Postgraduate Diploma in Education

National Institute of Education

Psychology for learning
1.00 p.m – 4.00 pm
Session - I 25.03.2023 E. Manoharan

cstpay; gw;wpa mwpKfk;

1.1. cstpay; vd;why; vd;d?

cstpay; vd;w nrhy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; Psychology vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r; nrhy;
Psyche (irf;fp) Logos (NyhNfh];) Mfpa fpNuf;f nrhw;fspypUe;J gpwe;jJ. Psyche
vd;w fpNuf;f nrhy;ypd; nghUs; csk; my;yJ Mj;kh vd;gjhFk;. Logos vd;w
fpNuf;f nrhy; tpQ;Qhdk; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. Mdhy; csk; my;yJ Mj;kh vd;gJ
tpQ;Qhd hPj;papy; Muha Kbahj xd;W vd;gJ cstpayhsHfSf;Fk;
tpQ;QhdpfSf;Fk; njopthapw;W.

Kjypy; cstpay; njhlHghf 4 gpujhd fhyg;gFjpapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l

tiutpyf;fzq;fs; gw;wp Nef;FNthk;.

1. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; (fp.K) cstpay; vd;gJ xU Mz;kh gw;wpa fw;ifahf

,Ue;jJ.

2. 1724 – 1804 fhy fl;lj;jpy; tho;e;j Kant Nkw;$wpa tiutpyf;fzj;ij kWj;J

gpd;tUk; tiutpf;fzj;ij Kd;itj;jhH. cstpay; vd;gJ kdk; gw;wpa Ma;T
vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhH. (He defined psychology as the Science of mind).
Edward Titcher (1967 – 1927) vDk; ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;L cstpayhsH Human
mind njhlHghd Ma;T Gjpa tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;F xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
mZFKiwahf mike;jJ. “kdk;” gw;wpa vz;zf;fU njspthd xU
tpsf;fj;ij nfhLf;fhjjdhy; William James ,t; tiutpyf;fzj;ij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.

3. Wilhelm Wudnt (1832 – 1920) vDk; N[Hkdpa ehl;L cstpayhsH edT

epiy gw;wpa fw;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Stjw;F xU ma;T$lj;ij epWtpdhH.
mfNehf;F KiwapD}lhf kdk; gw;wpa edT epiy mDgtq;fisg; gw;wp
(Conscious experience of the mind) fw;W William James (1842 – 1910) cld;

1
 ,ize;J cstpaYf;F gpd;tUk; tiutpyf;fzj;ij Kd;itj;jdH. They
define psychology as the science of consciousness.
mjhtJ edT epiy gw;wpa my;yJ cldb mDgtk; gw;wpa Ma;Nt
cstpay; vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpdH. #oNyhL Vw;gLk; njhluhd
,ilj;njhlHghl;L nrad;KiwNa consciousness vd William James fUjpdhH.
Gpd;dH ,t; tiutpyf;fzKk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.

4. 1878 – 1958 fhy fl;lj;jpy; tho;e;j mnkhpf;f cstpayhsuhd kw;Wk;

elj;ijthj cstpaypd; je;ijahff; fUjg;gLk; John B Watson cstpay;
Ma;T Kiwahd mfNehf;F kw;Wk; csr;nrad;Kiw vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fis
kWj;J elj;ij gw;wpa xU tpQ;Qhd hPjpahd Nehf;Nf cstpay; vd 1913
Mk; Mz;L Kd;itj;jhH. Nkw;$wpa 4 gpujhd tiutpyf;fzq;fisAk;
gpd;tUkhW njhFj;J $wyhk;.

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Mz;kh gw;wpa fw;ifahf ,Ue;j cstpay; gpd;G kdk;

gw;wpa Ma;thf khwp mjd;gpd; #oNyhL Vw;gLk; njhluhd ,ilj; njhlHghl;L
nrad;Kiwahf khwp ,d;W mJ elj;ij gw;wp Muha;tjhf Woodworth vDk;
mwpQH 1948 ,y; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.

xU eghpd; #oy; njhlHghf mtuJ nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa xU tpQ;QhdhPjpahd

fw;ifNa cstpay; vd Woodworth kw;Wk; Marquis Nghd;NwhH 1948 ,y;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.
Gastalt thjpahd Kurt Kofha vDk; N[Hkdpa ehl;L cstpayhsH xU caphp
#oNyhL nfhz;Ls;s njhlHig mjd; elj;ij gw;wpaJkhd tpQ;Qhd hPjpahd
Ma;Nt cstpay; vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. xU kdpj elj;ijia Kw;WKOjhf
Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;F gFjp gFjpahf mwptij tpl KOik gw;wp mwptijNa
nf];lhy;l; cstpay; Muha;fpwJ. mwpT kw;Wk; xU egH njhlHghf tpQ;Qhd
hPj;pahf Muha;tNj cstpay; vd mnkhpf;f ehl;L cstpayhsH Loftus
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

elj;ij kw;Wk; mDgtk; gw;wpa xU tpQ;Qhd hPjpahd Ma;Nt cstpay; vd

B. F. Skinner Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. kdpjdJk; tpyq;FfspdJk; rpe;jid, elj;ij
gw;wpa xU tpQ;Qhd hPj;pahd Ma;Nt cstpay; vd tiuaWf;f KbAk;.

2
1.2. cstpaypd; gphpTfs;
1. gps;is tsHr;rp cstpay;
2. kpUf cstpay;
3. kUj;Jt cstpay;
4. ifj;njhopy; cstpay;
5. tpahghu cstpay;
6. Aj;j cstpay;
7. Foe;ij cstpay;
8. Fw;wtpay; cstpay;
9. tpisahl;L cstpay;
10.jdpegH cstpay;
11.gpuNahf cstpay;
12.Para psychology
13.fy;tp cstpay;
• fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; #o;epiyapy; cstpaiyg; nghUj;jpf; nfhs;sy; fy;tp
cstpay; vdg;gLk;.

