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Mark Scheme (Final)

Summer 2023

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced

Subsidiary Level In Biology (WBI12)
Paper 01
Unit 2: Cells, Development, Biodiversity and
Conservation
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Summer 2023
Question Paper Log Number P67103A
Publications Code WBI12_01_2306_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2021
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General Marking Guidance

• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first
candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last.

• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what
they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.

• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their
perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.

• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be used
appropriately.

• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners should
always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark
scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the
candidate’s response is not worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.

• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles by
which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be limited.

• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to a
candidate’s response, the team leader must be consulted.

• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with an
alternative response.
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Question Answer Mark

Number
1(a)(i)
The only correct answer is D Z

A is not correct because xylem would have been stained by the dye

B is not correct because xylem would have been stained by the dye

C is not correct because xylem would have been stained by the dye
(1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
1(a)(ii) An answer that includes the following points: allow piecing together

• because the stain has been {taken up / absorbed /
transported} (by xylem / stem) (1)
• as xylem {transports / absorbs} water (and mineral
ions) (1)
ACCEPT {dye/pigment} for stain
ignore taken up the colour
reject idea of horizontal absorption
into stem unless taken up stem first
ACCEPT idea that water moves up
xylem due to transpiration
ignore xylem absorbs the solution
(2)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
1(b)(i) list rule applies
• amyloplast / chloroplast ignore vacuoles unqualified
ACCEPT spherosomes and
amylosomes (1)
ACCEPT starch granule
ignore starch grain
ignore mitochondria

Question Answer Mark

Number
1(b)(ii)
The only correct answer is C two

A is not correct because the first shows part of an amylose molecule and the third shows part of an
amylopectin molecule

B is not correct because the first shows part of an amylose molecule and the third shows part of an
amylopectin molecule

D is not correct because the first shows part of an amylose molecule and the third shows part of an (1)
amylopectin molecule
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
1(b)(iii)
• store of {glucose / energy} ACCEPT source of {glucose /
energy}
ACCEPT {provides / releases}
{glucose / energy}

Ignore production of {energy / ATP} (1)

ignore stores {carbohydrates / food}

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
1(c) An answer that includes one of the following points: list rule applies
ignore converse
• carbon neutral (1)

• {plant / source of starch} is renewable / more can be ignore more easily broken down (1)
regrown / available to future generations / biodegradable unqualified
(1) ignore recyclable

Question Answer Mark

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Number
2(a)
The only correct answer is A allele

B is not correct because locus is not the correct term

C is not correct because phenotype is not the correct term

D is not correct because polygenic is not the correct term

(1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
2(b) An explanation that includes the following points:

• (loci of the genes) are {on same chromosome / close ACCEPT on same chromatid
together} (1)
•
• (therefore the different versions of the) two genes have ACCEPT they are inherited {together /
a higher chance of being {inherited together / not as a single unit}
separated by crossing over} (1) ACCEPT they are not {split up /
separated} in {crossing over /
meiosis}
ignore independent assortment (2)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
2(c) An explanation that includes three of the following points:

• some exons can be {cut out / removed} (1) do not award for all exons being
removed
ACCEPT not all exons are included
ignore introns

• (exons cut / exons joined) by enzymes (1) ACCEPT (exons cut / exons joined) by
spliceosomes

• exons can be joined together in different orders (1) ACCEPT alternative splicing occurs
ACCEPT different sequences of exons
produced
ACCEPT mRNA isoforms produced

• translation occurs (at ribosome) (1)

• (therefore) different {amino acid sequences / primary ACCEPT different {bonding/ tertiary
structure / polypeptide chains} are produced (1) structure}
ACCEPT different arrangement of
amino acids
ignore different proteins produced (3)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

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Number
3(a) A description that includes the following points:

• modifies the {enzyme / protein / polypeptide} (1)

• packages enzyme into a (secretory) vesicle (1) ACCEPT enzyme(s) {leave (cell) /
secreted} by exocytosis
ACCEPT enzymes leave cell via (2)
secretory vesicle

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
3(b) An answer that includes two of the following points: ignore nitrates

• for nucleic acid production (1) e.g. to make (organic) {bases /

nucleotides / DNA/ RNA / modified
nucleotide e.g. ATP}

• amino acids for {enzyme / hormone / (structural) protein}
production (1)
accept amino acids {to form a named
protein / for protein synthesis}
accept to convert {glucose / product
of photosynthesis} into another
molecule (1)
accept to form chlorophyll (2)

