Exams La 19-23 Ans

Compilation of Linear Algebra Exams
List of Exercises for UNIT 1 (Complex Numbers)

Exercise 1, Year 19-20, Midterm Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Exercise 1, Year 19-20, July final examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exercise 1(a), Year 20-21, May final examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exercise 1(a), Year 20-21, July final examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exercise 2, Year 21-22, May final examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Exercise 1(a,b), Year 22-23, Midterm Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
List of Exercises for UNIT 2 (Linear Systems and Matrices)

Exercise 1(b), Year 20-21, May final examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exercise 1(b), Year 20-21, July final examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exercise 1(a), Year 21-22, Midterm Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exercise 1(a), Year 22-23, Midterm Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
List of Exercises for UNIT 3 (Vector Spaces)

1
Exercise 1(b), Year 21-22, Midterm Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exercise 1(b,c), Year 22-23, Midterm Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exercise 1(c), Year 22-23, Midterm Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Exercise 1(c), Year 22-23, July final examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
List of Exercises for UNIT 4 (Linear Maps)

Exercise 1(c), Year 21-22, May final examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Exercise 1(d), Year 22-23, Midterm Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exercise 1(d), Year 22-23, Midterm Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
List of Exercises for UNIT 5 (Diagonalization)

Exercise 6(c,d), Year 20-21, Midterm Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2
List of Exercises for UNIT 6 (Euclidean Geometry)

Exercise 5(b,c), Year 22-23, July final examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3
Linear Algebra YEAR: 2019-2020
Exams compilation EXAM: Test 1
Dept. of Mathematics
Year 2019-2020
Midterm Test 1 (units 1–4)
Exercise 1.
(a) Knowing that one root of the polynomial
𝑝 (𝑧) = 𝑧 3 − (1 + 𝑖)𝑧 2 + (3 + 6𝑖)𝑧 − 7 + 𝑖
is −𝑖, find the other two.

Hint. Half-angle formulas: cos2 (𝛼/2) = (1 + cos 𝛼)/2, sin2 (𝛼/2) = (1 − cos 𝛼)/2.
⟨ Answer: −1 + 3𝑖, 2 − 𝑖 ⟩
(b) We know that a complex number 𝑧 lies in the second quadrant (real part negative and imaginary part positive),
|𝑧| 3 = 10, and 𝑧 is a third-order root of a complex number of the form 𝑤 = |𝑤 | 𝑒 𝑖5𝜋 /2 . Write 𝑧 in Cartesian form.
√
⟨ Answer: 101/3 /2(− 3 + 𝑖) ⟩
Exercise 2. Consider the following linear system:
𝑎 𝑥1 + 𝑎 𝑥2 + 𝑎 𝑥3 + 𝑎 𝑥4 = 𝑏 


𝑥1 + 𝑎 𝑥2 + 𝑎 𝑥3 + 𝑎 𝑥4 = 𝑏



𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑎 𝑥3 + 𝑎 𝑥4 = 𝑏 

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑎 𝑥4 = 1



where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ R.
(a) Find a matrix in row echelon form associated with the augmented matrix of the system.
1 1 1 1
!
𝑎
0 𝑎−1 𝑎−1 0 𝑏 −1
⟨ Answer: 0 0 𝑎−1 0 𝑏 −1 ⟩
0 0 0 𝑎−𝑎 2 𝑏 −𝑎
(b) Find the values of 𝑎 such that the coefficient matrix is invertible and find its determinant.
⟨ Answer: ∃𝐴 −1 iff 𝑎 ∉ {0, 1}; det 𝐴 = 𝑎(𝑎 − 1) 3 ⟩
(c) Classify and solve the system as a function of 𝑎, 𝑏.

−1 , 𝑏 −𝑎 ; 𝑎 = 1 ≠ 𝑏 or 𝑎 = 0 ≠ 𝑏, inconsistent; 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 1, infinitely many
⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ∉ {0, 1}, unique solution, (𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3, 𝑥 4 ) = 0, 0, 𝑏𝑎−1 𝑎−𝑎 2
solutions, 3 free variables, 𝑆 = {(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 1 − 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 𝛾), 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 ∈ R}; 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 0, infinitely many solutions, 1 free variable,
𝑆 = {(0, 0, 1, 𝛼), 𝛼 ∈ R} ⟩
Exercise 3. Consider the set of vectors in R4 given by
S = {(1, 𝑎, −3, −1), (0, 1, 1, 0), (𝑎, 0, 2, 𝑎 2 ), (−2, −3𝑎, 4, 𝑎)}, 𝑎 ∈ R,
and the vector subspaces
𝑈 = ⟨S⟩ and 𝑉 = {(𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3, 𝑥 4 ) ∈ R4 ⧸ 𝑥 1 = 0, 𝑥 2 = 𝛼 + 𝛽, 𝑥 3 = −2𝛽, 𝑥 4 = 0, 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ R}.
(a) Find the rank of S as a function of 𝑎 ∈ R.

(
3 if 𝑎 ∈ {−1, 2},
⟨ Answer: rank 𝑆 = ⟩
4 otherwise.
4
(b) Find the values of 𝑎 for which dim(𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 ) = 1 and find a basis for 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 for such values.
⟨ Answer: 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 = ⟨(0, 1, 1, 0)⟩ for 𝑎 ∈ {−1, 2} ⟩
(c) Find the values of 𝑎 for which 𝑈 ∪ 𝑉 is a vector subspace.

⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ∈ R − {−1, 2} ⟩
(d) Find a complementary subspace of 𝑉 = 𝑉 + ⟨(0, 1, 2, 3)⟩ and represent it by means of implicit equations, parametric
equations and a basis.
⟨ Answer: 𝑉¯ 𝑐 = ⟨(1, 0, 0, 0)⟩ = {(𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3, 𝑥 4 ) ⧸ 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 4 = 0} = {(𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3, 𝑥 4 ) ⧸ 𝑥 1 = 𝛼, 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 4 = 0, 𝛼 ∈ R} ⟩
Exercise 4. Consider the map 𝑓 : R3 [𝑥] → R3 defined by
𝑓 (𝑎 0 + 𝑎 1𝑥 + 𝑎 2𝑥 2 + 𝑎 3𝑥 3 ) = (𝑎 0, 𝑎 1 + 𝑎 2, 𝑎 3 ).
(a) Show that 𝑓 is a linear map.
(b) Find the matrix associated with 𝑓 w.r.t. the bases
B = {1, 1 + 𝑥, 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2, 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 } for R3 [𝑥],

C = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0), (0, 0, 3)} for R3 .
Use this matrix to compute the image of 𝑞(𝑥) = 4 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 under 𝑓 .

1 1 1 1

⟨ Answer: 0 1/2 1 1 , 𝑓 𝑞(𝑥) = (4, 5, 1) ⟩

0 0 0 1/3
(c) Find bases for the kernel and range of 𝑓 . Give the vectors of the kernel as polynomials and the express the
vectors of the range w.r.t. the standard basis. Decide whether 𝑓 is one-to-one or onto.
⟨ Answer: ker(𝑓 ) = ⟨𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ⟩, range(𝑓 ) = ⟨(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)⟩, 𝑓 is onto and not one-to-one ⟩
(d) Let 𝑔 : R2 → R3 [𝑥] be the linear map defined by 𝑔(1, 1) = 1, 𝑔(3, 2) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 , and let ℎ = 𝑓 ◦ 𝑔. Find the matrix
of ℎ w.r.t. the standard bases of R2 and R3 (the answer can be left as product of fully identified matrices).
−2 3
⟨ Answer: 1 −1 ⟩
1 −1
5
Midterm Test 2
Part 1 (units 1-4)
Exercise 1.
(a) Find the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 2 = 0.

⟨ Answer: 1 − 𝑖, 1 + 𝑖 ⟩
(b) Use part (a) to solve the equation 𝑤 6 − 2𝑤 3 + 2 = 0. Plot the solutions on the complex plane and explain the
symmetries they show.
⟨ Answer: 21/6𝑒 ±𝑖𝜋 /12 , 21/6𝑒 ±𝑖7𝜋 /12 , 21/6𝑒 ±𝑖3𝜋 /4 ⟩
Exercise 2. Consider the linear systems:


 3𝑥 1 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 3 =8 
 𝑥 1 + 𝛽𝑥 2 + (𝛼 + 4)𝑥 3 + (𝛼 + 2)𝑥 4 = 𝛼 + 3
 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 = 3  2𝑥 1 + 2𝛽𝑥 2 + (3𝛼 + 12)𝑥 3 = 0

 

𝑆1 : 𝑆2 :
 
, , 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ R.

 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 4 = 4 
 (𝛼 + 4)𝑥 3 + (𝛼 + 5)𝑥 4 =𝛼 +3
 2𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 = 3
  𝑥 1 + 𝛽𝑥 2

− 3𝑥 4 = 0
 
(a) Find the reduced row echelon form of the augmented matrices of 𝑆 1 and 𝑆 2 ; for the latter, express the result as a
function of 𝛼, 𝛽.
1 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
! ! ! !
𝛽 𝛽 𝛽 −3
⟨ Answer: 𝑆 1 : 0 0 1 0 −1/3 , 𝑆2 : 0 0 1 0 −2/(𝛼+4) for 𝛼 ∉ {−4, −3}, ∀𝛽; 0 0 0 1 0 for 𝛼 = −4, ∀𝛽; 0 0 1 2 0 for 𝛼 = −3, ∀𝛽 ⟩
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(b) Find the values of 𝛼, 𝛽 such that the systems are equivalent, that is, they have the same solution sets.
⟨ Answer: 𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = 1 ⟩
(c) Classify and solve 𝑆 2 as a function of 𝛼 and 𝛽. As a particular case, classify and solve 𝑆 1 .
2 , 1 , 𝑝 ∈ R ; 𝛼 = −3, ∀𝛽, infinitely many solutions,
n o
⟨ Answer: 𝑆 2 : 𝛼 ∉ {−4, −3}, ∀𝛽, infinitely many solutions, S = 3 − 𝛽𝑝, 𝑝, − 𝛼+4
S = {(3𝑞 − 𝛽𝑝, 𝑝, −2𝑞, 𝑞) , 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ R}; 𝛼 = −4, ∀𝛽, inconsistent system. 𝑆 1 : infinitely many solutions, 𝑆 = 3 − 𝑝, 𝑝, − 31 , 1 , 𝑝 ∈ R ⟩
n o
Exercise 3. Let us consider the real vector space 𝑉 = R3 [𝑥] that consists of the polynomials of degree not greater
than 3 and real coefficients.
(a) Show that the only value of 𝑎 ∈ R for which the following set defines a subspace of 𝑉 is 𝑎 = 0:
∫ 1
𝑈𝑎 = 𝑝 (𝑥) ∈ 𝑉 ⧸ 𝑝 (𝑥) d𝑥 = 𝑎 .
−1
(b) Find a basis for 𝑈 0 and deduce its dimension.

⟨ Answer: 𝑈 0 = ⟨1 − 3𝑥 2, 𝑥, 𝑥 3 ⟩, dim 𝑈 0 = 3 ⟩
(c) Find an algebraic complement of 𝑈 0 in 𝑉 and represent it by means of a basis.

⟨ Answer: 𝑈 0𝑐 = ⟨𝑥 2 ⟩ ⟩
6
Exercise 4. Let 𝑓 : R3 → R3 [𝑥] be a linear map such that:
𝑣 1 ) = 𝑥 3,
𝑓 (®
𝑣 1 + 𝑣®2 ) = 𝑥 3,
𝑓 (®
𝑣 1 + 𝑣®2 + 𝑣®3 ) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3,
𝑓 (®
𝑣 1, 𝑣®2, 𝑣®3 } is a basis for R3 .

where B = {®
(a) Find the matrix 𝐴 of 𝑓 w.r.t. the bases B for R3 and the standard basis C of R3 [𝑥].
0 0 1
⟨ Answer: 00 00 11 ⟩
100
(b) If 𝑣®1 = (1, 1, 1), 𝑣®2 = (0, 1, 1), 𝑣®3 = (0, 0, 1), find the matrix 𝑀 of 𝑓 w.r.t. the standard bases.
0 −1 1
⟨ Answer: 00 −1 1
−1 1 ⟩
1 00
(c) Find bases for ker 𝑓 and range 𝑓 . Express the vectors of the kernel w.r.t. the standard basis and the elements of
the range as polynomials.
⟨ Answer: ker 𝑓 = ⟨(0, 1, 1)⟩, range 𝑓 = ⟨𝑥 3, 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ⟩ ⟩
(d) Find 𝐻 = 𝑓 −1 (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ) w.r.t. the standard basis. Is 𝐻 a vector subspace? Give reasons.
⟨ Answer: 𝐻 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ R3 ⧸ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1} = {(1, 𝜆 − 1, 𝜆), 𝜆 ∈ R}. 𝐻 is not a vector subspace ⟩
(e) Determine, with reasons, whether 𝑓 is one-to-one, onto or bijective.

⟨ Answer: 𝑓 is neither onto not one-to-one ⟩
(f) Let 𝐵 = 10 01 10 01 the matrix of the linear map 𝑔 : R3 [𝑥] → R2 w.r.t. the standard basis of R3 [𝑥] and the basis B ′

of R2 . If 12 11 is the change-of-basis matrix from the standard basis C2 of R2 to B ′ , find the matrix of 𝑔 ◦ 𝑓 w.r.t.
the bases B and C2 .
⟨ Answer: 11 00 35 ⟩

Part 2 (units 5-6)
Exercise 5. Let 𝐴 ∈ M4 (R) be a real matrix such that

• (1, 𝑖, 0, 0) is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 + 𝑖,
• (0, 0, 4, 0) and (0, 0, 0, 8) are eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue 2,

and let 𝑇 : C4 → C4 be the endomorphism whose matrix w.r.t. the standard basis is 𝐴.
(a) Is the matrix 𝐴 diagonalizable over the field R? If so, find matrices 𝑃, 𝐷 ∈ M4 (R) such that 𝐷 = 𝑃 −1𝐴𝑃 is
diagonal.
⟨ Answer: Not diagonalizable over R ⟩
(b) Is the matrix 𝐴 diagonalizable over the field C? If so, find matrices 𝑃, 𝐷 ∈ M4 (C) such that 𝐷 = 𝑃 −1𝐴𝑃 is
diagonal.
1+𝑖 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
⟨ Answer: 𝐷 = 0 1−𝑖 0 0 , 𝑃 = 0𝑖 −𝑖0 10 00 ⟩
0 0 20
0 0 02 0 001
(c) Find the matrix 𝐴.

1 1 0 0
⟨ Answer: −10 10 02 00 ⟩
0002
7
(d) Is 𝑇 one-to-one? Onto?