1.3. fy;tp cstpaypd; Ma;TKiwfs;

fw;wypd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
1. Ma;TKiwfis ,dk;fhzYk; tpghpj;jYk;
2. ,e;j Ma;T Kiwfspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; mtw;iw tFg;giwapy;
nghUj;jkhdthW gad;gLj;Jjy;.

Ma;T Kiwfs;
1. mfNehf;F Kiw
2. mtjhdpg;G Kiw
3. mstPl;L Ma;TKiw (Survey Method)
4. ghpNrhjid Kiw
5. tpla Ma;T Kiw (Case-Studies Method)
6. tpdhf;nfhj;J Kiw
7. NeHfhzy; Kiw

3
1.3.1. mfNehf;F Kiw (Introspection Method)
jkJ cs;sj;ij jhNk mtjhdpj;J jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; xU
KiwNa mfNehf;F KiwahFk;. xUtd; jd;dplk; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; gw;wp
jhNd rpe;jpj;J mk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;Fhpa fhuzq;fis Cfpj;J
VidNahUf;Fk; ,jidg; nghJikg;gLj;Jk; xU KiwNa mfNehf;F
KiwahFk;. etPd fhyj;jpy; ,k; Kiw Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. ,k;
Kiw %yk; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fs; jdpahs; rhHe;jikahf ,Ug;gjhYk;
(mftakhdjhf ,Ug;gjhYk;) kPz;Lk; Nrhjpg;gJ fbdkhdjhf ,Ug;gjhYk;
,k; Kiw FiwghLfs; epiwe;j Kiwahf nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

1.3.2. mtjhdpg;G Kiw (Observation Method)

xUtH my;yJ xU njhFjpapdH nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij ghprPypj;J
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; jfty;fisf; nfhz;L Kbtpw;F tUjNy mtjhdpg;G
KiwahFk;. vdNt nghWikAlDk; mHg;gzpg;GlDk; Nghjpa gapw;rpAlDNk
mtjhdpg;gpy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;. mtjhdpg;gtH ePz;l mDgtk; cilatuhf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;ifr; #oypy; xUtiu mtjhdpf;f KbahjpUg;gJ
,k; Kiwapd; gpujhd FiwghlhFk;. mtjhdj;jpw;F cl;gLNthH jkJ
,ay;ghd elj;ijia khw;wp Nghypahd elj;ijiaf; fhl;l
,lKz;lhifahy; cd;ik epiy ntspf;fhl;lg;glhjpUf;f ,lKz;L.

nel;lhq;F mtjhdpg;G Kiw

xU gps;isia my;yJ FOit ePz;lfhyj;jpw;F njhlHr;rpahf
mtjhdpg;gjhFk;. ,t;tha;T Kiwf;F ePz;l fhyk; vLf;Fk;. ,k;Kiwapy;
gps;isaplk; my;yJ FOtplk; Fwpg;gpl;l mk;rj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tsHr;rp
njhlHr;rpahf mtjhdpf;fg;gLk;. Cjhuzkhf gps;isapd; nkhop tsHr;rp
gw;wp mtjhdpg;fjhf nfhz;lhy; gps;isapd; nkhop tsHr;rp gw;wp gpwg;G
Kjy; 5 taJ tiu njhlHr;rpahf mtjhdpf;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW
mtjhdpg;gjhy; gps;isfspd; nkhop tsHr;rp vt;thW Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ
gw;wp xU Kbtpw;F tu KbAk;. [Pd; gpahN[ vDk; cstpayhsH jkJ 3
nrhe;jg;gps;isfis ePdl; fhyj;jpw;F mtjhdpj;Nj gps;is tpUj;jpf;
Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;jhH.

4
FWf;Fntl;L mtjhdpg;G Kiw (Cross-Sectional Method)
,q;F gps;is my;yJ FO ePzl; fhyj;jpw;F njhluhf
mtjhdpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. Fiwe;j fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; mtjhdpj;J
jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; xU KiwNa FWf;Fntl;L
mtjhdpg;ghFk;. mjhtJ xU Fwpj;j khztH njhFjpiaad;wp ntt;NtW
khztHfis mtjhdpj;jy;. cjhuzkhf 1 njhlf;fk; 5k; juk; tiuapyhd
khztHfis mtHfsJ taJf;F mika ntt;Ntwhfg; gphpj;J tsHr;rp
,ay;Gfis Muha;jy;. ,k; Kiwapd;gb jfty;fis Jhpjkhf
Nrfhpf;fyhk;.

,aw;if mtjhdpg;G
• gpuhzpfs; kw;Wk; kdpjdpd; elj;ijfis ,ay;ghf mtjhdpj;jy;.
• gpuhzpfs; ,ay;ghf ele;Jnfhs;Sk; tpjj;ij mtjhdpj;J mtw;iw
kdpjUf;F nghJikg;gLj;Jjy;.
• mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l elj;ijfs; khj;jpuNk gjpT nra;Jnfhs;sy;.

