Imperatoris Justiniani Institutionum

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 IMPERATORIS JUSTINIANI

INSTITUTIONUM
L I B R I IV.

AD FIDEM ANTIQUORUM LIBRORUM EDIDIT

TARIANTIUM IECTIONUM LOCORUMQUE PARALLELORCH

DELECTUM ADIECIT

EDUARDUS SCHRÄDER, ictd»,

IN
OPERIS SOCIETATKM ACCKDKNTIBUS

THEOPH. L U C A FR. T A F E L I O , POILOLOGO,

GUALTH. FRIDER. CLOSSIO, ICTO,

POST HU1US D1SCF.SSTIM
CHRIST. JOH. C. M A I E R O , ICTO.

KDtTIO STEREOTTPA.

BEROLINI, APUD G. REIMERUM.

1 8 6 3.
 LECTURIS S.

ïnstitutionum Justinianearum edîtio, quam hic libelius

sistit, majoris ante bos très annos a nobis emissae
epitome est: constat enim e contextu, quern tunc ex-
liibuimus, correctors Lipsiensis Doctoris Klee laudabili
cura diligentissime repetito, variantium lectionum lo-
corumque parallelorum delectu, indicibus quam maxime
necessariis, ex eadem editione sumptis. Quo magig
compendiarius fieret libelius, contextui notas numerates
litterasque adjecimus ad interpretationem crisinque ré-
mittentes; quo facto id distinguendi subsidium, quod
in majore editione e spatio aliquantulum, quam solet,
majore inter verba relicto petiimus, ne cum spatiis
propter notas illas namerales litterasve necessariis con-
fusio oriretur, omittendum fuit. In reliquis autem,
usque ad distinctiones, omnia fideliter repetiimus,
 IT

Notarum cum crista tum interpretationem spectantium

delectum, in ipsa majore editione occupati, ita fecimus,
ut cum quae per se gravissima videbantur, tum quae
propter vnlgatarum editionum frequentem usum igno-
rari non debent, uno obtuitu ante oculos posi ta sint.
In locis paralleli« adjiciendis, quo breviores fieremus,
capi tum, quae, cum ad Íntegros títulos pertineant, ad
horum initia sunt laudata, partículas singulis paragraphia
respondentes, in his plerumque non repetiimus, in solis
fere corporis juris Justinianei partibus hac in re chartae
non parcentes. Quare, qui quae, nostra sententia,
ad locum queudam Institutionum recte intelligendum
gravissima videntur, omnia examinare ac secum re-
putare sibi proponit, ea duobus locis quaerere debet,
cum in nota generali ad titilli caput adscripta, tum
in ea, quae iili ipsl paragrapho adjecta est: quad
qui insuper habet, is saepe optimis auxiliis, a nobis
haud neglectis, carebit. Siglis praeterea usi sumus
in juridicis certe libris usitatissimis, veliiti h. pro hoc
titulo, id est eodem, in quo versamur, vel ipsarum
Institutionum vel simili Digestorum Codicisve titulo.
Qui quis sit, qui ignoret, ad titilli, vel in permagnis ti-
tilli«, ad ejus tractationis initium, in qua versamur, (vel-
uti a lib. II. tit. 1. §.26. not. 50. pag. 4 9 , ad ejusdem
tit. §.11. not. 20. pag. 45.), recurret, ubi in iiotis
eum titulum, ad quem sigla h. refertur, laudatum iu-
veniet. Ubi autem dubitationi locus relictus est, ea-
dem sigla plerumque in parenthesi adjecta est: (h).
Alia similia sunt, quod Dionys. Halic. hujiis scriptoris
*P(ú(.iaixr¡v \ÄQ%aioXoyiav ; Ulpian. eum hujus scri-
ptoris libellum diximus, qui extra veteres collectiones
servatus inde a XVI. saeculo vulgatus est (Ulpiani
 V

quae dicuntur fragments). Id autem praeter rulgarem

ugum fecimus, quod notas numerale» non tantum ad
finem alìcujus loci, commatis, verbi, sed passim ad
initium adjecimus (veluti I, 12. §.4. not. 7. pag.25.):
ita ut hae notae ad sequentia, plerumque totum para-
graphum vel plures paragraphos, illae vero, ex com-
muni usu, ad antecedentia, plerumque pauciora, per-
tineant. Ita, sine chartae dispendio, obscuriores ple-
rosque locos illustrare studuimus.
Haec fere in editionis epitome adornanda praesti-
timus, quae in cotidiano optimi Justinianearum Insti-
tutionum libelli usu non sine fructu fore speramus:
majorem autem editionem hac compendiaria superva-
caneam reddi longe absumus, quin existimemus. Con-
tinet enim major iila editio variantium lectionum, hoc
libello tantum delibataram, plenum thesaurum, ex
quo solo de iis recte judicare possis ; atque interpre-
tationem, cujus praecipua tantum capita hic indigita-
vimus, plenam praestat, ita ut, qui nobis ducibus ad
Justinianearum Institutionum pleniorem intellectum ca-
piendum sit usurus, ea carere non possit.

Superest, ut hoc unum moneamus, compendiariam

hancce editionem ita fere considerandam esse, quasi
ante hos tres annos publici juris facta sit; quod enim
ilio tempore majoris editionis exemplar, liuic editioni
adaptatum, Lipsiam transmisimus, id nunc demum re-
cepimus, cum integris plagia in aes transfusis, ita ut
aegre quid mutari posset. Minora tamen sunt, quae,
si res integra esset, hodie mutaremus, veluti circa or-
thographiam, cum jam ex omnibus uncialibus Justinia-
neorum librorum codicibus circa earn rem excussia
 VI

propriae Justinianeae orthographiae ideam nobis forma-

veriraus; item paiicula quaedam in notis, quae mu-
tanda esse vix aliter sentis, quam si typis exscripta
ante oculos habes, ceterum oculos magis quam sensum
offeiidentia, veluti pag. 64. col. 2. not. 7 et pag. 05.
col. I. not. 8 . , ubi idem caput bis laudatur, pag. 92.
col. J. not. 16., ubi verba de liber, leg. XXXIV, 3.
iterantur. Quae omnia cum minoris momenti sin t,
earn ob causam honestissimi redemptoris ratioiies tur-
bare noluimus.
D. Tubingae m. Oetobri a. 1835.
 IÜSTINIAM INSTITUTIONES.

!IIST. ÎNSTITUTIONES
De iustitia et iure.
De iure naturali et gentium et civili.
De iure personarum.
De ingenuis.
De libertinis.
Qui, quibus ex causis, manumittere non possant
De lege Furia Caninia sublata.
De his, qui sui vel alieni iuris sunt.
De patria potestate.
De nuptiis.
De adoptionibus.
Quibus modis ius potestatis solvitur.
De tutelis.
Qui dari tutores testamento possunt.
De legitima agnatorum tutela.
De capitis minutione.
De legitima patronorum tutela.
De legitima parentum tutela.
De fiduciaria tutela.
De Atiliano tutore, et eo, qui ex lege Iulia et Titta dabatur.
De auctoritate tutorum.
Quibus modis tutela fìnitur.
De curatoribus.
De satisdatione tutorum rei ouratorum.
De excusationibus tutorum vel euratorom.
De suspectis tutoribus vel curatoribus.
De rerum divisione.
De rebus incorporalibus.
De servitutibus.
De usufructu.
De nsu et habitatione.
De usucapionibus et longi temporis praescriptionibui.
De donationibus.
Quibus alienare licet, vel non.
Per quas personas nobis acquiritur.
De testamentis ordinandis.
De militari testamento.
Quibus non est permissum, testamenta facere.
De exheredatione liberorum.
De heredibus instituendis.
De vulgari substitutione.
De pupillari substitutione.
Quibus modis testamenta infirmantur.
De inofficioso testamento.
De heredum qualitate et differentia.
De legatis.
De ademptione legatorum.
De lege Falcidia.
De fideicommissariis hereditatibus.
De singulis rebus per iìdeicommissum relictis.
De codicillis.
A 2
4 Index Titulorum.
HI. De hereditatibus, quae ab intestato deferuntur.
De Iegitima agnatorum successione.
De Senatusconsulto Tertulliano.
De Senatusconsulto Orphitiano.
De successione cognatorum.
De gradibus cognatìonis.
De successione libertorum.
De assignatione libertorum.
De bonorum possessionibus.
De acquisitione per arrogationem.
De eo, cui libertatis causa bona addicuntur.
De successionibus sublatis, quae fiebant per bonorum ven-
ditionem et ex Senatusconsulto Claudiano.
De obligationibns.
Quibus modis re contrahitur obligatio.
De verboruin obligatione.
De duobus reis stipulandi et promittendi.
De stipulatione servorum.
De divisione stipulationum.
De inutilibus stipulationibus.
De fideiussoribns.
De literarum obligatione.
De consensu obligatione.
De emptione et vendilione.
De locatione et conductione.
De societate.
De mandato.
De obligationibus quasi ex contractu.
Per quas persona® nobis obligatio acquiritur.
Quibns modis obligatio tollitur.
IV De obligationibus, quae ex delieto nascuntur.
De vi bonorum raptorum.
De lege Aquilia.
De iniuriis.
De obligationibus, quae quasi ex delieto nasenntur.
De actionibus.
Quod cum eo, qui in aliena potestate est, negotium ge-
sta m esse dicetur.
De noxalibus actionibus.
Si qtiadrupes oanperiem fecisse dicetur.
De his, per quos agere possumus.
De satisdationibus.
De perpetuis et temporalibus actionibus, et quae ad here-
des yel in heredes transeunt.
De exceptionibus.
De replicationibus.
De interdictis.
De poena temere litigantium.
De officio iudicis.
De publicis iudiciis.
 o n i f o m a r E » o n m \ « S T R I
I E S ï C H R I S T I »).

IMPERATOR CAESAR F L A V I l ' S IUSTIXIANUS, ALAMANMCUS,

GOTHICÜS, FRANCICUS, GERMANICUS, ANTICUS, ALANICUS,
VANDAL1CUS, AFRICANUS, P I U S , FEI-IX, IN'CXUTUS, VICTOR
AC TRIUMPHATOR, SEMPER AUGUSTUS
CUPIDAE LEGUM IUVENTUTI.

I m p e r a t o r i a m m a i e s t a t e m non solum armis d e c o r a t a m , s e d p r .

etiain legibus o p o r t e t esse arrnatain 2 ) , ut utrumque t e m -
|)iis, e t bellorum e t p a c i s 3 ) , r e c t e possit g u b e r n a r i , et
p r i n c e p s R o m a n u s victor e x i s t a t n o n solum in hostilibus
p r o e l i i s , sed e t i a m p e r legitimos t r a m i t e s calumniantium i o i -
quitates e x p e l l e n s ' ' ) , et fiat tam iuris religiosissimus 4 ) , q u a m
victis liostibus t r i u m p h a t o r «).
Q u o r u m u t r a m q u e viam cum summis vigiliis 5 ) et s u m m a 1
P r o v i d e n t i a , a n n u e n t e D e o , p e r f e c i m u s . E t bellicos q u i d e m
sudores nostros b a r b a r i c a e g e n t e s sub iuga n o s t r a d e d u -
c t a e d ) c o g n o s c u n t ; et t a m A f r i c a , q u a m a l i a e i n n u m e r o s a e e )
provinciae 6 ) post t a n t a t e m p o r u m s p a t i a ' ) nostris victoriis,
a caelesti nuraine p r a e s t i t i s , iterum dicioni R o m a n a e n o s t r o -
que a d d i t a e i m p e r i o p r o t e s t a n t u r . O m n e s v e r o populi l e g i -
bus tam a nobis promulgatis q u a m ' ) compositis 8 ) r e g u n -
tur. '') E t c u m sacratissimas constitutiones a n t e a confusas in 2
luculentam e r e x i m u s c o n s o n a n t i a m l 0 ) , tunc nostram e x t e n -
dimus c u r a m et ad iuimensa " ) p r u d e n t i a e veteris volumina,

a) Raro def. — b) expellat. — c) Ir. magnifiais. — (!) redactae. —

e) nunierosae, innumeratae, iimumerabiles. innumerae. — fj tam..
vel, iam.. rel, iam.. vel promulgatis vel.

1) Praeff. Dig. et Cod. — Inse.r. 6) Praef. Dig. 3 (2). pen. in f.

'frapezunlina (a. 533. V ap. Mnnt-
faucun palaeogr. gr. 174.). lust.
rescr. ad Narsetem (Cuiac. ohss.
X, 12.). C. de offic. praef. Afr. I,
27. 1. 1. Nov. 17. 43. 134. 139.
— 2) Praef. Cod. 2. pr. Nov. 24.
c. 1. — 3) Lucian. Parasit. 39.
Gesta .senatus de recip. Cod. Theod.
(H enck p. 4.) — 4) I). de legat.
XXXI. 1. 67. §. 10.; de iustit. et
iure 1, 1. 1.1. — 5) Procop. Iiist.
arc. 12. 13.; de aedific. 1, 7. —
Procop. b. Vandal. I, 27. ; b. Pers.
I, 22. — 7) Annorum 95. C. de
off. pr. Afr. I, 27. 1. 1. pr. — 8)
Praef. Dig. 3 (2). §. 19. in f. —
9) Paul. Warnefrid. gesla Longo-
bard. 25. Procop. aedif. praef.;
hist. arc. 11. 13. — 10) Terlull.
Apolog. 3. Praef. Dig. 1. S- t-
3 (2). 8- 1- — 1 ' ) P™ef. Dig.
3 (2). S- 1- Siieton. lui. 44. E u -
nap. vit. Acdes. ed. Boisson. L
n. 42.
 6 IxSTITUT. PrOOBMIUM. §. o 7.

et opus desperatum 1 2 ) , quasi per medium profundura eun-

S t e s 1 3 ) , caelesti favore iam adimpleviinus. , 4 ) C u m q u e h o c
Deo propitio peractum est, Triboniano, viro magnifico, m a -
g i s t r o 1 5 ) et exquaestore e) 1 0 ) sacri palatii nostri, nec non
Theophilo et Dorotheo, viris illustribus, antecessoribus (quo-
rum omnium sollertiam et legum scientiam et circa nostras
iussiones fidera iam ex multis rerum argumentis accepimds)
convocatis specialiter mandavimus, ut nostra auctoritate no-
strisque suasionibus componant institutiones : ut liceat vobis
prima legum c u n a b u l a " ) , non ab antiquis f a b u l i s 1 8 ) di-
scere, sed ab imperiali splendore a p p e t e r e , et tain aures
quam animae vestrae nihil inutile mhilque perperam posi-
tuifl, sed quod in ipsis rerum obtinet argumentis, acci-
piant; et quod in priore tempore vix post quadriennium •')
prioribus contingebat, ut tunc constitutiones imperatori;is
legerent, hoc vos a primordio ingrediamini, digni tanto
honore tantaque reperti felicitate, ut et initium vobis et
4 finis legum eruditionis a voce .principali procedat. igitur
post libros quinquaginta digestoruin seu pandectarum 1 9 ).
in quos omne ius antiquum collatuin >) est (quos per eun-
dem virum excelsum Tribonianum, nec non c e t e r o s 2 0 ) vi-
ros illustres et facundissimos confecimus), in hos quatuoi
libros easdem institutiones partiri iussimus, ut sint totius
6 legitimae scientiae prima elementa, in quibus breviter ex-
positura e s t , et quod iantea obtinebat, et quod postea de-
suetudine inumbratum ab imperiali remedio illuminatum est.
6 quas ex omnibus antiquorum institutionibus 2 ' ) , et praeci-
pue ex couimentariis Caii nostri tam institutionum, quam
rerum cotidianarum, aliisque multis commentariis composi-
tas, cum tres praedicti viri prudentes nobis obtulerunt, et
legimus, et cognovimus, et plenissimum nostrarum consti-
tutionum robur eis accommodavimus.
7 Summa itaque ope et alacri studio has leges nostras
accipite, et vosrnèt ipsos sic eruditos ostendite, ut spes vos
pulclierrima foveat, toto legitimo opere - 2 ) perfecto, posse

g) quaeslori, . . et exconstde. — h) aera 7nitri] (Theoph.), per

triermiwn. cf. P r a e f . Dig. 2 (4). 1. 5. — i) collection.

12) P r a e f . Dig. 1. § . 2 . ; 3 (2). a . 535. i t e r u m q u a e s t o r . (Nov. 17.)

p r . ; 4 (3). 12. (C. T h . d e c o n s t .
prine. I, 1. 1. 5. W e n c k . p. 14. ?)
— 13) U v . X X X I , 1. V a l . M a x . II,
i o , 6 . ; IX, 1. e x t . 2. — 14) P r a e f .
D i g . 3 ( 2 ) . § . 1 1 . ; 4 (3). S- 11. —
15) Sc. officiorum. P r a e f . Dig. 3 (2).
p r . — 16) A . 5 3 2 . q u a e s t u r a e x -
u t u s ( P r o c o p . b. P e r s . I, 24. 25.),
— 17) Cic. d e o r a t . I, 6. D. de
orig. i u r . I, 2. 1. 2. S. 38. — 18!
Gellius V, 18. in f. A m m i a n . M a r -
cell. XXX, 4. — 1») P r a e f . Dig.
3 (2). S- 4 (3). § . 1. - 20)
P r a e f . Dig. 3 (2). S. 9. — 21) P r a e f .
D i g . 2 ( 4 ) . § . 2 . Vet. inst. corpore.
— 22) D . d e orig. iur. 1, 2. 1.2. $ . 4 1 .
 ÌNSTITUT. DB IUSTITIA ET IURE I , 1 . §. 1 — 4 . 7

etiam nostrani rempublicam in partibus eius vobis credes-

dis k ) gubernare ')•
Data undecimo calendas deceinbres, Costantinopoli,
domino nostro Iustiniano perpetuo augusto tertium consule.

i u r S T i T U T i o n f u m
C O M P O S I T A R U M P E R TRIBON1ANUM,
VIRUM MAGNIFICUM, MAGISTRUM ET EXQUAF.STORE SACRI
P A L A T I I , E T THEOPHILUM E T DOROTHEUM, V 1 R 0 S
IIAUSTRES, AXTECESSORES,
INCIPIT 1.IUER l'RIMKS.

TITULUS PRIMIS.
i)DE IUSTITIA ET IURE.
Iustitia est constans et perpetua voluntas ius suuin cui-Pr
que tribuens ») 2 ) . Iurisprudentia est divinarum atque ha- 1
manarum rerum notitia , iusti atque iniusti scientia 3 ).
His generaliter cognitis, et incipientibus nobis exponere 2
iura popoli Romani: ita maxime b ) videntur posse tradi
commodissime , si primo levi ac simplici, post deinde dili-
gentissima atque exactissima interpretatione singula tradan-
tur. alioqui, si statini ab initio rudem adirne et infirmum
animimi studiosi multitudioe ac varietate rerum oneraveri-
jnus: duorum alterum, aut desertorem studiorum efficiemus,
aut cum magno labore eius •), saepe etiam cum diffidenza,
quae plerumque iuvenes avertit, serius ad id perducemus,
ad quod lèviore d ) via ductus, sine magno labore, et sine
ulla diffidenza maturius perduci potuisset ').
s ) luris praecepta') sunt liaec : honeste 7 ) vivere, a l t e - a

rum non laedere, suuin cuique tribuere 8 ). 9 )Huius studii 4

k) credendam. — 1) gubernarl.
a) tribuendi. — b) maxime def. — c) eius def. — d) leniore.
1) D. de iustitia et iure I, 1. —
t) D. h. 1. 10. pr. Plato de re-
putai. I. (Bipont. T. VI. p. 155.) Id.
Gorgia (Bip. IV, 130.) t i c . fin. V,
23. Id. de invent. I I , 53. Id. de
repuM. III, 7. Id. de legibus I, 6.
S- 19. — 3) D. h. 1.10. 2. Cic.
off. I, 43. II, 2. Senec. ep. 88, 28.
69, 4. — 4) Aristot. Etbic. Ni-
com. I, 7. Quintil. inst. VIII. pro-
oem. S <• 3. Praef. Dig. 2. pr.
— 5) D. U. 1. 10. § . 1. — 6) Cic.
off. I, 3. Seneca ep. 94, 32. 34.
40 sq. 95, 1. 9. I i . D. de legibus
I, 3. 1 . 1 . — 7) Cic. off. 1, 3. 5.
Idem (in. IV, 6. Seneca ep. 71, 4,
74, 1. — 8) Cic. off. I, 7. 9. 10.
— 9) D. h. 1.1. § . 2 .
 8 INSTITUT. D E IUR. NAT. ET GENT. ET CIV. I , 2 . P r . § . I .

d u a e s u n t p o s i t i o n e s 1 0 ) , p u b l i c u m et p r i v a t u m 1 1 ) . p u b l i -
c u m ius e s t , q u o d e ) s t a t u m rei R o m a n a e s p e c t a t ; p r i v a -
t u m , q u o d a d s i n g u l o r u m utilitatem p e r t i n e t . D i c e o d u m est
igitur a e iure p r i v a t o , quod tripertitum 1S) est. c o l l e c t u m ' )
est e n i m e x o a t u r a l i b u s p r a e c e p t i s , a u t g e n t i u m , a u t c i -
vilibus.

