thirdly, multi-track diplomacy can be particularly effective in situations where official
diplomatic channels have failed or are not available. In some cases, non-governmental
actors may be better placed to engage with certain groups or individuals, or may have
more legitimacy in the eyes of the local population.
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Track II diplomacy:
 Track II diplomacy refers to the informal, unofficial, and non-governmental efforts
to promote dialogue and understanding between different groups or nations. It is
often referred to as "back-channel diplomacy" as it involves private and discreet
communication between individuals or groups who are not official representatives of

their respective governments.
 Track II diplomacy can involve a wide range of actors, such as academics,
business leaders, religious leaders, non-governmental organizations, and other
members of civil society. These individuals can come together to discuss a range of
issues, such as peacebuilding, conflict resolution, trade, and cultural exchange.
 The goal of Track II diplomacy is to build trust and relationships between
different groups or nations, and to promote understanding and cooperation on
common issues. It is often used in situations where official diplomatic channels have
broken down or are not available, or where there is a lack of trust between the
parties involved.
 Track II diplomacy can be a valuable complement to official diplomatic efforts,
as it can provide a safe and neutral space for individuals to engage in dialogue and
build relationships. It can also help to generate new ideas and solutions to complex
problems, and to promote cross-border cooperation and understanding.
Conclusion
Multi-track diplomacy can be an effective tool in resolving conflicts, as it recognizes the
complexity of conflicts and the need for diverse perspectives and stakeholders to work
together towards a common goal. By engaging a range of actors and channels, it is

possible to build trust, create networks, and find more creative solutions that may not
be possible through traditional diplomatic channels alone.
26
Q 9. Discuss the relevance of Gandhian ideas in the field of conflict resolution and
transformation.
OR
Through light on Gandhian philosophy of Non-violence with reference to Gandhi's

contribution to the field of Conflict Resolution.
Mahatma Gandhi's ideas have had a significant impact on conflict resolution and
transformation, not only in India but around the world. His philosophy of nonviolence
and peaceful resistance has been adopted by numerous individuals, movements, and
organizations seeking to resolve conflicts peacefully.
Gandhian ideas that are relevant to conflict resolution and transformation:
1. Nonviolence: Gandhi believed that nonviolence was the most powerful force in the
world and that it could be used to overcome oppression and injustice. He advocated for
the use of nonviolent resistance to challenge unjust laws and policies and to bring about
social change.
2. Satyagraha: Satyagraha is a term coined by Gandhi to describe his philosophy of
nonviolent resistance. It means "truth-force" or "soul-force" and refers to the use of

nonviolent means to bring about social and political change.
3. Dialogue: Gandhi believed in the importance of dialogue and communication in
resolving conflicts. He emphasized the need for both sides to listen to each other and to
seek common ground in order to find solutions to their problems.
27
4. Empathy: Gandhi believed in the importance of empathy and understanding in
resolving conflicts. He encouraged people to try to see things from the other person's
perspective and to treat them with respect and compassion.
5. Self-reflection: Gandhi believed in the importance of self-reflection and self-
examination in resolving conflicts. He encouraged people to look inward and to examine

their own attitudes and behaviors in order to identify and overcome sources of conflict.
Gandhian philosophy of Non-violence in the field of Conflict Resolution:
1. Mahatma Gandhi is widely regarded as one of the greatest leaders of the 20th
century, known for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance and his role in India's
struggle for independence. Gandhi's contributions to the field of conflict resolution
are significant, and his methods continue to be studied and applied by peace
activists and scholars around the world.
2. One of Gandhi's most important contributions to conflict resolution was his
philosophy of nonviolence, which he called Satyagraha. Satyagraha is based on
the principle of ahimsa, or nonviolence, and involves using peaceful resistance to

confront oppression and injustice. Gandhi believed that nonviolence was a more
effective and morally justifiable means of achieving social and political change than
violence.
3. Gandhi's methods of conflict resolution also emphasized the importance of

dialogue and negotiation. He believed that conflicts could be resolved through
honest and open communication between parties, and that all parties must be
willing to listen to each other and work towards a mutually beneficial solution.
28
4. Gandhi's approach to conflict resolution was his emphasis on personal
transformation. He believed that individuals must cultivate inner peace and develop
self-discipline in order to effectively engage in nonviolent resistance and promote

social change.
5. Gandhi's contributions to conflict resolution continue to inspire and inform the
work of activists, scholars, and practitioners around the world. His methods have
been used in a variety of contexts, including civil rights movements, anti-war