Neub mtjhdpg;G
Neubahf mtjhdpj;jiyNa ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

kiwKfkhd mtjhdpg;G
J}uj;Nj ,Ue;J my;yJ gpwpNjhH ,lj;jpypUe;J mtjhdpj;jy;.

jdpahf my;yJ FOthf mtjhdpj;jy;

jdpj;jdpahf my;yJ FOthf mtjhdpg;gpy; <Lgl;L mtjhdpg;Gfisg;
gjpT nra;jy;.

gq;Fgw;wy; mtjhdk;
mtjhdj;jpw;Fl;gLk; FOTld; my;yJ jdpahSld; Ma;thsd; gq;Fgw;wp
mtHfsJ elj;jijfis mtHfSf;F njhpahky; mtjhdpg;gNj
gq;Fgw;wy; mtjhdk; vdg;gLk;. ngUk;ghyhd jfty;fisj;
jpUj;jkhditahfg; ngwyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk; jhk; mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpNwhk;
vd;gij FOtpdH czUk; gl;rj;jpy; ntt;NtW tifahd elj;ijfis
ntspf;fhl;l ,lKz;L.

5
 njhopDl;gj;ij gad;gLj;jp mtjhdpj;jy;
jhgpf;fg;gl;l fkuhf;fs;, xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;, telescope Nghd;w
rhjdq;fspd; %ykhf gps;isfspd; elj;ijfis gjpT nra;J gpd;dH
mtw;iw ghHitapl;L jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;, jpiuapy;
mtjhdpj;J elj;ijfis ,dq;fhz KbAk;.

jpl;lkpl;l mtjhdpg;G
jahhpf;fg;gl;l xU jpl;lj;jpd;gb mtjhdpj;jy;. cjhuzkhf 2 ehl;fSf;F
xU jilt my;yJ 2 kzpj;jpahyq;fSf;F xU jilt my;yJ 5 epkpl
Neu tPjk; mtjhdpj;jy;.

1.3.3. mstPl;L Ma;TKiw (Survey Method)

ghhpa FOnthd;wpd; jfty;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU
KiwNa mstha;T KiwahFk;. Kd;$l;b jahhpf;fg;gl;l xU khjphpg;
gbtj;jpw;F mikthf jdp xUtuhy; my;yJ xU FOtpduhy; jfty;
Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L gjpT nra;ag;gLk; xU Kiw. cjhuzkhf rdj;njhif gw;wpa
jfty;fs; mjhtJ rdj;njhif fzf;nfLg;G my;yJ khztHfsJ
Rfhjhuj; jfty;fs; cauk;, epiw Nghd;w jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

1.3.4. ghpNrhjid Kiw

fhuzpfSf;fpilNa cs;s njhlHigf; fz;lwptjw;fhf ghpNrhjid Kiw
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ fhuz fhhpaj; njhlHigf; fz;lwptjw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; rpy khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp mjd;
tpisTfis mtjhdpg;gH. ,r; nrad;Kiw %yk; rpy Cfq;fs;
ngwg;gLfpd;wd. ,jidf; fUj;JNfhshfTk; mikf;fyhk;. fUJNfhs;
vd;gJ xU Ma;tpd; jw;fhypfkhd KbT. xU epahakhd mwpT Cfpg;G
my;yJ mDkhdk; vdTk; nfhs;syhk;. ghpNrhjid %yk; fpilf;Fk;
jfty;fisf; nfhz;L ,Wjpapy; fUJNfhs; xd;wpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;
my;yJ epuhfhpf;fg;gLk;.

ghpNrhjid xd;wpy; khwpfs;> khwpypfs; Mfpa ,U fhuzpfs;

njhlHGgLfpd;wJ. khWgLk; ,ay;Gfs; nfhz;lit khwpfs; vd
miof;fg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf tFg;giwapy; gps;isfspd; cauk; xU khwp

6
pahFk;. ,q;F xt;nthUthpdJ cauk; NtWgLtjhy; mJ khwpahFk;.
nghJthf ghpNrhjid xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ jdpahs; my;yJ
FOnthd;iwj; njhpT nra;a Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gLk;. ,tHfis vOkhw;W
Kiwapy; njhpT nra;jhy; ghpNrhjidapy; cWjpj;jd;ik Ngzg;gLk;.
,t;thW njhpT nra;ag;gl;l khwpypfis vOkhw;W khwpypfs; vd miog;gH.

ghpNrhjid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ ,q;F MuhAk; khwpiaj; jtpu Vida

khwpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ mtrpak;. ,q;F 2 FOf;fs; nghJthff;
fhzg;gLk;. xd;W fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l FO kw;waJ ghpNrhjidf; FO.
fUJNfhs;fisf; fl;bnaSg;Gk; NghJ khwpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vd;gjd;
nghUs; gw;wp gpd;tUk; cjhuzk; %yk; Nehf;FNthk;. fzpj ghlk; fw;gpf;Fk;
NghJ fw;gpf;Fk; Neuk; fw;wypy; VjhtJ jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wjh vd;gij
Muha;e;J ghHg;Nghk;. ,J xU gpur;rpid. ,g; gpur;rpidia Muha;tjw;F xU
ghpNrhjidia xOq;Fnra;jhy; ehk; fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;ba fUJNfhs;.