Question Answer Mark

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Number
3(c)(i)
The only correct answer is D

A is not correct because bacterial cells do not have a cellulose cell wall

B is not correct because plant cells do not have pili

C is not correct because plant cells do not have a capsule (1)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
3(c)(ii) An explanation that includes two of the following points: ACCEPT metabolic reaction for
enzyme reaction

• optimum temperature for enzyme reactions (to occur) / ACCEPT named enzyme reaction e.g.
{suitable/ best} temperature for {optimum / fastest / respiration
increased rate of} enzyme reactions (to occur) (1) ACCEPT suitable temperature so
enzymes do not denature
ACCEPT {suitable / optimum}
temperature for enzymes to work best
at}

• optimum pH for enzyme reactions (to occur) / suitable pH ACCEPT suitable pH so enzymes do
for {optimum / fastest / increased rate of} enzyme not denature
reactions (1) ACCEPT {suitable / optimum} pH for
enzymes to work best at}

• (some bacteria require) oxygen for (aerobic) respiration (1) ACCEPT (some bacteria require) no
oxygen for anaerobic respiration
(2)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
4(a) An answer that includes two of the following points:

• {outer / single} cell layer / trophoblast (1) ignore totipotent

• inner cell mass / embryoblast / contains pluripotent cells (on ignore totipotent
the inside) (1)

• hollow / fluid filled / (fluid filled) cavity / blastocoel (1)

(2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
4(b) An answer that includes the following: Example of calculation:

• calculation of number of mitotic cells (1) = (15 ÷ 100) × 60 = 9 (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

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Number
4(c) An explanation that includes five of the following points:

• (DNA methylation is the) addition of {methyl / CH3} group(s) ACCEPT addition of methyl base
(1)

• to cytosine (1) ACCEPT CpG site / between cytosine and

guanine
ignore cysteine / genes

• (histone modification is the) {methylation / phosphorylation/ ACCEPT ubiquitylation / sumoylation

acetylation} of {histones / lysine} (1) ACCEPT {adding / removing} of acetyl
groups {in histone modification / to
histones / to lysine}

• (resulting in) compacting chromatin / DNA wrapped more tightly
around histones (1)
ACCEPT (histone modification results in)
{euchromatin / heterochromatin /
supercoiling / (highly) condensed DNA}
Accept converse for acetylation e.g.
loosening supercoiling

• (resulting in) inhibition of {transcription factor / RNA ACCEPT converse for acetylation only
polymerase} binding (1)

• (therefore) preventing {transcription / gene expression} (1) ACCEPT silencing of gene / preventing
mRNA production
ACCEPT acetylation can allow {activation
/ transcription / expression} of gene

(5)

Question Answer Mark

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Number
5(a)(i)
The only correct answer is B endemic

A is not correct because endemic is the correct term

C is not correct because endemic is the correct term

D is not correct because endemic is the correct term (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
5(a)(ii) An answer that includes the following points:

• increases the survival (of fertilised egg cells / offspring) /
increase {chance / number} of egg cells hatching (1)
ACCEPT increase {number of offspring
/ population} / prevent decrease in
population
accept so the egg cells {survive/ more
hatch}

• by {reducing predation / providing suitable conditions for ignore protection unqualified

development} (1) ACCEPT egg cells {are not eaten / can
develop safely / protect from
predators / are safe from other
species / are safe from other fish}
ACCEPT suitable conditions e.g.
increased oxygen / nutrients /
maintain temperature
ACCEPT so the egg cells are not
washed away/don’t get lost (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

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Number
5(b)(i) An answer that includes the following point:

• as (sperm) length increases the (sperm swimming) speed ignore {linear / positive /
increases / positive correlation between (sperm) length and proportional} relationship
(sperm swimming) speed (1)
(1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
5(b)(ii)
The only correct answer is B correlation coefficient

A is not correct because chi squared test is used to test the significance of the difference between
observed and expected results

C is not correct because index of diversity is used to compare biodiversity in different habitats
(1)
D is not correct because a students t-test is used to compare two independent groups of data to see
if they are significantly different

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
5(b)(iii) An answer that includes the following point:

• (a faster swimming speed) increases chance of fertilising an ACCEPT increases chance of

egg cell (before competitors / before death of sperm) (1) fertilisation (of egg cell)
ACCEPT higher reproductive success /
more likely to pass on alleles to
offspring / fertilise the egg cell before
competitors sperm
ignore faster fertilisation (1)
ignore reaching the egg cell
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Question Answer Mark