protests, and struggles for environmental justice. Gandhi's legacy serves as a
powerful reminder of the potential for nonviolent resistance and dialogue to create
lasting and positive change in the world.
Conclusion
Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence in conflict resolution emphasizes the importance of

peaceful communication, empathy, and strategic action. By following these principles,
individuals and communities can work towards resolving conflicts in a way that is just,
equitable, and sustainable.
29
Q 10. Differentiate between structural conflict and direct conflicts. Also explain
the different dimensions of conflict. Substantiate your answer with examples.
Direct conflict prevention refers to measures that are aimed at preventing short-term,
often forthcoming, escalation of a potential conflict. Structural prevention, on the other
hand, focuses on more long-term measures that address the underlying causes of a
potential conflict along with possible escalating factors.
Difference between Structural Conflict and Direct Conflicts:
Structural conflict and direct conflict are two types of conflict that can arise in various
contexts, such as interpersonal relationships, organizations, or societies.
Structural Conflict Direct Conflict
 Structural conflict arises from  Direct conflict arises from
differences in power, resources, or interpersonal or intergroup disputes

interests between different groups or that involve a specific issue or
social structures. disagreement.
 These conflicts can be deeply rooted  These conflicts are often visible and
in social, economic, or political explicit and can involve physical,

systems and can persist over time. verbal, or emotional aggression.
 Examples of structural conflict include  Examples of direct conflict include
discrimination, social inequality, or arguments between friends, disputes
political oppression. between coworkers, or battles
between warring nations.
30
The different dimensions of conflict are:
Conflicts can be complex and multi-dimensional, involving different parties,

perspectives, and issues. Some common dimensions of conflict include:
1. Relationship dimension: This dimension involves the interpersonal or intergroup

dynamics that shape the conflict, such as trust, communication, or power dynamics.
Relationship conflicts are often rooted in personal differences, misunderstandings, or

past experiences, and can be more difficult to resolve than task-related conflicts.
2. Content dimension: This dimension involves the specific issues or topics that are at
the center of the conflict, such as resources, goals, or values. Content conflicts can be
easier to address than relationship conflicts because they involve concrete issues that
can be clarified, negotiated, or compromised.
3. Process dimension: This dimension involves the way the conflict is managed or
resolved, such as the level of participation, communication, or decision-making involved.

Process conflicts can arise when there is a lack of clarity or fairness in how the conflict is
being addressed, leading to mistrust or resentment among the parties involved.
4. Psychological dimension: This dimension involves the affective or emotional

reactions that people experience during the conflict, such as anger, fear, or sadness.
Emotional conflicts can be challenging to manage because they can trigger defensive or
irrational behaviors, making it harder to communicate effectively.
5. Cultural dimension: This dimension involves the cultural norms, beliefs, or values
that shape the way people perceive and respond to conflicts. Cultural conflicts can arise
when there are differences in communication styles, beliefs about appropriate behavior,
or attitudes towards conflict resolution.
31
Examples of Structural Conflict
Structural conflict refers to conflicts that arise from the way societies are organized,
including economic, political, and social structures. Here are some examples of structural
conflict:
1. Class conflict: This is a conflict between the wealthy and the poor, or between the
owners of the means of production and the workers who use them. It can arise from
disparities in income, wealth, and power.
2. Gender conflict: This is a conflict between men and women, or between those who
identify as male or female. It can arise from inequalities in pay, opportunities, and social
norms.
3. Racial conflict: This is a conflict between different races or ethnic groups. It can arise
from historical injustices, discrimination, and unequal access to resources.
4. Environmental conflict: This is a conflict between humans and the natural
environment, or between different human groups over the use of natural resources. It
can arise from issues such as pollution, deforestation, and climate change.
5. Political conflict: This is a conflict between different political groups or parties, or
between citizens and the government. It can arise from issues such as human rights
violations, corruption, and electoral fraud.
Examples of Direct Conflicts
Direct conflict refers to a physical or verbal confrontation between two or more

individuals or groups. Here are some examples of direct conflict:
1. Physical violence: This includes any type of physical assault, such as hitting, pushing,
or punching.
32
2. Verbal conflict: This includes any type of verbal altercation, such as shouting,
insulting, or name-calling.
3. Property damage: This includes any type of intentional damage to someone's