⟨ Answer: 𝑇 is both one-to-one and onto ⟩
(e) Find a fundamental set of real-valued solutions of the system of ODEs 𝑌 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐴 𝑌 (𝑥).
⟨ Answer: {(0, 0, 𝑒 2𝑥 , 0), (0, 0, 0, 𝑒 2𝑥 ), (𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥, −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥, 0, 0), (𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥, 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥, 0, 0)} ⟩
Exercise 6.
(a) Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Prove or disprove by giving a counterexample.
1. Let 𝑣®, 𝑤® be nonzero vectors of a real Euclidean space which are not scalar multiples of each other. If 𝑣® is a unit
vector and the length of 𝑤® is 𝑘, then 𝑣® · 𝑤® ∈ (−𝑘, 𝑘).
⟨ Answer: True ⟩
2. Let (𝑉 , ·) be a Euclidean space (dim 𝑉 > 2) and let 𝑆, 𝑇 be nonzero orthogonal subspaces, that is, 𝑆 ⊥ 𝑇 . Then
any vector of 𝑉 can be written in a unique way as the sum of a vector of 𝑆 and a vector of 𝑇 .
⟨ Answer: False ⟩
3. Let (𝑉 , ·) be a Euclidean space (dim 𝑉 > 1) and let 𝑇 : 𝑉 → 𝑉 be a diagonalizable endomorphism. If 𝜆1, 𝜆2 are
distinct eigenvalues of 𝑇 and 𝑣®1 and 𝑣®2 are eigenvectors corresponding to them respectively, then 𝑣®1 ⊥ 𝑣®2 .
(b) Consider R3 endowed with an inner product for which √ the basis B = {®𝑣 1 = (0, 1, 1), 𝑣®2 = (−1, 0, 1), 𝑣®3 = (0, 1, 0)}
is orthogonal and such that the lengths of 𝑣®1 , 𝑣®2 , 𝑣®3 are 3, 1, 1, respectively.
(b.1) Find the Gram matrix of the inner product w.r.t. the standard basis.
5 −1 4
⟨ Answer: −1 1 −1 ⟩
4 −1 4
(b.2) Find the orthogonal projection of (−1, 2, 3) onto the orthogonal complement of 𝑈 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) B ∈ R3 ⧸𝑦 +
𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥 = 0}.
⟨ Answer: (−13/8, 1/8, 3) ⟩
Exercise 7. Let us consider the vector

space R2 [𝑥] endowed with the inner product whose Gram matrix w.r.t. the
2 321
standard basis {1, 𝑥, 𝑥 } is 𝐺 = 2 2 1 and let 𝑇 : R2 [𝑥] → R2 [𝑥] be a symmetric operator such that
111
𝑇 (1 + 𝑥) = 2 − 4𝑥, 𝑇 (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) = 2 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2, 𝑥 is an eigenvector.
(a) Find the eigenvalue of 𝑇 corresponding to 𝑥. (Hint: use the symmetry of 𝑇 ).

⟨ Answer: −1 ⟩
(b) Knowing that the eigenvalue of (a) is −1, find a basis for R2 [𝑥] made up of eigenvectors of 𝑇 w.r.t. which the
Gram matrix of the inner product is the identity matrix.
√
⟨ Answer: 1 − 𝑥, √𝑥 , 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥2 ⟩

2
(c) Find the orthogonal complement of the vector subspaces ker(𝑇 − 2𝐼 ) and ker(𝑇 + 𝐼 ), where 𝐼 is the identity
endomorphism defined on R2 [𝑥].
⟨ Answer: ker(𝑇 − 2𝐼 ) ⊥ = ⟨𝑥, 𝑥 2 ⟩, ker(𝑇 + 𝐼 ) ⊥ = ⟨1 − 𝑥⟩ ⟩
8
Exams compilation EXAM: July
July final examination
Exercise 1. Find all complex numbers 𝑧 such that 𝑧/(2 − 3𝑖) ∈ R, 𝑧 2 = − 54 − 3𝑖 and Re 𝑧 > 0.
⟨ Answer: 𝑧 = 1 − 3𝑖/2 ⟩
Exercise 2. Consider the following system of linear equations depending on the parameters 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ R.
𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 = 𝑏,
2𝑥 1 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 = 2𝑏,
3𝑥 1 − 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 3 = 𝑏2 .
(a) Find a row echelon form of the augmented matrix of the system. Use it to classify and solve the system depending
on the values of 𝑎, 𝑏.
⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ≠ 3/2, unique solution, 𝑥 1 = 𝑏 + 5𝑏/(2(2𝑎 − 3)), 𝑥 2 = 0, 𝑥 3 = −5𝑏/(2(2𝑎 − 3)); 𝑎 = 3/2 ∧ 𝑏 = 0, infinitely many solutions,
S = {(𝜆, 0, −𝜆), 𝜆 ∈ R}; 𝑎 = 3/2 ∧ 𝑏 ≠ 0, inconsistent ⟩
(b) Find the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 for which the coefficient matrix is non-singular and compute its inverse.
6𝑎−4 2+2𝑎 1
5(2𝑎−3) 5(2𝑎−3) − 2𝑎−3
⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ≠ 3/2, ∀𝑏; 𝐴 −1 = 25

© ª
− 15 0 ®⟩
®
1 1 1
« − 2𝑎−3 − 2𝑎−3 2𝑎−3 ¬
Exercise 3. Let 𝑈 and 𝑉 be vector subspaces of R3 [𝑥] given by
𝑈 = {𝑝 (𝑥) ∈ R3 [𝑥] ⧸ −1 is at least a double root of 𝑝 (𝑥)},

𝑉 = ⟨𝑥, 𝑥 2 + 1⟩.
(a) Prove that 𝑈 is a vector subspace and find a basis for it.
⟨ Answer: B𝑈 = {(𝑥 + 1) 2, 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) 2 } ⟩
(b) Find the dimension and a basis for 𝑈 + 𝑉 and 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 .

⟨ Answer: B𝑈 +𝑉 = {(1 + 𝑥) 2, 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) 2, 𝑥 2 (2 + 𝑥)}, dim(𝑈 + 𝑉 ) = 3; B𝑈 ∩𝑉 = {(1 + 𝑥) 2 }, dim(𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 ) = 1 ⟩
(c) Find an implicit representation of 𝑉 w.r.t. the basis
B = {1 + 𝑥 2, 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3, 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3, 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 }.
⟨ Answer: 𝑉 = {(𝑎 0, 𝑎 1, 𝑎 2, 𝑎 3 ) B ⧸ 𝑎 2 − 𝑎 1 = 𝑎 3 + 𝑎 1 = 0} ⟩
Exercise 4. Let us consider the map 𝑓 : 𝑀3 (C) → 𝑀2 (C) defined by
𝑓 (𝐴) = tr(𝐴)𝐼 2, for all 𝐴 ∈ 𝑀3 (C),
where tr(𝐴) is the trace of 𝐴 (sum of the diagonal entries) and 𝐼 2 is the 2nd order identity matrix.
(a) Show that 𝑓 is a linear map. Considering the map 𝑔 : 𝑀3 (C) → 𝑀3 (C) defined by 𝑔(𝐴) = tr(𝐴)𝐼 2 , where 𝐴 is the
complex conjugate of 𝐴, is 𝑔 linear?
⟨ Answer: 𝑔 is not a linear map ⟩
9
(b) Find a matrix associated with 𝑓 and show how you can use it to compute the image of
1 1 1
© ª
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 ®
«1 + 𝑖 1 + 𝑖 1 + 𝑖 ¬
under 𝑓 .
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
⟨ Answer: 𝐴 = 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 , 𝑓 (𝑆) = 2+2𝑖 0

0 2+2𝑖 ⟩
100010001
(c) Find bases for the kernel and range of 𝑓 and deduce whether it is one-to-one or onto.
n 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 1 0
⟨ Answer: Bker 𝑓 = 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 1 0 0 , 0 1 0 , 0 0 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , Brange 𝑓 = 0 1 , 𝑓 is neither one-to-one
0 0 −1 000 000 000 0 0 −1 000 100 010
nor onto ⟩
Exercise 5.
(a) Let 𝐴 be a real matrix of order 4 satisfying
• 𝐴 is upper triangular and diagonalizable.
• The entry (4, 4) is 2.
• 𝐴 has a triple eigenvalue 𝜆 ≠ 2 and a single eigenvalue.
(a.1) Find the most general expression of 𝐴.

0 0
!
𝜆 𝑎
⟨ Answer: 𝐴 = 0 𝜆 0 𝑏 , 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ R ⟩
0 0 𝜆 𝑐
0 0 0 2
(a.2) Find the eigenspaces of 𝐴.

⟨ Answer: 𝑆 (𝜆) = ⟨(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0)⟩, 𝑆 (2) = ⟨(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 2 − 𝜆)⟩ ⟩
(b) Consider the following matrix of 𝑀3 (C):
−𝑖 −2𝑖 −2
𝐴= 𝑖 2𝑖 1 ®.
© ª
«−1 + 𝑖 −1 + 𝑖 1 + 2𝑖 ¬
We know that 𝑖 is an eigenvalue of 𝐴 and that (−2 + 2𝑖, 1 − 𝑖, 2) is an eigenvector.
(b.1) Compute the eigenvalues and eigenspaces of 𝐴.

⟨ Answer: 𝜆1 = 𝑖, 𝑚 1 = 2, 𝑆 (𝑖) = ⟨(1, −1, 0), (𝑖, 0, 1)⟩; 𝜆2 = 1 + 𝑖, 𝑚 2 = 1, 𝑆 (1 + 𝑖) = ⟨(−2 + 2𝑖, 1 − 𝑖, 2)⟩ ⟩
(b.2) Is 𝐴 diagonalizable? If so, find a matrix 𝑃 ∈ 𝑀3 (C) such that 𝑃𝐴𝑃 −1 is diagonal. Otherwise, explain why 𝐴
is not diagonalizable.
𝑖 −1+𝑖 1

⟨ Answer: 𝑃 = 1−𝑖 1−𝑖 −𝑖 ⟩
𝑖 −1 𝑖 −1 1+𝑖
2 2 2
Exercise 6. Let R3 endowed with an inner product given by:
(𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3 ) · (𝑦1, 𝑦2, 𝑦3 ) B = 𝑥 1𝑦1 + 2𝑥 2𝑦2 + 𝑥 3𝑦3 − 𝑥 1𝑦2 − 𝑥 2𝑦1 + 𝑥 3𝑦1 − 𝑥 3𝑦2,
where B = {(1, 0, 1), (0, 1, −1), (0, 0, 1)} is a basis for R3 . (Remark: Notice that the first vector is expressed w.r.t. the
standard basis and the second vector w.r.t. B).
(a) Find the Gram matrix of the inner product w.r.t. the standard basis.
1 −1 0
⟨ Answer: −1 2 0 ⟩
0 01
10
(b) Find the angle between 𝑢® = (0, 1, −1) B and 𝑣® = (−1, 0, 1) B .

√
⟨ Answer: cos −1 (1/ 6) ⟩
(c) Find the orthogonal projection of 𝑤® = (−1, 2, 2) onto 𝑈 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ R3 ⧸ 𝑥 = 𝛼 + 𝛾, 𝑦 = 𝛽 − 𝛾, 𝑧 =

𝛼 + 𝛽, with 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 ∈ R}.
⟨ Answer: (−1/2, 7/3, 11/6) ⟩
(d) Given the endomorphism 𝑇 : R3 → R3 defined by
𝑇 (1, 0, 1) = (1, 0, 1), 𝑇 (0, 1, −1) = (−2, −1, −1), 𝑇 (0, 0, 1) = (1, 0, 0),
find, if possible, an orthogonal basis made up of eigenvectors of 𝑇 .

⟨ Answer: {(1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, −1)} ⟩
11
Year 2020-2021
Exercise 1.
(a) Let 𝑧 ∈ C such that 𝑧 6 = −64, Re(𝑧) < 0, and Im(𝑧) < 0. Find 𝑧 4 .
√
⟨ Answer: 8(−1 + 3 𝑖) ⟩
(b) Let 𝑧 = (1 − 𝛼𝑖)/(𝛼 + 3𝑖). Find the values of 𝛼 ∈ R for which 𝑧 is real.
⟨ Answer: 𝑧 is nonreal for any value of 𝛼 ∈ R ⟩
Exercise 2. Consider the following 4 × 5 real matrix
1 0 −1 𝛼 1
−1 𝛼 +2 3 −𝛼 0®
© ª
𝐴= ®, 𝛼 ∈ R.
1 2 1 𝛼 2®
1 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 − 2 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 − 3 2𝛼 + 1 𝛼¬
«
(a) Find a matrix in row echelon form associated with 𝐴.

1 0 −1 1
!
𝛼
0 2 2 0 1
⟨ Answer: For example 0 0 −2𝛼 0 −𝛼 ⟩
0 0 0 2(𝛼+1) −𝛼 (𝛼 −1)
(b) Let 𝐴˜ ∈ M4 (R) be the submatrix of 𝐴 obtained by discarding the last column. Find the ranks of 𝐴 and 𝐴˜ as a
function of 𝛼.
( (
4 if 𝛼 ∉ {−1, 0}, 4 if 𝛼 ≠ 0,
⟨ Answer: rank 𝐴˜ = rank 𝐴 = ⟩
3 otherwise, 3 otherwise.
(c) Classify and solve whenever possible the system of linear equations whose augmented matrix is 𝐴. Determine
whether the system admits solutions of the form (𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3, 1) for some value of 𝛼. Give reasons.
𝛼 2 (𝛼 −1)
⟨ Answer: 𝛼 ∉ {−1, 0}, consistent system with a unique solution given by 𝑥 1 = 32 + 2(𝛼+1) , 𝑥 2 = 0, 𝑥 3 = 12 , 𝑥 4 = − 2(𝛼+1) ; 𝛼 = −1,
𝛼 (𝛼 −1)
inconsistent; 𝛼 = 0, consistent system with infinitely many solutions given by 𝑆 = {(1 + 𝜆, 1/2 − 𝜆, 𝜆, 0), 𝜆 ∈ R}; the system does not
admit solutions with 𝑥 4 = 1 for any value of 𝛼. ⟩
(d) Classify and solve the homogeneous system
𝑥1 − 𝑥3 + 𝛼 𝑥4 = 0 

(𝛼 + 2)𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 3 − 𝛼 𝑥4 = 0

−𝑥 1 +



𝑥1 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥3 + 𝛼 𝑥4 = 0 
𝑥 1 + (𝛼 2 + 𝛼 − 2)𝑥 2 + (𝛼 2 + 𝛼 − 3)𝑥 3 + (2𝛼 + 1)𝑥 4 = 0




as a function of 𝛼.
⟨ Answer: 𝛼 ∉ {−1, 0}, consistent system with a unique solution given by 𝑥 1 = 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 4 = 0; 𝛼 = −1, consistent system with
infinitely many solutions given by 𝑆 = {(𝜆, 0, 0, 𝜆), 𝜆 ∈ R}; 𝛼 = 0, consistent system with infinitely many solutions given by
𝑆 = {𝜆, −𝜆, 𝜆, 0), 𝜆 ∈ R}. ⟩
12
Exercise 3. Let us consider the vector space 𝑉 = M2 (R) which consists of matrices of order 2 and real coefficients.
(a) Let 𝑊𝛼 = 𝑎𝑎11 𝑎 12

∈ 𝑉 ⧸ 𝑎 11 + 𝑎 12 + 𝑎 21 + 𝑎 22 = 𝛼 where 𝛼 ∈ R. Show that 𝑊𝛼 is a subspace of 𝑉 if and only if

21 𝑎 22
𝛼 = 0.
(b) Find a basis for 𝑊0 and deduce its dimension.

1 0 0 1 0 0
⟨ Answer: B𝑊0 = 0 −1 , 0 −1 , 1 −1 , dim𝑊0 = 3 ⟩
(c) If 𝑈 = 11 00 , find bases for 𝑊0 + 𝑈 and 𝑊0 ∩ 𝑈 . Is 𝑊0 + 𝑈 a direct sum? Give reasons.