Number
5(c)(i)
The only correct answer is A W

B is not correct because X is not the acrosome

C is not correct because Y is the haploid nucleus

D is not correct because Z is a mitochondrion (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
5(c)(ii) Example of calculation:

• conversion of actual length of scale into µm (1) 39±1 mm = 39 000 µm

ALLOW answer in range of 38 000 -
40 000 µm

• correct magnification given to 2 significant figures (1) (39 000 ÷ 60) = 650
ALLOW 630 / 670

Allow ecf (2)

Correct answer with no
working shown gains both marks
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
5(c)(iii) An answer that includes three of the following points:

Similarities
• both contain (digestive / hydrolytic) enzymes (1) ACCEPT both {use enzymes / involved
in digestion}
do not credit both are enzymes

• both {have single membrane / membrane bound ACCEPT both surrounded by

(organelles)} (1) phospholipid bilayer

Differences (max 2)
• a lysosome is spherical whereas an acrosome is {curved / ignore references to size
not} (1)

• a lysosome is involved with intracellular digestion whereas

an acrosome is involved with extracellular digestion (1)

• a lysosome (enzyme) is involved in breaking down {cell ACCEPT a lysosome (enzyme) is

components / microbe cells / virus} whereas an acrosome
(enzyme) is involved in digesting the {outer layers of an egg
cell / zona pellucida} (1)
involved in breaking down {cell
components / microbe cells / virus /
phagocytosis / autophagy / worn out
cells / autolysis} whereas an
acrosome is not
ACCEPT an acrosome (enzyme) is
involved in {digesting / penetrating}
the {outer layers of an egg cell / zona
pellucida} whereas a lysosome is not (3)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
6(a)(i) An explanation that includes the following points:

• (due to) crossing over / {independent / random}

assortment (1)

• (crossing over) results in different allele combinations (in ACCEPT crossing over results in
the chromosomes) (1) recombinant chromosomes
ACCEPT alleles are exchanged
reject gene

• (independent assortment) results in different combinations ACCEPT (independent assortment

of {chromosomes / alleles} (in gametes) (1) results in) {different / random}
arrangement of (maternal and
paternal) chromosomes
ACCEPT description of random
assortment e.g. (homologous)
chromosomes randomly aligning at
equator
ignore above and below equator
(3)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
6(a)(ii) An answer that includes two of the following points:

• (at the beginning of) interphase the DNA is {in the nucleus / ignore references to
surrounded by nuclear membrane / surrounded by nuclear {presence/absence} of
envelope} whereas it is not at the end of prophase (I) (1) {nucleus/nuclear envelope} without
linking to location of the DNA
reject nucleolus

• DNA is uncoiled at the beginning of interphase whereas it is ACCEPT it is {condensed / coiled /

condensed at the end of prophase (I) (1)
chromosomes / chromatids} at the
end of prophase but not at the
beginning of interphase / converse
ACCEPT it is chromatin in interphase
and {chromosomes / chromatids} in
prophase
ignore visible

• DNA has not been replicated at the beginning of interphase ACCEPT there is {double the quantity
whereas it has been replicated at the end of prophase (I) (1) of DNA / 4n} at the end of prophase
than at the beginning of interphase /
converse

(2)
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Question Answer Mark

Number
6(b) The only correct answer is B

A is not correct because there would be 3 picograms in each of cell B’s daughter cells

C is not correct because there would be 6 picograms in each of cell A’s daughter cells

D is not correct because there would be 3 picograms in each of cell B’s daughter cells (1)
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Question Answer
Number
Answers will be credited according to candidate’s deployment of knowledge and understanding of the material in relation to the qualities and skills
*6(c) outlined in the generic mark scheme.
The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are not required to include all the material indicated as relevant. Additional
content included in the response must be scientific and relevant.

advantages of preventing self-fertilisation (date palm / orchid)