property, such as graffiti, vandalism, or arson.
4. Cyberbullying: This includes any type of online harassment or intimidation, such as

sending threatening messages or spreading rumors.
5. Workplace conflict: This includes any type of conflict that arises between employees
or between employees and management, such as disagreements over workload,
performance, or policies.
6. Family conflict: This includes any type of conflict that arises between family
members, such as arguments over money, parenting, or inheritance.
7. Community conflict: This includes any type of conflict that arises between members
of a community, such as disputes over land use, noise levels, or neighborhood safety.
Conclusion
Conflicts can have multiple dimensions, each of which can influence the nature and
outcome of the conflict. Understanding these dimensions can help people navigate
conflicts more effectively and find solutions that address the underlying issues while
preserving relationships and minimizing negative emotions.
33
Q 11. Discuss the causes of conflict within the state. Elucidate with examples.
Conflict within the state refers to a situation where there is a disagreement or clash
between different groups, individuals or institutions within a country's political system,

usually resulting from differences in political ideologies, social, economic or ethnic
disparities, disputes over power and resources, or other factors. Such conflicts can take
various forms ranging from peaceful protests and civil disobedience to violent clashes,
uprisings, and civil wars, and can have significant consequences for the affected
population, including loss of life, displacement, economic and political instability.
The causes of conflict within the state, along with examples:
1. Political Instability: Political instability is a major cause of conflict within the state.
When there is a lack of political stability, it often leads to political violence and social
unrest. This can happen when there is a contested election, a military coup, or when a
leader is removed from power.
Example: In 2019, Bolivia witnessed political instability and violence following the
contested presidential election, which led to the resignation of then-president Evo

Morales. The country experienced widespread protests and clashes between the
supporters of Morales and the opposition.
2. Ethnic and Religious Differences: Ethnic and religious differences can lead to
conflict within the state, as groups may seek to promote their own interests at the
expense of others. This can lead to discrimination, violence, and even genocide.
Example: The genocide in Rwanda in 1994 was sparked by ethnic tensions between the
Hutus and the Tutsis. The Hutu-led government initiated a campaign of mass murder
against the Tutsi minority, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 800,000 people.
34
3. Economic Inequality: Economic inequality can also lead to conflict within the state.
When there is a significant wealth gap between different groups, it can lead to
resentment and social unrest.
Example: In 2011, the Occupy Wall Street movement emerged in the United States, as a
response to growing economic inequality and the perceived power of the top 1% of
Americans. The movement advocated for increased economic justice and a
redistribution of wealth.
4. Resource Conflicts: Resource conflicts can arise when different groups compete for
control over natural resources, such as land, water, or minerals. This can lead to violence,
displacement, and environmental degradation.
Example: The conflict in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria has been fueled by
competition over oil resources. Armed groups have engaged in attacks on oil
installations, kidnappings, and extortion in an attempt to control the oil wealth.
5. Conflict over Resources
 Economic Factors- Globalization creates expansion in demand and supply. As we
know resources are in limited extent so, this problem leads to conflict. Due to
economic Globalization along with industrialization the need for resource formation
continuously increasing. In industry we need supply of energy and raw material for
production. So, after Globalization the condition of consumption of material produce
by industry ids continuously increasing. Therefore, every country wants to have

control over major resources. In order to boost economic growth this leads to
conflict among countries.
 Rapid Growth of Population- Population of the world in the recent past increased
exponentially. So, burden on resources definitely as we will require our basic
35
necessities to be fulfilled. Like clothing, food, shelter, energy etc. it leads to intense
competition for over resources. This is the major reason for resource conflict.
 Unsustainable Development- the stock of resources is sufficient for present

requirement but the extraction of resources is increasing with rapid pace that could
lead to scarcity of resources in coming years especially for water and oil. So, we need
to depend more on renewable resources, fuel efficient vehicles, misuse of water
that’s why water conservation is very important, therefore if we don’t focus on

management of resources in future the conflict for resources will definitely increase.
Conclusion
Conflict within the state can arise from a variety of factors, including political instability,
ethnic and religious differences, economic inequality, and resource conflicts.

Understanding these causes is essential to resolving conflicts and promoting peace
within the state.
36
Q 12. Write short notes of the following:
(a) Track I Diplomacy
(b) Ideology and Conflicts
(c) Terrorism
(d) Role of International Organisations in Peacebuilding
Answer -
(a) Track I Diplomacy
Introduction
Diplomacy: Diplomacy is an essentially political activity
and a significant ingredient of power. Its central purpose
is to enable states to secure the objectives of their foreign
policies without using force or propaganda. It is achieved

through enhanced communication between diplomats
and other officials. Diplomatic activity is meant to
advance national interests with practices of persuasion.