11 , 01
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
⟨ Answer: B𝑊0 +𝑈 = 0 0 , 0 0 , 1 0 , 0 1 , B𝑊0 ∩𝑈 = 1 −3 ⟩
(d) Find a basis for a complementary subspace of 𝑈 in 𝑉 such that its member matrices have all entries different
from zero.
1 2 1 1
⟨ Answer: For example 11 , 21 ⟩
𝑣 1, 𝑣®2, 𝑣®3 } be a basis for R3 and let B2 = {®

Exercise 4. Let B1 = {® 𝑢 1, 𝑢®2 } be a basis for R2 . Let 𝑓 : R3 → R2 be the
linear map defined by
𝑣 1 + 𝑣®2 ) = 𝑢®1 + 2®
𝑓 (® 𝑢 2, 𝑓 (®
𝑣 1 − 𝑣®2 ) = 𝑓 (®
𝑣 3 ) = 𝑢®1
(a) Find the matrix of 𝑓 w.r.t. B1 and B2 .

⟨ Answer: 𝑀 B1 B2 (𝑓 ) = 11 01 10 ⟩

(b) Find a basis and the dimension of the kernel and range of 𝑓 . Is 𝑓 one-to-one? And onto? Give reasons.
𝑣 1 − 𝑣®2 − 𝑣®3 }, dim ker(𝑓 ) = 1; Brange(𝑓 ) = {(1, 1) B2 , (0, 1) B2 } = {®
⟨ Answer: Bker(𝑓 ) = {(1, −1, −1) B1 } = {® 𝑢 1 + 𝑢®2, 𝑢®2 }, dim range(𝑓 ) = 2;
𝑓 is not one-to-one and 𝑓 is onto. ⟩
(c) Find the image under 𝑓 of 𝑣® = 2®

𝑣 1 − 𝑣®2 + 3®
𝑣3.
𝑣 ) = (5, 1) B2 = 5®
⟨ Answer: 𝑓 (® 𝑢 1 + 𝑢®2 ⟩
(d) Find a basis and the dimension of 𝑓 (𝑈 ), where 𝑈 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) B1 ∈ R3 ⧸ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 .

𝑢 1 + 𝑢®2 }, dim 𝑓 (𝑈 ) = 1 ⟩
⟨ Answer: B 𝑓 (𝑈 ) = {2®
(e) Let B1′ = 𝑣®1′ , 𝑣®2′ , 𝑣®3′ be a basis for R3 such that 𝑣®1′ = 𝑣®1 + 𝑣®3, 𝑣®2′ = 𝑣®1, 𝑣®3′ = 𝑣®2 and let B2′ = 𝑢®1′ , 𝑢®2′ be a basis for

R2 such that 𝑢®1′ = 𝑢®1 + 𝑢®2, 𝑢®2′ = 𝑢®1 . Find the matrix of 𝑓 w.r.t. B1′ and B2′ .
⟨ Answer: 11 10 −11 ⟩

13
Midterm Test 2
Part 1 (units 1-4)
Exercise 1. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Prove or disprove by giving a counterex-
ample.
(a) Let 𝐴𝑥 = 𝑏 be a consistent linear system with real coefficients and infinitely many solutions. If 𝑥 1 and 𝑥 2 are
solutions, then 𝜆𝑥 1 + 𝜇𝑥 2 is also a solution, for all 𝜆, 𝜇 ∈ R.
⟨ Answer: F ⟩
(b) Let 𝑆 = ⟨®
𝑣 1, 𝑣®2 ⟩ and 𝑇 = ⟨®
𝑣 1 ⟩ be two vector subspaces of a vector space 𝑉 . Then 𝑆 = 𝑇 ⇔ 𝑣®2 ∈ 𝑇 .
⟨ Answer: T ⟩
(c) If 𝑓 : R4 → R2 is a nonzero linear map, then 𝑓 is onto.

⟨ Answer: F ⟩
Exercise 2.
(a) Find a complex number 𝑧 with argument 𝜋/4 such that the sum of 𝑧 and 1 + 2𝑖 is a complex number of modulus 5.
√
⟨ Answer: 𝑧 = 2 2 𝑒 𝑖𝜋 /4 = 2(1 + 𝑖) ⟩
(b) Use De Moivre’s formula to find sin 4𝛼 and cos 4𝛼 as a function of sin 𝛼 and cos 𝛼.
⟨ Answer: cos 4𝛼 = cos4 𝛼 + sin4 𝛼 − 6 sin2 𝛼 cos2 𝛼, sin 4𝛼 = 4 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 (cos2 𝛼 − sin2 𝛼) ⟩
Exercise 3.
(a) Classify the system of linear equations
(𝑎 + 1)𝑥 + 𝑦+ 𝑧=1  
𝑥 + (𝑎 + 1)𝑦 +


𝑧 =𝑏
𝑥+ 𝑦 + (𝑎 + 1)𝑧 = 𝑏 2 


as a function of 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ R, and solve it whenever it admits infinitely many solutions.
⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ∉ {−3, 0}, ∀𝑏, consistent system with a unique solution; 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 1, consistent system with infinitely many solutions given
by 𝑆 = {(𝜆, 𝜇, 1 − 𝜆 − 𝜇), 𝜆, 𝜇 ∈ R}; otherwise the system is inconsistent. ⟩
(b) Considering the homogeneous system associated with the previous one, for what values of 𝑎 does it have nonzero
solutions?
⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ∈ {−3, 0} ⟩
Exercise 4.
(a) Let 𝑈 = ⟨ −10 21 , 10 11 , 10 43 ⟩ be a vector subspace of M2 (R) and let 𝑆 = 𝑎−5 2 03 . Find the values of 𝑎

0 −1 , 02
(if any) for which 𝑆 is a basis for 𝑈 .
⟨ Answer: 𝑎 = −2 ⟩
(b) Let B1 = 𝑝 1 (𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥, 𝑝 2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2, 𝑝 3 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and B2 = {𝑞 1, 𝑞 2, 𝑞 3 } be bases for R2 [𝑥] such that:

𝑝 1 + 𝑝 2 − 𝑝 3 = 𝑞 1 + 𝑞 2, 2𝑝 2 + 𝑝 3 = 𝑞 2 + 𝑞 3, 𝑝 2 + 𝑝 3 = −2𝑞 1 + 𝑞 3
14
(b.1) Find the change-of-basis matrix from B2 to B1 .

−5 2 −4
⟨ Answer: 𝑃 B2 →B1 = −1 1 −1 ⟩
10 1
(b.2) Find the coordinates of 𝑞 1 , 𝑞 2 , and 𝑞 3 w.r.t. the standard basis for R2 [𝑥]. Write the 𝑞𝑖 ’s as polynomials.
⟨ Answer: [𝑞 1 ] C = (−1, −1, 1)𝑇 , 𝑞 1 (𝑥) = −1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ; [𝑞 2 ] C = (2, 3, −1)𝑇 , 𝑞 2 (𝑥) = 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ;
[𝑞 3 ] C = (−2, −1, 4)𝑇 , 𝑞 3 (𝑥) = −2 − 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 ⟩
(b.3) Find the coordinates of ℎ = 3𝑝 1 − 2𝑝 2 + 4𝑝 3 w.r.t. the basis B2 .
⟨ Answer: [ℎ] B2 = (−35, −9, 7)𝑇 ⟩
Exercise 5. Let 𝐸, 𝐹 be real vector spaces, B𝐸 = {® 𝑒 1, 𝑒®2, 𝑒®3 } be bases for 𝐸 and 𝐹 , respectively,
𝑣 1, 𝑣®2, 𝑣®3, 𝑣®4 }, B𝐹 = {®
and 𝑓 : 𝐸 → 𝐹 be the linear map defined by:
𝑓 (𝑥 𝑣®1 + 𝑦 𝑣®2 + 𝑧 𝑣®3 + 𝑡 𝑣®4 ) = (2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 𝑡)𝑒®1 + 2(𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑡)𝑒®2 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧)𝑒®3
(a) Find the matrix of 𝑓 w.r.t. the bases B𝐸 and B𝐹 .

2 1 3 −1
⟨ Answer: 𝑀 B𝐸 B𝐹 (𝑓 ) = 0 2 2 2 ⟩
112 0
(b) Find a basis and some implicit equations for ker(𝑓 ).

⟨ Answer: ker(𝑓 ) = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) B𝐸 ⧸ 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑡 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0} = ⟨(1, 1, −1, 0) B𝐸 , (1, −1, 0, 1) B𝐸 ⟩ ⟩
(c) Let 𝑈 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) B𝐸 ⧸ 𝑥 = 4𝑎 + 𝑏, 𝑦 = 2𝑎 + 𝑏, 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏, 𝑡 = 3𝑎 + 𝑏, with 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ R} be a vector subspace of 𝐸. Find

a basis and some implicit equations for 𝑈 .
⟨ Answer: 𝑈 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) B𝐸 ⧸ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑡 = 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0} = ⟨(4, 2, 1, 3) B𝐸 , (1, 1, 1, 1) B𝐸 ⟩ ⟩
(d) Find a basis and some parametric equations for 𝑈 ∩ ker(𝑓 ).

⟨ Answer: 𝑈 ∩ ker(𝑓 ) = {(2𝑎, 0, −𝑎, 𝑎) B𝐸 , 𝑎 ∈ R} = ⟨(2, 0, −1, 1) B𝐸 ⟩ ⟩
(e) Find the matrix of 𝑓 w.r.t. the bases B𝐸′ = {® 𝑒 1′ , 𝑒®2′ , 𝑒®3′ } knowing that
𝑣 1′ , 𝑣®2′ , 𝑣®3′ , 𝑣®4′ }, B𝐹′ = {®
𝑣®1′ = 𝑣®1 + 𝑣®3, 𝑣®2′ = 𝑣®2, 𝑣®3′ = −®

𝑣 1 + 𝑣®2, 𝑣®4′ = 𝑣®4,
𝑒 1′ + 𝑒®3′ ,
𝑒®1 = −2® 𝑒®2 = 𝑒®1′ + 𝑒®2′ + 𝑒®3′ , 𝑒 2′ − 𝑒®3′
𝑒®3 = −®
−8 0 4 4
⟨ Answer: −1 1 2 2 ⟩
4211
Part 2 (units 5-6)
Exercise 6. Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Prove or disprove by giving a counterex-
ample.
(a) Let 𝐴 ∈ 𝑀3 (R) be a matrix whose characteristic polynomial is 𝑝𝐴 (𝑥) = −𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) 2 . Then 𝐴 is diagonalizable.
⟨ Answer: F ⟩
(b) If 𝑒®1 and 𝑒®2 are eigenvectors of an endomorphism 𝑇 corresponding to an eigenvalue 𝜆 ≠ 0, then 𝑒®1 + 𝑒®2 is an
eigenvector that corresponds to 2𝜆.
⟨ Answer: F ⟩
(c) Let (𝑉 , ·) be a finite-dimensional real Euclidean space and let 𝑇 : 𝑉 → 𝑉 be a symmetric endomorphism. Then
two eigenvectors of 𝑇 corresponding to different eigenvalues are orthogonal.
⟨ Answer: T ⟩
15
(d) Let (𝑉 , ·) be a finite-dimensional real Euclidean space and let 𝑆, 𝑇 be vector subspaces of 𝑉 such that 𝑉 = 𝑆 ⊕ 𝑇 .
Then 𝑇 = 𝑆 ⊥ .
⟨ Answer: F ⟩
Exercise 7. An upper triangular matrix 𝐴 ∈ M3 (R) has two distinct eigenvalues, 𝜆1 , whose eigenspace is
𝑆 (𝜆1 ) = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ R3 ⧸ 2𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0}, and 𝜆2 . Furthermore, det(𝐴) = 2 and tr(𝐴) = 4.
(a) Determine whether 𝐴 is diagonalizable.

⟨ Answer: 𝐴 is diagonalizable ⟩
(b) Find the matrix 𝐴 and the eigenvalues 𝜆1 and 𝜆2 assuming that they are integers.
2 0 −1

⟨ Answer: 𝐴 = 0 1 20 . Eigenvalues: 𝜆1 = 1 (double), 𝜆2 = 2 (single) ⟩
00 1
(c) Find an implicit representation and a basis for the eigenspace of 𝜆2 .

⟨ Answer: 𝑆 (2) = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ R3 ⧸ 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0} = ⟨(1, 0, 0)⟩ ⟩
(d) If 𝐴 is diagonalizable, find 𝑃 invertible and 𝐷 diagonal such that 𝑃 −1𝐴𝑃 = 𝐷.

2 0 0 1 1 0 −1 2 0 −1/2 1 1 0
⟨ Answer: 𝐷 = 𝑃 −1𝐴𝑃 ⇔ 0 1 0 = 0 0 1 01 0 001 ⟩
001 020 00 1 020
Remark: The trace of a matrix 𝐴, tr(𝐴), is the sum of its diagonal entries.
Exercise 8. Let 𝐴 be a real matrix of order 3 such that 𝜆1 = 2 − 𝑖, 𝜆2 = 1 are eigenvalues of 𝐴, and 𝑣®1 = (𝑖, −1, 1),
𝑣®2 = (2, 1, 0) are eigenvectors corresponding to 𝜆1 and 𝜆2 , respectively. Let 𝑌 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑌 (𝑡) be a linear system of
first-order ODEs, where 𝑌 (𝑡) = 𝑦1 (𝑡), 𝑦2 (𝑡), 𝑦3 (𝑡) . Find a fundamental system of real solutions of the system and
𝑇
find its general solution.

𝑒 2𝑡 (𝐶 1 sin 𝑡 +𝐶 2 cos 𝑡 )+2𝐶 3 𝑒 𝑡
!
n sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 2 o
⟨ Answer: 𝑆 = 𝑒 2𝑡 − cos 𝑡 , 𝑒 2𝑡 sin 𝑡 , 𝑒 𝑡 1 , 𝑌 (𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 (−𝐶1 cos 𝑡 +𝐶2 sin 𝑡 )+𝐶3𝑒 𝑡 ⟩
cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 0 𝑒 2𝑡 (𝐶 1 cos 𝑡 −𝐶 2 sin 𝑡 )
Exercise 9. Let R3 be equipped with an inner product whose Gram matrix w.r.t. the basis B = {®
𝑣 1, 𝑣®2, 𝑣®3 } is
2 0 −1
𝐺 = 0 1 0® .
© ª
«−1 0 1¬
Let 𝑇 : R3 → R3 be a symmetric operator such that B is a set of eigenvectors, 𝑇 (® 𝑣 1 , and 𝑇 (®

𝑣 1 ) = −2® 𝑣 2 ) = 𝑣®2 .
(a) Find the Gram matrix of the inner product w.r.t. a basis C = {®
𝑒 1, 𝑒®2, 𝑒®3 } such that
𝑣®1 = 𝑒®1 − 𝑒®2, 𝑣®2 = 𝑒®2, 𝑣®3 = 2®

𝑒 2 + 𝑒®3
3 1 −3
⟨ Answer: 1 1 −2 ⟩
−3 −2 5
(b) Find the angle between 𝑣®1 and 𝑒®1 + 𝑒®3 .