TITULUS SECUNDUS.
I)DE IURE N A T U R A L I E T G E N T I U M
E T CIVILI.
J
Pr- ) I u s naturale e s t , quod natura omnia ammalia docuit.
n a m ius istud n o n h u m a n i g e n e r i s p r o p r i u m e s t , sed »)
o m n i u m a n i m a l i u m 3 ) , q u a e in caelo , q u a e in t e r r a , q u a e
in m a r i 4 ) n a s c u n t u r . liinc d e s c e n d i t m a r i s a t q u e f e m i n a e
c o n i u g a t i o •>), q u a m n o s m a t r i m o n i u m a p p e l l a m u s ; liinc l i -
b e r o r u m p r o c r e a t i o s ) et e d u c a t i o e ) . v i d e m u s e t e n i m c e t e r a
1 q u o q u e a n i m a l i a istius iuris p e r i t i a censeri. Ius a u t e m c i -
v i l e , vel g e n t i u m 7 ) ita dividitur. o m n e s p o p u l i , qui l e g i b u s
8
et*) moribus r e g u n t u r ) , partim suo p r o p r i o , partim com-
m u n i 9 ) omnium hominum iure u t u n t u r : nam quod quis-
q u e p o p u l u s a ) i p s e sibi ius c o n s t i t u i t , id ipsius p r o p r i u m
c i v i t a t i s 1 0 ) e s t , v o c a t u r q u e ius c i v i l e , q u a s i ius p r o p r i u m
ipsius c i v i t a t i s ; q u o d v e r o n a t u r a l i s r a t i o " ) i n t e r o m n e s
h o m i n e s c o n s t i t u i t , id a p u d o m n e s p o p u l o s p e r a e q u e c u s t o -
d i e r , v o c a t u r q u e ius g e n t i u m , q u a s i quo iure omnes gentes
uluntiir«) 1 2 ) . E t p o p u l u s i t a q u e R o m a n u s p a r t i m s u o p r o -
p r i o , partim communi omnium hominum iure utitur. q u a e

e) quod ad. — f) est tripertite collectum, vel similia.

a) sed et, sed etiam. — b) coniurictio. — c) aut. — d) pop. def. —
e) utantur.

10) I. e. &¿atis, themata. — 11) ttìqI TÌjs e iff i « fxy. tfiloai. 3.

Liv. III, 34, 6. U. de orig. iur. I, 2. C. de rei ux. act. V, 13. §. 5. —
1.2. §.46. — 12) I. de testam. II, 6) Cic. off. I, 4. — 7) Hie a na-
10. §. 3. turali iure non distinguitur. I. li.
1) Caius I, 1... 8. D. de iustit. § . 1 1 . D. 11. i. 2. 3. 5. 6. pr. Cf.
et ¡ure I, 1. (Ji.), de orig. iur. I. 2. I. 11. §.2. — 8) Lucretius V, 51.
Isidori origg. V, 4 sq. Gralianus Sallust. H Cat. G. U. Iugulili. 18.
Dist. I. c. tí sq., II, 2. Fragm. de Tacit. Annal. Ill, 26. Iustin. liist.
iuris spec. Uositliei I. I). li. 1. I. 1, 1. 1). de or. iur. I, 2. 1.1. §.2.
$.2. Gell. VII, 3. — 2) D. 1). 1. 1. — 9) Nepos Theniist. 7. Arislot.
§. 3. — 3) Diog. Laert. VII, 89. Rliet. I, 13, 2. — 10) Cic. Top.
Cic. fin. II, 10, 31. 32. III, 5. IV, 2. 9. M. li. 1. 6. ; de acqu. rerum
7. II, 27. 28. V, 9. II, 31. — doni. XU, I. 1. 1. pr. — II) Cic.
4) Varro d. ling. I.at. IV. Pliu. p. Milone 4. D. de bonis damnat.
H. N. VIII. IX. X. I. de rerum di- XI-V1II, 20. 1.7. - 12) I. h. §. f.
vis. II, I. §. 12. — 5) Piularen. I). XLI, 1. 1. I. pr. cil.
INSTITUT. D E IURE NAT. ET CENT, ET CIV. 1 , 2 . § . 2 — 4 . 9

s i n g u l a q u a l i a s u n t ) , suis l o c i s p r o p o n e m u s .
f S e d ius q u i - 2
d e m civile e x u n a q u a q u e civitate a p p e l l a t u r , veluti A t l i e -
oiensium. n a m si q u i s v e l i t S o l o i i i s v e l D r a c o n i s l e g e s a p -
p e l l a r e ius civile A t h e n i e n s i u m , non erraverit. sic e n i m e t
i u s , q u o p o p u l u s R o m a m i s u t i t u r , ius civile R o m a n o r u m
a p p e l l a m u s ; vel ius Q u i r i t i u m 1 3 ) , q u o Q u i r i t e s u t u n t u r :
R o m a n i enim a Quirino Quirites appellantur. S e d quotiens
n o n a d d i m u s s ) , c u i u s sit c i v i t a t i s , n o s t r u m i u s s i g u i f ì c a m u s :
sicuti c u m p o è t a m d i c i m u s , n e c a d d i m u s n o m e a , s u b a u d i -
tur a p u d G r a e c o s egregius H o m e r u s 1 " ) , apud nos V i r g i -
lius. Ius a u t e m gentium omni h u m a n o g e n e r i c o m m u n e
est. N a m usu e x i g e n t e e t h u m a n i s n e c e s s i t a t i b u s , g e n t e s
h u m a n a e q u a e d a m '') sil)i c o n s t i t u e r u n t . bella etenim orta
s u n t , et c a p t i v i t a t e s s e c u t a e et Servitutes i 5 ) , q u a e sunt iuri
naturali c o n t r a r i a ' ) : i u r e e n i m naturali a b initio o m n e s
h o m i n e s liberi n a s c e b a n t u r 1 6 ) . E x hoc iure gentium et
o i n n e s p a e n e c o n t r a c t u s i n t r o d u c t i s u n t , ut e m p t i o v e n d i t i o ,
locatio conductio, s o c i e t a s , d e p o s i t i m i , m u t u u m , e t alii
innumerabiles 1 ' ) .
' 8 ) Constat autem ius n o s t r u m k) aut ex scripto, 8
a u t e x n o n 1 ) s c r i p t o : u t a p u d G r a e c o s 1 5 ) , rtùc vòfitov
ol juìv 'éyytìaipoi, ol dk ay(>a<poi. S c r i p t u m ius est l e x ,
plehiscita, senatusconsulta, principum placita, magistra-
tuum edicta , responsa prudentium 20). 2 l ) L e x est, 4
quod populus R o m a n u s , senatorio magistratu interro-
g a n t e , veluti c o n s u l e , constituebat. - 2 ) P l e b i s c i t u m est,
q u o d plebs, plebeio magistratu i n t e r r o g a n t e , veluti tribuno,
constituebat. Plebs autem a populo eo differt, quo species
a g e n e r e , n a m a p p e l l a t o n e populi universi cives signi f i c a o -
t u r , c o n n u m e r a t i s etiam patriciis et s e n a t o r i b u s ; plebis a u -
t e m a p p e l l a t o n e , sine patriciis et s e n a t o r i b u s , ceteri cives
siguificantur " ) . sed et plebiscita lege Hortensia lata non

f) sint. — g) a. nomen. — Ii) iura qu. — i) contrariae. — k) n.

quo utimur. — 1) non ex, sine.

13) Latiore significatione ( ? ) ut I I , 24. 74. Cicero Top. 5 , (28.);

Isidor, origg. V , 9. Gratianus D.
I. c. 18. — 14) D. de poeiiis X L V I I I ,
19. 1. 16. § . 8. Strabo 1, I . Cic.
Top. 13 (55). Senee. ep. 58, 14.
Ouintil. iiist. V I I I , 5 , 9 . — 15)
Isidor, origg. V , 6 . Gratianus D.
1. c. 9. I. de iure person. 1, 3.
S. 2. D. h. 1. 4 . — 16) U. h. 1. 4 . ;
de natal. restit. X L , 11. 1. 2. —
17) D. Ii. 1.5. — 18) Isidor, origg.
V, fl. Gratianus D. I. c. 2. :t. 4.
I). Ii. 1. 6. 1. Dionys. Halic.
ad Attic. VI, 1. — 19) Xenophon
Memor. IV, 4, 13. (9. all. — 20)
Caius I, 2. Fragm. de iuris spec.
2. D. Ii. 1. 7. pr. Isidor, origg.
V, 9. Gratianus D. II. pr. — 21)
Gellius X , 2 0 . ; X V , 27. Cains I,
3 . Festus v. populi, scita, scitum.
Isidor, origg. V, 10. 11. Gratia-
nus I). II. c. 1. 2. — 22) I). de
orig. iur. I, 2. 1. 2. § . 8. — 23)
I) de verb, signif. L , 16. 1. 238.
pr.
 10 INSTITUT. DE IURE NAT. ETCKNT. ETCIV. I, 2 . § . 5 — 9 .

5 minus valere, quam leges c o e p e r u n t 2 4 ) . Senatusconsultum

est, quod senatus iubet atque constituit. Nam cum auctus
est populus Romanus in eum modutn, ut difficile sit in
unum eum convocari legis sanciendae causa : aequum vi-
6 sum e s t , senatum vice populi c o n s u l i 2 5 ) . , 6 ) S e d et quod
principi placuit, legis habet vigorein: cum lege r e g i a 2 7 ) ,
quae de imperio eius lata e s t , populus ei et in e u m 2 8 )
o l i n e suum imperiuin et potestatem concessit. Quodcum-
que igitur imperator per epistolam constituit, vel cogno-
scens decrevit, vel edicto p r a e c e p i t , legem esse constat:
liae s u n t , quae constitutiones nppellantur. piane ex his
quaedam sunt personales, quae nec ad exemplum trahun-
t u r 2 9 ) , quoniam non hoc princeps vult : nain quod alicui
ob inerita indulsit, vel si cui poenam irrogavit, vel si
cui sine exemplo subvenit, personam non egreditur. aliae
a u t e m , cum generales sunt, oinnes procul dubio tenent.
7 3 0 ) Praetorum quoque edicta non modicam iuris obtinent
auctoritatein 3 ' ) . liaec etiam ius honorarium solemus appel-
l a r e , q u o d , qui honorem gerunt, id est magistratus, a u -
ctoritatein huic iuri dederunt. Proponebant et a e d i l e s 3 2 )
curiiles edictum de quibusdam c a s i b u s m ) , quod edictum n )
8 iuris honorarii portio est. 33)Responsa prudentium sunt
sententiae et òpiniones eorum, quibus permissum erat iura
condere Nam antiquitus institutum i') e r a t , ut essent,
qui iura publice i n t e r p r e t a r e n t u r , quibus a Caesare ius
respondendi datum e s t 3 4 ) , qui iurisconsulti appellabantur.
quorum omnium sententiae et opiniones earn auctoritatein
tenebant, ut iudici recedere a responso eorum non liceret,
9 ut est c o n s t i t u t u m 3 5 ) . E x non scripto ' ) ius v e n i t , quod

m) causis. — il) et ipsum. — a) concedere, de iure respondere.

— p) constitutum. — q) sine scripto.
24) Plinius H. N. XVI, IO. —
25) 1). de ori?, itir. I, 2. 1.2. $ . 9 . ;
de legibus I, 3. I. 9. C. de sena-
tusconsultis I . 16. Isidor. origg.
V, 12. Gratianus D. II. c. 3. —
26) D. de orig. iur. I, 2. 1.2. §. 11.,
de constitut. princ. I, 4. 1. 1. —
27) Cicero rep. II, 13. 17. 18. 20.
Tacitus hist. I, 47. II, 55. IV, 3.
SC. de Vespasiani imperio (Hei-
neccii synt. antiii. li.). Praef. Dig.
I. §. 7. 1). de manumission. XL,
1. I. 14. §. 1. C. de testamenti»
VI, 23. I. 3.; de caducis tollendis
VI, 51. 14. — 28) D. de iure
nodicillor. XXIX. 7. 1. 2. S- 3. per
omnia et in omnibus. — 29) C. de
legibus I, 14. 1. 2. D. eod. I, 3.
1.14. — 30) I). de iustitia et iure
I, 1. 1. 7. §. 1. 1. 8.; de orig. iu-
ris I, 2. 1. 2. §. 10. — 31) cf. I.
de bon. poss. III, 9. 2. 1). ex
quib. caus. maior. IV, 6. 1.1. §. 1.
— 32) Plautus Captiv. IV, 2, 48.
Gellius IV, 2. Petroa. sai. 53.
D. de aedilit. edicto XXI, 1. —
33) D. de orig. iur. I, 2. 1. 2. $• 5.
47. Isidorus origg. V, 14. Gra-
tianus I). II, c. 5. — 34) Theo-
phil. h. IJ. I, 2. 1.2. §.37. — 35)ab
Hadriano. Caius I, 7. — Cic. Top
17 (65). Seneca tranquil!, aninn
3, 4. Id. ep. 94, 27.
 Institut. De iure peksokarum I, P 11
•!sus c o m p r o b a v i t . n a m d u i t u r n i m o r e s c o n s e n s u u t e n t i i i m
comprobati legem imitantur 3 6). 3 7 ) E t n o n i n e l e g a n t e r in JO
d u a s s p e c i e s ins civile distributum videtur. N a m origo eius
al> i n s t i t u t i s d u a r u m c i v i t a t i u m , A t h e n a r u m ' ) s c i l i c e t e t
Lacedaemonis 8 ) , fluxisse v i d e t u r . i n his e n i m c i v i t a t i b u s
i t a a g i s o l i t u m e r a t , ut L a c e d a e i n o n i i q u i d e m i n a g i s e a ,
quae pro legibus observarent, m e m o r i a e m a n d a r e n t ; Atlie-
n i e n s e s v e r o e a , q u a e in l e g i b u s s c r i p t a r e p r e h e n d i s s e n t ' ) ,
custodirent,s).
3 ' ) S e d n a f u r a l i a q u i d e m i u r a , q n a e a p u d o m n e s g e n t e s 11
p e r a e q u e s e r v a n t u r , divina q u a d a m providentia constituta,
s e m p e r firina a t q u e i m m n t a b i l i a p e r m a n e n t 1 ' ' ) ; e a v e r o ,
q u a e ipsa sibi q u a e q u e civitas constituit, s a e p e mutari So-
l e n t 4 1 ) , vel t a c i t o c o n s e n s u p o p u l i , v e l a l i a p o s t e a l e g e l a t a .
O m n e a u t e m i u s , q u o u t i m u r 4 - ) , vel a d p e r s o n a s (3. P r . n ?
p e r t i n e t , vel a d r e s , vel a d a c t i o n e s 4 3 ) . Ac prius de p e r -
s o r i i s " * 4 ) v i d e a m u s . n a m p a r u m e s t ius n o s s e , si p e r s o n a e ,
quaruin causa statutum ") e s t , ignorentur 4 5 ) .

T I T U L U S T E R T 1 U S .

1 ) D E I U R E P E R S O N A R U M .

S u m m a itaque divisio3) de i u r e " ) personarum ") liaect'r

est: quod omnes homines aut liberi s u n t , aut s e r v i 5 ) .

r) Atheniensium. — s) Lacedaemoniorum. — t) comprehendissent.—

«) constitutum.
a) de iure def.

36) Varrò ap. Serv. ail Virgil.
Aen. VII, 601. Cicero invent. II,
22. DioClirysost. or. 76. ed.Reiske.
Ulpianus I, 4. 1). de legibus I, 3 .
1. 3 2 . . . 40. C. Tli. de longa con-
suet. V, 12. C. lust, quae sit longa
consnet. V I I I , 53. Isidor. origg.
IV, 3. Gratianus ]). I, c. 4. 5. X I ,
c. 4. 5 . ; X . de consuetudine I , 4.
cap. 9. 11. — 37) I. h. § . 3. —
39) losephus c. Apionem I I , 9 4 6 .
(Frohen ). Plutarch. L y c . 13. —
39) Xenoplion Memor. I V , 4 , 19.
Ticero rep. Ill, 22. — 40) Sopho-
cles Antigona 4 4 9 sq. Cicero 1. c.
S e n e c a benef. V I , 23. D. de usu-
fructu earum rerum V I I , 5. 1. 2.
S . 1 . , de regul. iur. L , 17. 1.8. —
41) Varrò I. 1. V I I I , 15. Dio Chry-
sost. or. 76. Prudentius c. S y m -
machum II, 4 1 2 s q q . — 42) D. de
statu liomiu. I, 5. 1. 1. I), de l e -
gibus I, 3 . 1. 40. 4 1 . — 43) Do-
natus ad Ter. Adelph. I I , 3. pr.
Cf. Caium initio lib. II. IV. Itisti-
niani institut, initio lib. II. I V tit.
6. (de actionibus), de usu et h a -
bitatione II, 5. 6. ; Theophilum
e t Accursium ad I. de obligation.
I l l , 1 3 (14). p r . , Tlieoph. ad I. de
actionib. I V , G. pr. — 44) D. de
codiclll. X X I X , 7. 1.14. pr. — 45)
D. de statu hom. I, 5 . 1. 2. I. de
rerum divisione II, 1. § . 37.
1) D . de statu liomin. I. 5. 1. 2.
. . 5 . — 2) C a i u s 1 , 9 . — 31 Caius
1 1 1 , 8 8 . I. de obligat. I l l , 1 3 ( 1 4 ) .
§ . 1 . ; de action. IV, 6 . S- «• i de
interdictis IV, 15. 1. — 4) S e r v i
enim personam non habent. Nov.
Tlieod. 47. Theopliil. de heredib.
instit. I I , 14. 2. — 5) D. do
iustitia et iure I, 1 . 1 . 4.
 12 INSTITUT. DE INGENUIS. 4. Pr.

1 6 ) E t libertas quidem e s t , e x q u a etiara liberi v o c a n -

t u r 7 ) , naturalis facultas e i n s , quod cuique f a c e r e l i b e t 8 ) ,
2 nisi si quid t ) aut vi aut iure p r o h i b e t u r . Servitus autem
est constitutio iuris g e n t i u m ' ) , qua quis dominio alieno
3 c o n t r a n a t u r a m 1 0 ) subiicitur " ) . Servi autem e x eo a p -
pellati s u n t , quod i m p e r a t o r e s captivos v e n d e r e i u b e n t
a c p e r h o c s e r v a r e , n e c o c c i d e r e s o i e n t 1 2 ) , qui etiam m a n -
c i p i a dicti s u n t , quod d ) a b liostibus m a n u c a p i u n t u r ' 3 ) .
4 14)Servi a u t e m aut n a s c u n t u r 1 5 ) , aut fiunt. n a s c u n t u r
e x ancillis nostris. fiunt aut i u r e g e n t i u m , id est, e x c a p t i -
vitate 1 6 ) ; aut iure c i v i l i , c u m h o m o l i b e r m a i o r viginti a n -
nis a d p r e t i u m p a r t i c i p a n d u m sese venundari passus e s t 1 7 ) .
5 In s e r v o r u m condicione nulla differentia est. In liberis i n u l -
t a e differentiae s u n t : aut enim i n g e n u i s u n t , aut l i b e r -
tini 1 8 ) .