Diplomacy is associated with the management of
relations between countries and other actors.
Track-one diplomacy: Track-one diplomacy is a diplomatic way used in the process of
conflict resolution. It is also known as official diplomacy. In this process, diplomats are
appointed by organisations. The primary task of appointed diplomats in the negotiation
process is to resolve the conflict or suggest conflict resolution.
37
The purpose of Track I Diplomacy:
1. Resolving conflicts: Track 1 diplomacy aims to resolve conflicts and disputes

between countries through formal negotiations and agreements.
2. Strengthening relationships: It seeks to strengthen relationships between countries

by promoting dialogue and cooperation on issues of mutual interest, such as trade,
security, and diplomacy.
3. Promoting global governance: Track 1 diplomacy aims to promote global

governance by addressing global challenges such as climate change, terrorism, and
poverty.
4. Protecting national interests: It is also used to protect the national interests of a

country by negotiating treaties and agreements that benefit the country and its people.
Features of Track 1 diplomacy:
1. Government-to-government communication: Track 1 diplomacy involves direct
communication and negotiation between governments and state actors. It is conducted
through official channels, such as government ministries, embassies, and international

organizations.
2. High-level involvement: Track 1 diplomacy is typically led by high-ranking officials,
such as heads of state, foreign ministers, or other government officials with significant
decision-making authority.
3. Focus on state interests: Track 1 diplomacy is focused on advancing the interests of

the state, such as national security, economic interests, and foreign policy objectives.
4. Formal and structured: Track 1 diplomacy is highly formal and structured, with clear
protocols and procedures for communication and negotiation.
38
5. Emphasis on power and leverage: Track 1 diplomacy often involves the use of
power and leverage to achieve the state's objectives, such as economic sanctions or
military threats.
6. Limited participation: Track 1 diplomacy is limited to official representatives of
governments and state actors, and does not typically involve civil society organizations
or other non-state actors.
Conclusion
Track 1 diplomacy plays a crucial role in maintaining peace, stability, and cooperation in
the international community. It provides a forum for countries to express their concerns,
negotiate agreements, and work towards common goals. While it is not always
successful in achieving its objectives, it remains an important avenue for resolving

conflicts and promoting understanding between nations.
39
(b) Ideology and Conflicts
Introduction
Ideology: Ideology is mostly used in reference
to the public world of politics. Political

ideologies such as Fascism, Nazism, and
Marxism involve a set of fundamental beliefs
about economic organisation or governance

of society
Conflict: Conflict is a relationship between
two or more individuals and groups who have or think that they have incompatible
goals and needs. The incompatibility may thus be real or perceived and may be over
material and/or symbolic resources. Most people perceive conflict as a negative term
and ascribe negative connotations to it. However, inherently conflict is neither negative
nor positive. Some of its aspects may be either positive or negative.
Ideology is important to conflict:
Shared beliefs create a sense of group identity, specify targets of hostility and enable
coordinated action. Understanding ideology is key to effective conflict resolution and
management. But, up to now, it has been poorly understood. It is presumed to be
something abstract or irrational, and best disregarded in the search for concrete
explanations and solutions.
Relationship between Ideology and Conflict:
 Ideologies that simultaneously: represent and constitute social relationships and

common interests act as mediators of conflict.
40
 Mediators: in Ideology and Conflict can use various techniques, such as active
listening, reframing, and summarizing, to help the parties understand each other's
viewpoints and find areas of agreement. They may also offer suggestions for
compromise or propose creative solutions that meet both parties' needs.
 conceptual conflict in ideology: occurs when there are fundamental differences in
beliefs, values, or principles between two or more ideological positions. It can arise
when different ideological positions have conflicting views on issues such as political,
social, economic, or cultural matters.
 conflict and ideological antagonism: are often intertwined, they are not always
synonymous. Conflict can arise for a variety of reasons, including economic or
personal interests, while ideological antagonism is rooted in deeply held beliefs and
values. However, in many cases, conflicts may be driven by ideological differences,
particularly in the realm of politics and religion.
 ideological antagonism endured: One of the main reasons why conflict and
ideological antagonism endure is the natural human tendency to view the world in
terms of "us" versus "them". When people identify strongly with a particular group,
whether it be based on religion, nationality, ideology, or other factors, they may feel
threatened by those who do not share their identity or worldview. This can lead to a
sense of competition, animosity, and mistrust.