⟨ Answer: 𝜃 = 𝜋/3 ⟩
(c) Let 𝑈 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) C ∈ R3 ⧸ 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 0} and 𝑤® = 𝑒®1 + 𝑒®2 + 𝑒®3 . Find the orthogonal projections of 𝑤® onto 𝑈 and 𝑈 ⊥ .
Without any further computations, find a basis for 𝑈 ⊥ .
⟨ Answer: 𝑤®𝑈 = 51 , − 35 , − 51 , 𝑤®𝑈⊥ = 54 , 85 , 65 , 𝑈 ⊥ = ⟨(2, 4, 3) C ⟩ ⟩

C C
16
(d) Find the matrices associated with 𝑇 w.r.t. both the basis B and C.
−2 0 0 −2 0 0
⟨ Answer: 𝑀 B (𝑇 ) = 01 0 , 𝑀 C (𝑇 ) = 3 1 −6 ⟩
0 0 −2 0 0 −2
(e) Find an orthonormal basis for R3 made up of eigenvectors of 𝑇 .

√ √ √ o
⟨ Answer: B ′ = √1 𝑣®1, 𝑣®2, 22 𝑣®1 + 2 𝑣®3 = √1 𝑒®1 − √1 𝑒®2, 𝑒®2, √1 𝑒®1 + √3 𝑒®2 + 2 𝑒®3 ⟩
n o n
2 2 2 2 2
17
Exams compilation EXAM: May
May final examination

Part 1 (units 1-4)
Exercise 1.
(a) Write the complex 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖 in exponential form. Find 𝑧 8 and get its rectangular form.
√
⟨ Answer: 𝑧 = 2 𝑒 5𝑖𝜋 /4 , 𝑧 8 = 16 ⟩
(b) Solve the following linear system depending on the real parameters 𝑎, 𝑏:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 =1 

2𝑎𝑥 3 = −𝑎


𝑥2 −
+ (3𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 3 = 5 − 𝑎 

𝑥1 
, 𝑥 3 = 4−2𝑎
𝑎 (8−5𝑎+𝑏 ) 𝑎 (8−5𝑎+𝑏 )
⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏, consistent with a unique solution, 𝑥 1 = 1 − 𝑎−𝑏 , 𝑥2 = 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 ; 𝑎 = 𝑏 ≠ 2, inconsistent; 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 2,
consistent with infinitely many solutions, 𝑆 = {(3 − 4𝛼, 4𝛼 − 2, 𝛼), 𝛼 ∈ R} ⟩
Exercise 2. Let us consider the following two vector subspaces of R3 :
𝑈 = ⟨(2, 2, 2), (2, 3, 3), (3, 4, 4), (4, 6, 6)⟩ and 𝑉 = {(𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3 ) ∈ R3 ⧸ 𝑥 1 = 𝑥 2 }.
(a) Describe 𝑈 with parametric equations, implicit equations and a basis B𝑈 .

⟨ Answer: 𝑈 = {(𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3 ) ∈ R3 ⧸ 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 3 } = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑏), 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ R} = ⟨(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1)⟩ ⟩
(b) Find a basis for 𝑈 + 𝑉 and use it to identify it.

⟨ Answer: 𝑈 + 𝑉 = ⟨(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)⟩ = R3 ⟩
(c) Describe implicitly 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 and find a basis for it. Are 𝑈 and 𝑉 complementary subspaces?
⟨ Answer: 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 = {(𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3 ) ∈ R3 ⧸ 𝑥 1 = 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 3 } = ⟨(1, 1, 1)⟩. 𝑈 and 𝑉 are not complementary. ⟩
(d) Is B𝑈′ = {(6, 0, 0), (4, 3, 3)} a basis for 𝑈 ? If so, build the change-of-basis matrix from B𝑈 to B𝑈′ .
⟨ Answer: B𝑈′ is a basis for 𝑈 . 𝑃 B𝑈 →B ′ = 60 43 ⟩

𝑈
Exercise 3. Let B1 = {1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 } and B2 = {®

𝑒 1, 𝑒®2, 𝑒®3 } be bases for R2 [𝑥] and R3 respectively, and 𝑓 : R2 [𝑥] → R3 the
𝑓 (1) = 𝑒®1 + 𝑒®2, 𝑓 (1 + 𝑥) = 𝑒®1 + 𝑒®2 + 2®

𝑒 3, 𝑓 (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑒®1 + 2®
𝑒 2 + 3®
𝑒3 .
(a) Find the matrix associated with 𝑓 w.r.t. the bases B1 and B2 , and use it to compute the image of the polynomial
𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝑎 0 + 𝑎 1𝑥 + 𝑎 2𝑥 2 (𝑎 0, 𝑎 1, 𝑎 2 ∈ R).
1 0 0
⟨ Answer: 𝑀 B1 B2 (𝑓 ) = 1 0 1 , 𝑓 (𝑝) = 𝑎 0𝑒®1 + (𝑎 0 + 𝑎 2 )𝑒®2 + (2𝑎 1 + 𝑎 2 )𝑒®3 ⟩
021
(b) Find the matrix associated with 𝑓 w.r.t. the bases C1 = {1, 𝑥 + 𝑥 2, 1 + 𝑥 2 } and C2 = {®
𝑣 1, 𝑣®2, 𝑣®3 }, where
𝑒®1 = 𝑣®1, 𝑒®2 = 𝑣®1 − 𝑣®3, 𝑒®3 = 𝑣®1 + 𝑣®2 + 𝑣®3 .

2 4 4
⟨ Answer: 03 1 ⟩
−1 2 −1
(c) Given the polynomial 𝑞(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 , find the coordinate vector [𝑓 (𝑞)] C2 .
⟨ Answer: [𝑓 (𝑞)] C2 = (10, 0, −7)𝑇 ⟩
18
Part 2 (units 5-6)
Exercise 4. Consider a basis B = {® 𝑒 1, 𝑒®2, 𝑒®3, 𝑒®4 } for R4 and the endomorphism 𝑇 : R4 → R4 such that
8 4

𝑇 (𝑥 𝑒®1 + 𝑦𝑒®2 + 𝑧𝑒®3 + 𝑡 𝑒®4 ) = 2𝑧 − 𝑡 𝑒®3 + −𝑧 + 𝑡 𝑒®4 for 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 ∈ R.
3 3
(a) Find the matrix 𝐴 of 𝑇 w.r.t. the basis B.
0 0 0 0
!
0 0 0 0
⟨ Answer: 𝐴 = 0 0 2 −8/3 ⟩
0 0 −1 4/3
(b) Is 𝐴 diagonalizable? If so, find a basis C w.r.t. which the matrix 𝐷 of 𝑇 is diagonal, and explain the relation
between 𝐴 and 𝐷 using the corresponding change-of-basis matrix.
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 ! 1 0 0 0
!
0 0 0 0 000 0
⟨ Answer: 𝐴 is diagonalizable; C = {(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 4, 3), (0, 0, −2, 1)}; 0 0 0 0 = 00 10 04 −20 0 0 2 −8/3
010 0
0 0 4 −2 ⟩
0 0 0 10/3 003 1 000 0 003 1
(c) Find a basis C ′ for R4 w.r.t. which the matrix of 𝑇 is

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0®
© ª
𝐸= 10 ®.
0 0 3 0®
«0 0 0 0¬
Explain the relation between 𝐴 and 𝐸 using the corresponding change-of-basis matrix.
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 ! 1 0 0 0
!
0 0 0 0 000 0
⟨ Answer: C′ = {(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, −2, 1), (0, 0, 4, 3)}; 0 0 10/3 0 = 00 10 −20 40 0 0 2 −8/3
01 00
0 0 −2 4 ⟩
0 0 0 0 00 13 000 0 00 13
Exercise 5. In the vector space R4 we consider the inner product that, w.r.t. some basis B = {®
𝑒 1, 𝑒®2, 𝑒®3, 𝑒®4 }, satisfies:
√
i) 𝑒®1 · 𝑒®1 = 1, ∥𝑒®2 ∥ = 2, 𝑒®3 · 𝑒®3 = 4, 𝑒®4 · 𝑒®4 = 12;
3𝜋
ii) the angle between 𝑒®1 and 𝑒®2 is 4 , and that between 𝑒®1 and 𝑒®3 is 𝜋3 , whereas 𝑒®2 is orthogonal to 𝑒®3 ;
iii) 𝑈 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) B ∈ R4 ⧸ 𝑥 + 𝑧 + 6𝑡 = 0} is orthogonal to ⟨®
𝑒 4 ⟩.
Consider the endomorphism 𝑇 : R4 → R4 such that
8 4

𝑇 (𝑥 𝑒®1 + 𝑦𝑒®2 + 𝑧𝑒®3 + 𝑡 𝑒®4 ) = 2𝑧 − 𝑡 𝑒®3 + −𝑧 + 𝑡 𝑒®4 for 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 ∈ R.
3 3
(a) Find the Gram matrix w.r.t. the basis B.
1 −1 1 2
⟨ Answer: −11 20 04 02 ⟩
2 0 2 12
(b) Find the orhogonal projection of 𝑣® = −®

𝑒 1 − 2®
𝑒 2 + 4®
𝑒 3 + 𝑒®4 onto the subspace 𝑆 = ⟨−®
𝑒 1 + 𝑒®3, −6®
𝑒 1 + 𝑒®4 ⟩.
⟨ Answer: 𝑣®𝑆 = 10 8 10
3 𝑢®1 − 𝑢®2 = 3 𝑒®1 + 3 𝑒®3 − 𝑒®4 ⟩
(c) Using the results from Exercise 4 (that is, for the same endomophism 𝑇 ), study the following:
(c.1) Show that 𝑇 is symmetric.
(c.2) Build a basis B1 for which the Gram matrix 𝐺 1 is diagonal but not the identity, and the matrix 𝐷 1 associated
with 𝑇 is diagonal. Find both matrices and link them through the associated change-of-basis matrix.
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
!
0 0 0 0
⟨ Answer: For example B1 = {(1, 0, 0, 0) B , (1, 1, 0, 0) B , (−20, −10, 4, 3) B , (0, 0, −2, 1) B }; 𝑀 B1 (𝑇 ) = 0 0 0 0 ; 𝐺 1 = 00 10 20
0 0 ⟩
0
0 0 0 10/3 0 0 0 20
19

Part 1 (units 1-4)
Exercise 1.
√ √
(a) Consider the complex numbers 𝑧 1 = ( 2 + 2 2 𝑖)𝑒 −𝑖 3𝜋 /4 and 𝑧 2 = 𝑎 + 2𝑖. Find the value of 𝑎 ∈ R such that 𝑧 1 /𝑧 2
is purely imaginary and find the value of 𝑧 1 /𝑧 2 in this case.
⟨ Answer: 𝑧 1 /𝑧 2 = −𝑖/2 for 𝑎 = 6 ⟩
(b) Solve the following linear system depending on 𝑎 ∈ R:

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 =1 

𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 3 = −𝑎


+ 3𝑎𝑥 3 = 5 − 𝑎 

𝑥1 
⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ≠ 0, consistent with a unique solution, 𝑥 1 = −7 + 5𝑎, 𝑥 2 = 8 − 5𝑎, 𝑥 3 = 4−2𝑎
𝑎 ; 𝑎 = 0, inconsistent ⟩
Exercise 2. Let B1 = 𝑀1 = 11 10 01 00 and B2 = {𝑁 1, 𝑁 2, 𝑁 3, 𝑁 4 } be bases for the

11 , 𝑀2 = 01 , 𝑀3 = 00 , 𝑀4 = 11
vector space M2 (R) such that
00 00 00 00

𝑀1 − 𝑀3 + 𝑁 2 − 𝑁 3 = 00 , −𝑀3 + 𝑁 1 + 𝑁 2 = 00 , 𝑀4 − 𝑁 4 = 00 , 𝑀2 − 𝑀3 − 𝑁 3 = 00 .
(a) Find the change-of-basis matrix from B1 to B2 and the coordinates of 𝐴 = 3𝑁 1 − 5𝑁 2 + 𝑁 3 + 4𝑁 4 w.r.t. the basis
B1 .
1 −1 0 0 8
⟨ Answer: 𝑃 B1 →B2 = −1 1 10 , [𝐴] B1 = −72 ⟩
1 0 −1 0
0 0 01 4
(b) Find the coordinates of 𝑁 1 , 𝑁 2 , 𝑁 3 and 𝑁 4 w.r.t. the standard basis of M2 (R).
⟨ Answer: 𝑁 1 = (0, 2, 1, 0), 𝑁 2 = (0, −1, −1, 0), 𝑁 3 = (1, −1, 0, 1), 𝑁 4 = (0, 0, 1, 1) ⟩
Exercise 3. Let 𝑉 be a real vector space, B = {®

𝑣 1, 𝑣®2, 𝑣®3, 𝑣®4 } be a basis for 𝑉 and 𝑓 : 𝑉 → 𝑉 be the linear map defined
by:
𝑓 (𝑥 𝑣®1 + 𝑦® 𝑣 3 + 𝑡 𝑣®4 ) = (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3𝑡)®
𝑣 2 + 𝑧® 𝑣 1 + (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 + 5𝑡)® 𝑣 3 + (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 4𝑡)®
𝑣 2 + (𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑡)® 𝑣4
(a) Find the matrix associated with 𝑓 w.r.t. the basis B.
1 2 1 3
⟨ Answer: 𝑀 B (𝑓 ) = 20 31 11 51 ⟩
1214
(b) Find a basis and some implicit equations for range(𝑓 ). Find the nullity of 𝑓 .
⟨ Answer: range(𝑓 ) = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) B ∈ R4 ⧸ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0} = ⟨®
𝑣 1 + 2®
𝑣 2 + 𝑣®4, 𝑣®2 − 𝑣®3, 𝑣®4 ⟩; nullity(𝑓 ) = 4 − rank(𝑓 ) = 4 − 3 = 1 ⟩
(c) Let 𝑈 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) B ∈ R4 ⧸ 𝑥 = −4𝑏, 𝑦 = −𝑏 + 2𝑎, 𝑧 = 𝑏 + 𝑐, 𝑡 = 𝑎 + 𝑐, with 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ R} be a vector subspace of 𝑉 .