TITULÜS QIJARTUS.
») D E I N G E N U I S.

Pr. I n g e n u u s e s t " ) , qui s t a t i m , ut natus e s t , liber e s t ' ) ;

sive e x duobus ingenuis m a t r i m o n i o editus b ) , sive e x l i b e r -
tinis c ) , sive e x a l t e r o l i b e r t i n o , a l t e r o i n g e n u o , sed etsi
quis e x m a t r e l i b e r a n a s c a t u r , p a t r e s e r v o , i n g e n u u s n i -
hiloininus n a s c i t u r ; q u e m a d m o d u m qui e x m a t r e libera e t
i n c e r t o p a t r e natus e s t , q u o n i a m vulgo c o n c e p t u s e s t 5 ) .
Sufficit a u t e m l i b e r a m fuisse m a t r e m e o t e m p o r e , quo D a -
s c i t u r , licet ancilla c o n c e p e r i t . e t e x c o n t r a r i o , si l i b e r a

b) quod, quid (def. si). — c) iubent def. — d) eo quod.

a) is est, est is. — bj e. est, e. sit. — c) duobus I., I. duobus.

6) D. h. I. 4. — 7) Similes ety- 32. 1. 7. — 16) Xenophon. Cyro-

mologiae ap. Isidor, origg. X, 1.
D. de iust. et iure 1. 1. pr. — 8)
Zeno ap. Diog. Laert. V I I , 121.
Cicero parad. 5 , 1 . — 9) I. de li-
bertiriis 1,5. pr. — 10) Aristotel.
Polit. I, 2. Seneca controv. VII, 6.
Augustin. civit. Dei XIX, 15. C.
de SC. Claudiano VII, 24. — I I )
Aristotel. Polit. I, 2 , 4 . Zeno Bio-
genis Laert. VIII, 121. — 12) Ci-
cero Offic. I, 11, 24. Donatus ad
Ter. Adelph. I I , 1 , 28. — D. de
verb. signif. L, 16. 1.239. §. 1. —
13) Varro 1. 1. V, 8. — 14) D. h.
1. 5. pr. §. 1. Dio Chrysostom.
or. 15. C. Tti. ad SC. Claudian.
IV, 9. 1. pen. — 16) Dionys. Ha-
lic. XI, 29. C. de rei vindic. III.
paed. VII, 5, 15. I. de rer. divis.
II, 1. §. 7. — 17) C. de liberali
causaVII, 16. 1. 6. 10. — I), qui-
bus ad libertat. proclam. XL, 13.
I. 1. 3. et sqq. — 18) Cicer. P a -
radox. V, 2. Caius I, 10. Fragni,
de iuris specieb. 4 (5).
1) D. de statu liominum 1 , 5 . 1 . 5 .
8. 2. 3. Caius 1 , 1 1 . — 2) Isi-
dor. origg. IX, 4. C. de fideicom.
liberi. VII, 4. 1. 14. ; de ingenuis
manumissis V I I , 14. 1. 2. — 3)
Caius I, 67. 77. 8 0 . . . 92. Ulpian.
V, 8. . . 1 0 . Paul. I I , 2 4 , 1 . . . 3 .
D. de statu hom. I, 5. 1. 18. 24.
Dioiivs. Haiin. X I , 29. Cicero N.
D. III, 18. 4ö.
 INSTITUT. DE LIBERTINIS I, 8. Pr. §.1. 13

c o n c e p e r i t , deinde ancilla f a c t a p a r i a t , p l a c u i t , e u m , qui

n a s c i t u r , liberum nasci, quia non debet calamitas matris ei
nocere, qui in utero ¿ ) est. e x Iiis et «) illud quaesituin e s t ,
si ancilla praegnas manumissa s i t , deinde ancilla postea
f a c t a p e p e r e r i t , liberum an servum p a r i a t ? et M a r c e l l u s ' )
p r o b a t , liberum n a s c i : sufficit enim e i , qui in ventre est,
iiberam matrem vef medio t e m p o r e liabuisse. quod et v e -
rum est.
4 ) C u m autem ingenuus aliquis natus sit, non officit illi 1

in Servitute f u i s s e 5 ) , et postea manumissum esse, s a e p i s -

sime enim constitutum e s t , natalibus non officere m a n u -
missionem.

TITULUS QUINTUS.
') D E L I B E R T I N I S .

*)Libertini s u n t , qui e x iusta Servitute3) manumissiPf

sunt.
Manumissio autem est datio libertatis "). nam quamdiu
quis in Servitute e s t , manui et potestati suppositus e s t , et
manumissus liberatur potestate. Q u a e res a iure gentium
originem s u m p s i t : utpote cum iure n a t u r a l i 4 ) omnes liberi
nascerentur, n e c esset nota manumissio , cum servitus esset
incognita, sed postea quam l ) iure gentium 5 ) servitus i n -
v a s i t c ) , secutum est beneficium m a n u m i s s i o n i s 6 ) . et cum
uno naturali d ) n o m i n e 7 ) homines a p p e l l a r e m u r , iure g e n -
tium tria g e n e r a hominum esse c o e p e r u n t , liberi 8 ) , et his
contrarium s e r v i , et tertium genus l i b e r t i n i « ) , qui desie-
rant esse servi. Multis autem modis manumissio p r o c e d i t : I

d) ventre. — e) et def., etiam, miteni, vero, vero et. — f) Mar-

ciana*.
a) de manti missio id e. d. I., de maini datio. — b) post quam. —
c) ingenuitatem inv., inv. ingen. — d) communi, nat. def. — e) liberti.

4) Quintil. Inst. V, 10, 60. Pall- manuiiiiss. et titt. sqq. XI/, 1 sqq.
ili» V. 1, 2. I). de captivi« et C. Tli. de maiiumiss. IV, 7. C. I.
posti im. XI.IX, 15. 1. 21. C. dede vindicla et titt. sqq. VII, 1
ingeimis VII, 14. 1. 1. 2. — sqq. — 2) I). de statu hom. I, 5.
ó) Siniil. : in liberiate esse. D. de 1. 6. de iust. et iure I, 1. 1. 4. —
liber. causa XL, 18. 1.7. S- f- 1-10. 3) Cic. p. Caec. 34. Liv. XI.I, 10.
12 pr. — in possessione esse 1). de Cf. I. li. 3.; de ingenuis I, 4.
acqii. poss. XI.I, 2. I. 10. S. 1.S- — f. — 4) 1. de iure person. I, 3.
<:f. Quintil. 1. c. Paulus V, 1. Ü 1. 2. — 5) Ibid. S. 4. — 61C.de
C. de palribus IV, 43. 1. 2. Plin. liberali causa VII, 16. 1. 19. I).
ep. X, 71. 72. de bonis libertor. XXXVIII, 2. 1.1.
1) Fragni. de iurta »perieli. 4 — 7) Seneca ep.31, 10. — 8) i. e.
srjq. (al. s. 5 sqq.) Caius I, Il ingenui. I). de liberali causa XL,
sqq. Ulpian. I, 5 sqi|. 1). ile 12. I. 40.
 14 INSTITUT. DE LIBERTINI« I, 3. §. 2. 3.

aut enim ex sacris constitutionibus in sacrosanctis ecclesiis,

ant v i n d i c t a , a u t inter ainicos, aut p e r e p i s t o l a m , a u t p e r
t e s t a m e n t u u ) , a u t aliara quamlibet ultimam v o l u n t a t e m r ) .
Secl et aliis multis modis libertas servo c o m p e t e r e p o t e s t ,
qui t a m e x veteribus, q u a m nostris constitutionibus i n t r o -
2 ilucti s u n t 9 ) . I 0 ) Servi vero a dominis s e m p e r e ) 1 1 ) m a n u -
mitti s o l e n t : a d e o , ut vel in transitu m a n u m i t t a n t u r , veluti
cum p r a e t o r aut proconsul a u t praeses in b a l n e u m vel in
tlieatrum e a t 1 2 ) .
13
3 ) L i b e r t i n o i u m a u t e m status tripertitus a n t e a f u e r a t .
n a m qui m a n u m i t t e b a n t u r , m o d o m a i o r e m et iustam Iiber-
tatem l 4 ) c o n s e q u e b a n t u r , et fiebant cives R o m a n i ; m o d o
m i n o r e m , et L a t i n i ex lege Iunia N o r b a n a fiebant; m o d o
i n f e r i o r e m , et fiebant ex lege Aelia S e n t i a dediticioruin
n u m e r o . S e d dediticioruin quidern pessima condicio iam
ex multis t e m p o r i b u s in desuetudinem a b i i t ; L a t i n o r u m
vero n o m e n non f r e q u e n t a b a t u r '') : i d e o q u e n o s t r a p i e t a s
omnia a u g e r e , et in meliorem statum r e d u c e r e ') d e s i d e -
r a n s , in d u a h u s constitutionibus hoc e m e n d a v i t , et in p r i -
stinum statuin r e d u x i t k ) , quia et a primis urbis R o m a e
cunabulis u n a a t q u e simplex libertas c o m p e t e b a t , id est
e a d e m , q u a m h a b e b a t manumisst r 1 5 ) , nisi quod scilicet
libertinus sit, qui m a n u m i t t i t u r , licet manumissor i n g e n u u s
sit. et dediticios quidetn p e r constitutiouem n o s t r a m e x p u -
liinus, q u a m promulgavimus inter nostras decisiones l 6 ) , p e r
q u a s , s u g g e r e n t e nobis T r i b o n i a n o , viro e x c e l s o , q u a e -
s t o r e , antiqui iuris altercationes p l a c a v i m u s ; L a t i n o s a u t e m
l u n i a n o s , et o m n e m , q u a e circa eos f u e r a t , observantiam,
alia constitutione p e r eiusdem quaestoris suggestionem c o r -
r e x i m u s , q u a e inter imperiales radiat sanctiones. et o m n e s
libertos n u l l o , n e c aetatis manumissi, n e c dominii ') m a n u -
missoris, nec in manumissionis m o d o discrimine h a b i t o , si-
cuti a n t e a o b s e r v a b a t u r , civitate R o m a n a donavimus ; multis
additis m o d i s , p e r quos possit libertas servis, cum civitate
R o m a n a , q u a e sola in p r a e s e n t i e s t , p r a e s t a r i .

f) v. manumilluntur, v. manumittitur. — g) saepe. — li) frequenta-

tur. — i) deducere, perducere. — k) perduxit. — 1) domini.

9) Cic. T o p . 2, 10. S u e t o n . ile de viiidicta V I I , 1. 1.4. — 13) C.

d a r . rlietor. 1. in f. Quinlil. deci,
340. 3 4 2 . C. de l a t . l i h e r t . t o l l .
VII, 4. — 10) D. d e m a n u i n . vind.
XI., 2. 1.7. — 11) P a u l u s II, 25,
3 . C. Tli. ile f e r i i s n , 8. 1. 1. C.
I. eud. I l i , 12. 1. 2. 8. — 12) C.
d e dedit. l i b e r t . t o l l . , d e l a t . l i -
b e r t . toll. V I I , 5. 6. I s i d o r . origg.
IX, 4. s u b fin. — 14) I. h. p r . —
15) D i o n y s . H a l i c . IV, 22. 23. —
16) G l o s s a T a u r . I n s t . 2 4 1 . : libre
L. decis.
INSTITUT. Q U I , QUIB. E X C A U S . , E T C . I , G. P r . § . 1 — 4 . 15

T I T U L U S SEXTUS.
' ) Q U I , QUIBUS EX CAUSIS, MANUMITTERE
NON POSSUNT.
N o n t a m e n c u i c u m q u e volenti m a n u m i t t e r e licet, n a m Pf
i s , qui in f r a u d e m c r e d i t o r u i n m a n u m i t t i t , nihil » g i t : q u i a
lex Aelia S e n t i a i m p e d i i l i b e r t a t e m . 2 ) L i c e t a u t e m d o - 1
m i n o , q u i solvendo n o n e s t , t e s t a m e n t o s e r v u m suuin c u m
l i b e r t a t e h e r e d e m i n s t i t u e r e , ut fiat liber h e r e s q u e ei solus
e t n e c e s s a r i u s , si m o d o n e m o alius e x eo t e s t a m e n t o h e r e s
e x t i t e r i t , a n t q u i a n e m o h e r e s s c r i p t u s sit, a u t q u i a is, qui
s c r i p t u s e s t , q u a l i b e t e x c a u s a h e r e s n o n extiterit. i d q u e
e a d e m l e g e Aelia S e n t i a p r o v i s u m est, et r e c t e : valde enim
p r o s p i c i e n d u m e r a t , u t e g e n t e s h o m i n e s , q u i b u s alius h e r e s
e x t i t u r u s n o n e s s e t , vel s e r v u m s u u m n e c e s s a r i u m h e r e d e m
l i a b e a n t • ) , q u i s a t i s f a c t u r u s esset c r e d i t o r i b u s , a u t , h o c eo
n o n f a c i e n t e , c r e d i t o r e s r e s h e r e d i t a r i a s servi n o m i n e v e n -
d a n f , n e i n i u r i a 3 ) d e f u n c t u s a f f i c i a t u r . I d e i n q u e iuris est, 2
etsi sine l i b e r t a t e s e r v u s h e r e s i n s t i t u t u s est. q u o d n o s t r a
constitutio n o n solum in d o m i n o , q u i s o l v e n d o n o n est, sed
generaliter constituit, nova liumanitatis ratione — ut ex
i p s a s c r i p t u r a institutionis e t i a m libertas ei c o m p e t e r e vi-
d e a t u r •—• c u m n o n est v e r i s i m i l e , e u m , q u e m h e r e d e m
sibi e l e g i t , si p r a e t e r m i s e r i t l i b e r t a t i s d a t i o n e m , s e r v u m
r e m a n e r e v o l u i s s e , e t n e m i n e m sibi h e r e d e m f o r e 4 ) . In
f r a u d e m a u t e m c r e d i t o r u m m a n u m i t t e r e v i d e t u r , q u i vel i a m
eo t e m p o r e , q u o m a n u m i t t i t , s o l v e n d o n o n e s t , vel qui,
datis l i b e r t a t i b u s , d e s i t u r u s est s o l v e n d o esse, p r a e v a l u i s s e
t a m e n v i d e t u r , nisi a n i m u m q u o q u e f r a u d a n d i m a n u m i s s o r
h a b u i t , n o n i m p e d i r i l i b e r t a t e m , q u a m v i s b o n a eins c r e d i -
t o r i b u s n o n s u f B c i a n t : s a e p e e n i m d e f a c u l t a t i b u s suis a m -
p l i u s , q u a m in his e s t , s p e r a n t h o m i n e s , i t a q u e t u n c i n t e l -
legimus impediri libertatem, cum u t r o q u e m o d o f r a u d a n t u r
c r e d i t o r e s , id e s t , e t Consilio m a n u m i t t e n t i s , e t i p s a r e , eo
quod b o n a n o n s u f f e c t u r a s u n t c r e d i t o r i b u s s ) .
Eadem lege Aelia S e n t i a d o m i n o m i n o r i viginti a n n i s *
non aliter m a n u m i t t e r e p e r m i t t i t u r , q u a m si vindicta •>),

a) haberent. — b) qu. s. dicta, vind. q. s.

1) F r a g i n . d e iuris specieb. S-13-
i ß . (15. 18.) Cai. I , 19. 20. 21.
3 6 . . . 41. 47. Ulpian. I, 13. 14. 15.
D. de m a n u m i s s i s vindicta XL, 2.
p a s s i m ; qui et a quibus m a n u -
inissi X L , 9. (h). C. de vindicta
V n , 1 . ; qui luanumilt. non p o s -
s
« " t VII, 11. (h). — 2) D. de h e -
red. instit. X X V i n , 5. 1. 42. 43.
55. 5 7 . 6 0 . 88. — 3) Cic. p. Quint.
15. Tertull. Apolog. 4. D. q u a e in
fraud, creditor. X L I I , 8. 1. 28. —
4) C. de necessariis serví» VI, 27
I. 5. — 5) 1). ti. 1. 10. IS. 23.
 16 INSTITUT. Q U I , QUIB. E X CAUS., ETC. I , 6 . § . S — 7 .

a p u d consilium, iusta causa 6 ) manumissionis a d p r o b a t a

Sluerit*). lustae autem manumissionis causae s u n t : ve-
1 il ti si quis p a t r e i n , a u t m a t r e r a , a u t fílium filiamve, a u t
fratrem sororemve n a t u r a l e s , aut p a e d a g o g u m , aut nutri-
cein e d u c a t o r e m v e , a u t a l u m n u m a l u i n n a m v e , a u t c o l l a -
ctaneum m a n u m i t t a t , aut s e r v u m , procuratoris habendi
g r a t i a , a u t a n c i l l a i n , m a t r i m o n i i c a u s a , d u m tarnen i n t r a
s e x m e n s e s u x o r d u c a t u r , nisi iusta c a u s a i m p e d i a t , e t
qui manumittitur procuratoris h a b e n d i gratia ne minor
6 s e p t e m e t decern <i) a n n i s m a n u m i t t a t u r Semel a u -
t e m c a u s a a d p r o b a t a , sive v e r a sive f a l s a s i t , n o n r e t r a -
ctatur s).
7 C u m e r g o c e r t u s m o d u s m a n u m i t t e n d i m i n o r i b u s viginti
a n n i s d o m i u i s p e r l e g e m Aeliain S e n t i a i n c o n s t i t u t u s s i t ,
e v e n i e b a t , u t , qui q u a t u o r d e c i m a n n o s a e t a t i s e x p l e v e r i t ,
licet t e s t a m e n t u m f a c e r e p o s s i t , e t in e o h e r e d e m sibi i n -
s t i t u e r e l e g a t a q u e r e l i n q u e r e p o s s i t , t a m e n , si a d l i u c m i -
n o r sit a n n i s v i g i n t i , l i b e r t a t e m servo d a r e n o n p o t e r a t e ) .
9
) q u o d n o n e r a t f e r e n d u m , si i s f ) , cui t o t o r u m b o n o r u m
in t e s t a m e n t o dispositio d a t a e r a t , uni servo l i b e r t a t e m
d a r e n o n p e r m i t t e b a t u r , q u a r e n o n f ) similiter ei, q u e m a d -
m o d u t n alias r e s , ita et servos suos in u l t i m a v o l ú n t a t e
d i s p o n e r e , q u e m a d m o d u m v o l u e r i t , p e r m i t t i m u s , ut e t li-
b e r t a t e m eis possit p r a e s t a r e ? sed cum l i b e r t a s i n a e s t i m a -
b i l i s 1 0 ) est, e t p r o p t e r h o c a n t e vicensimum a e t a t i s a n n u m
a n t i q u i t a s l i b e r t a t e m servo d a r e p r o h i b e b a t : i d e o n o s m e -
diant q u o d a m i n o d o v i a m e l i g e n t e s , n o n aliter m i n o r i vi-
ginti a n n i s l i b e r t a t e m in t e s t a m e n t o d a r e servo s u o c o n c e -
d i m u s , nisi s e p t i m u m e t d e c i i n u m a n n u m i m p l e v e r i t , e t
o c t a v u i n d e c i i n u m t e t i g e r i t . cum e n i m a n t i q u i t a s h u i u s m o d i
a e t a t i et p r o aliis p o s t u l a r e c o n c e s s i t , c u r non e t i a m sui
iudicii stabilitas ita eos a d i u v a r e c r e d a t u r , ut et a d l i b e r -
t a t e s d a n d a s servis suis possint p r o v e n i r e '').

c) f . manumissi, f . vel man., f . manumissio ; fuerint. — d) XVIII.

— e) posset. — f) si enim is, nam. — g) qu. nos non, </«.. nos. —
Il pefvenire.
6) D o n a t u s ad T e r . A d e l p h . V, — 10) Euripides Slohaei serm.
9, 4. — 7) I). XL, 2. 1. 1 1 . . . 13. XLVII. Terelit. Andr. I, 1, 12. I).
— 8) I). XI,, 2. 1. 9. § . 1. C. de de reg. iur. L , 17. 1. iOfi. 176.
vindicta VII, 1. I. 1.; si a d v e r s u s 1.; de his, qui effud. IX, 3. 1. f.
lihert. H , 31. 1. 2. 3. — 9) No- in f.
vum ius lion ipso loco introduclum.
INSTITIT. DE L. FLU. I, 7. DE HIS, QUI I, 8. Pr. § . 1. 2. 17

TITULUS SEPTIMUS.
>)DE LEGE FURIA ) CANINIA SUBLATAB).