 post-Cold War era”: Ideologies are an important part of contemporary insurgencies
and serve to explain why they exist, but ideologies have received little attention in
academic studies of “armed conflicts in the post-Cold War era”.
Conclusion
Ideological conflicts have played a significant role in human history, it's essential to
recognize that conflicts don't arise solely from ideological differences.
41
(c) Terrorism
Introduction
Terrorism: terrorism is a tactic used by individuals or
groups to intimidate or coerce a population or

government by using violence, fear, or propaganda. It
is often motivated by political, ideological, or
religious beliefs, and targets civilians or non-
combatants. Terrorism has been used throughout

history and continues to be a significant global issue.
Impact of terrorism on the world:
Terrorism has had a profound impact on the world, causing significant political,
economic, and social consequences. Here are some of the ways terrorism has affected
the world:
1. Loss of life: One of the most immediate and devastating consequences of terrorism
is the loss of innocent lives. Terrorist attacks have claimed thousands of lives around the
world, leaving behind a trail of grief and devastation.
2. Fear and anxiety: Terrorism creates fear and anxiety among people, which can lead
to a breakdown of social trust and cohesion. People may feel less secure in their
communities and less trusting of their neighbors.
3. Disruption of daily life: Terrorist attacks can disrupt daily life, leading to a
breakdown of transportation, communication, and other essential services. This

disruption can cause economic losses and may even affect the global economy.
42
4. Political instability: Terrorism can destabilize governments and create political
instability, which can lead to a breakdown of law and order. This instability can create a
breeding ground for further violence and extremism.
5. Military interventions: In response to terrorist attacks, some countries have
launched military interventions to combat terrorism. These interventions have

sometimes led to further violence and instability, as well as the loss of innocent lives.
6. Changes in foreign policy: Terrorism has led to changes in foreign policy, with
countries adopting more aggressive and militarized responses to terrorist threats. This
has sometimes led to the erosion of civil liberties and human rights.
7. Stigmatization of certain groups: Terrorism can lead to the stigmatization and
discrimination of certain groups, particularly those who are perceived to be associated

with terrorism. This can lead to further social and political tensions, and may even fuel
extremism.
Overall, terrorism has had a significant impact on the world, causing profound
social, economic, and political consequences. It is important that governments and
societies work together to address the root causes of terrorism and to develop effective
strategies for preventing and responding to terrorist attacks.
Conclusion
The fight against terrorism requires a multifaceted and nuanced approach that involves
addressing root causes, promoting social and economic development, improving
intelligence and law enforcement, and fostering international cooperation. It also
requires a commitment to upholding human rights and the rule of law, and a rejection
of violence as a means of achieving political or social change.
43
(d) Role of International Organisations in Peacebuilding
Introduction
Peacebuilding: Peacebuilding is the process of
promoting sustainable peace and preventing

the recurrence of violence in a conflict-affected
society. It involves a range of activities aimed at
addressing the root causes of conflict,
promoting social justice and human rights, and

facilitating reconciliation and healing among
conflicting parties.
International organizations: International organizations are entities that are

established by international agreement between states or other international actors, and
have an independent legal personality. They are created to facilitate cooperation among
nations on a range of issues, from economic development to peace and security.
Role of International Organisations in Peacebuilding:
1. Conflict prevention: International organizations work to prevent conflicts from

arising in the first place by identifying potential sources of conflict and addressing them
through diplomacy, mediation, and other forms of conflict resolution.
2. Conflict resolution: When conflicts do occur, international organizations can help to

resolve them through negotiation, mediation, and other forms of peaceful settlement.
3. post-conflict reconstruction: International organizations often provide assistance in
rebuilding countries and communities after conflict, by providing humanitarian aid,

supporting economic development, and helping to establish institutions that promote
peace and stability.
44
4. Peacekeeping: International organizations can also deploy peacekeeping missions to

conflict zones to help maintain peace and security and prevent further violence.
5. Capacity building: International organizations work to build the capacity of local
institutions and civil society to promote peace and stability, by providing training,
technical assistance, and other forms of support.
International organizations that work on peace building:
1. United Nations (UN): The UN is an international organization that was established in