,q;F fzpj milit fw;Fk; Neuj;ij ghjpf;Fkh vdg; ghPl;rpg;gNj Nehf;fk;.

vdNt vkJ fUJNfhis gpd;tUkhW vOjyhk;.

fzpj milit fw;fr; nrytpLk; Neuk; ghjpg;gjpy;iy. ,J Nghd;w vjpH

kiwahd $w;Wf;fNs ngUk;ghYk; fUJNfhs; tbtpy; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
,jidr; #dpaf; fUJNfhs; (Null hypothesis) vd miog;gH.

ghpNrhjid Kiwapy; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Ma;tpd; gbKiwfs;

gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. ghpNrhjid Kiwia xOq;FgLj;Jk; NghJ
gad;gaLj;jg;gLk; tpQ;Qhd Ma;T Kiwapd; gbKiw gpd;tUkhW.
1. gpur;rpidia ,dq;fhzy;
2. fUJNfhs;fis cUthf;Fjy;
3. fUJNfhs;fisg; guPl;rpf;Fk; Kiwfis xOq;fikj;jy;
4. fUJNfhs;fis guPl;rpg;gjw;fhfg; ghpNrhjid elj;jy;
5. ghpNrhjidapy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; jfty;fisf; nfhz;L
fUJNfhs;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;/ epuhfhpj;jy;/ jpUj;jpaikj;jy;
6. KbTfis Kd;itj;jy;

7
 cstpay; Ma;T Kiwapy; tpQ;Qhd Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; cstpay;
Ma;Tfspy; rpy fl;Lg;ghLfs; ,Ug;gjdhy; cstpaiy xU G+uz
tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJs;sJ.
1.3.5. tpla Ma;T Kiw
Ma;Tf;Fl;gLk; xUthpd; tuyhw;W EZf;fis xd;W NrHj;J mjd; %yk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jfty;fisf; nfhz;L rpy KbTfSf;F tUtJ jdpahs;
Ma;T/ tpla Ma;T vdg;gLk;. rpf;kd;l; Gnuha;l; jk;kplk; rpfpr;ir ngw;w
NehahsHfspd; gpur;rpidfisf; fz;lwpa ,k; KiwiaNa gad;gLj;jpdhH.
,J nefpo;r;rpahd kw;Wk; gy FiwghLfisAKila xU Kiwahff;
fhzg;Lfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,J jdpahSld; njhlHGila xU Kiwahff;
fhzg;gLtjdhYk; Ma;thshpd; tpUg;G, ntWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; KbTfspy;
nry;thf;Fg; ngWtjdhy; ,k; Kiw gy FiwghLfSila KwahfTk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.

1.3.6. tpdhf;nfhj;J Kiw

jfty; Nrfhpg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU fUtp tpdhf;nfhj;jhFk;. ,jpy;
Ma;Tf;Fj; Njitahd tpdhf;fs; cs;slq;fpapUf;Fk;. njhiytpYs;s
egHfSf;Fk; tpdhf;nfhj;Jfis mDg;gp juTfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
tpdhf;fis Kd;$l;bNa ed;F jahhpj;J rpwpa khjphpf; FOnthd;wf;F
rkHg;gpj;J tpdhf;nfhj;jpd; nghUj;jg;ghl;il, nghUj;jkpd;idia Ma;thsd;
ghprPypj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

1.3.7. NeHfhzy;
nghJthf mstPl;L Ma;T Kiwapy; jfty;fisr; Nrfhpf;Fk; NghJ
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; XH mZFKiw NeHfhzyhFk;. jahHg;gLj;jpa
mikg;Gtif tpdhf;nfhj;njhd;wpd; %yk; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;l gpujhdkhd
tplaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L RahjPdkhf elj;Jk; nrt;tpapd; Clhf
jfty;fisj; jpul;lKbAk;.

Nkw;$wpa Ma;TKiwfs; MrphpaUf;Fk;, fy;tpj;Jiwf;Fk; Kf;fpakhdjhf

mikAk; tpjk;
1. gps;isapd; jd;ikia ,dq;fhz cjTk;.
2. gps;isapd; kdntOr;rp rpf;fy;fisAk; cs eikr;ry;fisAk;
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s cjTk;.

8
 3. fw;wy; nfhs;iffs;, Kiwfs;, cj;jpfs; njhlHghd mwpit
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cjTk;.
4. fw;gjw;fhd Cf;fk;.
5. fw;wy; ,lkhw;wk; epfOk; tpjj;jpy; fw;gpj;jYk; gpuNahfpj;jYk;.
6. kjpg;gPL elj;Jjy;.
7. MNyhridfis toq;Ftjw;F
8. Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F
9. jk;ikg; gw;wp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F
10. Mspilj; njhlHGfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;F
11. fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jpAk; ghlf;Fwpg;Gj; jahhpj;jYk;.

1.4. fy;tp cstpaypd; jd;ik (The nature of Education psychology)

1. fy;tp cstpay; xU gpuNahf tpQ;Qhdkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
2. ,J xU definitive science Mf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
3. ,J xU r%f tpQ;Qhdk;.
4. ,J xU practical science Mf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
5. ,J xU tsHr;rp kw;Wk; tpUj;jpaileJ tUk; tQ;QhdkhFk;.
6. ,J xU gy;fiyf;fof ghltpjhdj;jpy; xU ghlkhf fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

1.4.1. Scope of Educational psychology (fy;tp cstpaypd; cs;slf;fk;)

fy;tp cstpay; gpujhdkhf 5 gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.
1. fw;gtd;
2. fw;wy; nrad;Kiw
3. fw;wy; #o;epiy
4. MrphpaUk; fw;gpj;jy; #o;epiyAk;
5. kjpg;gPL

fw;gtd;
fw;wypy; <LgLfpd;w khztidg;gw;wp MrphpaH mwpe;jpUg;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Sir John Adams vDk; fy;tpkhd; “New Teaching” vDk; jdfpJ Gj;jfj;jpy;
fy;tp ,U mk;rq;fs; njhlHghFk; xU nray;KiwahFk; vdf; $Wfpd;whH.
fw;Fk; khztd;, fw;gpf;fg;gLk; ghlk; vd;gNj ,t;tpU mk;rq;fSkhFk;.
Fw;gpj;jypy; <LgLk; midtUf;Fk; ,t;tpU tplaq;fspYk; njopT ,Uj;jy;
vd Fwpg;gpLk; mlk;]; gps;isia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ kpfTk; rpf;fyhd