L e g e F u r i a *) Caninia certus modus coDstitutus erat in

servis testamento raanumittendis. q u a m , quasi libertatibus
impedientem et (juodammodo iuvidam, tollendam esse c e n -
s u i m u s , cum satis f u e r a t i n h u m a n u m , vivos quidem licen-
tiam h a b e r e , totain suam familiam libertate d o n a r e , nisi
alia causa impediat l i b e r t a t i d ) , morientibus antera huius-
modi licentiam a d i m e r e 1 ) .

TITULUS OCTAVUS.
1
j DE H I S , QUI S U I , V E L ALIENI
I U R I S 2) S U N T .
Seqtiitur de iure p e r s o n a r u m 3 ) alia divisio. nam q u a e - P i
dam personae sui iuris s u n t , q u a e d a m alieno iuri subiectae
s u n t ; rursus e a r u m , q u a e alieno iuri subiectae s u n t , aliae
in potestate p a r e n t u m , aliae in potestate dominorum sunt,
videainus itaque d e h i s , quae alieno iuri subiectae s u n t :
nam si c o g n o v e r i m u s , quae istae personae s u n t , simul in-
tellegemus, q u a e sui iuris sunt.
Ac prius dispiciamus de h i s , q u a e in potestate d o m i -
norum sunt.
In potestate itaque domioorum sunt servi, q u a e quidem 1
potestas iuris gentium est : nam a p u d omnes p e r a e q u e g e n -
tes animadvertere p o s s u m u s , dominis in servos vitae necis-
que p o t e s t a t e m 4 ) e s s e " ) , et quodcumque p e r servum a c -
q u i r i t u r 1 ' ) , id domino a c q u i r i t u r 5 ) . S e d hoc t e m p o r e 2
nulli« h o m i n i b u s , qui sub imperio nostro s u n t , licet, sine
c
causa legibus c o g n i t a , e t ) supra modum in servos suos
saevire. N a m ex constitutione divi P i i A ) Antonini, qui
sine causa servum suum occiderit, non minus puniri iube-

a) Furia. — h) /alleluia. — c) libertates. — d) liberlalem.

a) fuisse. — b) acquili. — c) et def. — d) Pii def.
1) Cai. I. 42... 46. ; II, 228. Ul-
pian.I, 24.25. Paul, seilt. IV. 14. <J.
de 1. Fur. Can. toll. VII, 8. Suetoii.
Orlar. 40. Vopiscus Tacito 10. sub
finem. — 2) Quintil. deci. 808. (ed.
Obreclit.) C. de legatis VI. 37. 1.26.
1) Cai. I, 48...53. Collat. lege.
Mos. et Rom. tit. 8. D. de Iiis
nui sui I, 6. 1. 1. 2. — 2) ï,ir.
xxxvm 9. Seneca belief. Ill,
20. Plaut. Pers. IV, 3, 3.; Me-
liaeclim. V, 7, 55. — 3) sensu
latiore, pro hominibus, ut I>. de
reg. iur. L, 17. 1. 22.; de verb.
Hgn. L , 16. 1. 215. — 4) Dio
Cbrysost. or. 14. ed. Reiske. Se-
nec. dem. I, 18. Id. benef. in, 23.
— 5) I. per quas pers. II, 9. S-3.
Alibi aliter. Plut. Lycurg. 24. —
Tacit. Germ. 25. Moses III, 25, 49.
 18 INSTITUT. D B P A T R I A POTESTATE I , 9 . P r . § . I—3.

tur, quam qui servum alienum occiderit. Sed et maior

asperitas dominorum eiusdem principisi constitutione coèr-
cetur. n a m consultus a quibusdam praesidibus provinciarum
de Iiis s e r v i s , qui ad aedera sacrain, vel ad statuas prin-
cipimi confugiunt, praecepit, ut, si intolerabilis videatur
dominorum saevitia, cogantur servos bonis condicionibus
vendere, ut pretium dominis daretur. et recte : expedit
enim reipublicae, ne quis rem suatn male utatur. cuius
rescripti, ad Aelium Marcianum emissi, verba liaec sunt:
Dominorum quidem potestatem in suos servos ilUbatam esse
oportet, nec ciiiquam hominum ins suiim detraili, sed domi-
norum interest, ne auxilium contra saevitiam, vel famem,
vel intolerabilem iniuriam denegetur his, qui iuste deprecan-
tiir. ideoque cognosce de querelis corani, qui ex fumilia lulii
Sabini ad slaluam confugentnt ; et, si vel durius habitus, quam
aequuni est, vel infami inuma affectos cognoveris, ventri tube,
ita ut in potestatem domini non revertanlur. qui Subinus, si
meae constitutioni fraudem feceril, s e i e t , me admissum Seve-
rins executumm

T 1 T U L U S NO,\US.

') DE PATRIA POTESTATE.

Pr. In potestate nostra sunt liberi nostri, quos ex iustis
1 nuptiis procreaverimus 2 ). Nuptiae autem sive matri-
moniiim ' ) est viri et inulieris c o n i u n c t i o , individuain con-
ì suetudinem vitae 5 ) continens. Ius autein potestatis, quod
in Iiberos habeinus, proprium est civiuin Romanorum6):
nulli enim alii s u n t h o m i n e s , qui talem in I i b e r o s habeant
p o t e s t a t e m , q u a l e m nos liabemus.
3 Qui igitur e x te et u x o r e tua n a s c i t u r , in t u a potestate

6) Cic. divin. I , 26. P i n t . C o - C. de patria potest. V I I I , 47. —

riol. 24. 25. Djonys. Halic. V I I , 2) A u g u s t i » , ep. 19«. — a) » .
73. X X , I . . . 3. — Seneca de ira de ritu iiupt. X X i l I , 2. 1. 1.; de
I I I , 40. Id. benefic. I l l , 22. T a - iustitia et iure I , 1. 1. 1. S —
cit. Annal. V I , I I . Suet. Claud. 4) Coniunctio frequens, an ad M -
25. Spartian. Iladr. 18. Inscr. gitificandum matrimoniuni ini"iw c i -
Pompeiana ap. Arditiuui la legire v i l i * et iuris gentium V — 5) Cic.
Petronia. Xapnti 1817. D. de off. I . 17. L i v . I , 'J, 14. Tacit,
quae*!. X L V I I I , 18. ]. 8.; ad J. hist. I l l , 34. Plutarch, praecc.
Cornet, de sicar. X I . V I I I , 8. I. 6. coniugg. passini. Terlull. ad uxor.
I I . S . 2 . ; de off. praef. urbi I, 12. I I , 3. IJ. rerum amot. X X V , 2.
1. 1. I. 5. 8. — Plutarch. TIIQI 1. 1.; ad SC. Silan. X X I X . 5. 1.1.
3 n n n U a i i o v i ( i g 4. Tacit. A m i a l . 15. C. de crini, expil. liered.
I I I , (SO. I X , 32. I. 4. — 6) Dionvs. Ha-
lic. I I , 26. 27. Sextus Empir.
I ) Cai. I, 55 s(iq. U l p i a n . V , i . Pyrrlimi. I l l , 24. (211.) Pliilo 7i£(JÌ
Ii. de lii.M, qui Mii I , 6. 1. 3 aq. tijiiini' T . ii. p. 550. Mang.
 INSTITCT. DE NUPTIIS I , 10. Pr. 1. 19

est. item qui e x filio tuo et uxore eius n a s c i t u r , id est

» e p o s tuus et n e p t i s , a e q u e in tua sunt p o t e s t a t e , et p r o -
nepos et p r o n e p t i s , et deinceps celeri. Q u i t a m e n ex
filia t u a n a s c i t u r , in t u a p o t e s t a t e non e s t , sed in patris
eius 7 ) .

T I T U L U S D E C 1 M U S

>) D E N U P T I I S ' ) .

2
Iustas ) a u t e m n u p t i a s inter se cives R o m a n i c o n t r a - P r
h u n t , qui s e c u n d u m p r a e c e p t a legum c o e u n t , masculi q u i -
dem p u b e r e s , feininae autein viripotentes, sive p a t r e s f a m i -
lias s i n t , sive filiifauiilias , d u m t a m e n filiifamilias et c o n -
sensum h a b e a n t p a r e n t u m , q u o r u m ib p o t e s t a t e sunt, nam
hoc fieri d e b e r e , et civilis et naturalis ratio s u a d e t in t a n t u m ,
ut iussum parentis p r a e c e d e r e 3 ) debeat, u n d e quaesitum
e s t , a n furiosi filia n u b e r e , aut furiosi filius u x o r e m ducere
p o s s i t ? c u m q u e s u p e r filio v a r i a b a t u r , nostra processit d e -
cisio j, q u a permissuin est, ad e x e m p l u m filiae furiosi filium
q u o q u e posse, et sine patris interventu b ), matrimoniurn sibi
c o p u l a r e s e c u n d u m d a t u m ex constitutione m o d u m 4 ) .
5
) E r g o n o n omnes nobis uxores d u c e r e licet, n a m q u a T l
run d a m nuptiis a b s t i n e n d u m est.
I n t e r eas enim p e r s o n a s , q u a e p a r e n t u m liberorumve
locum inter se obtinent, n u p t i a e contraili non p o s s u n t , ve-
luti inter p a t r e m et filiam, vel avum et n e p t e m , vel m a -
trem et filium, vel aviam et n e p o t e m , et usque ad infini-
t u m . et si tales p e r s o n a e inter se c o i e r i n t , nefarias a t q u e
7
incestas ") nuptias contraxisse d i c u n t u r . ) E t Iiaec a d e o
ita s u n t , u t , quamvis p e r a d o p t i o n e m p a r e n t u m liberorumve
loco sibi esse c o e p e r i n t , non possint ") inter se matrimonio
iungi in t a n t u m , ut etiam dissoluta a d o p t i o n e i d e m iuris

a) de iustis nuptiis. — li) inteiitn. — c) possunt.

7) I. d e legit, a g n a t . tut. I , 15. 3) I), d e acq. her. X X I X , 2. 1. 25.

1 . ; d e g r a d . oogn. I l l , 6. II.
D. d e v e r b . s i g n . L , 16. I. 19fi.
S. 1 •; d e a g n o s c . lib. X X V , it.
1. p e n .
1) Cai. I , 5 6 . . .(¡5. U l p i a n . V,
2 . . . 7. P a u l . I f . 19. Collatio legg.
Mos. el Ilom. VI. I), de ritu n u p t .
XXIII, 2. C. T h . de n u p t i i s III. 7.
(coll. I l l , 10. 11. 12.) C. I. d e
nuptiis V, 4. (coll. V . 5. 8.) N o v .
19. 22. 74. 78. 89. — 2) I), de
s t a t u h o m . I. 5. I. 2 4 . ; a d 1. Iul.
de a d u l t . XLVI1I, 5. 1.13. g 1. —
S. 4.; ad SC. T r e b e l l . X X X V I , 1.
1 . 6 5 pr. — D . li. 1.3. 9. p r . ; 1.2.
31. p r . ; d e i u r e dot. X X I I I , 3.1. 68.
C. li. 1. 12. — I), de lit), exliib.
X I J 1 I . 30. 1. 1. g . 5 . ; a d 1. I u l .
lie a d u i t . X L V m , 5. 1. 13. S- 6.
— 4) 1). h. 1.9. p r . ; d e p a c t is d o -
tal. X X I I I , 4 1. 8. C. h. 1. 26. —
5) 1). 1>. 1. 53. 55. p r . — 6) I n -
nestuni i u r i s g e n t i u m c o g i l a v i t :
initiora e n i m s u n t £}. 2. s q q . —
7) Nuni m u t a t a p e r C. d e a d o p t .
V I I I , 48. 1. 1 0 . »
 20 INSTITUT. DE JÎUPTIIS I, 10. §. 2 — C.

maneat : itaque earn, quae tibi per adoptionem filia aut

neptis esse coeperit, non poteris uxorem ducete, quainvis
earn emancipaveris 8 ) .
2 ®) Inter eas quoque personas, quae ex transverso gradu
cognationis iunguntur, est quaedara similis ohservatio, sed
non tanta. Sane enira inter fratrem et sororem nuptiae
prohibitae sunt, sive ab eodem patre eademque matre nati
fuerint, sive e x alterutro e o r u m 1 0 ) . sed si qua per ado-
ptionem soror tibi esse coeperit : quamdiu quidein constat
adoptio, sane inter te et earn nuptiae consistere non pos-
sunt ; cum vero per emancipationein adoptio dissoluta sit,
poteris earn uxorem ducere; sed et si tu emancipatus fue-
r i s , nihil est impedimento nuptiis. et ideo constat : si quis
generum adoptare velit, debere eum ante filiam suam eman-
cipare; et si quis velit nurum a d o p t a r e , debere eum ante
3 filium e m a n c i p a r e 1 1 ) . 1 2 ) Fratris vel sororis filiam uxorem

ducere non licet, sed nec neptem fratris vel sororis ducere
quis p o t e s t 1 3 ) , quamvis quarto gradu sint: cuius d ) enim
filiam uxorem ducere non licet, eius neque neptem permit-
titur. eius vero mulieris, quam pater tuus adoptavit, filiam
non videris impediri uxorem d u c e r e , quia neque naturali
l neque civili iure tibi coniungitur. duorum autem fratrum vel
5 sororum liberi, vel fratris et sororis, iungi possunt e ) 1 ' ) . item
amitam, licet adoptivam, uxorem ducere non licet, item ma-
terteram : quia parentuin loco habentur. qua ratione verum
e s t , magnam quoque amitam et materteram magnam pro-
6 hiberi uxorem d u c e r e 1 5 ) . 1 6 ) Afiinitatis quoque venera-

tione quarundam nuptiis abstinere necesse est. U t ecce

privignam aut nurum uxorem ducere non licet, quia utrae-
que nliae loco 1 7 ) sunt, quod scilicet ita accipi debeat, si
f u i t 1 8 ) nurus aut privigna: nam si adliuc nurus est, id
e s t , si adhuc nupta est fllio tuo, alia ratione uxorem earn

d) cum. — e) non p.

8) Contra regulam iuris. 1). de e x rescripto V , 8 . 1. 2. — 13) D.

adoption. I, 7. 1. 13. 1 4 . , sc. pro-
pter pudorem naturalem. M. ti.
1. 14, S- 2. — 9) » . li. 1. 17. pr.
S - 1. — 10) Cornel. Nep. C i -
mone 1. P h i l o de praeceptis d e -
calogi ad capp. 6 . 7. (Opp. ed.
P a r i s . 1640. p. 779.) — 11) D. b.
1. 12. pr. 6 7 . § . 3 . C. de interd.
matr. V , 6 . 1.3. — 12) V. b. 1 . 1 7 .
S . 2. T a c i t . Annal. X I I , 5 . . . 7 .
Suet. Claud. 26. Cass. Dio L X V J U ,
2. Zouaras ed. P a r i s , p. 6 8 3 . ; C.
Th. de incesti* nuptiis m , 12. 1.1.
y. C. I. eod. V, 5 . 1.5. ; si nuptiae
h. 1. 3 9 . pr. — 14) Tacit. Ann.
X1T, 6. Plutarch, qu. Ron). 6 . C.
Til. si nuptiae III, 1 0 . ; de incestis
nuptiis III, 12. 1.3. C. I. h. 1.19.
Basil. T . I V . p. 281. Cai. Visig.
I , 4, 6 . — 15) I), li. 1. 6 5 . § . 1.
— 16) D. h. 1. 14. pr. 1. 4. I.
15. 40. C. li. I. 2. 17. — Cic. p.
Cluentio 5 . Virgil. Aen. X , 389. —
17) Plinius H. N. V I I , 13 (11). I.
li. 8- 7. D. de gradibiis X X X V I I I ,
10. I. 4. 7 . ; soluto matrim.
X X I V , 3. 1. 16. — 18) Fragm.
Vat. S . 3 0 3
 INSTITUT. D E NUPTIIS I , 10. §. 7—l'Z. 21

' l u c e r e n o n p o s s i s , q u i a e a d e m d u o b u s n u p t a esse n o n
p o t e s t ; item si adirne p r i v i g n a t u a e s t , id e s t , si m a t e r
eius tibi n u p t a e s t , i d e o earn u x o r e m d u c e r e non p o t e r i s ,
quia d u a s u x o r e s e o d e i n t e m p o r e h a b e r e non licet. S o c r i i m 7
q u o q u e et n o v e r c a m p r o h i b i t u m est u x o r e m d u c e r e , q u i a
inatris loco sunt, q u o d et i p s u m dissoluta d e i n u m affinitate
p r o c e d i t : n l i o q u i , si a d h u c n o v e r c a e s t , id e s t , si a d h u c
patri t u o n u p t a e s t , c o m m u n i iure i m p e d i t u r tibi n u b e r e ,
q u i a e a d e m d u o h u s n u p t a esse non potest ; item si a d h u c
socrus e s t , id e s t , si a d h u c filici eius tibi n u p t a e s t , i d e o
i m p e d i u n t u r n u p t i a e , q u i a d u a s u x o r e s h a b e r e non possis.
M a r i t i tamen filius e x alia u x o r e et u x o r i s filia e x alio marito, 8
vel c o n t r a , m a t r i m o n i u m r e c t e c o n t r a h u n t , licet l i a b e a n t f r a -
trem s o r o r e i n v e e x m a t r i m o n i o p o s t e à c o n t r a c t o n a t o s ' ").
2")Si u x o r tua post d i v o r t i u m e x alio filiam p r o c r e a v e r i t , 9
liaec n o n est q u i d e m p r i v i g n a 2 1 ) : s e d Iulianus huiusinodi
nuptiis a b s t i n e r e d e b e r e a i t ; nam n e c s p o n s a m filii n u r u m
e s s e , n e c patris s p o n s a m n o v e r c a m e s s e , rectius t a m e n et
iure f a c t u r o s e o s , qui h u i u s m o d i nuptiis se a b s t i n u e r i n t 2 2 ) .
lllud certuni e s t , serviles q u o q u e c o g n a t i o n e s i m p e d i m e n t o 10
esse n u p t i i s , si f o r t e p a t e r et filia, a u t f r a t e r et s o r o r
manumissi f u e r i n t 2 3 ) . S u n t e t aliae p e r s o n a e , q u a e p r o - n
pter d i v e r s a s r a t i o n e s n u p t i a s c o n t r a h e r e p r o h i b e n t u r , quas
in libris d i g e s t o r u m seu p a n d e c t a r u m e x veteri i u r e c o l l e -
ctorum ') e u u m e r a r i p e r m i s i m u s .
24)Si a d v e r s u s e a , q u a e d i x i m u s , aliqui c o i e r i n t , n e c l 2
v i r , nec u x o r , nec n u p t i a e , nec m a t r i m o n i u m , n e c d o s 2 S )
intellegitur. I t a q u e i i , qui e x e o coitu n a s c u n t u r , in p o -
testate patris n o n s u n t : s e d tales s u n t , q u a n t u m a d p a -
t r i a m p o t e s t a t e m p e r t i n e t 2 4 ) , q u a l e s sunt i i , q u o s m a t e r
v u l g o c o n c e p i i , nam nec hi p a t r e m h a b e r e i n t e l l e g u n t u r ,
cum Iiis etiam t ) incertus e s t 2 1 ) : u n d e solent filii spurii
a p p e l l a r i , vel a G r a e c a v o c e , quasi onouctiìriv^) 2 S ) c o n -

fi collectarnm. — g) in etiam, h. e. pater, h. e. coitus. — h) vo-

lto;, 71UQÙ irjv anoQny.
19) 1>. 11. 1. 34. S- 2. — 20) I)-
h. 1. 18. p r . . . S- 3- — 2D Fe-
stus li. v. — 22) Fragm. Vatic.
S- 302. 1>. h. 1.14. S- f-; de gra-
dibus XXXVIII, 10. 1. 8. — «3)
D. II. 1. 8. 14. S. 2. 3. 1. 54. —
Cf. 1). de gradibus X X X V n i , 10.
1. 10. S- s. — 84) L e x lulia et
Papia Poppaea ? Cf. Heinecc. ad
eam c. 6. £. I. — 25) I>. de gra-
dibus XXXVIII, lü. 1. 4. £. 8.;
mule v i r et u x o r X X X V I I I , 1 1 . pr.
h. 1. 52. 58. C. Tli. de incesti«
nuptiis III, 12. 1. 3. C. I. eod. V,
5. 1.6. li. 1.8. — 26) In aliis dif-
feruiit. Cai. I . 29. U. de in ins
voc. II, 4. I. fi ; de liberali canna
XI-, 12. 1.3. pr. -*7)I. de success,
cogli. III, 5. £. 4. 1». de statu
liom.1.5.1.25.; de captivis XI.1X,
15. 1.25. C. sol. matr.V. 18. 1.3.;
de natur. lib, V, 27. 1. I. — 28)
I. e. tptd'sìin.
 22 INSTITUT. D E ADOPTIONIBUS I , Ii. Pr. §. 1.
5 30
c e p t i , vel q u a s i ' ) sine patre filii *). )Sequitur ergo,
u t , et dissoluto tali coitu, nec dotis k ) exactioni locus sit.
Qui aiitem prohibitas Duptias c o è u n t , et alias poenas p a -
tiuutur, quae sacvis constitutionibus 3 1 ) continentur.
3J
13 )Aliquando autem e v e n i t , ut liberi, q u i 1 ) statim ut
nati sunt in potestate parentum non fiant, postea autein ™)
redigantur in potestatem. Qualis est is, q u i , dura natu-
ralis f u e r a t , postea curiae datus, potestati patris subiicitur.
nec non is, q u i , a tituliere l i b e r a 3 3 ) procreatus, cuius
matrimonium minime legibus interdictum f u e r a t , sed ad
quam pater consuetudinem h a b u e r a t , postea ex nostra con-
stitutione, dotalibus instrumentis cornpositis, in potestate
patris efficitur: q u o d , et alii ex eodem matrimonio si f u e -
rint procreati, similiter nostra constitutio praebuit " ) 3 4 ) .