Find a basis and some implicit equations for 𝑈 .
⟨ Answer: 𝑈 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) B ⧸ 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8𝑧 − 8𝑡 = 0} = ⟨(0, 2, 0, 1) B , (−4, −1, 1, 0) B , (0, 0, 1, 1) B ⟩ ⟩
(d) Find a basis and some implicit equations for the subspace 𝑈 ∩ range(𝑓 ).
⟨ Answer: 𝑈 ∩ range(𝑓 ) = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) B ⧸ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8𝑧 − 8𝑡 = 0} = ⟨(4, 17, −9, 0) B , (8, 16, 0, 9) B ⟩ ⟩
(e) Find the matrix associated with 𝑓 w.r.t. the basis C = {®

𝑢 1, 𝑢®2, 𝑢®3, 𝑢®4 } knowing that
𝑢®1 = 𝑣®1 + 𝑣®3, 𝑢®2 = 2®
𝑣 1 − 2®
𝑣 2, 𝑣 1 + 2®
𝑢®3 = −2® 𝑣 2 + 𝑣®3, 𝑢®4 = 𝑣®4
5 −4 6 8
!
⟨ Answer: −11/2 3 −9/2 −19/2 ⟩
−4 2 −3 −7
2 −2 3 4
20
Part 2 (units 5-6)
Exercise 4.
(a) Let 𝑉 be a K-vector space (K = R or C), B = {® 𝑣 1, 𝑣®2 } be a basis for 𝑉 , and 𝑓 : 𝑉 → 𝑉 be the endomorphism
defined by 𝑓 (®
𝑣 1 ) = 2®
𝑣 2 and 𝑓 (® 𝑣 1 + 2®
𝑣 1 + 𝑣®2 ) = −2® 𝑣 2 . Is 𝑓 diagonalizable?
⟨ Answer: Diagonalizable over C and not diagonalizable over R ⟩
(b) Find a fundamental set of solutions and the general solution of the following system of ODEs:
𝑦1′ (𝑥) = 𝑦1 + 2𝑦3 

𝑦2 (𝑥) = 3𝑦2
′


𝑦3′ (𝑥) = −2𝑦1 + 𝑦3 




𝑦 (𝑥 ) 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶 sin 2𝑥 −𝐶 cos 2𝑥 )
− cos 2𝑥
n 0 sin 2𝑥
o 1 2 3
⟨ Answer: 𝑆 = 1 𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑒𝑥 0 , 𝑒𝑥 0 ; 𝑌 (𝑥) = 𝑦2 (𝑥 ) = 𝐶 1 𝑒 3𝑥 ⟩
0 cos 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑦3 (𝑥 ) 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶 2 cos 2𝑥+𝐶 3 sin 2𝑥 )
Exercise 5. Let 𝑉 be a vector space equipped with an inner product whose Gram matrix w.r.t. a basis B = {®
𝑒 1, 𝑒®2, 𝑒®3 }
is
4 2 0
𝐺 = 2 2 0® ,
© ª
«0 0 1¬
and let 𝑇 : 𝑉 → 𝑉 be a linear map whose matrix w.r.t. B is
2 0 0
𝑀 B (𝑇 ) = 0 2 0® .
© ª
«0 0 4¬
(a) Are the vectors of B eigenvectors of 𝑇 ? If so, find their image under 𝑇 and their corresponding eigenvalue.
⟨ Answer: B is a basis of eigenvectors of 𝑇 ; 𝑇 (®
𝑒 1 ) = 2® 𝑒 2 ) = 2®
𝑒 1,𝑇 (® 𝑒 3 ) = 4®
𝑒 2,𝑇 (® 𝑒3 ⟩
(b) Find two vectors in 𝑉 − B that are eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue 𝜆 = 2.
⟨ Answer: For example 𝑒®1 + 𝑒®2 and 𝑒®1 − 𝑒®2 ⟩
(c) Are there any vectors in B orthogonal to each other? If so, which ones?
⟨ Answer: 𝑒®1 ⊥ 𝑒®3 and 𝑒®2 ⊥ 𝑒®3 ⟩
(d) Are there unitary vectors in B? If so, which ones?

⟨ Answer: 𝑒®3 ⟩
(e) Is 𝑇 symmetric?
⟨ Answer: Yes ⟩
(f) Find a basis for the orthogonal complement of the subspace 𝑈 = ⟨®

𝑒 1 + 𝑒®3, −®
𝑒 2 + 𝑒®3 ⟩.
⟨ Answer: B𝑈 ⊥ = {(2, −3, −2) B } ⟩
(g) Find the orthogonal projection of 𝑣® = 𝑒®2 + 6®

𝑒 3 onto 𝑈 .
⟨ Answer: proj𝑈 (®
𝑣 ) == (2, −2, 4) B ⟩
(h) Find a basis B1 for 𝑉 such that the matrices associated with the inner product, 𝐺 1 , and with the endomorphism,
𝑀 B1 (𝑇 ), are diagonal matrices. Find 𝑀 B1 (𝑇 ) and 𝐺 1 and show how they are related to the matrices 𝑀 B (𝑇 ) and
𝐺 by using the change-of-basis matrix.
4 0 0 2 0 0
⟨ Answer: For example B1 = {®
𝑒 1, 𝑒®1 − 2®
𝑒 2, 𝑒®3 }; 𝐺 1 = 0 4 0 ; 𝑀 B1 (𝑇 ) = 0 2 0 ⟩
001 004
21
Year 2021-2022
Exercise 1.
(a) Which of the complex numbers {1 + 𝑖, −1 + 𝑖, −1 − 𝑖, 1 − 𝑖} are 10th-order roots of 32𝑖?
⟨ Answer: 1 + 𝑖, −1 − 𝑖 ⟩
(b) The set 𝑧 ∈ C ⧸ = 4 is a circle. Find its center and radius.

𝑧+1
𝑧−1
⟨ Answer: Center = (17/15, 0), Radius = 8/15 ⟩
Exercise 2. Consider the following system of linear equations

𝑎𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑥4 = 1 

3𝑎𝑥 1 + 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 4 = 2




, 𝑎 ∈ R.
2𝑎𝑥 1 + 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3  =𝑎+2
𝑎𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 2 + (𝑎 − 4)𝑥 3 + (2𝑎 2 − 3)𝑥 4 = 𝑎 + 1




(a) Find a matrix in row echelon form associated with the augmented matrix of the system.
2 1 1
𝑎 𝑎
!
0 −2 −𝑎 −1 −1
⟨ Answer: For example 0 0 −4 −4+2𝑎 2 𝑎 ⟩
0 0 0 2𝑎 (1−𝑎) (𝑎+2) 𝑎 (1−𝑎)
(b) Classify the system as a function of 𝑎 ∈ R.

⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ∉ {−2, 0, 1}, consistent with a unique solution; 𝑎 = 1, consistent with infinitely many solutions depending on 1 parameter;
𝑎 = 0, consistent with infinitely many solutions depending on 2 parameters; 𝑎 = −2, inconsistent ⟩
(c) Consider the homogeneous system

𝑎𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑥4 = 0 

3𝑎𝑥 1 + 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 4 = 0




, 𝑎 ∈ R.
2𝑎𝑥 1 + 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 + (𝑎 + 2)𝑥 4 = 0


𝑎𝑥 1 + 2𝑥 2 + (𝑎 − 4)𝑥 3 + (𝑎 + 1)𝑥 4 = 0



Find the values of 𝑎 for which its solution set is a vector subspace of R4 of dimension 1 and find a basis for it.
⟨ Answer: 𝑎 = 1, B = {(0, 5, −2, −8)} ⟩
Exercise 3. We consider the real vector space 𝑉 = R4 [𝑥] and its subset of even polynomials, 𝑈𝑒 = {𝑝 ∈ 𝑉 ⧸ 𝑝 (−𝑥) =
𝑝 (𝑥)}.
(a) Show that 𝑈𝑒 is a subspace of 𝑉 .
(b) Find a basis for 𝑈𝑒 and deduce its dimension.
⟨ Answer: B𝑒 = {1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 4 }, dim 𝑈𝑒 = 3 ⟩
(c) Find a basis for a complementary subspace of 𝑈𝑒 in 𝑉 such that none of its elements belongs to the standard
basis {1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3, 𝑥 4 }.
⟨ Answer: For example B𝑐 = {𝑥 + 𝑥 3, 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 } ⟩
(d) Let 𝑊 = {𝑝 ∈ 𝑉 ⧸ 𝑝 ′′ (0) + 𝑝 (0) = 0}. Find a basis for 𝑈𝑒 + 𝑊 and 𝑈𝑒 ∩ 𝑊 . Are 𝑈𝑒 and 𝑊 complementary
subspaces?
⟨ Answer: B𝑈𝑒 ∩𝑊 = {𝑥 2 − 2, 𝑥 4 }, 𝐵𝑈𝑒 +𝑊 = {1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3, 𝑥 4 }, 𝑈𝑒 and 𝑊 are not complementary ⟩
22
Exercise 4. Let S = {® 𝑢 1, 𝑢®2, 𝑢®3, 𝑢®4, 𝑢®5 } ⊆ R3 such that the reduced row echelon form of the matrix whose column
entries are the coordinates of the vectors of S is
1 −100 0 200 0
rref (𝐴) = 0 0 1 500 0® .

𝐴 = 𝑢®1 𝑢®2 𝑢®3 𝑢®4 𝑢®5 ∈ M3×5 (R),
© ª
«0 0 0 0 1¬
(a) Are there vectors of S that cannot be written as a linear combination of the others? If so, find them.
⟨ Answer: 𝑢®5 cannot be expressed as a linear combination of the other vectors ⟩
(b) Let 𝑢®2 = (−1, 2, 3) and 𝑢®4 = (1, −2, 5). Find 𝑢®1 and 𝑢®3 .
𝑢 2 /100 = (1/100, −2/100, −3/100), 𝑢®3 = (𝑢®4 − 200®
⟨ Answer: 𝑢®1 = −® 𝑢 1 )/500 = (−1/500, 2/500, 11/500) ⟩
(c) Find a basis for the null space of 𝐴.

⟨ Answer: Bnull(𝐴) = {(100, 1, 0, 0, 0), (−200, 0, −500, 1, 0)} ⟩
(d) Find a basis for 𝑈 + 𝑉 and 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 in the following cases:

• 𝑈 = ⟨®
𝑢 1, 𝑢®2, 𝑢®3 ⟩, 𝑉 = ⟨®
𝑢 4, 𝑢®5 ⟩.
⟨ Answer: B𝑈 +𝑉 = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}, 𝐵𝑈 ∩𝑉 = {®
𝑢4 } ⟩
• 𝑈 = ⟨®
𝑢 1, 𝑢®4 ⟩, 𝑉 = ⟨®
𝑢 2, 𝑢®3 ⟩.
⟨ Answer: B𝑈 +𝑉 = {®
𝑢 1, 𝑢®3 }, 𝐵𝑈 ∩𝑉 = {®
𝑢 1, 𝑢®3 } ⟩
• 𝑈 = ⟨®
𝑢 1 ⟩, 𝑉 = ⟨®
𝑢 3, 𝑢®5 ⟩.
⟨ Answer: 𝑈 + 𝑉 = R3 , 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 = {(0, 0, 0)} ⟩
Exercise 5. Let 𝑓 : R2 → R3 be the linear map whose matrix w.r.t. the standard bases of R2 and R3 is
1 −1
𝑀 C2 C3 (𝑓 ) = 2 1® .
© ª
«1 1¬
(a) Find the analytical expression of 𝑓 (i.e., find the expression of the image under 𝑓 of a generic vector of the
domain).
⟨ Answer: 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 𝑦, 2𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑦) ⟩
1 −1 0
(b) Let 𝑃 B2 →C3 = 0 1 1 be the change-of-basis matrix from the basis B2 for R3 to the standard basis C3 . Find
1 −1 2
the matrix of 𝑓 w.r.t. the bases B1 = {(1, 1), (−1, 1)} and B2 . Find the coordinates of the image of the vector
𝑣® = (2, 1) w.r.t. B2 .
−3 −1 −4
⟨ Answer: M B1 B2 (𝑓 ) = 5 −1 , [𝑓 (®
𝑣 )] B2 = 8 ⟩
1 −1 2
(c) Find the dimension and a basis for the kernel and range of 𝑓 .
⟨ Answer: ker(𝑓 ) = {(0, 0)}, nullity(𝑓 ) = 0, Brange(𝑓 ) = {(1, 2, 1), (−1, 1, 1)}, rank(𝑓 ) = 2 ⟩
1 0 −1 1

(d) Let 𝐴 = 10 1 0 be the matrix of a linear map 𝑓 : R3 [𝑥] → M2 (R) w.r.t. bases B1 = {𝑝 1, 𝑝 2, 𝑝 3, 𝑝 4 } for R3 [𝑥]
10 2 −1
20 2 −1
and B2 = {𝑀1, 𝑀2, 𝑀3, 𝑀4 } for M2 (R). Determine with reasons whether the following statements are true or
false.
1. {𝑓 (𝑝 1 ), 𝑓 (𝑝 2 ), 𝑓 (𝑝 3 ), 𝑓 (𝑝 4 )} is a basis for M2 (R).
2. 𝑀4 ∈ range(𝑓 ).
23
Midterm Test 2
Part 1 (units 1-4)
Exercise 1. Determine with reasons whether the following statements are true or false.
(a) A linear system of equations with two equations and three unknowns is always consistent with infinitely many
solutions.
(b) The subspaces of R2 , 𝑈 = ⟨(1, 2)⟩ and 𝑉 = ⟨(2, 4)⟩, are complementary.
(c) The linear map 𝑓 : R10 [𝑥] → R10 [𝑥], defined by 𝑓 𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝑝 ′ (𝑥), is one-to-one.

Exercise 2.
(a) Let 𝑧 = 𝛼 − 𝑖 and 𝑤 = 2 + 𝛼𝑖, where 𝛼 ∈ R. Find 𝛼 such that 𝑧𝑤 ∈ R.
√ √
⟨ Answer: 𝛼 ∈ {− 2, 2} ⟩
√ √
(b) Find the roots of 𝑝 (𝑧) = 𝑧 3 − 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − 2 knowing that 𝑝 (𝑖) = 0.
√
⟨ Answer: {−𝑖, 𝑖, 2} ⟩
Exercise 3. Classify the following system of linear equations as a function of 𝑎 ∈ R and solve it whenever possible.
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 
= 1


𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 = −1 


1 , 𝑦 = 1 , 𝑧 = 1; 𝑎 = −1, consistent with infinitely many solutions
⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ∉ {−1, 1}, consistent with a unique solution given by 𝑥 = 1−𝑎 𝑎−1
depending on 1 parameter. Solution set: 𝑆 = {(1 + 𝑥, 𝑥, −2𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ R}; 𝑎 = 1, inconsistent ⟩
Exercise 4. Let 𝑈 and 𝑉 be vector subspaces of R4 given by
𝑈 = ⟨(1, −1, 0, 0), (0, −3, 2, 2), (0, 1, 0, 0)⟩,

𝑉 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ R4 ⧸ 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0}.
(a) Find a basis for 𝑈 , 𝑉 , 𝑈 + 𝑉 and 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 .

𝑢 1 = (1, 0, 0, 0), 𝑢®2 = (0, 1, 0, 0), 𝑢®3 = (0, 0, 1, 1)}, B𝑉 = {®
⟨ Answer: B𝑈 = {® 𝑣 1 = (1, 3, 0, 0), 𝑣®2 = (0, 0, 1, 0), 𝑣®3 = (0, 0, 0, 1)},
B𝑈 +𝑉 = {(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)}, B𝑈 ∩𝑉 = {(0, 0, 1, 1), (1, 3, 0, 0)} ⟩
(b) Find a basis for an algebraic complement 𝑈 𝑐 for 𝑈 in R4 . Decompose the vector (1, −2, 1, 3) as the sum of a vector
of 𝑈 and a vector of 𝑈 𝑐 .
⟨ Answer: 𝑈 𝑐 = ⟨(0, 0, 0, 1)⟩, (1, −2, 1, 3) = (1, −2, 1, 1) + (0, 0, 0, 2) ⟩
(c) Let B𝑉′ = {(0, 0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1, −1), (1, 3, 1, 2)} be a basis for 𝑉 and let B𝑉 be the basis for 𝑉 found in (a). Find the
change-of-basis matrix from B𝑉′ to B𝑉 . Find the coordinate vector w.r.t. B𝑉 of (1, 0, 1) B𝑉′ .
− 321 1 !
2 2 1
⟨ Answer: 𝑃 B ′ →B𝑉 = 1 1
− 12 , [®
𝑣 ] B𝑉 = 2 ⟩
𝑉 2 2 3
1 0 0
24
Exercise 5. Let 𝑓 : R3 → R3 be the linear map defined by 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) = (−𝑎 − 2𝑏, 𝑏 + 𝑐, 𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐).
(a) Find the matrix of 𝑓 w.r.t. the standard basis of R3 .
−1 −2 0
⟨ Answer: 0 11 ⟩
1 31
(b) Find the matrix of 𝑓 w.r.t. the bases B1 = {(1, −1, 1), (−1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)} for R3 as domain and B2 = {(1, 1, 0), (−1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0)
for R3 as codomain.
010

⟨ Answer: −1 2 1 ⟩
000
(c) Find a basis and an implicit representation for ker(𝑓 ) and range(𝑓 ).
⟨ Answer: ker(𝑓 ) = ⟨(2, −1, 1)⟩ = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ R3 ⧸ 𝑥 − 2𝑧 = 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0},
range(𝑓 ) = ⟨(−1, 0, 1), (−2, 1, 3)⟩ = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ R3 ⧸ 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0} ⟩
(d) Is 𝑓 one-to-one, onto or bijective? Give reasons.