9
gzpahFk;. vdNt gps;isia tpsq;Ftjw;F fy;tp cstpay; MrphpaUf;F
cjTfpwJ.

fw;gpj;jiy ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; fw;Fk; khztHfisj;

njspthf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. mtHfSila Mw;wy; NghyNt FiwahLfisAk;
mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Rhjhuz elj;ijAila gps;isfSk;, gpur;rpidf;Fhpa
gps;isfSk; tFg;gpy; ,Uf;f KbAk;.
mtHfsJ gpur;rpidfspd; ,ay;G, mtw;iw jPHg;gjw;F gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba
topKiwfs; Nghd;wtw;iw rhpahf tpsq;fpf; nfhz;lhy;jhd; mtHfSf;F ehk;
rpwg;ghf fw;gpf;f KbAk;. ,jw;F cstpay; mwpT MrphpaUf;F cjTfpwJ.

ehk; Fwpj;j tFg;gpy; fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ mt; tFg;gpYs;s xU rpy khztNu

mjidg; G+uzkhf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tH. VidNahH mij
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjpy;iy. ftiyaPdk;, elj;ijg; gpur;rpidfs;, Qhgff; FiwT,
gytPdk;, tpsq;Fk; Mw;wypd;ik, Gyf; FiwghLfs;, kdntOr;rpg;
gpur;rpidfs; Nghd;witfs; ,jw;F fhuzkhf mikayhk;. mtHfSf;F
fw;gjw;F cjtp nra;tJk;, mtHfSk; fw;ff;$ba #o;epiyia
cUthf;FtJk; Mrphpahpd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,t; tifahd rpf;fyhd
gpur;rpidfis jPHg;gjw;F fy;tp cstpay; MrphpaUf;F cjTfpwJ.

fw;wy; nrad;Kiw
xU khztd; vt;thW fw;fpwhd;, vt;thW rpe;jpf;fpwhd;, fw;w tplaq;fis
vt;thW Qhgfj;jpy; epiy epWj;jp itj;jpUf;fpwhd;, gpur;rpidfis vt;thW
jPHf;fpd;whd;, fw;w tplaq;fs; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wjh Nghd;w
tplaq;fisg; gw;wp Muha;tNj fw;wy; nray;Kiw.

fw;wy; #o;epiy
tFg;giw Kfhikj;Jtk; gps;isfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlh;Gfs; kw;Wk;
fw;wiyg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Muha;jy;

Mrphpad; (Teacher)
Mrphpauhy; jhd; kpf ,yFthf gps;is ahu;? mtuJ elj;ij Nfhyq;fs;
vd;d vd;gij ,yFthf Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk; Fwpj;j ghlk; njlu;ghf fw;wy;

10
mDgtq;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf Mrpupah; kfpo;r;rpfukhd #oiy cUthf;f
Ntz;Lk;

kjpg;gPL
fy;tpg;gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf Mrpupah; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;tNjhL Gjpa
El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAk; khztu;fis kjpg;gPL fzPg;gPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPL Mfpa %d;Wk; xU njhluhd nrad;Kiwahff;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ

etPd fhyj;jpy; tpUj;jpaile;J nfhz;L tUfpd;w xU gue;j ghlj;Jiwahf

fy;tp cstpay; fhdg;gLfpd;wJ mjhtJ cstpaiyf; fy;tpj;Jiwf;Fg;
nghUj;JNj fy;tp cstpay; MFk;. fy;tp cstpay; ghlj;jpd;
cs;slf;fg;gLk; ghlk; gFjpfis gpd;tUkhW RUf;fkhf
Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ

mjhtJ fy;tp cstpaypd; gpujhdkhd gFjpfisNa ,J cs;slf;fpd;w kpf

Kf;fpakhd gFjpfisNa ,J Fwpj;Jepw;fpd;wJ.
fy;tpg;Gyj;jpy; fy;tp cstpay; Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
fy;tpg;Gyj;jpy; fy;tp kw;Wk; cstpay; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; gw;wp Muha;tNj
fy;tp MFk;.

fy;tp cstpaypd; cs;slf;fk;

1. Human Behaviour (kdpj cs;slf;fk;)
fy;tpr; #oypd; kdpj elj;ij gw;wp Muha;fpwJ elj;ij gw;wp Muha;tNj
cstpay; fy;tp %yk; elj;ij khw;wk; epfo;fpwJ.

2. Growth and development of children (gps;is tsu;r;rpAk; tpUj;jpAk;)

gps;isapdJ tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tpUj;jp gw;wp Muha;fpwJ gps;is
tsh;r;rpf;fl;lq;fs; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; vt;thwd gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;whu;fs; Nghd;w tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ cjhuzkhf
gpwg;gpw;F Kd;Ds;s gUtk; Foe;ik gUtk; Kd;gps;is gUtk; gps;is gUtk;
fl;bsikg;gUtk;.

11
3. Learning Process (fw;wy; nrad;Kiw)
,J fw;wy; tpjpfis Ma;T nra;fpd;wJ fy;tpapy; fw;wy; xU Kf;fpakhd
gFjpahf cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;tp cstpay; %yk; fw;wy; njhlu;ghf
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis Ma;T nra;fpd;wJ

fw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?

fw;wypd; gz;Gfs;?
fw;wiy ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;?
fw;wy; njhlu;lghf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gpujhd nfhs;iffs; gw;wp
cs;slf;FfpwJ.