T1TULUS UNDECIMUS.
')D E A D O P T I O N I B U S .
2
Fr. ) Non solum tarnen naturales liberi, secundum ea, quae
(liximus, in potestate nostra s u n t , verum etiam h i , quos
adoptamus.
l Adoptio autem duobus modis f i t , aut principali rescri-
p t o 3 ) , aut imperio magistratus. Imperatoris auctoritate
adoptare quis potest eos easve 4 ), qui quaeve sui iuris sunt,
quae species adoptionis dicitur arrogatio. Imperio magi-
stratus adoptare licet eos easve, qui quaeve in potestate
parentum s u n t , sive primum gradum liberorum obtineant,
qualis est filius, f i l i a , sive inferiorem, qualis est nepos,

i) tiTTKToog qu., ànnTOQsg qu., S. P. qu. — k) nec def. ; n. d.

nec dimationis. — 1) def. qui. — m) def. autem. — n) quod et aliis
liberis, qui ex eodem matrimonio fuerint procreati, similiter nostra
:onstitutio praebuit, et multae aliae lectiones: veluti (loco aliis), aUi;
,1. qui), si; (1. f . pr.), postea f . p., procreatis ; (1. praebuit), pro-
hibuit.

29) Plutarch, qu. Rom. 103. Isi-
dor. oriRg. I X , 5. I). I , 6. 1.23.
cit. — 30) Ulpian. XVII, 4. D. b.
1. 88. S. 1. 1. 5 2 . ; de condict. s.
causa XII, 7. 1. f. C. de incestis
V, 5. I. 4. Nov. 12. c. 1. — 31)
C. Th. de incestis III, 12. 1. 1. 3.
C. 1. eod. V, 5. 1. 6. — 32) Cai.
I . 65. sqq.29. 32. I. de Iiered.,
quae ah in I est. i n , 1. $• 2. Nov.
Tlieod. X I , 1. C. I. de natural,
lib V. 27. 1. 3. . 5. 9. . 11. Nov.
lust. 89. c. «. 8. — 33) I. e. in-
genua. C. t. c. 1.5., coll. Nov. 18.
c. 11. — 34) Sc. liberi» ant» pro-
crcfttis
1) Cic. p. domo 13. 14. 29. Geli.
V, 19. Cai. I , 9 7 . . . 106. Ulpian.
V m . D. de adopt. I, 7. C. eod.
v r a , 48. — 2) » . h. I. 2. — 3)
Pedetentim in locum auctoritatis
populi substituto. Cai. Geli. 11.
citt. D. li. 1. 21. 38. 39. Vopisc.
Aurei. 14. C. h. 1. 2. 6. 8. —
4) Tribonianismus. Cf. Cai.1,101
Ulpian. VIII, 5.
 INSTITUT. DE ADOPTIONIBUS I, II. § . 2 — S. 23

5
n e p t i s , p r o n e p o s , proneptis. ) S e d bodie e x nostra c o n - 3
s t i t u t i o n e , cum filiusfamilias a p a t r e n a t m a l i e x t r a n e a e
p e r s o n a e in adoptionein d a t u r , iura potestatis •) naturalis
patris minime dissolvuntur , nec quicquam ad p a t r e m a d o -
ptivurn t r a n s i t , n e c in p o t e s t a t e eius e s t , licet a b intestato
iura s u c c e s s i o n s ei a nobis tributa sunt, si vero pater n a -
turalis non e x t r a n e o , sed avo filii sui m a t e r n o , vel, si ipse
p a t e r naturalis f u e r i t e m a n c i p a t u s , etiain avo p a t e r n o , vel
p r o a v o simili m o d o p a t e r n o vel m a t e r n o , filiuin suiiui d e -
derit in a d o p t i o n e m : in h o c c a s u , quia in u n a m personam
c o n c u r r u n t et n a t u r a l i a et adoptionis i u r a , manet stabile
ius patris a d o p t i v i , et naturali viuculo c o p u l a t i m i , et legi-
timo adoptionis m o d o b ) constrictum ' ) , ut et in familia et
potestate liuiusmodi patris adoptivi s i t 6 ) . ' ) Cum a u t e m 3
i m p u b e s p e r principale rescriptuin a r r o g a t u r : causa cognita
a r r o g a t i o p e r m i t t i t u r , et exquiritur causa a r r o g a t i o n i s , an
h o n e s t a s i t , e x p e d i a t q u e p u p i l l o , et cum quibiisdam c o n d i -
cionibus a r r o g a t i o fit, id est, ut caveat a r r n g a t o r p e r s o n a e
p u b l i c a e , h o c est tabulario ') 8 ) , si intra pubertatem p u p i -
lli« decesserit, reslitulurum se bona Ulis, qui, si adoptio facta
non esset, ad successionem eins venturi essent. item non
alias e m a n c i p a r e eos potest a r r o g a t o r , nisi, causa cognita,
digni e m a n c i p a t i o n e f u e r i n t , et tunc sua bona eis r e d d a t 1 ) .
s e a etsi d e c e d e n s p a t e r e u m e x h e r e d a v e r i t , vel vivus sine
iusta causa e u m e m a n c i p a v e r i t , iubetur q u a r t a m partein ei
suorura b o n o r u m r e l i n q u e r e , videlicet p r a e t e r b o n a , q u a e
ad p a t r e m a d o p t i v u m I r a n s t u l i t , et q u o r u m cominodum ei
acquisivit p o s t e a 1 0 ) . " ) Minorem natu non posse maio- *
r e m a d o p t a r e , p l a c e t : a d o p t i o eniin n a t u r a m i m i t a t u r 1 ' ) ,
et p r o m o n s t r o e s t , ut maior sit filing, q u a m p a t e r , d e b e t
itaque i s , qui sibi p e r arrogationein vel a d o p t i o n e m filium
facit, plena p u b e r t a t e 1 3 ) , id est decern et octo annis, p r e -
cedere. Licet a u t e m et in locuin nepotis vel pronepotis, 5
vel in locum neptis vel p r o n e p t i s , vel d e i n c e p s , a d o p t a r e ,

a) potest, def. — l>) nodo. — c) contractual, vonstruetum, consti-

stutum. — d) Def. A. e. t.

5) C. h. 1 . 1 0 . — T e r e n t . Adelpli. 33. C. h. 1. 10. p r . — 10) P l i n .

I , 2 , 3 4 . s q q . Quintil. decl. M46.
— 6) C f D . d e bon. p o s s . c. tat).
X X X V H , 4 . I. 3. § . 7. 6. I. 21.
S . 1. — 7) I ) . h. 1. 17. S . 1 . . . 4 .
I. 18. 19. 2 0 . ; d e inoff. t e s t . V, 2.
I. 8. S- 1». C- h. 1. 2. - 8) C.
d e e p i s c o p i s e t cler. I, 3. 1. M2.
- 9) I). si q u i d in f r a u d e m p a t r .
X X X V I I I , 5. 1. 1 3 . ; h. 1. 22. .12.
e p p . V I I I , IS. — 11) D. h . 1. 15.
8 . 3. 1. 16. 40. S — 1«) C a l -
p u r n i u s F l a c c u s decl. HO. T a i . V i -
•sig. I. 5. pr. Tlieopliili et A c c u r s i i
definiliones a d u p l i o t i i s ad I. Ii. pr.
— 1.1) I) de a l i m . l e g . X X X I V , I .
1. 14. S- I- P a u l u s III, 4. A , 2.
- - Iul. PuJIux VIII, 9. (105.)
 24 Institut. D e a d o p t i o n i b u s 1, I I . § . 6 — 1 2 .

6 quamvis filium quis non h a b e a t 1 ' 4 ) . E t tarn filium alienum

quis in locum nepotis potest a d o p t a r e , q u a m n e p o t e m l 5 )
7 in locum fìlli. Secl si quis nepotis loco a d o p t e t , vel quasi
ex eo filio, q u e m h a b e t iam a d o p t a t u m , r e i quasi ex ilio,
q u e m n a t u r a l e m in sua p o t e s t a t e h a b e t : in eo casu et filius
consentire d e b e t , n e ei invito suus heres a g n a s c a t u r . sed
ex c o n t r a r i o , si aviis ex filio n e p o t e m d a t in a d o p t i o n e m ,
e non est n e c e s s e , filium c o n s e n t i r e " ) . In plurimis a u t e m
causis assiinilatur i s , qui a d o p t a t u s vel a r r o g a t u s e s t , ei,
qui e x legitimo m a t r i m o n i o n a t u s est. et i d e o , si quis per
i m p e r a t o r e m , sive a p u d p r a e t o r e m , vel a p u d p r a e s i d e m
provinciae non e x t r a n e u m a d o p t a v s r i t , potest e u n d e m alii
,8
9 in adoptionem d a r e " ) . ) S e d et illud utriusque a d o -
ptionis c o m m u n e e s t » quod et h i , qui g e n e r a r e non p o s -
s u n t , quales sunt s p a d o n e s , a d o p t a r e possunt ; castrati
ro a u t e m non p o s s u n t " ) . '• 1 0 )Feminae q u o q u e a d o p t a r e non
p o s s u n t , quin n e c n a t u r a l e s liberos in potestate sua h a -
b e n t 2 1 ) : sed ex indulgentia principis ad solatium libe-
M rorimi amissoruin - 2 ) a d o p t a r e possunt. Illud p r o p r i u m
est illius a d o p t i o n i s , q u a e p e r sacrum oraculum fit: quod
i s , qui liberos in potestate h a b e t , si se a r r o g a n d u m d e -
d e r i t , n o n solum ipse potestati arrogatoris subiicitur, sed
etiam lìberi eius in eiusdem fiunt p o t e s t a t e , t a m q u a m n e -
potes. sic enim et divus Augustus n o n a n t e T i b e r i u m a d o -
p t a v i t , q u a m is G e r m a n i c u m adoptavit : ut protinus a d o -
ptione f a c t a , incipiat G e r m a n i c u s Augusti n e p o s e s s e " ) .
12 Apud C a t o n e m bene scriptum refert a n t i q u i t a s , s e n i si
a domino adoptati sint, ex hoc ipso posse libcrari. unde et
nos eruditi in nostra constitutione etiam euin servum, q u e m
dominus actis intervenientibus filium suum n o m i n a v e r i t , li-
berum esse constituimus, licet h o c ad itis filii accipiendum
ei non s u f f i c i t 2 4 ) .

c) Servos, si.

14) ». li. I. 37. pr. ]. 4.3. — 15) Se.
alienum. Cf. Theoph. — 16) 1). li. 1.
6. IO. U . — D. (le ritii liupt.XXIII,
2. 1. 16. S-1. — 17) Tac. Amia],
XV, 19. — 18) I>. li. I. 2. S. 1.
1.40. S-2. — D. ile iure dot. XXni,
3.1.39. S.1.; de manumissis vind.
XL, 2. 1. 14. 8- 1.; de liberis et
post. XXVIII, 2. 1. «. pr. S. 1.
I. 9. pr. — 19) Additameutum
Triboniani. — 20) 1). de inofT.
test. V, 2. I. 29. 3. C. li. 1. 5.
— Sueton. Gallia 4. Lactant. de
inort. per.secut. c. 50, 2. — Isaens
(orat. gr. ed. Heiske T. VII. p. 177.)
— 21) I. de lierediim qualit. II,
19.S.3- — 22) I. de SC. Tertull.
Ili, 3. §.1. I). de iure dot. XXIII,
3. I. fi. — 23) U. li. I. 2. 2.
1. 15. pr. 1. 40. pr. — Sueton. Ti-
ller. 15. — 24) Genius XIII, i9.
I>. h. I. f. C. de lat. liliert. Vn. fi.
S. 10. — D. de paci is II. 14. I. 27.
g.y. ; de acceplilat. XLVI, 4. 1.8.
INSTITUT. Q U I D . MOD. I C S P O T . SOLV. I , l ! ì . P r . § . 1 — 4 . 25

TITULUS DUODECIMUS.
») Q U I B U S M O D I S IUS P O T E S T A T I S «)
S O L V I T U R .
V i d e a m u s n u n c , quibus modis Iii, qui alieno iuri s u b - P i
iecti s u u t , eo iure liberantur b ) .
E t quidem servi q u e m a d m o d u m potestate liberantur, e x
Iiis intellegere p o s s u m u s , q u a e d e servis m a n u m i t t e n d i s s u -
p e r b i s - ) exposuimus.
Hi v e r o , qui in p o t e s t a t e parentis s u n t , mortuo eo sui
iuris fiunt. S e d hoc distinctionem recipit. Nani inortuo
p a t r e s a n e omniniodo filii filiaeve sui iuris efficiuntur. m o r -
tuo vero a v o , non o m n i m o d o n e p o t e s n e p t e s q u e sui iuris
fiunt, sed i t a , si post m o r t e m avi in p o t e s t a t e m patris sui
recasuri n o n s u n t : i t a q u e si inoriente avo p a t e r eortim et
vivit, et in potestate patris sui est , t u n c post obitum avi
in p o t e s t a t e patris sui fiunt ; si vero i s , quo t e m p o r e avus
m o r i t u r , a u t iara m o r t u u s e s t , a u t exiit d e potestate p a -
t r i s , tunc Iii, q u i a « ) in potestatem eius c a d e r e non p o s -
s u n t , sui iuris fiunt3). C u m a u t e m i s , qui ob aliquod 1
maleficium in insulam d e p o r t a t u r , civitatem a m i t t i t : sequi-
d
t u r , u t , qui e o ) m o d o ex n u m e r o civium R o t n a n o r u i n
tollitur, p e r i n d e e ) acsi mortuo e o , desinant liberi in p o t e -
state eius esse, p a r i ratioue et si i s , qui in p o t e s t a t e p a -
rentis s i t , in insulam d e p o r t a t u s f u e r i t , desinit in potestate
parentis esse. S e d si ex indulgentia principali restituti
f u e r i n t , p e r o m n i a 1 ) pristinum statum recipiunt 4 ) . Rete-2
gati a u t e m p a t r e s in i n s u l a m , in p o t e s t a t e sua libero» r e -
tinent. et ex contrario liberi relegati in p o t e s t a t e p a r e n t u m
r e m a n e n t 5 ) . P o e n a e servus effectus filios in potestate h a - a
bere desinit. Servi a u t e m p o e n a e e f f i c i u n t u r , qui in m e -
talluin d a m n a n t u r , et qui bestiis subiiciuntur °). 7 ) F i l i u s - 4
familias si militaverit, vel si s e n a t o r , vel c o n s u l 8 ) f u e r i t
f a c t u s , m a n e t in patris potestate. militia e n i m , vel c o n s u -
laria e) dignitas d e patris potestate fìlium non liberat. S e d

a) patriae p. — b) liberentur. — o) qui. — d) quia.., eo qui . —

e) est, habeatur. — f) f . P- , — Sì consularis.

1) C a i . I , 124. . . 137. U l p i a n . fin. — 5) D. d e interdictis X L V I I I ,

X. P a u l . s e n t . II, 25. D. d e a d o -
ption. I. 7. C. de e m a n c i p . V i l i ,
4 9 . ; d e p o s t l i m . r e v . V i l i , 51. —
2) I. d e libert. I, 5. 1. — 8) I).
de h i s , qui s u i I, 6. 1. 5. — 4)
Tac. hist. I I , 92. P a u l . s e n t . IV,
8, 24. D. de s e n t , p a s s i s X L V I I I ,
28. C. eod. IX, .51, p r a e s e r t i m . I.
I U S T . INSTITUTION E S .
22. 1.4. — 6) P l i n . ep. X, 40. 41.
I. d e c a p . m i n u t . I , 16. § . 1. U .
d e poenis X L V I I I , 19. I. 8 . $ . 8.
I I . 12. 1.12. 17. p r . 2». — 7) D i o -
n y s . Halic. I I , 26. — 8) 11. d e
a d o p t . 1 , 7 . 1. 3 . ; a d SC. M a c e d .
XIV', fi. 1. 1. S. f.
B
 26 INSTITUT. Q C I B . MOD. IDS POT. SOLV. I , 1 2 . §.8. 6.