⟨ Answer: Not one-to-one, not onto, not bijective ⟩
𝑢 ∈ R3 ⧸ 𝑓 (𝑢)
(e) Find the set {® ® = (1, 1, 0) B2 }.
⟨ Answer: 𝑆 = {(2𝜆, −𝜆, 1 + 𝜆), 𝜆 ∈ R} ⟩
Part 2 (units 5-6)
(a) Let 𝑓 : R4 → R4 be an endomorphism. If 𝑓 is one-to-one, then 0 is an eigenvalue of 𝑓 .
(b) Let 𝐴 ∈ 𝑀2 (R) be a matrix with eigenvalues 𝜆1 = −3 and 𝜆2 = 0 and associated eigenvectors given by 𝑣®1 = (1, 0)
and 𝑣®2 = (0, −1), respectively. Then the solution to the Cauchy problem {𝑌 ′ (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑌 (𝑡), 𝑌 (0) = (1, 1)𝑇 } is
𝑌𝑝 (𝑡) = (𝑒 −3𝑡 , −1)𝑇 .
(c) Let 𝑉 be a vector subspace of R7 . If 𝑣® ∈ 𝑉 the orthogonal projection of 𝑣® onto 𝑉 ⊥ is 0®.

(d) Let (𝑉 , ·) be a real Euclidean space and let 𝑣®, 𝑤® ∈ 𝑉 . If the set {®
𝑣 , 𝑤® } is linearly independent, then |®
𝑣 · 𝑤® | = ∥®
𝑣 ∥ ∥𝑤® ∥.
Exercise 7. We want to solve the following initial value problem:



 𝑦1′ (𝑡) = −𝑦1 (𝑡) + 2𝑦2 (𝑡) − 4𝑦3 (𝑡)

𝑦2 (𝑡) = 3𝑦1 (𝑡) − 2𝑦2 (𝑡) + 𝑦3 (𝑡)

 ′


 𝑦3′ (𝑡) = 4𝑦1 (𝑡) − 4𝑦2 (𝑡) + 4𝑦3 (𝑡)
3


𝑦1 (𝜋) = 1, 𝑦2 (𝜋) = , 𝑦3 (𝜋) = 1



 2
(a) Find a fundamental set of real-valued solutions of the system of ODEs.

𝑒𝑡

−2 sin 2𝑡
2 cos 2𝑡
⟨ Answer: 𝑆 = 𝑒𝑡 , 2 cos 2𝑡 −sin 2𝑡 , 2 sin 2𝑡 +cos 2𝑡 ⟩
0 2 cos 2𝑡 2 sin 2𝑡
(b) Find the solution of the initial value problem.

⟨ Answer: 𝑦1 (𝑡) = − sin 2𝑡 + cos 2𝑡, 𝑦2 (𝑡) = 21 sin 2𝑡 + 32 cos 2𝑡, 𝑦3 (𝑡) = sin 2𝑡 + cos 2𝑡 ⟩
25
Exercise 8. Let (C( [0, 1]), ·) be the Euclidean space of the continous functions on the interval [0, 1] with the inner
product
∫ 1
𝑓 ·𝑔 = 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)d𝑥 .
0
Find the orthogonal projection of 𝑓 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 onto R2 [𝑥].

⟨ Answer: projR2 [𝑥 ] 𝑓 (𝑥) = 15 − 12 2
5 𝑥 + 6𝑥 ⟩
Exercise 9. Let R3 endowed with the usual inner product (i.e., that for which the Gram matrix is the iden-
tity w.r.t. the standard basis) and let 𝑇 : R3 → R3 be an endomorphism whose matrix w.r.t. the basis B =
{(1, −1, 0), (0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0)} is
1 0 0
𝑀 B (𝑇 ) = 0 1 0® .
© ª
«0 0 −1¬
(a) Find a basis for R3 whose elements are eigenvectors of 𝑇 . Does an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors of 𝑇 exist?
If so, find it.
⟨ Answer: The basis B is a basis of eigenvectors. No orthonormal basis of eigenvectors exists ⟩
(b) Repeat the previous part when the inner product is defined by the Gram matrix
1 1 0
𝐺 = 1 2 1®
© ª
«0 1 2¬
w.r.t. the standard basis.
⟨ Answer: {(1, −1, 0), (1, −1, 1), (1, 0, 0)} ⟩
26
May final examination

Part 1 (units 1-4)
1 1

(a) Any linear system of equations with coefficient matrix 𝐴 = is consistent with finitely many solutions.
2 3
(b) The set 𝑈 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ R2 ; (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑦 = 0} is a subspace of R2 .

(c) The map 𝑓 : M3 (R) → R, defined by 𝑓 (𝑀) = det(𝑀), is linear.

Exercise 2.
(a) Find the roots of 𝑝 (𝑧) = 𝑧 3 − 𝑖𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 𝑖.

⟨ Answer: {1, −1, 𝑖} ⟩
(b) Find the roots of 𝑞(𝑧) = 𝑧 5 + 3.

⟨ Answer: 31/5𝑒 𝑖 (𝜋 +2𝑗𝜋 )/5 for 𝑗 = 0, . . . , 4. ⟩
 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1


𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1

 3𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 4𝑧 = −1


⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ≠ 0, consistent with a unique solution 𝑥 = 4/𝑎, 𝑦 = 2(𝑎 − 1)/𝑎, 𝑧 = −(5𝑎 − 2)/2; 𝑎 = 0, inconsistent ⟩
Exercise 4. Let 𝑈 and 𝑉 be vector subspaces of R3 [𝑥] given by
𝑈 = ⟨2 − 2𝑥, −3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3, 𝑥⟩,

𝑉 = {𝑝 (𝑥) ∈ R3 [𝑥] ; 3𝑝 (0) − 𝑝 ′ (𝑥) = 0}.
(a) Find a basis for 𝑈 , 𝑉 , 𝑈 + 𝑉 and 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 .

⟨ Answer: B𝑈 = {1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 }, B𝑉 = {1 + 3𝑥, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3 }, B𝑈 +𝑉 = {1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3 }, B𝑈 ∩𝑉 = {𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3, 1 + 3𝑥 } ⟩
(b) Find a basis, some parametric equations and some implicit equations for an algebraic complement 𝑈 𝑐 for 𝑈 in
R3 [𝑥]. Decompose the vector 1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 as the sum of a vector of 𝑈 and a vector of 𝑈 𝑐 .
⟨ Answer: 𝑈 𝑐 = ⟨𝑥 3 ⟩, 1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 = 𝑢® + 𝑢®𝑐 , 𝑢® = 1 + 𝑥 + 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ), 𝑢®𝑐 = −𝑥 3 ⟩
Exercise 5. Let 𝑓 : M2 (R) → R be the linear map defined by 𝑓 (𝐴) = (𝑎 12 + 𝑎 21, 𝑎 12 − 𝑎 21 ).
(a) Show that 𝑓 is indeed linear.
27
(b) Find the matrix of 𝑓 w.r.t. the basis of M2 (R) given by

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

B1 = , , ,
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
and the standard basis of R2 .

⟨ Answer: 00 11 −11 00 ⟩

(c) Find the matrix of 𝑓 w.r.t. the bases B1 of M2 (R) and B2 = {(1, 1), (−1, 0)} for R2 .
⟨ Answer: 00 11 −1 0

−2 0 ⟩
(d) Find a basis and an implicit representation for ker(𝑓 ) and range(𝑓 ).
⟨ Answer: ker(𝑓 ) = 10 , 00 01 = {𝐴 ∈ R3 ⧸ 𝑎 12 = 𝑎 21 = 0}, range(𝑓 ) = R2 ⟩

00
(e) Is 𝑓 one-to-one, onto or bijective? Give reasons.

⟨ Answer: Not one-to-one, not bijective ⟩
(f) Find the set {®

𝑢 ∈ M2 (R) ; 𝑓 (𝐴) = (1, 1) B2 }.
01

⟨ Answer: 00 ⟩
Part 2 (units 5-6)
(a) If a matrix 𝐴 ∈ M3 (R) has the eigenvalues 𝜆1 = 1 and 𝜆2 = −1, then all its eigenvalues are real.
(b) The dimension of the orthogonal complement of ⟨(1, 0, 0)⟩ in R3 is 2.

Exercise 7. Diagonalize, if possible, the following matrix as a function of 𝑡 ∈ R:

0 0 1
𝐵= 0 1 0 ®
© ª
2
« 𝑡 0 0 ¬
1 0 0 0 1 1
⟨ Answer: 𝐵 is not diagonalizable if 𝑡 = 0 and it is diagonalizable for all 𝑡 ∈ R − {0} with 𝐵 = 𝑃𝐷𝑃 −1 , 𝐷 = 0 𝑡 0 , 𝑃 = 1 0 0 ⟩
0 0 −𝑡 0 𝑡 −𝑡
Exercise 8. Let 𝑇 : R3 → R3 be an endomorphism whose matrix w.r.t. the basis B = {(1, −1, 0), (0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0)} is
1 0 0
= 0 2 0 ®.
© ª
𝑀 B (𝑇 )
« 0 0 2 ¬
(a) Find a basis for R3 whose elements are eigenvectors of 𝑇 .
⟨ Answer: B is a basis of eigenvectors of 𝑇 ⟩
(b) Show that R3 can endowed with the inner product whose Gram matrix w.r.t. the standard basis is
1 1 0
𝐺 = 1 2 0 ®.
© ª
« 0 0 1 ¬
28
(c) For the inner product defined in part (b), does an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors of 𝑇 exist? If so, find it.
⟨ Answer: B is an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors of 𝑇 ⟩
29

Part 1 (units 1-4)
(a) Every polynomial with complex coefficients and even degree has an even number of non-real roots.
(b) If we first swap two rows in a square matrix 𝐴 and then interchange two columns, we get a matrix whose
determinant is just that of 𝐴.
 (4 + 𝑎)𝑥 1 −

 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥3 = 1
2𝑥 3 = 2

−2𝑥 1 + (1 − 𝑎)𝑥 2 +
−𝑥 + 2𝑥 + (4 − 3 =1

1 2 𝑎)𝑥


√
⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ∉ {−3, 2 ± 7}, consistent with a unique solution; otherwise inconsistent ⟩
Exercise 3. Let 𝑈 , 𝑉 be vector subspaces of R4 given by

𝑈 = ⟨(0, 0, 1, 0), (3, 0, −1, −3), (1, 0, 0, −1)⟩, 𝑉 = ⟨(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 2, −1)⟩.
(a) Find the dimension and a basis for 𝑈 + 𝑉 and 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 .
⟨ Answer: B𝑈 +𝑉 = {(1, 0, 0, −1), (0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)}, dim(𝑈 + 𝑉 ) = 3, B𝑈 ∩𝑉 = {(1, 0, 2, −1)}, dim(𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 ) = 1 ⟩
(b) Find a complementary subspace 𝑉 𝑐 for 𝑉 in 𝑈 + 𝑉 . Write the vector (1, 0, 2, 3) as the sum of a vector of 𝑉 and a
vector of 𝑉 𝑐 .
⟨ Answer: For example 𝑉 𝑐 = ⟨(0, 0, 0, 1)⟩, (1, 2, 0, 3) = (1, 0, 2, −1) + (0, 0, 0, 4) ⟩
Exercise 4. Let us consider the following linear map:

𝑓 : R2 −→ R3
(𝑥, 𝑦) ↦−→ (2𝑥, 3𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑦)
(a) Find the matrix associated with 𝑓 with respect to the standard bases. Use it to compute the image of (3, 2).
2 0
⟨ Answer: 0 3 , (6, 6, 1) ⟩
1 −1
(b) Find a basis of its kernel and a basis of its range. What are their dimensions?
⟨ Answer: Brange 𝑓 = {(2, 0, 1), (0, 3, −1)}, ker 𝑓 = (0, 0) ⟩
(c) Find the matrix associated with 𝑓 with respect to the bases
B1 = {(1, 1), (0, 1)} and B2 = {(0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1)} .
Use this matrix to compute the image of (2, 1) B1 and deduce the coordinates of such an image with respect to the
standard basis.
−3 −4

⟨ Answer: 1 3 , (4, 9, −1) ⟩
2 0
Part 2 (units 5-6)
30
(a) The rank of every linear map 𝑓 : R3 → R5 is always greater than 2.

® 𝑣® ∈ 𝑉 are orthogonal one another, then ∥𝑢® + 𝑣®∥ 2 = ∥𝑢® ∥ 2 + ∥®

(b) In a Euclidean vector space (𝑉 , ·), if 𝑢, 𝑣 ∥2.
Exercise 6. We consider the endomorphism 𝑓𝑎 : R3 → R3 whose matrix with respect to the standard basis is
2𝑎 − 1 0 2𝑎 − 2
𝐴= 1 2 ®.
© ª
𝑎
«1−𝑎 0 2−𝑎 ¬
(a) Find the values of 𝑎 for which 𝑓𝑎 is diagonalizable.
⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ≠ 1 ⟩
(b) For 𝑎 = 0, find a regular matrix 𝑃 ∈ M3 (R) and a diagonal matrix 𝐷 ∈ M3 (R) such that 𝐷 = 𝑃𝐴𝑃 −1 .
0 0 0 −1 1 −2
⟨ Answer: 𝐷 = 𝑃𝐴𝑃 −1 , 𝐷 = 0 0 0 , 𝑃 = 1 0 1 ⟩
001 −1 0 −2
Exercise 7. Let us consider the real vector space 𝑉 = M2 (R) and define
𝐴 · 𝐵 = 𝑎 11𝑏 11 + 𝑎 12𝑏 12 + 𝑎 21𝑏 21 + 𝑎 22𝑏 22
for every 𝐴 = (𝑎𝑖 𝑗 )𝑖,𝑗=1,2, 𝐵 = (𝑏𝑖 𝑗 )𝑖,𝑗=1,2 ∈ 𝑉 .
(a) Show that (𝑉 , ·) is a Euclidean vector space.
(b) Starting with the basis 10 00 , 00 01 , 11 10 , −11 11 , apply the Gram-Schmidt procedure to obtain an orthonormal

basis for (𝑉 , ·).