4. Heredity and the environment (guk;giuAk; #oYk;)

xU gps;isapd; tsu;rr ; papy; guk;giuAk; #oYk; ve;jsTf;F nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij mwpjy; gps;is tsu;;rpapy; guk;giu #oy; Vw;gLj;Jk;
jhf;fk; gue;jJ. rpy cstpayhsu;fs; gps;is tsu;r;rpapy; guk;giu $Ljyhd
nry;thf;F nrYj;JtijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

5. Personality Development (MSik tpUj;jp)

Kw;W KOjhd MSik tpUj;jp nfhz;l xU egiu cUthf;FtNj fy;tpapd;
%yk; milag;gLk; ,Wjp ,yf;fhFk;. fy;tp %yk; rkepiy MSik nfhz;l
egu;fs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gb cly; tsHr;rp, cs tsHr;rp,
kdntOr;rp, r%f, xOf;f, nkhop, fyhr;rhu, Mz;kPf midj;J tplaq;fspYk;
tsHr;rp fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. MSik njhlu;ghf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l MSik
gz;Gfs; gw;wpa tiuaiwfs;, nry;udpd; MSik gw;wpa tifaPL, fw;wy;
nfhs;if njhlu;ghd mDFKiw, rpf;kd;l; Gnuha;bd; csg;gFg;G nfhs;if
Nghd;w 5 mDFKiw gw;wpAk; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

6. Individual Diversity (jdpahs; NtWghLfs;)

xt;nthU gps;isAk; jdpj;Jtkhdtu;fs;. ,J xt;nthUtUf;FKupa
jdpj;Jtk;. ,U xj;j egu;fis ehk; fhzKbahJ. ,JNt jdpahs; NtWghL
vdg;gLk;. nghJthf gps;isfs; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; NtWgl;Lf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. mwpT jpwd;, kdg;ghq;F tpOkpaq;fs;, tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fs;,
nghOJNghf;Ffs;, rpe;jid, elj;ijf;Nfhyq;fs;, Rit, ek;gpf;iffs;,
clypay; NtWghLfs;, Mw;wy;fs;, jpwd;fs;, ,aw;ifahd Fzhjpraq;fs;,
12
csr;rhu;G, gof;ftof;fq;fs;, Ez;kjp, Kjpu;r;rp kl;lk;, kdntOr;rp, ghy;,
taJ, ,dk;, nkhop Nghd;w gy tplaq;fspy; xUtu; kw;wtupypUe;J Ntwgl;Lf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
NkYk;, tFg;giwapy; ghu;itf;FiwghL, Ngr;Rf; FiwghL, nrtpg;Gyd;
FiwghL, nky;yf; fw;Nghu;, newpgpwo;eN
; jhu;, gpioahd rPuhf;fk; ngw;Nwhu;,
kPjpFwd; khztu;fs; Nghd;w gy tifg;gl;Nlhu; fhzg;gLtu;. jdpahs;
NtWghLfisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;Nl Xu; Mrpaupau; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; <Lgl
Ntz;Lk;.

7. Ez;kjpAk; Ez;kjp mstPFk; (Intelligence and measurement of intelligence)

Ez;kjp gw;wp gy;NthW cstpayhsu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l
tiutpyf;fzq;fis Kd;itg;gNjhL Ez;kjp njhlu;ghf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l ,U
fhuzpf;nfhs;if Kf;fhuzpf; nfhs;if, $l;Lf; fhuzpf; nfhs;if,
Njhz;ilf; Kd;itj;j $l;Lf; fhuzpf;nfhs;if, Thurston Kd;itj;j 7
mbg;gil $l;Lf;fhuzpf;nfhs;if J. P. Guilford ,d; gy;fhuzpf; nfhs;if
fhu;bdhpd; gd;Kf Ez;zwpTf; nfhs;if, kw;Wk; kdntOr;rp rhu; Ez;kjp
Mf;fj;jpwd; Ez;kjp Nghd;w Ez;kjp gw;wpa nfhs;iffis Kd;itg;gNjhL
Ez;kjp njhlu;ghd mstPLfs; gw;wpAk; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

8. Cf;fy; (Motivation)
fw;gpj;jiy tpl fw;wypNy ,d;W $ba ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fw;wypy;
khztd; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;whd;. Mrpupau; khztidf; fw;wypy;
<LgLj;jNtz;Lk; khztidf; fw;wypy; <LgLj;j mtidf; fw;gjw;F
Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt fw;wypy; Cf;fk; vDk; vz;zf;fU Kf;fpak;
tha;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

Cf;fpfis mfT+f;fpfs;, GwT+f;fpfs; vd ,U tifg;gLj;jyhk;. xUtd;

fw;gjw;F jk;kfj;Nj ,ay;ghf fhzg;gLk; Cf;fk; mfT+f;fk; vdTk;, gy;NtW
El;gq;fisf; nfhz;L Mrpupau; khztdplk; fw;gjw;F tpUg;gj;ij
Vw;gLj;JtJ Gw Cf;fyhFk;. NkYk; Cf;fy; njhlu;ghf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l
khdpl Njitf; Nfhl;ghL, tpy;ypak; kf;Nfypd; ,ay;G+f;ff; nfhs;if Mc
Clelland Kd;itj;j milT Cf;fy; nfhs;if Nghd;w Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpAk;
mjd; tFg;giwg; gpuNahfk; gw;wpAk; ,f;fy;tp cstpay; Muha;fpd;wJ.