9
ex constitutions n o s t r a ) summa patriciatus digDitas, illico
ab imperialibus codicillis praestitis, a patria potestate libe-
rai. quis eniin p a t i a t u r , patrem quidem posse per é m a n -
cipatioois modum suae potestatis nexibus filium relaxare,
imperatoria!!) autem celsitudinem non valere e u m , quera
5 sibi patrem elegit, ab aliena exirnere p o t e s t a t e 1 0 ) ? " ) Si
ab hostibus captus fuerit p a r e n s , quamvis servus hostium
fiat, tamen pendet ins liberorum, propter ius postliminii:
quia h i , qui ab hostibus capti sunt, si reversi fuerint,
omnia pristina i u r a 1 2 ) recipiunt. idcirco reversus et liberos
habebit in potestate, i s ) q u i a postliminium fingit e u m , qui
captus est, semper in civitate fuisse. si vero ibi decesserit,
exinde, ex quo captus est p a t e r , filius sui iuris fuisse vi-
detur. Ipse quoque filius neposve si ab hostibus captus
fuerit, similiter dicimus propter ius postliminii, ius quoque
potestatis. parentis in suspenso esse. Dictum est autem
postliminium a limine et post. u t h ) e u m , qui ab hostibus
captus in fines nostros postea pervenit, postliminio rever-
sum recte dicimus '). nam liinina sicut in doinibus finem
quendam f a u u n t , sic et imperii finem limen esse veteres
voluerunt. (hinc et limes dictus est, quasi finis quidam et
terminus14).) Ab eo postliminium dictum, quia eodem
limine revertebatur, quo amissus erat. Sed et qui victis
hostibus r e c u p e r a t u r , postliminio rediisse existimatur 1 5 ).
6 Praeterea emancipatone quoque desinunt liberi in pote-
state parentum esse. Sed ea emancipato antea quidem
vel per antiquam l e g i s 1 6 ) observationem procedebat, quae
per imaginarias venditiones 1 ') et intercedentes manumis-
s i o n e s 1 8 ) celebrabatur, vel ex imperiali rescripto " ) . N o -
stra autem providentia et hoc in melius per constitutio-
n e m 2 0 ) reformavit, ut, fictione pristina explosa, recta via
apud coinpetentes iudices vel magistratus parentes intrent,
et filios suos vel filias, vel nepotes vel neptes, ac dein-
ceps, sua manu dimitterent. et tunc ex edicto praetoris 2 1 )
in huius filii vel filiae, nepotis vel neptis bonis, qui vel
quae a parente manumissus vel manumissa f u e r i t , eadem

li) et, protnde ut, inde et, unde, nam. — i) dicamus, dicemus.
9) C. d e c o n s u l . X I I , 3. I. f. —
10) Z o s i m u s I I , 41. Cassiodor.
V a r . VI, 2. — 11) Cic. top. 8 . ;
d e o r a t . 1 , 4 0 . ; p. B a l b o 12. S e n e c a
c o n t r o v. I l l , 19. F e s t u s v . post-
Km. D. de c a p t i v . X l . I X , 15. C.
d e p o s t l i m i n i o V i l i , 51. — 12) D .
eod. 1. 12. p r a e s e r t i m 2. 6. —
13) I), eod. 1. 12. S I. — 14) S i -
c u i u s F l a c c u s et H y g i n u s fed. Goes.
p . 15. 151.) — 15) D . e o d . I. 2«.
— 16) XII t a b u ] . , colt. Ulp. X, 1.
— 17) Cai. I, 1 1 3 . 1 1 9 . — IS) I n -
c t a n t . div. inst. IV, 3, 17. C. 1>,
1. f. N o v . 81. pr. — 19) C. li. J
p e n . — 20) C. h. 1. fin. — 2 t ) D
si a p a r e n t e X X X V I I , 12. I. de
boil. pons. III. i) (10). S-
 INSTITUT. DB TUTELIS I, 15. Pr. 27

i u r a p r a e s t a n t u r p a r e n t i , q u a e tribuuntur p a t r o n o in bonis
l i b e r t i ; e t p r a e t e r e a si i m p u b e s sit fìlius vel filia, vel c e -
t e r i , i p s e p a r e n s e x m a n u m i s s i o n e tutelam eius n a n c i s c i -
tur32). ' ^ A d m o n e n d i a u t e m s u m u s , liberum esse a r -
bitrium e i , qui filium et e x eo n e p o t e m r e i n e p t e m in
p o t e s t a t e h a b e b i t , filium quidem de p o t e s t a t e dimittere,
n e p o t e m v e r o vel n e p t e m r e t i ñ e r e 3 4 ) ; et e x diverso filium
q u i d e m in p o t e s t a t e r e t i ñ e r e , n e p o t e m vero vel n e p t e m
m a n u m i t i e r e 3 5 ) ( e a d e m et de p r o n e p o t e vel p r o n e p t e dieta
e s s e i n t e l l e g a n t u r ) , vel oinnes sui iuris efficere k ) . i6)Sed

e t , si p a t e r filium, q u e m in p o t e s t a t e h a b e t , avo vel p r o a v o

n a t u r a l i , s e c u n d u m nostras coiistitutiones 3 ' ) s u p e r Iiis h a -
b i t a s , in a d o p t i o n e m d e ' d e r i t , id e 9 t , si h o c ipsum actis
i n t e r v e n i e n t i b u s 3 8 ) apud c o m p e t e n t e » ! i u d i c e m 2 ® ) m a n i f e -
s t a v e r i t , p r a e s e n t e 3 0 ) e o , qui a d o p t a t u r , et non c o n t r a d i -
c e n t e 3 1 ) , n e c non e o , qui a d o p t a t , solvitur quidem ius
p o t e s t a t i s patris n a t u r a l i s , transit autem in huiusmodi p a -
r e n t e m adoptivum , in cuius p e r s o n a et a d o p t i o n e m p l e n i s -
simain e s s e a n t e a diximus. Illud à u t e m scire o p o r t e t , q u o d ,
si n u r u s t u a e x filio tuo c o n c e p e r i t , et filium p o s t e a e m a n -
c i p a v e r i s , vel in a d o p t i o n e m d e d e r i s , p r a e g n a n t e nuru t u a ,
nihilominus quod e x e a n a s c i t u r , in p o t e s t a t e tua n a s c i t u r ;
quod , si post e m a n c i p a t i o n e m , vel a d o p t i o n e m fuerit c o n -
c e p t u s , patris sui e m a n c i p a t i , vel avi adoptivi potestati
s u b i i c i t u r 3 2 ) ; e t quod ñ e q u e n a t u r a l e s l i b e r i , n e q u e a d o -
ptivi itilo p a e n e m o d o possunt c o g e r e p a r e n t e m , de p o t e -
s t a t e sua e o s d i m i t t e r e 3 3 ) .

T1TULUS DECIMUS TERT1US.

O D E T U T E L I S.
2)Transeamus n u n c a d aliam divisionem p e r s o n a r u m . i
nam e x his p e r s o n i s , q u a e in p o t e s t a t e n o n s u n t , q u a e d a m
vel in t u t e l a s u n t , vel in c u r a t i o n e , q u a e d a m n e u t r o iure

k) vel.. eff. Bad... int.

22) I. de legit, parent, tut. 1,18.; iuris L, 17. 1. 123. — 31) D. h.

de fiduc. tat. I, 19. — 23) b. 1. 28. 1 . 5 . 2 4 . — 32) I. de ingenuis I, 4.
— 24) D. de coniung. XXXVII, 8. pr. — 33) D. h. 1. 31. 32. 33.
— 25) D. de adopt. I, 7. 1.15. $. 1. 1) Cai. I, 1 4 2 . . . 154. Ulpian.XI.
— 26) I. de adopt. I, 11. §. 2. — D. de tutelis XXVI, 1. (h.); de te-
27) C. de adopt. VIII, 48. 1.10.11. stament. tut. XXVI, 2 . ; de con-
— 28) C. de fide instr. IV, 21. firm. tut. XXVI, 3. C. de test. tut.
1. 11. — 29) D. h. 1. 3. 4 . ; de V, 2 8 . ; de conf. tut. V, 29. —
officio procons. I, 16. 1. 2. 3. C. 2) D. h. 1. 1 . . . 3 . — I. de iure
de adopt. VIII, 48. 1.1. — 30) D. nat. I, 2. §• 12.; de liis qui sui
h. 1. 24.25. §. 1. — D. de reg. I, 8. pr.
B 2
 28 INSTITUT. Q U I D A R I TUT. T E S T . P O S S . I , 1 4 . P r . § . 1 .

t e n e n t u r . v i d e a m u s igitur d e h i s , q u a e in t u t e l a , vel in
c u r a t i o n e s u n t : ita e n i m i n t e l l e g e i n u s c e t e r a s p e r s o n a s ,
q u a e neutro iure tenentur.
A c p r i u s dispiciaimis d e l i i s , q u a e in t u t e l a s u n t .
s
1 ) E s t a u t e m t u t e l a ( u t S e r v i u s d e f i n i i ) ius a ) a c p o t e -
stas 4 ) in c a p i t e l i b e r o , a d t u e n d u m 5 ) e u m f ) , q u i p r o p t e r
a e t a t e m se d e f e n d e r e n e q u i t , i u r e civili d a t a a c p e r m i s s a ' ) .
2 T u t o r e s a u t e m s u n t , q u i earn vim a c p o t e s t a t e m h a b e n t ,
ex q u a r e i p s a «) n o m e n c e p e r u n t . i t a q u e a p p e l l a n t u r
t u t o r e s , q u a s i t u i t o r e s a t q u e d e f e n s o r e s , sicut a e d i t u i d i -
c u n t u r , q u i a e d e s t u e n t u r ®).
10
3 ) P e r i n i s s u i n est i t a q u e p a r e n t i b u s , liberis i m p u b e r i b u s ,
q u o s in p o t e s t a t e h a b e n t , t e s t a m e n t o t u t o r e s d a r e , e t h o c
in filio filiaque o m n i m o d o p r o c e d i t ; n e p o t i b u s t a m e n n e p t i -
b u s q u e ita d e m u m p a r e n t e s p o s s u n t t e s t a m e n t o t u t o r e s d a r e ,
si p o s t m o r t e m eortim in p a t r i s sui p o t e s t a t e m n o n sint
r e c a s u r i . i t a q u e si filius t u u s m o r t i s t u a e t e m p o r e in p o t e -
s t a t e t u a s i t , n e p o t e s e x eo n o n p o t e r u n t t e s t a m e n t o t u o
t u t o r e m h a b e r e , q u a m v i s in p o t e s t a t e t u a f u e r i n t ; scilicet
q u i a , ¡ n o r t u o t e , in p a t r i s sui p o t e s t a t e m r e c a s u r i sunt.
4 ' ' ) C i ] m a u t e m in c o m p l u r i b u s aliis causis , 2 ) p o s t u m i p r o
iain natis h a b e n H i r , e t in h a c c a u s a p l a c u i t n o n m i n u s p o -
s t u m i s , q u a i n i a m n a t i s t e s t a m e n t o t u t o r e s d a r i p o s s e , si
m o d o in e a c a u s a s i n t , u t , si vivis p a r e n t i b u s n a s c e r e n t u r ,
5 sui et in p o t e s t a t e e o r u i n f ì e r e n t . S e d si e m a n c i p a t o filio
t u t o r a p a t r e t e s t a m e n t o d a t u s f u e r i t , c o n f ì r m a n d u s est e x
s e n t e n t i a p r a e s i d i s l 3 ) o m n i m o d o , id est sine inquisitione.

T I T U L U S D E C 1 M U S QUARTUS.

') Q U I DARI TUTORES TESTAMENTO

POSSUNT.
2
Pr. )Dari autem potest tutor") non solum paterfamilias,

a) vis. — b) exque. — e) ipsi, ipsum, def.

a) t. testamento.

3) D. h. 1.1. — S c h o l i a - s t e s P e r - 10) Cai. 1 . 189. F r a g m . Vatic.

sii s a t . IV, 3. Geli. V, 19. — 4)
P a u l , in F r a g m . V a t i c . § . 3 0 4 . I).
d e c u r a t , f a r . X X V I I , 10. 1.1. p r . ;
d e oblig. e t act. X I - I V , 7. 1. 43.
L i v . X L l f . 29, 7. — 5) Cic. offic.
I, 25. ; in V e r r . a c t . II. or. I, 58. —
6) D. de t e s t . tut. X X V I , 2. 1. 14.
— 7) I. h. S- 3. — 8) Geli. XII,
3. V a r r ò 1. I. V I , 2. — 9) Geli.
X I I . 10 r e s t u s V. aedituus. —
S. 229. 230. D . X X V I , 2. 1. 1.;
d e r e g . iur. L, IT. I. 73. § . 1 . ; de
a d m i n i s t r . t u t . X X V I , 7. 1. 40. -
t i ) S u e t o n . lui. 83. I. qui dari
tut. I, 14. (V — 12) D . d e statu
h o m . I, 5. 1. 7. — 13) D. XXVI.
3. I. 2. |ir. 8. 10
1) Ulpian. X I , 16. I). d e test,
t u t . X X V I , 2. C. cod. V, 28. -
2) D . 11. 1. 20. I.
Institut. D e l e g i t i m a a g n a t o r u m t u t e l a 1 , 1 5 . Pr. 29

4
sed eliam filiusfamilias *). ) S e d et servus proprius testa- i
mento cu in liberiate recte tutor dari potest, sed sciendum
5
« s t , e u m , et sine libertate ) tutorem datum, tacite liber-
tatem directam accepisse videri, et per hoc recte tutorem
esse, plane si per errorem, quasi liber, tutor datus sit,
aliud d i ceil du m est. Servus autem alien us pure inutiliter
testamento datur tutor, sed i t a , aim liber erit, utiliter da-
tur. Proprius autera servus inutiliter eo modo tutor datur 7 ).
Furiosus, vel minor vigintiquinque annis tutor testamento 2
datus, tunc tutor erit, cum coiripos mentis, aut inaior vi-
gintiquinque annis factus f u e r i t 8 ) .
®) Ad certum tempus, vel ex certo tempore, vel sub 3
condicione, vel ante heredis institutionem l u ), posse dari
tutorem, non dubitatur. certae autem rei vel causae tutor 4
dari non potest, <j|uia persona?, non causae vel rei datur 1 1 ) .
12
) S i quis filiahus suis vel filiis tutores dederit, etiam 5
posturaae, vel postumo videtur dedisse, quia filii vel
iiliae appellatone et postumus et postuma continentur 1 3 ).
14
) Q u o d s i nepotes sint, an appellatione filiorum et ipsis
tutores dati sunt? dicendum est, ut ipsis quoque dati vi-
deantur, si inodo liberos dixit; ceterum, si filios, non
continebuntur: aliter enim filii, aliter nepotes appellantur.
Plane si postumis dederit, tain filii postumi, quam ceteri
l i b e r i 1 5 ) continebuntur.

T 1 T U L U S DECIMUS QUINTUS.
') DE LEGITIMA AGNATORUM TUTELA.
*)Quibus autem testamento tutor datus non sit, his expr.
lege duodecim tahularum ' ) agnati sunt tutores, qui vocan-

3) D. de his qui sui I, 6. 1. 9. curator. I, 23. $ . 5 . — Sed cf. V a -

— 4) Paul. sent. IV, 13, 3. D. ti.
I. 10. 4. 1. 22. 28. 1 1- 32.
S- 2. C. Ii. 1. 5. de fideic. libert.
VII, 4. 1. 9. — 5) C. de necess.
liered. VI, 27. I. 5. pr. §. 2. —
6) D. h. I. 28. §. 1. et Tlieoph. —
C. VH, 4. 1. 9. — 7) D. de con-
dic. instil. X X V m , 7. 1.21. 22. —
8) D. h. 1.10. 8 - 3 - — Cai. I, 180.
Ulpian. XI, 21. I. de excus. I, 25.
13. — 9) I. quibus modis I, 22.
S- 2. 5. de Atil. tut. I, 20. § . 1.
I), h. 1. 8. S- 2- 1- 11- Pr- — Cf.
1). de reg. iuris L, 17. 1. 77.; de
tuteli» XXVI, I. 1.6. $ . 1 . — 10)
Cai. II, 231. Fragm. Vatic 229.
— I. de legati* II, 20. S. 34.
11 D. li. 1. 12. 13. 14. — 1. de
ler. Prol). not. cap. 2. honorum tu-
tor. Cai. I , 150. 176. 180. 181.
184. Ulpian. XI, 2 0 . 2 2 . 2 4 . Fragm.
Vat. 229. D. de tut. et cur. dat.
X X V I , 5. 1. 9. C. de in litem
dando tutore V, 44. 1.3. 4. — 12)
D. h. 1. 5. 6. 16. — 13) D. de
verb. sign. L , 16. I. 164. pr. —
14) Cassius Dio LTV, 4. D. de
verb, isign. L, 16. 1. 220. pr. § . 2.
1. 84. 104 201. — 15) I. e. n e -
potes etjdeinceps. I. de exhered.
liber. I I , 13. $ . 2. D. de iniusto
XXVIII, 3. 1. 13.
1) Cai. I, 1 5 5 . . . 158. Ulpian. XI,
3 . . . 9 . D. de legit, tut. X X V I , 4.
C. eod. V, 30. — 2) C. h. 1 . 2 . —
3) Hirksen. V, 6
 30 INSTITUT. D E CAPITIS MINUTIONE 1 , 1 6 . P r . § . i .

1 tur legitimi. S u n t a u t e m agnati p e r virilis s e x u s p e r s o n a »

c o g n a t i o n e ») coniuncti, quasi a p a t r e c o g n a t i : véluti f r a t e r
e o d e m p a t r e n a t u s , fratris filius, neposve e x e o , item p a -
t r u u s , et patrui filius, neposve e x e o . At qui p e r feminint
s e x u s p e r s o n a s c o g n a t i o n e i u n g u n t u r , non sunt a g n a t i , sed
alias naturali i u r e cognati, itaque a m i t a e t u a e filius n o n
est tibi a g n a t u s , sed cognatus ( e t i o u c e m scilicet tu illi
e o d e m iure c o n i u n g e r i s ) , quia qui nascuntur p a t r i s , n o n
2 m a t r i s , familiam s e q u u n t u r 4 ) . Q u o d a u t e m l e x a b i n t e s t a t o
v o c a t a d t u t e l a m a g n a t o s , n o n h a n c h a b e t significationem,
si omuino n o n f e c e r i t t e s t a m e n t u m i s , qui p o t e r a t t u t o r e s
d a r e , sed s i , q u a n t u m a d tutelam p e r t i n e t , intestatus d e -
c e s s e r i t . quod t u n c q u o q u e a c c i d e r e i n t e l l e g i t u r , cum i s ,
3 qui datus est t u t o r , vivo t e s t a t o r e d e c e s s e r i t 5 ) . ®)Sed
a g n a t i o n i s q u i d e m ius omnibus modis capitis d e m i n u t i o n e
p l e r u m q u e 7 ) p e r i m i t u r : n a m a g n a t i o iuris 1 *) est n o n i e n .
c o g n a t i o n i s v e r o ius non omnibus m o d i s * ) commutatur,
q u i a civilis r a t i o civilia quidem i u r a c o r r o m p e r e p o t e s t ,
n a t u r a l i a vero non u t i q u e 8 ) .

TITULUS DEC1MUS SEXTUS.

1) DE CAPITIS MINUTIONE.
Pr. 2)Est a u t e m capitis deminutio prioris status c o m m u t a -
l o . e a q u e tribus modis a c c i d i t : n a m aut m a x i m a est c a p i -
tis d e m i n u t i o , aut m i n o r , q u a m quidam m e d i a m v o c a n t ,
aut m i n i m a 3 ) .
1 4 ) Maxima est capitis d e m i n u t i o , c u m aliquis simul et
civitatem et l i b e r t a t e m amittit. quod accidit in Iiis, qui servi
p o e n a e 5 ) efficiuntur a t r o c i t a t e s e n t e n t i a e , vel l i b e r t i , ut

a) cognationem (def. personas). — b) i. civilis. — c) omn. med. non.

4) D. h. 1. 7. Collat. legg. Mos. ct 1) Cai. I , 1 5 9 . . . 162. 164. TJ1-

Bom. XVI, 2. I. de leg. agnat. succ.
III, 2. § . 1 . L e x Rom. Burgund.
XXXVI. Isidor. origg. IX, 6. — D.
de gradibus XXXVIII, 10. 1.4. §. 1.
2. 1. f. §. 1.2. — 5) D. h. 1.6.; de
testam. tut. XXVI, 2. I. 11. §. 1.
. . 8. I. de liered. quae ab intest.
n i , 1. pr. — Plato legg. XI. (ed.
Bip. T. IX. p. 144.) — 6) D. h.
I. a. §. 9. 1. 5. S- 5 - ; de cap. mill.
IV, 5. 1. 7. pr. C. h. 1. 2. 3. —
7) C. de leg. hered. VI, 58. 1. 11.
— 8) D. de cap. min. IV, 5. 1.8.;
de leg. iuris I . , 17. 1. P. I. de
hered. quae all intest. Ill, I. §.11.
pian. XI, 1 0 . . . 13. U. de cap. mi-
nutis IV, 5. Boethius ad top. Cic.
II. (ad cap. 4.). Festus v. demi-
nutus. — 2) D. li. 1. 1. — 3) D.
li. I. 2. pr. I. 2. pr. 1. 11. Auson.
Idyll. XI, 65. — Bimei.ibris divisio
est D. de suis et legit. XXXVJir,
16. l . l . g. 4 . ; ad SC. Tertull.
X X X V i n , 17. 1. 1. 8. — 4) D.
li. 1. 7. S- 2. 1. 11. Liv. XXII, 60.
15. Horat. Od. I l l , 5 , 41. sq. -
I. de iuie pers I, 3. §. 3. — 5)
Paul. sent. I l l , 6 , 29. — L quib.
mod. I, 12. g. 3.
 INSTITUT. D B LEGITIMA PATRONORUM TUTELA I , 1 7 . 31

i n g r a t i 6 ) c i r c a p a t r o a o s c o n d e m n a t i , Tel qui " ) ad p r e t i u m

participanduin ' ) s e venundari passi sunt. 8)Minor sive 2
m e d i a est capitis d e m i n u t i o , c u m civitas quidem amittitur,
libertas vero r e t i n e t u r q u o d accidit ei, cui a q u a et i g n i 1
i n t e r d i c t u m f u e r i t , vel e i , qui in insulam d e p o r t a t u s e s t " ) .
M i n i m a capitis deminutio e s t , c u m e t civitas e t libertas r e - 3
t i n e t u r , seti status h o m i n i s c o m m u t a t u r . quod accidit in h i s ,
q u i , cum sui iuris f u e r u n t , c o e p e r u n t alieno iuri subiecti
e s s e , vel c o n t r a b ) . S e r v u s a u t e m manumissus c a p i t e n o n 1
m i n u i t u r , quia nullum c a p u t h a b u i t 1 3 ) . Q u i b u s a u t e m d i - 5
gnitas i n a g i s , q u a m s t a t u s , p e r m u t a t u r , c a p i t e n o n m i -
n u u n t u r : e t i d e o senatu m o t u m c a p i t e n o n minui c o n s t a t l 4 ) .
15)Quod a u t e m dictum e s t , m a n e r e c o g n a t i o a i s ius e t 6
post capitis d e m i n u t i o n e m , h o c ita e s t , si m i n i m a capitis
deminutio interveniat *) : m a n e t enim c o g n a t i o . n a m si m a -
x i m a capitis deminutio i n c u r r a t , ius q u o q u e c o g n a t i o n i s
p e r i t , ut p u t a Servitute alicuius c o g n a t i , et n e q u i d e m , si
manumissus f u e r i t , recipit c o g n a t i o n e m 1 6 ) . s e d etsi in i n -
sulam d e p o r t a t u s quis s i t , c o g n a t i o solvitur. C u m a u t e m a d 7
a g n a t o s tutela p e r t i n e a t , non simul a d o m n e s p e r t i n e t , s e d
ad eos t a n t u m , qui p r o x i m i o r e g r a d u s u n t , vel si eiusdem
gradus s i n t , a d o m n e s d ) " ) .