0 √1 0 √1

10 , 00 01 , 2 2

⟨ Answer: 00 √1
, √1
⟩
0 − 0
2 2
(c) Compute the orthogonal projection of 𝑀 = 21 onto 𝑈 = 10 00 11 . Find the distance of 𝑀 to 𝑈 .

−3 1 00 , 01 , 10
√
⟨ Answer: −12 −11 , 2 2 ⟩
Year 2022-2023
(a) The following linear systems of equations are equivalent.
𝑥 +𝑦 = 1 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1

and
𝑥 −𝑦 = 0 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 = −1
31
(b) The set 𝑉 = ⧸ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = 𝑑 = 1 is a vector subspace of M2 (R).

𝑎𝑏

𝑐 𝑑
(c) Let 𝑣® ∈ R3 . Bases B1 and B2 for R3 such that B1 ∩ B2 = ∅ and 𝑣® = (1, 1, 1) B1 = (1, 1, 1) B2 do not exist.
(d) Let 𝑓 : 𝑉 → 𝑊 be a linear map whose matrix w.r.t. bases B1 = {®

1 −1 𝑣 1, 𝑣®2, 𝑣®3, 𝑣®4 } ⊂ 𝑉 and B2 = {𝑤® 1, 𝑤® 2, 𝑤® 3 } ⊂ 𝑊 is
2 −2
1 2 −4 1 . Then 𝑓 is not one-to-one.
1 −2 4 3
Exercise 2.
(a) Find the modulus and an argument of 𝑧 4 if Re 𝑧 (1 − 𝑖) = 2 and Im(𝑧 𝑖) = 1.

⟨ Answer: 𝑧 4 = 4𝑒 𝑖𝜋 = −4 ⟩
(b) Let 𝑧 1 and 𝑧 2 be complex numbers such that 𝜃 1 = 5𝜋/6, |𝑧 2 | = 2 and 𝑧 1 𝑧 2 = 8𝑖, where 𝜃 1 is an argument of 𝑧 1 .
Find 𝑧 1 , 𝑧 2 in rectangular form.
√ √
⟨ Answer: 𝑧 1 = 4𝑒 𝑖5𝜋 /6 = 2(− 3 + 𝑖), 𝑧 2 = 2𝑒 −𝑖𝜋 /3 = 1 − 3𝑖 ⟩
Exercise 3. Let us consider the matrix

−𝛼 𝛼 2 + 2𝛼 𝛼 2𝛼
−1 2𝛼 + 5 2 5 ®
© ª
𝐵= ®, where 𝛼 ∈ R.
−2 3𝛼 + 7 3 7 ®
« −3 4𝛼 + 9 4 𝛼 + 13¬
(a) Find a row echelon form of the matrix 𝐵. Use it to compute its rank as a function of 𝛼.
⟨ Answer: rank 𝐵 = 2 if 𝛼 = −4, rank 𝐵 = 3 otherwise ⟩
(b) Solve, when possible, the linear system whose augmented matrix is 𝐵.
⟨ Answer: 𝛼 ≠ −4, inconsistent; 𝛼 = −4, consistent with infinitely many solutions given by 𝑆 = {(4 − 𝜆, 𝜆 − 3, 𝜆), 𝜆 ∈ R} ⟩
(c) Solve the homogeneous linear system whose coefficient matrix is 𝐵.

⟨ Answer: 𝛼 ≠ −4, consistent with infinitely many solutions given by 𝑆 = {(𝜆, −𝜆, (𝛼 + 3)𝜆, 0), 𝜆 ∈ R}; 𝛼 = −4, consistent with infinitely
many solutions given by 𝑆 = {(−𝜆 − 4𝜇, 𝜆 + 3𝜇, 𝜆, 𝜇), 𝜆, 𝜇 ∈ R} ⟩
Exercise 4. Consider the following vector subspaces of R4 :
𝑆 = ⟨(2, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, −1, 1), (1, 0, 2, −2), (1, −1, 5, −2)⟩,
𝑇 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ R4 ⧸ 3𝑥 + 2𝑧 − 3𝑡 = 0}.
(a) Find an implicit representation and a basis for 𝑆.

⟨ Answer: B𝑆 = {(1, 1, −1, 1), (0, 1, −3, 3), (0, 0, 0, 1)}, 𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ R4 ⧸ 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0} ⟩
(b) Prove that B𝑆 = {(1, 1, −1, 2), (−1, 1, −5, 1), (1, 0, 2, −2)} is a basis for 𝑆.
(c) Find a basis for 𝑆 ∩ 𝑇 . Is 𝑆 ∩ 𝑇 an algebraic complement of 𝑇 in R4 ? Give reasons.

⟨ Answer: B𝑆∩𝑇 = {(6, 7, −9, 0), (3, 2, 0, 3)}, 𝑆 ∩ 𝑇 is not an algebraic complement o f 𝑇 . ⟩
32
√
(d) Find the dimension of 𝑆 + 𝑇 . Does the vector (10, −14, 𝜋, 2) belong to 𝑆 + 𝑇 ? Give reasons.
√
⟨ Answer: dim(𝑆 + 𝑇 ) = 4, (10, −14, 𝜋, 2) ∈ 𝑆 + 𝑇 ⟩
(e) Let B = {1 + 𝑥 2, −1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 } and B ′ = {2 − 𝑥, 1 + 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 } be bases for a certain vector subspace of R2 [𝑥]. Find
the change-of-basis matrix from B to B ′ . Given 𝑝 = (−2, 3) B , use the previous matrix to find its coordinates
w.r.t. the basis B ′ . Express 𝑝 as a polynomial.
⟨ Answer: 𝑃 B→B ′ = −11 21 , [𝑝] B ′ = (−8/3, 1/3)𝑇 , 𝑝 (𝑥) = −5 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ⟩

Exercise 5. Let 𝑓 : R3 → R4 be the linear map defined by:
𝑓 (1, 0, 2) = (1, 1, 1, 1), 𝑓 (0, 1, 7) = (0, 2, 2, 2), 𝑓 (0, 0, 1) = (0, 0, −1, 0).
(a) Find the matrix of 𝑓 w.r.t. the bases B1 = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)} for R3 and B2 = {(1, 1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1, 1),
(0, 0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 0, 1)} for R4 .
1 0 0
⟨ Answer: 0 2 0 ⟩
2 7 −1
−2 −7 1
𝑢 1′ = (1, 0, 2), 𝑢®2′ = (0, 1, 7), 𝑢®3′ = (0, 0, 1)} be a basis for R3 . Find the image under 𝑓 of 𝑢® = 2®
(b) Let B1′ = {® 𝑢 1′ + 𝑢®2′ and
find its coordinates w.r.t. both the standard basis of R4 and B2 .
® = (2, 4, 4, 4) = (2, 2, 0, 0) B2 ⟩
⟨ Answer: 𝑓 (𝑢)
(c) Find, if possible, bases for ker(𝑓 ) and range(𝑓 ).

⟨ Answer: ker(𝑓 ) = {(0, 0, 0)}, Brange(𝑓 ) = {(1, 1, 1, 1), (0, 2, 2, 2), (0, 0, −1, 0)} ⟩
33
Midterm Test 2
Part 1 (units 1-4)
(a) If 1 − 𝑖 and 𝑖 are roots of polynomials 𝑝 (𝑥), 𝑞(𝑥) ∈ R4 [𝑥], then 𝑝 (𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are scalar multiples of each other.
(b) The product of all the 4th roots of a complex number 𝑧 is equal to −𝑧.
(c) Let 𝑉 be a finite-dimensional vector space and {® 𝑣 1, 𝑣®2, 𝑣®3 } be a set of nonzero vectors of 𝑉 distinct to each other.
If 𝑉 = ⟨®
𝑣 1, 𝑣®2 ⟩ and 𝑊 = ⟨®
𝑣 1, 𝑣®3 ⟩, then dim(𝑉 + 𝑊 ) = 3.
(d) Let 𝑓 : R2 → R2 be a nonzero endomorphism and B1 and B2 be two different bases of R2 . Then the matrix of 𝑓
w.r.t. B1 is not equal to the matrix of 𝑓 w.r.t. B2 .
Exercise 2.
¯ 2 + 𝑧 𝑧¯ in rectangular form when the modulus and real part of 𝑧 ∈ C are 3

¯ (𝑧 − 𝑧)
(a) Write the number 𝑤 = (𝑧 + 𝑧)

and 2 respectively.
⟨ Answer: 𝑤 = −44 ⟩
(b) Find all 𝑤 ∈ C such that 𝑤 5 + 8𝑖 = 0, and plot them on the complex plane.
⟨ Answer: 𝑤 0 = 23/5𝑒 −𝑖𝜋 /10 , 𝑤 1 = 23/5𝑒 𝑖3𝜋 /10 , 𝑤 2 = 23/5𝑒 𝑖7𝜋 /10 , 𝑤 3 = 23/5𝑒 −𝑖9𝜋 /10 , 𝑤 4 = 23/5𝑒 −𝑖𝜋 /2 ⟩
Exercise 3. Let us consider the linear system
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑎 𝑥3 = 1 + 𝑎 

𝑥 1 + 3𝑥 2 +


𝑏 𝑥3 = 𝑎 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ R.
𝑥 1 + 5𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 3 = 𝑏



(a) Classify and solve the system whenever possible as a function of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
⟨ Answer: 𝑏 ≠ 2𝑎, consistent with a unique solution; 𝑏 = 2𝑎 ≠ −2, inconsistent; 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = −2, consistent with infinitely many solutions
given by 𝑆 = {(1/2 + 𝜆/2, −1/2 + 𝜆/2, 𝜆), 𝜆 ∈ R} ⟩
(b) When is the coefficient matrix invertible? Find its inverse for 𝑏 = 2𝑎 + 1.
1
1+ 𝑎2 2 −𝑎
𝑎−1
2
⟨ Answer: The matrix is invertible iff 𝑏 ≠ 2𝑎; 𝐴 −1 = 𝑎2 − 12 −𝑎 𝑎+1 ®⟩
© ª
2
« −1 2 −1 ¬
Exercise 4. Let
𝑉1 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ R4 ⧸ 𝑥 + 𝑡 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0},
𝑉2 = ⟨(1, 1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0, −1), (0, 1, 1, 1)⟩,
𝑉3 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ R4 ⧸ 𝑥 = 𝛼 + 𝛽, 𝑦 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾, 𝑧 = 𝛼 + 𝛾, 𝑡 = −𝛽 + 𝛾, with 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 ∈ R}.
34
(a) Are 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 equal to each other? Find their dimension.

⟨ Answer: 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 and dim 𝑉1 = dim 𝑉2 = 3 ⟩
(b) Is 𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉3 a vector subspace? If so, find a basis and its dimension.

⟨ Answer: 𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉3 is a vector subspace; B𝑉1 ∩𝑉3 = {(1, 1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0, −1)}, dim(𝑉1 ∩ 𝑉3 ) = 2 ⟩
(c) Find a basis of a complementary subspace 𝑉2c for 𝑉2 such that the coordinates of the vectors are all nonzero.
Decompose the vector (1, 2, 1, 0) as the sum of a vector of 𝑉2 and a vector of 𝑉2c .
⟨ Answer: For example 𝑉2𝑐 = ⟨(1, 1, 1, 1)⟩, (1, 2, 1, 0) = 𝑤® 2 + 𝑤® 2𝑐 , 𝑤® 2 = (0, 1, 0, −1) ∈ 𝑉2 , 𝑤® 2𝑐 = (1, 1, 1, 1) ∈ 𝑉2𝑐 ⟩
𝑒 1, 𝑒®2, 𝑒®3, 𝑒®4 } be a basis for R4 and B2 = {®

Exercise 5. Let B1 = {® 𝑢 1, 𝑢®2, 𝑢®3 } be a basis for R3 . Let 𝑓 : R4 → R3 be the
𝑒 1 ) = 𝑢®1 + 2®
𝑓 (® 𝑢 2 + 3®
𝑢 3, 𝑓 (® 𝑒 1 + 𝑒®2 + 𝑒®3 ) = 2®
𝑒 1 + 𝑒®2 ) = 𝑢®2 + 𝑢®3, 𝑓 (® 𝑒 1 + 𝑒®2 + 𝑒®3 + 𝑒®4 ) = 2®
𝑢 1 + 𝑢®3, 𝑓 (® 𝑢 1 + 𝑢®2 − 𝑢®3 .
(a) Find the matrix of 𝑓 w.r.t. the bases B1 and B2 .
1 −1 2 0
⟨ Answer: 2 −1 −1 1 ⟩
3 −2 0 −2
(b) Find a basis and some implicit equations for the vector subspaces ker(𝑓 ) and range(𝑓 ).
⟨ Answer: ker(𝑓 ) = ⟨(10, 16, 3, −1) B1 ⟩ = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) B1 ⧸ 𝑥 + 10𝑡 = 𝑦 + 16𝑡 = 𝑧 + 3𝑡 = 0}; range(𝑓 ) = R3 ⟩
(c) Determine whether 𝑓 is one-to-one, onto, and bijective.

⟨ Answer: 𝑓 is onto but it is not one-to-one nor bijective ⟩
(d) Find the set 𝑓 −1 (𝑢®1 ) = {𝑥® ∈ R4 ⧸ 𝑓 (𝑥)

® = 𝑢®1 }. Determine with reasons whether 𝑓 −1 (𝑢®1 ) is a vector subspace of
R4 .
⟨ Answer: 𝑓 −1 (𝑢®1 ) = {(2 − 10𝜆)𝑒®1 + (3 − 16𝜆)𝑒®2 + (1 − 3𝜆)𝑒®3 + 𝜆®
𝑒 4, 𝜆 ∈ R}. It is not a vector subspace ⟩
Part 2 (units 5-6)
(a) Let 𝑓 : R3 → R3 be an endomorphism such that 𝑓 (1, 1, 1) = (2, 2, 2), 𝑓 (1, 2, 3) = (1, 2, 3), 𝑓 (0, 1, 1) = (0, 2, 2),
𝑓 (2, 4, 6) = (2, 4, 6), 𝑓 (1, 2, 2) = (2, 4, 4). Then the eigenvalues of 𝑓 are 𝜆1 = 1 with algebraic multiplicity 𝑚 1 = 2
and 𝜆2 = 2 with algebraic multiplicity 𝑚 2 = 3.
(b) Let 𝑓 : R3 → R3 be an endomorphism such that 𝑓 (1, 1, 1) = (2, 2, 2), 𝑓 (1, 2, 3) = (1, 2, 3), 𝑓 (0, 1, 1) = (0, 2, 2),
𝑓 (2, 4, 6) = (2, 4, 6), 𝑓 (1, 2, 2) = (2, 4, 4). Then the geometric multiplicities of the associated eigenvalues are
dim 𝑆 (1) = 1 and dim 𝑆 (2) = 2.
(c) 𝑞(𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3 ) = 𝑥 12 − 2𝑥 1𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 22 + 2𝑥 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 32 is a scalar square associated with an inner product defined on R3 .