1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among countries. The UN has several
specialized agencies, programs, and funds that work on peace building and conflict
resolution issues, such as the Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs (DPPA),
the UN Peacekeeping Operations, and the UN Development Programme (UNDP).
2. International Criminal Court (ICC): The ICC is a permanent court that was
established in 2002 to prosecute individuals for war crimes, crimes against humanity,
and genocide. The ICC serves as a deterrent to potential perpetrators of such crimes and
contributes to peace building efforts by promoting accountability and justice.
3. World Bank: The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides
loans and grants to developing countries for economic development and poverty
reduction. The World Bank also supports peace building efforts through its conflict
prevention and post-conflict reconstruction programs.
Conclusion
International organizations play a critical role in promoting peace and stability around
the world, and their efforts are essential for preventing conflicts and rebuilding societies
in the aftermath of violence.

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1

Conflict and Peace Building

(a) Understanding Conflict

(b) Conflict Resolution, Conflict Transformation and Conflict Management

(c) Peace Building: Meaning and Concept

Unit 2: Dimension of Conflict

(b) Economic/Resource Sharing Conflict

(c) Socio-Cultural Conflicts - (Ethinic, Religious, Gender Based)

Unit 3: Levels of Conflicts

(b) Sub-National Level of Conflict

Unit-4: Conflict Responses: Skills and Techniques

(a) Negotiations: Trust Building

(b) Mediation: Skill Building; Active Listening

(c) Track I, Track II & Multi Track Diplomacy

(d) Gandhian Methods

Q 1. Discuss the concept of Conflict Management. Highlight the differences and

Conflict management according to Ogonor (2004) is a strategy employed to reduce

the frequency of destructive encounters by strengthening the inhibitors to conflict

Igbinoba sees conflict management as a term which refers to an unresolved dispute. It is

According to Aghedo, conflict management is an umbrella term. When

discipline. As a term, conflict management refers to a process whereby dispute is

a systematic method of dealing with the causes, symptoms, dynamics, transformation,

Conflict resolution refers to the process of addressing and resolving disagreements or

conflicts between individuals, groups, or organizations in a constructive and peaceful

interests of all parties involved. Conflict resolution may involve communication,

differences and work towards a mutually acceptable outcome. Effective conflict

Differences between Conflict Resolution and Conflict Management:

 Conflict resolution, is a process that  Conflict management, focuses on

acceptable solution.  The goal of conflict management is

 The goal of conflict resolution is to to minimize the negative impacts

satisfies both parties and allows them escalating or becoming more

to move forward without continued destructive.

conflict.  Conflict management techniques

negotiation, mediation, or other guidelines for behavior, promoting

forms of problem-solving techniques effective communication, and

to reach a solution that is acceptable finding ways to reduce tension and

Similarities between Conflict Resolution and Conflict Management:

1. Goal-oriented: Both conflict resolution and management are goal-oriented

processes aimed at reducing or eliminating conflicts and improving relationships

2. Communication: Effective communication is crucial for both conflict resolution and

3. Collaboration: Conflict resolution and management require collaboration and

4. Emotional intelligence: Both conflict resolution and management require emotional

intelligence. Emotional intelligence involves understanding and managing one's own

5. Adaptability: Conflict resolution and management require adaptability. As new

6. Negotiation: Negotiation is an essential aspect of both conflict resolution and

Elucidate the various stages of peace building in a conflict-ridden society and

Peacebuilding is a long-term process of encouraging people to talk, repairing

by a destructive conflict has to be involved in the process of building peace.

Peacebuilding is a process that aims to prevent the escalation of conflicts and

promote the recovery, stability, and development of societies affected by violence or

Roles of various factors and agencies in peace building:

1. Political leadership: Political leadership plays a crucial role in peacebuilding, as

2. Civil society: Civil society organizations, such as non-governmental organizations

(NGOs), community groups, and religious institutions, play an important role in

to peacebuilding efforts by engaging with communities, advocating for human rights

3. International organizations: International organizations, such as the United Nations,

Union, play a critical role in peacebuilding by providing funding, technical assistance,

5. Media: The media can play an important role in peacebuilding by promoting

6. UNESCO: UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural

works to promote peacebuilding through inter-country cooperation, cultural

educational and scientific advancement, preservation of cultural heritages, and open

peacebuilding initiatives in post-conflict countries to ensure future stability,

The process of peacebuilding in a conflict-ridden society can be divided into

5. Sustainable development: This stage involves promoting economic and social