T1TULDS DECJMUS SEPTIMUS.

') D E LEGITIMA PATRONORUM TUTELA.

Ex eadem lege duodecim tabularum libertorum et li-

a) libertis.. tis.. tis t>, his, qui. — b) e., velali si fttius emancipa-
tila fuerit a patre, est capite deminutus, aliave similia. — c) inter-
currat, currat, interveniat. — d) o., velati si plures fratres sunt, qui
unum gradum obtinent, ideoque pariter ad tutelam vocantur.

6) dCxi\ ànomaaiov Gracco- §. ! . ; de interdictis XLVmt, 22.

rum, coli. lexx. v. à n o a i . Tac.
Ami. XIII, 26. 27. D. ile agnosc.
XXV, 3. 1. 6. 8- t- C. de libertis
VI. 7. — 7) I. de iure pers. I, 3.
§. 4. — 8) D. h. 1. 5. pr. 1.
1.11. — 9) Libertas sc. iuris gen-
tium: libertas autem iuris civilis
amittitur. D. de extraord. cogn.
L, 13. 1. 5. §. f. — lOj Tic. p.
domo 30. Ovid. fast. IV, 787. sq.
Festus V. aqua. Isidor, orine. V,
27. — 11) C. de don. int. vir. et
ux. V, 16. I. 24.; de repud. V, 17.
1. 1. D. de legat. XXXII. 1. 1.
s. 2.; qui testam. XXVIII, 1. 1.8.
1. 5. — Paul. sent. IH, 6, 29. —
12) Paul. sent. I l i , 6, 89. D. h.
1. 3. 5. §. 2. 1. 6. 11. — 13) D.
li. 1. 3. S- 1- I. 4. — 14) D. de
senator. I, 9. 1. 3. ; de verb. sign.
L, 16. 1. 103. — 15) I. tit. prox.
aiiteced. S f- — 16) B- unde co-
piali X X X V i n , 8. 1. 7. — 17) D.
de legit. tut. XXVI, 4. 1. 9. Cai.
I, 164. — I. de leg. agn. success.
i n , 2. S. 5.
1) Cai. I , 165... 181. 192. U l -
pian. X I , 3. 2-i. I). de legit. tut.
XXVI. 4. 1. 1. 3. 5.
32 INSTITUT. D E I.EG. PAR. TUT. I , 1 3 . D E FID. TUT. I , 1 9 .

bertarum tutela ad patronos liberosque eoruni ' ) pertinet,

quae et ipsa legitima tutela vocatur : non quia noininatim
«a lege de hac tutela c a v e t u r , sed quia perinde accepta
est per intèrpretationein 3 ) , atque si verbis legis introducta
esset. 4 }eo enim ipso, quo hereditates libertorum liberta-
r u m q u e , si intestati decessissent, iusserat lex ad patronos
liberosve eoruin p e r t i n e r e , credideruDt veteres, voluisse
legem etiam tutelas ad eos pertinere (cum et agnatos, quos
ad liereditatem vocat, eosdera et tutores esse i u s s i t ) 5 ) :
quia plerumque, ubi successions est emolumentum, ibi et
tutelae onus esse debet, ideo autem diximus plerumc/ue,
q u i a , si a femina iuipubes manumittatur, ipsa ad lieredi-
tatem vocatur, cum alius erit tutor.

TITULUS DECIMUS OCTAVUS.

DE L E G I T I M A PARENTUM TUTELA.
E s e m p l o patronorum recepta est et alia t u t e l a , quae
et ipsa legitima vocatur. nam si quis filium aut filiam, ne-
potem aut neptem ex fílio, et deinceps impúberes e m a n -
cipaverit, legitimus eorum tutor erit ' ) .

TITULUS DECIMUS NONUS.

') D E F I D U C I A R I A TUTELA.
Est et alia tutela, quae fiduciaria appellatur. Nam si
parens filium vel filiam, nepotem vel n e p t e m , vel deinceps
impúberes manumiserit, legitimain nanciscitur eorum tute-
larn ; quo defuncto si liberi virilis sexus e x t a n t , fiduciarii
tutores filiorum s u o r u m , vel fratris, vel sororis, et cetero-
rum •) efficiuntur. A t q u i p a t r o n o legitimo tutore mortuo,
liberi 1 ) quoque eius legitimi sunt tutores: q u o n i a m 3 ) filius
quidem defuncti, si non esset a vivo patre einancipatus,
post obitum eius sui iuris efficeretur, nec in fratrum pote-
statem r e c i d e r e t , ideoque nec in tutelam; libertus autem,
si servus mansisset, utique eodem iure apud liberos domini

a) Def. fit. su. et cel. — b) Atque.

2) Cai. I, 175. I. de fidtic. tut. piftn. XI, 5. D. de legit, tut. XXVI,

19. — 3) D. de orig. iuris I. 2.
1. 2. S 5. — 4) I. de success, li-
hert. Ill, 7 (8). pr. — 5) I. de leg.
ngn. success. Ill, 2. pr. — 6) D.
de re» iuris I,, 17. 1. 10. 73. pr.
1) Cai. I . 1C6... 175. 192. IJ1-
4. 1. 3. f.
1) Cai. 1,114.115.172.175.195.
Ulpian. X I , 5. D. de legit, tut.
XXVI, 4. 1. 4. — 2) I. de legit,
patr. tut. I , 17. — D. de hercd.
inst.XXVIII,5.1.68.: A<quin..enim.
Institut. Dk a t i l i a n o t u t o r e I, 20. P r . §. 1 — 4 . 33

post mortem eius futurus esset. Ita tarnen hi ad tutelam

vocantur, si perfectae a e t a t i s 4 ) siut. quod nostra consti-
tutio 5 ) generaliter in omnibus tutelis et curationibus o b -
servari praecepit.

T1TULUS VICENSIMUS.
») DE ATILIANO TUTORE, ET EO, QUI EX
LEGE IULIA ET TITIA 2 ) DABATUR.
Si cui nullus omnino tutor f u e r a t , ei da)>atur in u r b e P r
quidem Roma a praetore urbano et maiore parte tribuno-
rum plebis 3 ) , tutor ex lege Atilia, in provinciis vero a
praesidibus provinciarum ex lege lulia et Titia. 4 ) Sed et, i
si testamento tutor sub condicione, aut die certo datus f u e -
r a t , quamdiu condicio aut dies p e n d e b a t , ex hisdem ")
legibus tutor dari p o t e r a i 5 ) . 6 ) Item si pure datus fuerat,
quamdiu nemo ex testamento lieres e x i s t a t b ) , tamdiu ex
hisdem *) legibus tutor petendus e r a t 7 ) , qui desinebat tutor
esse, si condicio extiterit, ant dies venerit, aut heres e x -
titerit. Ab hostibus quoque tutore c a p t o , ex his legibus 2
tutor p e t e b a t u r , qui desinebat esse tutor, si is, qui captus
erat, in civitatein reversus f u e r a t : nam reversus recipiebat
tutelam iure postliminii 6 ). Sed ex liìs legibus tutores p u - 3
pillis desierunt d a r i , posteaquam primo consules 5 ) pupillis
utriusque sexus tutores ex inquisitione 1 0 ) dare coeperunt,
deinde praetores ' ) 1 ' ) ex constitutionibus. nam suprascri-
ptis legibus neque de cautione a tutoribus exigenda, rem
salvam pupillis fore 1 * ) , neque de compellendis tutoribus
ad tutelae administrationem quicquam cavetur. Sed 4
hoc iure utimur, ut Romae quidem praefectus u r b i 1 4 ) , vel
15
p r a e t o r ) secundum suam iurisdictionem " ) , in provinciis
autem p r a e s i d e s 1 7 ) ex inquisitione tutores c r e a r e n t , vel

a) iisdem, eisdem. — b) exislebat, existeret. — c) praetor.

4) D . h. ]. 4. — 5) C. de leg. leg. tut. XXVI, 4. 1. 1. S. 2 . ; de

tut. V, ;«). 1. f.
1) Cai. 1, 185 . . . 191. Ulpian.
XI, 18. 2 0 . . . 24. D. de tut. et cur.
dotis X X V I , 5. C. Th. de tut. et
cur. creami is I I I , J 8. C. I. qui
dare tut. V, 84. — 2) Theoph. h.
— 3) Livius XXXIX, 9. — 4) C.
in quibus casibus V, 36. — 5) D.
de test. tut. XXVI, 2. 1. l i . pr. —
6) I), eod. 1. 10. pr. — 7) D. qui
petant tut. XXVI, 6. — 8) D. de
tut. et rat. distrah. XXVII, 3. 1.1.
§. 1. 1. 8. — 9) Sueton. Claud.
Kl. — 10) D. de conf. tut. XXVI,
3. 1. 7. S - 1 . — 11) Capitol. Marco
10. — 12) I. de satisdat. tut. 1,24.
— 13) D. de admin. tut. XXVI, T.
1.1. C. de suspect, tut. V, 43, 1.3.
— 14) C. de tut. illustr. V, 33.
1. 1. — lö) D. h. 1. 4. g. 27. —
16) D. li. 1. 1. 8- ». — 17) 1). i l
1. 1.
 34 INSTITUT. D E AUCTOIUTATE TUTOKUM I , 2 1 . P r . §.1.

,8
m a g i s t r a t u s ) iussii p r a e s i d u m " ) , si non sint m a g o a e p u -
5 pilli facilitates. 2 0 ) N o s a u t e m p e r Constitutionen) nostrani
et huiusmodi dilficultates liominum r e s e c a n t e s , nec e x p e -
ctata iussione p r a e s i d u m , d i s p o s u i m u s , si facultas pupilK
vel adulti usque ad quingentos s o l i d o s 2 1 ) v a l e a t a ) , d e f e n -
sores civitatum (una cum eiusdem civitatis religiosissimo
a n t i s t i t e - 2 ) , vel a p u d alias publicas p e r s o n a s ) - 3 ) , vel«)
m a g i s t r a t u s , vel iuridicum î 4 ) Alexandrinae civitatis, t\ito-
res vel curatores c r e a r e , légitima cautela s e c u n d u m eius-
dem constitiitionis n o r m a m p r a e s t a n d a , videlicet e o r u m
p e r i c u l o , qui eam accipiunt.
6 I m p u b e r e s a u t e m in tutela esse, naturali iuri conveniens
e s t , tit i s , qui p e r f e c t a e aetatis non sit, alterius tutela r e -
7gatur25). C u m igitur pupillorum p u p i l l a r u m q u e tutore»
negotia g e r u n t , post p u b e r t a t e m tutelae iudicio rationein
26
redduut ).

TITULUS VICENSIMUS PRIMUS.

•)DE AUCTORITATE TUTORUM.
2
Pr. ) Auctoritas a u t e m tutoris in quibusdam causis neces-
saria pupillis e s t , ip quibusdam non est necessaria. U t
e c c e , si quid dari sibi stipuletur , n o n est necessaria t u t o -
ris a u c t o r i t a s ; q u o d si aliis pupilli p r o m i t t a n t , necessaria
e s t : n a m q u e p l a c u i t , meliorein quidem snam condicionem
licere eis f a c e r e , etiara sine tutoris a u c t o r i t a t e , deteriorem
vero n o n aliter, q u a m t u t o r e a u c t o r e . u n d e in his causis- 3 ),
e x quibus m u t u a e obligationes n a s c u n t u r , in emptionibus
v e n d i t i o n i b u s , locationibus conductionibus, mandatis, d e p o -
sitis, si tutoris auctoritas non i n t e r v e n i a t , ipsi quidem, qui
cum his c o n t r a l i u n t , o b l i g a n t u r ; at invicem pupilli non
i obligantur *). N e q u e t a m e n h e r e d i t a t e m a d i r e , n e q u e b o -
n o r u m possessionem p e t e r e , n e q u e h e r e d i t a t e m ex fidei-
commisso suscipere aliter p o s s u n t , nisi tutoris a u c t o r i t a t e ,

il) fucuttates.. vaìeant. — e) def. apud; aliis publicis personis..

id est. id est vel.

18) 1). h . I. 24. — 19) D. d e — 25) Cai. I , 189. — 26) C a l

m a g i s t r . c o n v . X X V l l , 8. I. I. §. 6.
— 20) C. d e episc. a u d . I, 4. 1.30.
— 21) C. d e s u s c e p t . X , 70. 1. 5.
— So] ¡dus 1 '/'i atireis H u n g a r i c i s
a e q u a l i s e s t . — 22) C. d e c u r a t ,
f u r . V, 70. 1.7. § . 5. — 23) C. I.
c. — 24) T), d e offic. iurid. I, 20.
I, 1 9 t .
1) Ulpiaii. X I , 24. . . 2 7 . I». d e
a u c t . t u t . X X V I , 8. C. de auct.
p r a e s t . V , 59. — 2) I. d e imiti],
stipili. III, 1!» (20). § . 9 . — 3) ü .
d e veri), sign. L , 10. 1.9. — 4)1)
d e act. e m ü XIX, 1. I. 13. S- 20
ìnstitut. Q u i b . mod. t u t . f i n . I, 22. P r . § . 1 — 4 . 35
5
quamvis lucrosa s i t , neque*) ullum damnum h a b e a t ) .
6
)• T u t o r autem statini, in ipso negotio praesens, .debet 2
auctor fieri, si hoc pupillo prodesse existiniaverit 7 ). post
tempus vero, aut per epistolam interposita auctoritas nihil
agit. 8 ) Si inter tutorem pupillumve l ) iudicium agendum 3
sit, quia ipse tutor in rem suam ' ) auctor esse non potest,
non praetorius tutor, ut olim, constituitur, sed curator in
locum eius d a t u r , quo interveniente, iudicium peragitur,
«it eo peracto curator esse desinit.

TITULUS VICENS1MUS SECUNDUS.

') Q U I B U S MODIS TUTELA FINITUR.
2
) Pupilli pupillaeque 3 ) , cum puberes esse coeperint, Pr.
tutela liberantur. Pubertatem autem veteres 4 ) quidem non
solum ex annis, sed etiam ex habitu corporis in masculis
aestimari volebant. Nostra autem maiestas digrumi esse
castitati ") temporum nostrorum bene p u t a v i t , quod in f'e-
niinis et àntiquis impudicum esse visum e s t , id est inspe-
ctionem habitudinis corporis, hoc etiam in masculos exten-
d e r e ; et i d e o , sancta constitutione promulgata, pubertatem
in masculis post quartum decimum annum completum illieo
initium accipere disposuimus, antiquitatis normam in f e -
minis personis b ) bene positam suo ordine relinquentes, ut
post duodecimum annum completum viripotentes esse cre-
dantur. 5 j I t e m finitur tutela, si a r r o g a t i 4 ) sunt adhuc 1
impuberes, vel deportati, item si in servitutem pupillus
redigatur c ), vel ab hostibus fuerit captus. Sed et si usque 2
ad certam condicionem datus sit testamento, aeque evenit,
ut desinat esse tutor, existente condicione 7 ). Simili modo 3
finitur tutela morte, vel tutorum, vel pupillorum 8 ). ' ) Sed 4
et capitis deminutione tutoris, per quam libertas, vel civi-
tas eius a m i t t i t u r 1 0 ) , omnis tutela perit. minima autem

a) ne. — h) pupillumque.
a) castilate. — b) femininis, femineis; def. peison
dunt: ut ingratus a patrona.

5) D. h. 1. 9. §. 3. i. — (!) D. 2) f . h. 1. f. — 3) D. de tut. dat.

11. I. 9. §. 5. 6. — 7) I). 11. 1.17.
— 8) Cai. I , 184. D. de tutel.
XXVI, I. ]. 3. §. 2 . . 1. 5. C. de
in lit. dando tut. V, 44. — 9) D.
h. ]. 1. 5. 7.
t) Cai. I, 170. 3. 182. 6. 7. 194.
. . 6 . Ulpian. X I , 7. 9. 17. 2 1 . . .
3. 28. D. de tutel. XXVI, 1. 1.12.
. . 17. C. quando tut. V, 60. —
XXVI, 5. 1. 13. §. f. — 4) Quin-
til. Inst. IV, 2 , 5. Servius ad
Virg. Aen. VII, 53. — 5) D. h.
]. 14. pr. 1. 2. — 6) C. de
auct. praest. V, 69. 1. fin. — 7) D.
h. ). 14. 5. — 8) D. de tut.
act. XXVII, 3. 1. 4. pr. — 9) D.
de cap. min. IV, 5. 1. 7. pr. —
10) I. de cap. min. I, (6. §. ! 2.
D. h. 1. 14. S. 2. 1. 15.
 36 INSTITUT. D E cuRATORinus I, 23. Pr. §. 1 — 8 .

capitis deminutione tutoris, veluti si se in adoptionem dc-

derit, legitima tantum tutela perit; ceterae non pereunt.
S e d pupilli et pupillae capitis deminutio, licet minima
6 sit, omnes tutelas tollit. Praeterea, qui ad certum tempus
testamento dantur tutores, finito e o , deponunt t u t e l a m " ) .
6 Besinunt autem esse tutores, qui vel removentur a tutela
ob i d , quod suspecti visi sunt, vel ex iusta causa sese e x -
cusaut, et onus administrandae tutelae deponunt, secundum
e a , quae inferius proponemus 1 *).

T I T U L U S VICENS1MIJS T E R T I U S .

! > D E C U R A T O R I B U S " ) .
Pr. J )Masculi puberes et feminae viripotentes, usque ad
vicensimum quintuin annum completum curatores accipiunt;
q u i ) , licet puberes sint, adliuc tamen huius aetatis sunt,
1

1 at begotia sua tueri non possunt•). Dantur autem cura-

tores ab liisdem 3 ) magistratibus, a quibus et tutores. sed
curator testamento non datur, sed datus confirmatur *) d e -
2 creto praetoris vel praesidis. 5 ) Item inviti adolescentes cu-
ratores non accipiunt, praeterquam in litem ' ) : curator
3 enim et ad certam causam 7 ) dari potest. 8 ) Furiosi quo-

que et p r o d i g i l i c e t maiores vigintiquinque annis s i n t 1 0 ) ,

tamen in curatione sunt agnatorum 1 M ex lege duodecim
tabularum **). sed solent Romae praeiectus urbi, vel prae-
t o r ' ) , et in provinciis praesides ex inquisitione eis dare
4 curatores * 3 ). 1 4 ) S e d et mente captis 15 " 1 et surdis et mu-
l i s , et qui morbo perpetuo laborant, quia rebus suis su-
6 peresse non possunt, curatores dandi sunt. 1 ' ) Interdum

autem et pupilli curatores accipiunt, ut puta si legitimus

tutor non sit idoneus, quia liabenti tutorein tutor dari non
p o t e s t 1 7 ) , item si testamento datus tutor, vel a praetore,

a) curationibus. — b) quia. — c) posstnt. — d) praefecti..

praetores.