• increased genetic variation (of seeds / new plants) / increased genetic diversity of population / reduced risk of
inbreeding (depression)
• benefits of increased genetic diversity e.g. idea that not all susceptible to {new selection pressure / change in
the environment} / increased chance of survival for more (already) adapted individuals
• chemical releasing plants can produce both ovules and pollen / chemical releasing plants prevent growth of
pollen tube carrying male nuclei to ovule
disadvantages of preventing self-fertilisation (date palm / orchid)
• reduced chance of {pollination / fertilisation}
• they need both male and female date palm plants in habitat / consideration of lack of other plants of same
species nearby / low chance of wind pollination
• consideration of lack of insect pollinators
• if (successful) pollination doesn’t occur then there will be no {seeds / new plant} production /could lead to
{plant / species} becoming {endangered / extinct} / increased risk of becoming {endangered / extinct} /
population could decrease
• offspring may not inherit advantageous alleles / mutations could cause some pollen from another plant to not
develop a pollen tube
self-pollination advantages (fireweed and dandelion)
• (guaranteed) production of {seeds / new plants /clones} (even if no pollination has occurred) / guaranteed
(self)fertilisation
• reduced risk of extinction / idea of (more) likely to {increase / maintain population}
• dandelion egg cells are genetically different so resulting seeds will be genetically different
self-pollination disadvantages (fireweed and dandelion)
• {no / reduced} genetic variation in offspring
• disadvantage of {no / reduced} genetic variation e.g. idea that all could be susceptible to a {new selection
pressure / change in the environment} / genetic diseases / inbreeding depression / reduced evolution (of
species)
(6)
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Level 0 0 No awardable content

Level 1 1-2 An explanation may be attempted but with limited interpretation or analysis of the scientific
information and with a focus on mainly just one piece of scientific information.

The explanation will contain basic information, with some attempt made to link knowledge and
understanding to the given context.

Level 2 3-4 An explanation will be given, with occasional evidence of analysis, interpretation and/or
evaluation of both pieces of scientific information.

The explanation shows some linkages and lines of scientific reasoning, with some structure.
Level 3 5-6 An explanation is made that is supported throughout by sustained application of relevant
evidence of analysis, interpretation and/or evaluation of both pieces of scientific information.

The explanation shows a well-developed and sustained line of scientific reasoning, which is
clear and logically structured.
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Question Answer Mark

Number
7(a)
The only correct answer is D 20 000:1

A is not correct because 100 cm is 20 000 times larger than 0.05mm

B is not correct because the ratio is the wrong way round

C is not correct because 100 cm is 20 000 times larger than 0.05mm (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
7(b)(i) An answer that includes the following point:

• group of (similar) cells working together to perform a ACCEPT group of cells performing
(specific) function (1) {the same /a similar} function (1)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
7(b)(ii) An answer that includes the following points:

• from the phloem (of vine plant) / phloem is involved in ignore xylem
translocation / phloem is involved in transport of
{sucrose / organic solutes} (1)

• (because part) of the corpse lily plant has {grown into ACCEPT has digested (part of) the
the phloem / grown into vascular bundle / made a phloem
(physical) connection to the phloem} (1) ignore connecting cytoplasm
ignore {grow in / attach to} {tissues/
xylem} of vine plant

• (corpse lily plant absorbs organic solutes / sucrose) by

{diffusion / facilitated diffusion / active transport} (1) ACCEPT through plasmodesmata
do not accept osmosis
ignore using ATP

(3)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
7(c)(i) An explanation that includes the following points:

• gel is used to apply the extract to the wound / extract ACCEPT gel acts as a base / helps
dissolves in the gel (1) extract stay on wound / helps
application process / {faster /
slow-release} absorption of
extracts into {skin / wound}

• gel has no effect on the rate of wound healing (1)
ACCEPT gel acts a {placebo / control}
ignore controlled variable
ACCEPT to make all of the treatments
look the same (to scientist) / idea of
blind trial

• therefore can be used as a comparison (to extract /

current wound treatment) (1)
(3)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
7(c)(ii) An answer that includes four of the following points:

• both the extracts and the current wound treatment ignore just descriptions of the results
{reduced the mean healing time (compared with just ACCEPT {gel (only) / group 1} {had
gel) / were more effective than just using gel} (1) the longest healing time / was least
effective}

• increasing the concentration of the extract decreased

the time (taken for the wound to heal) / {little / no
significant} difference in the healing time of the two
extracts (1)

• the current wound treatment is the most effective ignore current wound treatment had
treatment / extract is less effective than the current lowest healing time unqualified
wound treatment (1)

• significant difference as the times for different groups ACCEPT significant difference as the
do not overlap (1) {standard deviations/data} do not
overlap
ACCEPT relevant comment about
{size / overlap} of standard
deviations linked to {repeatability
/validity / reliability} (of data
/investigation)

• small sample size reduces validity of {conclusions / ACCEPT a larger sample size should
data / experiment} (1) be used / not enough data collected to (4)
make a (valid) conclusion
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
Number
8(a) An answer that includes the following point: mark response as a whole

• correct reason for adaptation seen in the photograph (1) e.g.