(d) Let R3 be equipped with the usual inner product, C = {® 𝑒 1, 𝑒®2, 𝑒®3 } be the standard basis of R3 and 𝑇 : R3 → R3 be
the endomorphism defined by 𝑇 (®𝑒 1 ) = 𝑒®1 , 𝑇 (®
𝑒 2 ) = 2®
𝑒 2 , 𝑇 (®𝑒 3 ) = 𝑒®2 + 3® 𝑒 3 . Then there exists an orthogonal basis for
R3 whose elements are eigenvectors of 𝑇 .
35
Exercise 7. Let 𝑓 : R3 → R3 be the endomorphism defined by
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (3𝑥 − 𝑦, 2𝑥, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧).
Prove that 𝑓 is diagonalizable and find a basis for R3 w.r.t. which the matrix of 𝑓 is diagonal and find such a matrix.
100

⟨ Answer: B = {(1, 2, 1), (0, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0)}, 𝑀 B (𝑓 ) = 0 2 0 ⟩
002
Exercise 8. Let M2 (R) be equipped with the following inner product:

′ ′
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
· ′ = 2𝑎𝑎 ′ − 𝑎𝑏 ′ − 𝑏𝑎 ′ + 𝑏𝑏 ′ + 𝑐𝑐 ′ + 𝑑𝑑 ′ .
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑′
(a) Find the Gram matrix associated with the inner product with respect to the standard basis.
2 −1 0 0
⟨ Answer: 𝐺 = −10 10 01 00 ⟩
0 001
(b) Find the angle between 𝑀1 = 10 and 𝑀2 = 01 .

00 00
⟨ Answer: 3𝜋/4 ⟩
(c) Let 𝑀 = 11 and the vector subspace 𝑉 = {𝐴 ∈ M2 (R) ⧸ tr(𝐴) = 0}.

11
Remark: The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.
(c.1) Decompose 𝑀 as the sum of a vector of 𝑉 and a vector of 𝑉 ⊥ .

⟨ Answer: 𝑀 = 01 00 + 10 11 ⟩

(c.2) Enlarge a basis for 𝑉 to a basis for M2 (R) so that the resulting basis is orthogonal.
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
⟨ Answer: B = 0 0 , 1 0 , 0 −1 , 0 1 ⟩
Exercise 9.
(a) Let (𝑉 , ) be a real Euclidean space and 𝑇 : 𝑉 → 𝑉 be a one-to-one linear map. Consider the mapping
∗ : 𝑉 × 𝑉 → R defined by
𝑢® ∗ 𝑣® = 𝑇 (𝑢)
® 𝑇 (®
𝑣 ), ® 𝑣® ∈ 𝑉 .
𝑢,
Show that ‘∗’ is an inner product.
(b) Let 𝑉 = R3 , ‘ ’ be the usual inner product and 𝑇 : R3 → R3 be the linear map defined by
𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧).
Then, we consider the Euclidean space 𝐸 = (𝑉 , ∗) where ‘∗’ is defined in (a).
(b.1) Find the Gram matrix of the inner product ‘∗’ with respect to the standard basis.
18 9 9
⟨ Answer: 9 18 9 ⟩
9 9 18
(b.2) Show that 𝑇 a symmetric operator with respect to the inner product defined in 𝐸. Find an orthogonal basis
B for 𝐸 made up of eigenvectors of 𝑇 . If B orthogonal for (𝑉 , ) too? Give reasons.
⟨ Answer: B = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 0, −1), (1, −2, 1)}. B is also orthogonal with respect to the inner product ‘∗’ ⟩
36

Part 1 (units 1-4)
√
(a) The complex number 𝑤 = 1 − 3𝑖 is a 30th root of 𝑧 = 230 .
(b) Any linear system of equations whose coefficient matrix is of order 4 × 3 has either no solution or infinitely
many solutions.
(c) The set 𝑈 = {𝑝 (𝑥) ∈ R2 [𝑥] ⧸ 𝑝 ′ (0) = 0} is a vector subspace of R2 [𝑥] of dimension 2.
Exercise 2. Classify the following system of linear equations as a function of 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ R and solve it whenever
possible:
𝑥+ 2𝑦 + (𝑎 + 3)𝑧 = 𝑎 2 + 1 

−𝑥 + (𝑏 − 2)𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 𝑎 − 1


𝑥+ 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1


⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0, a unique solution (1 − 3𝑎, 0, 𝑎); 𝑎 = 0, infinitely many solutions depending on one free variable,

𝑆 = {1 + (2 − 3𝑏)𝜆, −𝜆, 𝑏𝜆), 𝜆 ∈ R}; 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 = 0, infinitely many solutions depending on one free variable, 𝑆 = {(1 − 3𝑎 − 2𝜆, 𝜆, 𝑎)} ⟩
Exercise 3. Consider the vector subspaces of R4 defined as

𝑊1 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ R4 ⧸ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑧 + 𝑡 = 0 ,

𝑊2 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) ∈ R4 ⧸ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2𝛼 − 𝛽, 𝑧 = 𝛼, 𝑡 = 𝛽 with 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ R ,

𝑊3 = ⟨(0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)⟩ .

(a) Determine whether 𝑊1 and 𝑊2 are complementary subspaces. It so, express the vector (1, −1, 4, −1) as the sum
of a vector of 𝑊1 and a vector of 𝑊2 .
⟨ Answer: 𝑊1 and 𝑊2 are complementary; (1, −1, 4, 1) = (1, −1, 8, 7) + (0, 0, −4, −8) ⟩
| {z } | {z }
∈𝑊1 ∈𝑊2
(b) Find, if possible, bases for 𝑊1 ∩ 𝑊3 and 𝑊1 + 𝑊3 . Is the sum direct?

⟨ Answer: B𝑊1 ∩𝑊3 = {(0, 0, 1, 1)}; 𝑊1 + 𝑊3 = R4 ; the sum is not direct ⟩
Exercise 4. Let B = {® 𝑒 1, 𝑒®2, 𝑒®3 } be a basis for R3 , C = {® 𝑢 1, 𝑢®2, 𝑢®3, 𝑢®4 } be a basis for R4 and 𝑓 : R3 → R4 be the linear
map defined by 𝑓 (®
𝑒 1 ) = 𝑢®1 + 𝑢®4 , 𝑓 (®𝑒 2 ) = 𝑢®2 − 𝑢®4 , 𝑓 (®
𝑒 3 ) = 𝑢®1 + 𝑢®2 .
(a) Find the matrix of 𝑓 with respect to the bases B and C and find the analytical expression of 𝑓 (𝑥),
® where
𝑥® = (𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3 ) B .
1 0 1
⟨ Answer: 𝑀 B C (𝑓 ) = 00 10 10 ; 𝑓 (𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3 ) B = (𝑥 1 + 𝑥 3, 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3, 0, 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 ) C ⟩

1 −1 0
(b) Find bases for ker(𝑓 ) and range(𝑓 ).

⟨ Answer: Bker(𝑓 ) = {(1, 1, −1) B } = {®
𝑒 1 + 𝑒®2 − 𝑒®3 }; Brange(𝑓 ) = {(1, 0, 0, 1) C , (0, 1, 0, −1) C } = {®
𝑢 1 + 𝑢®4, 𝑢®2 − 𝑢®4 } ⟩
𝑣 1, 𝑣®2, 𝑣®3 } be a basis for R3 such that 𝑣®1 = (−1, 2, 1) B , 𝑣®2 = (1, 0, 1) B , 𝑣®3 = (3, 1, 0) B . Find the matrix of
(c) Let B1 = {®
𝑓 with respect to the basis B1 for R3 and the basis C for R4 .
0 2 3
⟨ Answer: 311 ⟩
000
−3 1 2
37
Part 2 (units 5-6)
(a) Let 𝑇 : 𝑉 → 𝑉 be an endomorphism such that 𝑣®1 and 𝑣®2 are eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue 𝜆 = 3.
Then 2®𝑣 1 + 𝑣®2 is an eigenvector of 𝑇 corresponding to the eigenvalue 𝜆 ′ = 9.
(b) Let R𝑛 be endowed with an inner product and let 𝑇 : R𝑛 → R𝑛 be an endomorphism whose matrix with respect
to the standard basis is symmetric. Then 𝑇 is a symmetric operator.
(c) Let 𝐸 = (R3, ·) be a Euclidean space and let 𝑆 = {® 𝑣 1, 𝑣®2, 𝑣®3 } be a linearly independent set of vectors of R3 such
that 𝑣®1 · 𝑣®2 = 𝑣®2 · 𝑣®3 = 0. Then 𝑆 is an orthogonal basis for 𝐸.
Exercise 6. Find a fundamental set of real valued solutions of the following system of ordinary differential equations:
𝑥 1′ (𝑡) = 𝑘𝑥 1 (𝑡) − 𝑥 2 (𝑡) 



𝑥 2 (𝑡) = (𝑘 − 1)𝑥 2 (𝑡)
′


𝑘 ∈ R.
′

𝑥 3 (𝑡) = −𝑥 2 (𝑡) + 𝑘𝑥 3 (𝑡) 


n 1 0 1 o
⟨ Answer: 𝑆 = 0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 , 0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 , 1 𝑒 (𝑘 −1)𝑡 ⟩
0 1 1
Exercise 7. Let R3 be endowed with an inner product with respect to which the basis
𝑒 1 = (0, 1, 0), 𝑒®2 = (0, 0, 1), 𝑒®3 = (1, 0, 1)}

B = {®
is orthonormal. Let 𝑇 : R3 → R3 be the endomorphism defined by
𝑇 (®
𝑒 1 ) = 𝑒®1, 𝑒 2 ) = 2®
𝑇 (® 𝑒 2, 𝑒 3 ) = 3®
𝑇 (® 𝑒3 .
(a) Find the matrix of the inner product with respect to the standard basis.
2 0 −1
⟨ Answer: 01 0 ⟩
−1 0 1
(b) Find the orthogonal projection of 𝑤® = (4, 5, 9) onto the vector subspaces ⟨®
𝑒 1, 𝑒®3 ⟩ and ⟨®
𝑒1 ⟩⊥ .
⟨ Answer: proj ⟨𝑒®1 ,®𝑒3 ⟩ (𝑤)
® = 5®
𝑒 1 + 4®
𝑒 3 = (4, 5, 4); proj ⟨𝑒®1 ⟩ ⊥ (𝑤)
® = 5®
𝑒 2 + 4®
𝑒 3 = (4, 0, 9) ⟩
(c) Is 𝑇 a symmetric operator? If so, find an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors of 𝑇 .

⟨ Answer: 𝑇 is symmetric and an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors is {®
𝑒 1, 𝑒®2, 𝑒®3 } ⟩
38

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Compilation of Linear Algebra Exams

List of Exercises for UNIT 1 (Complex Numbers)

List of Exercises for UNIT 2 (Linear Systems and Matrices)

List of Exercises for UNIT 3 (Vector Spaces)

List of Exercises for UNIT 4 (Linear Maps)

List of Exercises for UNIT 5 (Diagonalization)

List of Exercises for UNIT 6 (Euclidean Geometry)

𝑝 (𝑧) = 𝑧 3 − (1 + 𝑖)𝑧 2 + (3 + 6𝑖)𝑧 − 7 + 𝑖

is −𝑖, find the other two.

Exercise 2. Consider the following linear system:

(c) Classify and solve the system as a function of 𝑎, 𝑏.

Exercise 3. Consider the set of vectors in R4 given by

S = {(1, 𝑎, −3, −1), (0, 1, 1, 0), (𝑎, 0, 2, 𝑎 2 ), (−2, −3𝑎, 4, 𝑎)}, 𝑎 ∈ R,

and the vector subspaces

𝑈 = ⟨S⟩ and 𝑉 = {(𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3, 𝑥 4 ) ∈ R4 ⧸ 𝑥 1 = 0, 𝑥 2 = 𝛼 + 𝛽, 𝑥 3 = −2𝛽, 𝑥 4 = 0, 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ R}.

(a) Find the rank of S as a function of 𝑎 ∈ R.

(c) Find the values of 𝑎 for which 𝑈 ∪ 𝑉 is a vector subspace.

Exercise 4. Consider the map 𝑓 : R3 [𝑥] → R3 defined by

(a) Show that 𝑓 is a linear map.

(b) Find the matrix associated with 𝑓 w.r.t. the bases

B = {1, 1 + 𝑥, 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2, 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 } for R3 [𝑥],

Use this matrix to compute the image of 𝑞(𝑥) = 4 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 under 𝑓 .

(a) Find the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 2 = 0.

Exercise 2. Consider the linear systems:

(b) Find a basis for 𝑈 0 and deduce its dimension.

(c) Find an algebraic complement of 𝑈 0 in 𝑉 and represent it by means of a basis.

Exercise 4. Let 𝑓 : R3 → R3 [𝑥] be a linear map such that:

𝑣 1, 𝑣®2, 𝑣®3 } is a basis for R3 .

(e) Determine, with reasons, whether 𝑓 is one-to-one, onto or bijective.

Part 2 (units 5-6)

Exercise 5. Let 𝐴 ∈ M4 (R) be a real matrix such that

• (0, 0, 4, 0) and (0, 0, 0, 8) are eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue 2,

(c) Find the matrix 𝐴.

(d) Is 𝑇 one-to-one? Onto?

Exercise 7. Let us consider the vector

(a) Find the eigenvalue of 𝑇 corresponding to 𝑥. (Hint: use the symmetry of 𝑇 ).

July final examination

⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ≠ 3/2, ∀𝑏; 𝐴 −1 = ­­ 25

Exercise 3. Let 𝑈 and 𝑉 be vector subspaces of R3 [𝑥] given by

𝑈 = {𝑝 (𝑥) ∈ R3 [𝑥] ⧸ −1 is at least a double root of 𝑝 (𝑥)},

(b) Find the dimension and a basis for 𝑈 + 𝑉 and 𝑈 ∩ 𝑉 .

(c) Find an implicit representation of 𝑉 w.r.t. the basis

Exercise 4. Let us consider the map 𝑓 : 𝑀3 (C) → 𝑀2 (C) defined by

𝑓 (𝐴) = tr(𝐴)𝐼 2, for all 𝐴 ∈ 𝑀3 (C),

(a.1) Find the most general expression of 𝐴.

(a.2) Find the eigenspaces of 𝐴.

(b) Consider the following matrix of 𝑀3 (C):

(b.1) Compute the eigenvalues and eigenspaces of 𝐴.

Exercise 6. Let R3 endowed with an inner product given by:

(𝑥 1, 𝑥 2, 𝑥 3 ) · (𝑦1, 𝑦2, 𝑦3 ) B = 𝑥 1𝑦1 + 2𝑥 2𝑦2 + 𝑥 3𝑦3 − 𝑥 1𝑦2 − 𝑥 2𝑦1 + 𝑥 3𝑦1 − 𝑥 3𝑦2,

(b) Find the angle between 𝑢® = (0, 1, −1) B and 𝑣® = (−1, 0, 1) B .

(c) Find the orthogonal projection of 𝑤® = (−1, 2, 2) onto 𝑈 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ R3 ⧸ 𝑥 = 𝛼 + 𝛾, 𝑦 = 𝛽 − 𝛾, 𝑧 =

(d) Given the endomorphism 𝑇 : R3 → R3 defined by

find, if possible, an orthogonal basis made up of eigenvectors of 𝑇 .

Exercise 2. Consider the following 4 × 5 real matrix

(a) Find a matrix in row echelon form associated with 𝐴.

(d) Classify and solve the homogeneous system

(a) Let 𝑊𝛼 = 𝑎𝑎11 𝑎 12

Exercise 7. Let us consider the vector

⟨ Answer: 𝑎 ≠ 3/2, ∀𝑏; 𝐴 −1 = 25