13
9. vz;zf;fU kw;Wk; nkhopAk; rpe;jidAk;
(Development of concepts, language and thonghts)
jj;Jt tuyhw;wpd; Muk;gk; KjNy vz;zf; fUf;fisf; fw;wy;
gy;NtWKiwfspy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpd;G, fy;tp cstpayhsh;fspd; ftdk;
,jpy; jpUg;gpaJ. gps;isfspd; tsu;rr
; pf; fl;lq;fSf;Fk;
vz;zf;fUthf;fj;jpw;FkpilNa njhlh;gpUg;gjhNyNa cstpayhsh;fs; ,jpy;
ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;Fupa fhuzkhFk;. mjhtJ vz;zf;fUthf;fk;
jd;dpr;irahf eilngWk; xd;wy;y vd;gijAk; vz;zf;fU fw;wypy; gy
fhuzpfs; nry;yhf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;w vd;gijAk; cstpayhsu;fs;
vLj;Jf;fhl;bdhu;.
fw;gpj;jYf;Fupa re;eju;g;gq;fis xOq;FgLj;Jtw;F vz;zf;fUthf;fj;jpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis tpsq;fpapUg;gJld; vz;izf;fUthf;fk;
gw;wpa njspTk; MrpupaUf;F ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.

NkYk;, kdpjd; Vida tpyq;FfspypUe;J NtWgLj;Jk; gpujhd mk;rq;fshf

nkhop, rpe;jid, gpur;rpid jPu;j;jy; vd;gdw;iwf; Fwpg;gplKbAk;. Viza
tpyq;FfSf;Fk; Ez;kjp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; nkhopiag;
gpuNahfpj;jy;, tpsq;Fjy;, nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jy;, rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy; vd;gd
,tw;wpw;F ,y;iy vd;gJ rpg;gd;rpfspy; nra;j gupNrhjidfspypUe;J
njupate;Js;sJ kdpjDila rpe;jid nkhopAld; neUq;fpa njhlu;GilaJ.

10. topfhl;lYk; MNyhridAk; (Provision of guidance and counselling)

fy;tpr; nray;Kiwapy; MNyhrid $WtJk; topfhl;LtJk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg;
ngWfpd;wJ. nghJthf fw;wypy; <LgLk; khztu; gy gpur;rpidfis
vjpu;Nehf;Ftu;. fw;wy; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;, fw;wpypy; Mu;tk; fhl;lhik,
fw;wYf;F nghUj;jkw;w tPl;Lr;#oy;, jdpg;gl;l gpur;rpidfs; Nghd;w
re;eh;g;gq;fspy; Mrpupau; xU MNyhrfuhf nraw;gl Ntz;bAs;shu; NkYk;
ghlrhiyia tpl;L ntspNawpa khztu;fSf;F njhopy;topfhl;lYk; mtrpak;.
njhopYf;F topfhl;LtJ kl;Lkd;wp fy;tp, Rfhjhuk;, xOf;fk; njhlu;ghfTk;
MNyhrid $WtJ fy;tpr; nraw;ghl;bd; ntw;wpf;F mtrpak;. ,jw;fhd
guPl;raj;ij Mrpupah; ft;tp cstpay; mwpT %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sKbAk;.

14
 1.4.1. fy;tp cstpay; fw;gjdhy; XH MrphpaH milAk; gad;fs;/ ed;ikfs;
(fy;tp cstpay; MrphpaUf;F gaDWjpahaikAk; tpjk;)
1. rhjhuz elj;ijAs;s gps;isfspd; ,ay;Gfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
2. gps;isfspd; jdpahs; NtWghLfis ,dq;fhZjy;.
3. kdntSr;rp gpur;rpidfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sjy;.
4. fy;tpf; nfhs;iffs;, Kiwfs; njhlHghd mwpitg; ngWjy;.
5. fw;gjw;F Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
6. fw;wy; ,lkhw;wk; epfof;$bathW fw;gpj;jy;.
7. kjpg;gPL njhlHghd nray;fspy; <LgLjy;.
8. MNyhrid $wy;.
9. rpwe;j Kfhikj;Jtk;.
10. jd;idg; gw;wpa njspT ngwy;.
11. fw;wy; nray;Kiwia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;.
12. fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiwia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;.
13. Ma;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;.
14. fw;gpj;jy; fl;Gy-nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

1.5. fy;tpf;Fk; cstpaYf;FkpilapNyahd njhlHG

fy;tpAk; cstpaYk; xd;wpypUe;J xd;wpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. cstpay; kdpj elj;ij

gw;wp MuhAk; mNj Ntis fy;tp kdpj elj;ijia khw;Wk; xU nrad;Kiwahff;
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,uz;Lk; kdpj elj;ijAld; njhlHGilaJ. ntt;NtW
Kiwapy; kdpj elj;ij gw;wp Muha;fpwJ. ,d;W fy;tp cstpay; fy;tpapd; xU
mbj;jskhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.

1.5.1. elj;ijthjk;
John B. Watson (1898 – 1958) vDk; mnkhpf;f ehl;L cstpayhsNu
elj;ijthj cstpaypd; je;ijahthH. xU kdpjdpd; ntspg;gilahd
elj;ijNa cstpay; vd Wtson Fwpg;gpl;lhH. ,tH csr; nrad;Kiw
kw;Wk; mfNehf;F Kiw vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fis epuhfhpj;jhH. ,tH xU
mtjhdpf;ff; $ba Gwepiy mstPL gw;wp $ba ftdk; nrYj;jpdhH. ngsjPfk;
kw;Wk; ,urhazk; Nghd;w ghlq;fisg; NghyNt cstpay; xU fbdkhd
tpQ;Qhdk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ek;gpdhH.