{thick / lots of} fur to {conserve heat
/ conserve energy / prevent heat
energy loss / act as insulator /
protection from cold

large paws to walk on snow

(coat) {colour / pattern / spots} for

camouflage

sharp teeth for {biting / tearing /

eating / catching} {meat / animals /
prey}

{sharp / long} claws for {added

traction / catching prey / climbing
(mountains)}

small ears to reduce heat loss (1)

large tail for {balance / to wrap
around to reduce heat energy loss}

ignore helps it to survive

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
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8(b) An explanation that includes three of the following points:

• analyse {the numbers of (different) species (in each habitat)

/ species richness} (1)

• analyse {the number of individuals in each species / species ACCEPT determine {genetic diversity
evenness} (1) /number of different alleles /
heterozygosity index}

• calculate {index of diversity / diversity index} (1) ACCEPT the formula

• compare {D / index of diversity} values (for habitats in (3)

different areas) (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
8(c)(i) Example of calculation:

• correct subtraction (1) 7100-1200 = 5900

• correct calculated answer given to 1 dp (1) (5900 ÷ 7100) × 100 = (-)83.1 (%)

Allow ecf
Correct answer with no
working shown gains both marks
(2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
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8(c)(ii) An answer that includes one of the following points:

• reduction in habitat size (1) ACCEPT habitat {destruction/ loss}

ACCEPT global warming if linked to
unfavourable change in habitat
ignore {global warming / climate
change / change in the environment}
unqualified

• decreased numbers of prey (1) ACCEPT increased competition {for

food / territory}

• {disease / hunting (by humans) / poaching} (1) ignore killed unqualified (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
8(d)(i) Example of calculation:

• correct calculation (1) (250 ÷ 5) x 6.5 = 325

line X = 6 to 7 mm (0.6-0.7cm)
0 to 250 km = 5 to 5.5 mm (0.5-
0.55cm)

• correct answer in standard form (1) accept 2.7x102 to 3.5x102

Correct answer with no working

shown scores full marks (2)
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Question
Answer
Number
Answers will be credited according to candidate’s deployment of knowledge and understanding of the material
*8(d)(ii) in relation to the qualities and skills outlined in the generic mark scheme.

The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are not required to include all the material
indicated as relevant. Additional content included in the response must be scientific and relevant.

• consideration of fragmentation of snow leopard range / separation of different populations / geographical

isolation / populations in {central / northern/western / different areas in Asia}
• consideration of how the fragmentation developed
• consideration of different {environment / conditions} in each of the different locations
(northern/eastern/southern)
• idea of (different) selection pressures / (new) selection pressure occurs

• idea of genetic variation in population / some individuals have different alleles / mutations have occurred
/ mutations resulted in different alleles
• idea that different {mutations / alleles / adaptations} will be advantageous in different habitats
• natural selection occurs / survival of the fittest
• individuals with advantageous {allele / mutation} will have an increased chance of {surviving /
reproducing}
• passing on {advantageous allele / mutation} to offspring / increasing frequency of (advantageous) allele
in gene pool

• example of an advantageous {allele / phenotype} linked to the {habitat / location}

• consideration of differences {in gene pool / phenotypes / anatomical, behavioural and physical
adaptations} developing in different snow leopard populations
• idea that inbreeding could occur / consideration of founder effect
consideration of (little) reproductive isolation / different populations having different (mating) behaviour
or breeding times
• sub-species can still breed together to form fertile offspring
(6)
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Level 0 0 No awardable content

Level 1 1-2 An explanation may be attempted but with limited interpretation or analysis of the scientific
information and with a focus on mainly just one piece of scientific information.

The explanation will contain basic information, with some attempt made to link knowledge and
understanding to the given context.

Level 2 3-4 An explanation will be given, with occasional evidence of analysis, interpretation and/or evaluation
of both pieces of scientific information.

The explanation shows some linkages and lines of scientific reasoning, with some structure.
Level 3 5-6 An explanation is made that is supported throughout by sustained application of relevant evidence
of analysis, interpretation and/or evaluation of both pieces of scientific information.

The explanation shows a well-developed and sustained line of scientific reasoning, which is clear
and logically structured.

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
8(d)(iii) An answer that includes the following point:

• individuals (from different sub-species) can (still) ACCEPT they can {breed / interbreed (1)
breed together to produce fertile offspring (1) / reproduce / mate} (together) to
produce fertile offspring
ignore they can produce fertile
offspring
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