15
 elj;ij mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd elj;ijthjpfs;
Fwpg;gpl;ldH. ,tHfsJ fUj;Jg;gb epge;jidg;gLj;jy; nrad;KiwA+lhfTk;
#oNyhL Vw;gLk; ,ilj;njhlHG %ykhfTNk vy;yh elj;ijfSk;
fw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtijNa elj;ijthj mZFKiw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

1.5.2. fs mwpTf; nfhs;if

xUtdpd; rpf;fyhd elj;ijAk;, kd ,ay;GfSk; gw;wp Kofha, Kohler,
Weithenmer Nghd;w N[Hkdp ehl;L cstpayhsHfshy; fs mwpTf; nfhs;if
fl;bnaOg;gl;lJ. Gastalt thjpfs; fw;wiy tpl fhr;rp vd;gJ gFjp gFjpahf
,lk;ngWtjpy;iy mJ KSikahf ,lk;ngWtjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.
gpur;rpid jPHj;jy; Nghd;w re;jH;g;gq;fspYk; nghUj;jkhdJ. gpur;rpid jPHj;jy;
vd;gjd; nghUs; ,Uf;Fk; jfty;fisg; nghUSila mikg;ghf
khw;WtjhFk;. gioa mDgtq;fisg; Gjpa mDgtq;fSf;Nfw;g rPuikj;jy;
vd mtHfs; $wpdH. fw;wYf;F Nehf;fk;, fhl;rp, mikg;G Mfpa %d;Wk;
mtrpak; vd;gJ ,tHfsJ fUj;J. mff; fhl;rp gpur;rpidfis jPHf;f
cjTtjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.

1.5.3. cstpay; khdplthjj; Njitf; Nfhl;ghL

khdplthjj; Njitf; Nfhl;ghL jdpeguJ tpUg;gq;fs;, jdpahH tsHr;rp kw;Wk;
Ra jpwdpy; epiwTj; Njit vDk; vz;zf;fU gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; rpe;jidg; gs;spapy; (School of thought) mrhjhuz kdpj
elj;ij gw;wp Muha;tjpy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ. Mdhy; khdplthj
cstpay; gps;isfspd; rhjid kl;lj;ij miltjpy; $ba ftdk;
nrYj;jpaJ. ,jpy; Vgpufhk; kh];Nyh, fhy;Nuh[H]; Nghd;wtHfs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfs;.

1.6. rpf;kd;l; Gnuha;bd; csg;ghypay; tpUj;jp

xU gps;is rpW tajpy; Gyd;fspd; %yk; ngWk; kfpo;rr
; papd; mbg;gilapy; mjd;
vjpHfhy elj;ij jPHkhdpf;fg;gLtjhf Gnuha;l; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. gps;is
tsHr;rpia 3 nghJthd fl;lq;fshf tFf;fpwhH.

16
 1. Kw;ghypay; gUtk;
1.1. tha;top ,d;gepiy (0 – 18 khjk;)
1.2. Fjtop ,d;gepiy (18 khjk; - 3 tUlk;)
1.3. ghYWg;Gj; njhlHghd ,d;gepiy (3 taJ – 7 taJ)
2. kiw gUtk; (8 – 11 taJ)
3. gpwg;gpf;Fk; gUtk; (12 – 18)

xUtdJ MOik tsHr;rp cs, ghypay; jpUg;jpapNy jq;fpAs;sJ vd Gnuha;l;

$WfpwhH. xUtdJ ghypay; Mirfs; mlf;fg;gLjy; my;yJ epiwNtwhJ NghFk;
NghJ euk;G Neha;fs; Nghd;wd Vw;gl ,lKz;L vdTk; $Wfpd;whH.

1.7. vhpf; vhpf;rdpd; cs r%ftpUj;jpf; Nfhl;ghL

(Ericson’s theory of psycho-social development)
r%f ,ilj;njhlHghlfNs gps;istpUj;jpapd; mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ vd;gJ
,tuJ fUj;J. gps;is tsHr;rp fhyj;jpy; xU egH kw;wtiu vt;thW Ghpe;J
nfhs;fpwhd;, jd;id #oTs;s cyfpy; vt;thW khw;wq;fs; epfo;fpwJ vd;gij
cs;slf;fpaNj ,f; Nfhl;ghL. xUtuJ tho;f;if G+uhfTk; tpUj;jpapy; khw;wq;fs;
epfo;fpd;wJ vd;gij njhluhd 8 gbKiwfs; %yk; Kd;itj;Js;shH. xt;nthU
gbKiwapYk; gps;is gpur;rpidfis vjpHNef;FfpwJ. mjpy; mtd; ntw;wp
ngw;why; my;yJ me;j gpur;rpid jPUk;NghJ mLj;j fl;lj;jpw;F mtd; ntw;wp
ngwhtpl;lhy; mtDf;F mJ gpur;rpidahf mikAk;.

Age Stage Resolution

jPHkhdk;
0 – 1 taJ Trust vs. Mistrust ek;gpf;if
ek;gpf;if vs. mtek;gpf;if (Hope)

2 – 3 taJ Autonomy vs. Doubt tpUg;gk;

Rfe;jpuk; vs. re;Njfk; (Will)

4 – 5 taJ Initiative vs. Guilt Nehf;fk;

Kaw;rp vs. Fw;w czHT (Purpose)

6 – 11 taJ Industry vs. Inferiority NjHr;rp

njhopy; vs. jho;T kdg;ghd;ik (Competence)

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fl;bsikg; gUtk; Identity vs. Role tpRthrk;
milahsk; vs. tfpghf Kuz;ghL (Loyalty)

Young Adulthood Intimacy vs. Isolation md;G

neUf;fk; vs. jdpikg;gLj;Jjy; (Love)

Middle Adulthood Generativity vs Self absorption guhkhpg;G

cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; (Care)
Old Age Integrity vs. Despair Qhdk;
NeHik vs. tpuf;jp (Wisdom)

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