11) D. h. I. 14. § . 3. — 12) D. invent. II, 50. — 9) D. X X V I , 5.

h. 1. 14. § . 4. I . I , 25. 26.
1) Cai. I, 197. 198. Ulpian.XII.
D. de tut. et cur. datis X X V I , a.
— 2) Capitol. Marco 10. — 3) (J.
ubi petantur V, 32. — 4) D. de
conf. tut. X X V I , 3 . I. 1. § . 3. —
5) D. h. 1. 13. §• 2. — 6) C. de
auctor. praest. V, 59. 1. pen. —
7) I ) . rem pupilli X L V I , 6. 1. 8.
— 8) D. de cur. fur. X X V I I , 10.
C. de curat, fur. V, 70. Cic. de
1. 12. § . f. Paul. sent. I l l , 4 A, 7
— 10) D. de tutel. X X V I , 1. I. 3.
pr. § . 1 . — 11) Varro de r e rust.
I , 2. D. h. 1. 12. — 12) D. h.
1. 1. pr. 1. 13. — 13) D. h. 1. 1.
13. 16. C. h. 1.7. § . 6 . — 14) D.
de tut. et cur. datis X X V I , 5. 1.12.
pr , h. I. 2. — 15) D. h. 1 6. 7
1 C. h. JL 3. — 16) 1). de
tutor. X X V I , 1. 1. 13. pr. — 17)
D de testam. tut. X X V I , 2. I. 27.
pr. C. qui dare V, 34. 1. 9.
INSTITUT. DE SATISDAT. TUT. VEL CUR. I, 24. Pr. § . 1. 37

vel a praeside, idoneus non sit ad administrationem, nee

tamen fraudulenter negotia administret, solet ei curator
adiungi. item in locum t u t o r u m , qui non in perpetui/m,
sed ad tempus a tutela excusantur, solent curatores dari.
1B
) Quodsi tutor adversa valetudine, vel alia necessitates
impeditur •), quo minus negotia pupilli administrare possit,
et pupillus vel absit, vel infans sit f quern velit actorem,
periculo ipsius, p r a e t o r , vel qui provinciae p r a e e r i t , d e -
creto constituet.

T1TULUS VICENS1MUS QUARTUS.

') D E SATISDATIONE TUTORUM VEL
CURATORUM.
N e tamen pupillorum pupillarumve, et e o r u m , quiPr.
quaeve 1 ») in curatione sunt, negotia a tutoribus curatori-
busve consumantur, aut d e m i n u a n t u r , c u r a t b ) p r a e t o r 2 ) ,
ut et tutores et curatores eo nomine satisdent. Sed hoc
non est perpetuum. nam tutores testamento dati satisdare
non c o g u n t u r 3 ) * quia fides eorum et diligentia ab ipso
testatore probata est ; item ex inquisitione 4 ) tutores vel
curatores dati satisdatione non onerantur, quia idonei electi
sunt. 5 ) S e d e t , si ex testamento vel inquisitione duo plu- l
resve dati f u e r i n t , potest unus offerre satis c ) de indemni-
tate pupilli vel adolescentis, et contutori vel concuratori
praeferri, ut solus administret, vel ut d ) contutor satis of-
ferens praeponatur e i , et ipse solus administret. itaque per
se non potest petere satis c ) a contutore, vel concuratore
suo ; sea offerre d e b e t , lit electionem det contutori ' ) suo,
utrum velit satis accipere, an satis dare, quodsi nemo eorum
satis offerat, si quidem adscriptum fuerit a testatore, quis
g e r a t , ille gerere d e b e t : quodsi non fuerit adscriptum,
quem maior pars elegerit, ipse gerere d e b e t : ut edicto

e) impediatur.
a) pupillarumve, quaeve def. — b) curel. — c) satisdationem. —
d) vel, vel et. — e) c. vel concuratori.

18) D. de adm. tut. XXVI, 7. 1.24. de excus. XXVII, 1. 1.36.— 4) C.

pr. 1. 38. §. f. C. de actore V, 61.
1) Cai. I, 199. 200. D. de fide-
iuss. tutor. X X V n , 7. ; rem pu-
pilli XLVI, 6. C. de tut. vel
cur. V, 42. ; de fideiuss. tut. V,
67. — 2) Edicto. Cf. D. de leg.
tut. XXVI, 4. 1. 5. 8- i- 3- — 3)
C. de auct. praest. V, 59. 1. fin.;
de cur. fur. V, 70. 1. f. 5. D.
de tut. et rur. V, 42. 1. pen. D.
de cur. fur. XXVII, 10. 1. 8. —
5) D. de test. tut. XXVI, 2. 1. 17.
..19. g. 1.; de leg. tut. XXVI, 4.
1.5. §. 2. . . 4 . ; rem pupilli XLVI,
6. 1. 7 . ; de administr. tut. XXVÌ,
7. 1. 3. l . s q q . ; de solut. XLVI,
3. 1. 14. 1. ; iudic. solvi XLVI,
7. 1. 3. 8- 5.
 38 INSTITUT. D E E X C U S . TUT. VEL CURAT. 1, 2I>. P r .

p r a e t o r i s c a v e t u r . sin a u t e m ipsi tutores dissenserint circa

e l i g e u d u m e u m , vel e o s , qui g e r e r e d e b e n t , p r a e t o r partes
suas i n t e r p o n e t e 6 ) d e b e t . I d e m et in pluribus e x inqui-
sitione datis p r o b a n d u m e s t , id e s t 1 ) , ut m a i o r p a r s e l i '
g e r e p o s s i t , p e r q u e m administratio fieret.
2 S c i e n d u m est a u t e m , non solum tutores vel curatores
pupillis et adultis c e t e r i s q u e p e r s o n i s e x administratione
t e n e r i ; sed e t i a m in e o s , qui s a t i s d a t i o n e s { ) a c c i p i u n t , sub-
sidiarían! a c t i o n e m e s s e , q u a e ultimum eis p r a e s i d i u m p o s -
sit a f i e r r e , subsidiaria a u t e m actio datur in e o s , qui vel
o m n i n o a tutoribus vel curatoribus s a t i s d a r i non curaverint,
a u t n o n i d o n e e passi essent c a v e r i . q u a e q u i d e m tam ex
pi'udentium responsis, q u a m e x constitutionibus imperialibus
3 et in h e r e d e s e o r u m e x t e n d i t u r 8 ) ; quibus constitutionibus
et illud e x p r i m i t u r , u t , nisi c a v e a n t tutores vel curatores,
4 p i g n o r i b u s captis c o ë r c e a n t u r ' ) . Ñ e q u e autem praefectus
u r b i , n e q u e p r a e t o r , ñ e q u e p r a e s e s p r o v i n c i a e , neque
quis a l i u s , cui tutores d a n d i ius e s t , liac a c t i o n e t e n e b i t u r ;
sed hi t a n t u m m o d o , q u i satisdationem e x i g e r e soient e) 1

T1TULUS VJCENS1MUS QUINTUS.

') D E EXCITSATIONIBUS T U T O R Ü M VEL
CURATORUM.

Pr. ' ) E x c u s a n t u r a u t e m tutores vel c u r a t o r e s variis ex c a u -

sis. p l e r u m q u e a u t e m p r o p t e r liberos, sive in p o t e s t a t e sint,
sive e m a n c i p a t i , si enim tres liberos superstites R o m a e quis
h a b e a t , vel in Italia q u a t u o r , vel in provinciis q u i n q u é , a
tutela vel c u r a possunt e x c u s a r i , e x e m p l o c e t e r o r m n 3 ) m u -
neruin : nam et tutelam vel c u r a m p l a c u i t p u b l i c u m munus
esse, s e d a d o p t i v i liberi n o n p r o s u u t 4 ) ; in a d o p t i o n e m a u -
tem dati n a t u r a l i p a t r i p r o s u n t "). item n e p o t e s e x filio
prosunt, ut in locuin patris s u c c é d a n t ; e x filia n o n prosunt.

f) satisdationem. — g) debent.
a) d. a. p , pr.

6) Magis suadendo, (juam iu- Val. 123. . . 2 4 7 . D. de excus.

liendo. D. XXVI. 7. ]. 3. g. 8. 9.
Cf. Cai. IV, 139. 141. — 7) Pro
veluti. Cf. supra: inquisì/ione. —
8) D. de magistr. conv. XXVII, 8.
(11). C. eod. V, 75. (11). — 9) C.
de suspeclis V, 43. 1.3. — 10) D.h.
I. 1. 1. Glossa Taunn. (num. 40.
Savigiiyi). Scliol. Tlicopli. C. h. 1.6.
1) Paul. seni. I I . 27. B'ragm.
X X V I I , 1. C. eod. V, 62. et V,
6 3 . . . 69. — D. de vacat. L, 6. ; de
iure iniuiun. L, 6. — 2) Sello]. ad
luvenal. I X , 90. Fr. Vat. 168...
170. 1 9 1 . . . 199. 247. D. 11. 1. 2.
S. 2 . . . 8 . 1. 18. 36. S- 1. 1- 37. 45.
2. C. qui num. liber. V, 66. —
3) C. quod cum eo IV, 26. 1 . 1 . —
4) D. de vacat. L, 5. 1. 2. 2
Another random document with
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tumulus that marks the grave of King Panda, the father of Cetewayo, who is
seated therein, buried in a partly upright position, according to Zulu custom.

To the right of the marching square were hills covered with thorn trees
overlooking the White Umvolosi; to its left were other hills covered with
enormous loose stones, and in its rear was a rugged country tufted with
mimosa trees, and others that stood up with feather-like foliage against the
blue-green sky. And in the centre of a species of a natural amphitheatre
stood three military kraals of vast extent, the principal being named Ulundi.

At the extremity of this amphitheatre there was visible a long line of

oval-shaped shields, above which black heads and bright points appeared—
the Zulu impis marching forward in double column with a cloud of
skirmishers on their front and flanks, precisely according to European
tactics.

The square was halted now, the ranks closed up, all facing outwards; the
rifles and cannon were loaded, the ammunition boxes opened, and two of
the kraals were set in flames by the Irregular Horse; but one was
extinguished, lest the dense smoke from it rolling across the plain might
offer a cover for the Zulu advance.

To lure them on, Florian was sent with twenty Mounted Infantry, and, on
seeing so petty a force riding towards them, the enemy wheeled back a
portion of their front as a trap.

'Come on, lads,' cried Florian, brandishing his sword, 'come on!—though
not a man of us may return!' he thought.

But the twenty men only poured in a rifle fire, wheeled about by fours,
and, galloping back, won the shelter of the square, the four faces of which
were fringed by steel and garlanded with jets of fire and smoke, while the
roar of artillery shook the air, and high overhead was heard the fierce rush
of the red rockets as they were shot into the royal kraal of Ulundi and fired
it in many places.

With the rest of the mounted men, Florian stood in the centre of the
square, holding his horse by the bridle and looking quietly about him, and,
like the rest, his heart beat high, every pulse was quickened, and the
excitement became intense, as the long, long horns of the Zulu army in its
thousands closed round the square, and as the circle contracted and came
within closer range it was a splendid and thrilling but terrible sight to see
the masses mowed down like swathes of crass beneath a mighty scythe.

The British troops were formed in ranks four deep, two kneeling as if to
receive cavalry, the rifle-butt placed against the right knee, and two erect,
firing steadily, all with bayonets fixed; and in this dense formation, sad
indeed would have been our casualties had the Zulu fire been well
delivered.

Closing upon their skirmishers rather than permitting the latter to fall
back upon their lines, their attack embraced the four faces of the vast
hollow square, now shrouded with white whirling smoke, and edged by
glittering fire and flashing steel. Out of the dark masses that were pouring
on came bullets of every calibre, from the sharp pinging cone of the
Martini-Henry to the heavy whirring charge of the long elephant-gun, and
many a man and many a horse was wounded and done to death thereby. The
old Zulu tactics were pursued; the attack was ever augmented by fresh
bodies of infuriated savages, with the same dire results to them; while all
their devotion and desperation could rarely carry them past the verge of the
cloud of smoke enveloping the square; and thus, of the thousands who came
on, only hundreds remained to waver or prolong the attack.

Whole crowds of naked and sombre forms seemed to lie as if suddenly

struck dead, each man where he stood; and it was so. Some, however,
succeeded in flinging their bare breasts upon the bayonet points, and, with
dying grasp on the rifle muzzles, went down almost at the feet of the front
rank men, fierce, stern, fearless to the last, their white teeth set, their
eyeballs gleaming like those of exasperated fiends, and their yells rending
the air.

'Steady, men, steady,' the officers were heard to cry again and again; 'fire
low—low, and not so fast!'

Drury Lowe was unhorsed by a spent bullet, but vaulted into his saddle
again. Eight companies of the Perthshire Light Infantry, flanked by seven
and nine pounder guns in one face of the square, fought well and valiantly,
though young soldiers, and in physique unlike those of whom Sir Francis
Head wrote when at Paris in 1815, when he stated 'that a body of Scottish
Highlanders, or Lowlanders, standing shoulder to shoulder, stretched over
more ground than a similar number of inhabitants, soldier or civilian, of any
other nation in Europe.'

The coolness of the men amid this close strife, while the dead and dying
fell about them fast, was wonderful, the doctors attending the latter; and in
several instances the former, ere they were cold, were buried to save time,
while the chaplain stood by to read the burial service amid a tempest of
bullets.

'Have a cigar,' said an officer of the Perthshire Light Infantry, seeing that
Florian was somewhat 'blown' after his scamper from the front to the shelter
of the now environed square.

'Thanks,' said he, selecting one from the speaker's silver case; but ere the
latter could give Florian a light, a ponderous knobkerie, flung with
superhuman force at random—the last force, perhaps, of some dying savage
—smashed his head to pulp in his tropical helmet as completely as a half-
spent cannon ball would have done, and covered Florian with a sickening
mess of blood and brains together.

In imitation of the British formation, a skilful Zulu Induna formed his

men in a hollow square and hurled them like a mighty wave, with piercing
war-cries and unearthly yells, upon that angle of the great square where six
companies were posted under a Crimean veteran of the Scots Fusiliers, with
two nine-pounder guns. The fight here became hand to hand, bayonet
against assegai, and many a shield, by main strength of arm, was dashed
against the breasts and faces of our men; but speedily the Zulu square was
broken, rolled up, and the survivors of it fled, stumbling as they ran over
their own fallen and the blood-soaked ground on which the latter writhed
and weltered.

Under the sweeping fire of the Gatlings they went down as forest leaves
do before the last blasts of autumn, and in thirty minutes from the first
opening of our infantry fire they were falling back in disorganized masses,
which speedily, under the storm of shells, took the form of one vast mob in
wild and helpless flight, while the cavalry were ordered in pursuit, and with
a loud cheer the 17th unslung their lances, and by fours led the way through
an opening made for them in the rear face of the square. The Dragoon
Guards, Buller's Horse, and Florian's Mounted Infantry followed in quick
succession.

'Front, form troop!' was the first cavalry order.

'Form squadron—form line—gallop—charge!' rang out the trumpets, as,

sweeping round on their left pivots, the Horse took the formations
indicated, and then, with the united force of some dread and terrible engine,
fell swooping down upon the foe, hewing through the shrinking walls of
brave human flesh, after the lances were relegated to the sling and swords
were drawn.

It was a terrible sight to see how, on right and left, these now red sword-
blades were plied, every man rising in his stirrups to give deadlier impetus
to his stroke, even when the shrapnel shells, fired with time-fuses, were
exploding amid the foe. From the latter there came no cry for mercy nor for
quarter; they looked for none, as they would have given none; and all who
escaped the slaughter of the pursuit did so by winning the crests of some
hills, where horses could not follow them, and from which they opened a
lively fire of musketry.

Florian went on in this work like one in a wild, bad dream; and it was
only when the halt was sounded, followed by the order, 'Fours about—
retire,' that he became quite aware of all he had escaped, had undergone and
done, and how mechanically he had hewed about him—when he found the
blade of his sword, even his fingers, stained with blood, and the sleeves of
his tunic all ripped and burst under the shoulders by the exertions he had
used.

Tom Tyrrell came out of the strife with his helmet gone, his head
bandaged by a bloody handkerchief, and his horse's flanks bleeding from
three assegais that stuck in them; but this was the case with several others.
 It is remarkable that after the battle of Ulundi not one wounded Zulu was
found on the field. Of all the hundreds upon hundreds who lay there
helpless, every man of them had been despatched in cold blood by our
native allies.

The power of the nation had departed from it now; and as for Cetewayo,
he fled from Ulundi the day before the battle; and after the latter event his
army began to melt away, as the warriors returned to their distant kraals,
hopeless and sick of the war.

That named Ulundi was given to the flames by the Irregulars and
Mounted Infantry, and its ten thousand dome-roofed huts all blazing at once
presented a striking spectacle; and after that event the Second Division and
Flying Column began their rearward march to the camp at the Entonjaneni
Mountain, to effect a junction with the First Division under General
Crealock.

To Florian, as to many others, after the fever of battle had passed away,
there came the usual revulsion of spirit that follows excitement so intense,
and the keen thirst after that excitement and exertion so great, with the
philosophical and not unnatural emotion of wonder as to 'what it all had
been about, and to what end this terrible slaughter and suffering!'

And he thought of the strange interments of some of the dead in that

hollow square when under fire—young soldiers, instinct with boyish,
hopeful, and glorious life, ardour and valour, struck down in death, and
huddled into a ghastly hole, over which the bullets swept, ere their limbs
were cold. 'Death is a surprise—a woeful and terrible surprise—whenever it
comes, even though we be by the bedside watching for it, dreading it, as
each breath leaves the lips we love.' But death seemed thus doubly grim on
that day at Ulundi!

The troops found their tents ready pitched awaiting them at the camp
beside the mountain, and a welcome shelter they proved, as the rearward
march had been performed under drenching torrents of rain.

Stormy and windy was the night of the 6th of July, the second after the
battle, and, for some days and nights subsequent the falling rain rendered all
operations impossible, and added greatly to the sufferings of the wounded,
causing also a serious mortality among the cavalry horses and commissariat
oxen.

Mail after mail came into camp as usual bringing letters, some for the
poor fellows who lay under the sod at Ulundi, but there were no more
letters from Dulcie now for Florian, and none from Hammersley, whom he
naturally supposed to be too ill to write by a passing ship outward bound.

The letter he had received shortly before the action at Ulundi was, as
stated, the last he ever had from Dulcie, and her sudden and singular silence
deepened his distress and anxiety.

What had happened? Was she ill, or well? How was she situated, and
where? These thoughts occurred to him in endless iteration amid his
military duties, which were not dull routine, but, so far as the pursuit of the
fugitive King Cetewayo was concerned, were arduous, full of excitement
and perils of various kinds.

His heart grew heavy, and his future, so far as it was connected with
Dulcie Carlyon, seemed dark and uncertain, like the episodes of a dream.
But it has been said that most life-histories leave hanging threads that may
only be completed in the great web woven by eternity, and eternity had
often been perilously close to Florian of late.

Dulcie was the only link he had in life—she seemed to him as friend,
sister, and sweetheart, all in one.

CHAPTER VIII.

DISAPPEARANCE OF DULCIE.
 Since the reader last saw Dulcie Carlyon she had become chilled and
changed in manner, under the influence of Lady Fettercairn's bearing and
remarks, to all save Finella. All her natural jollity and espièglerie of way
were gone, and every hour that it was possible to do so she spent in the
seclusion of her own room, one high up in a square turret of the old house,
with windows that opened to a far vista of the Howe of the Mearns,
terminated by a glimpse of the German Sea.

Here she was sometimes joined by Finella, who could no longer

persuade her to ramble as of old in the grounds, and never again to
accompany her in the saddle when she took Fern for a spin along the
country roads.

'Are you not sick of crewel work, and embroidering sage birds of shapes
that never existed upon brown bath-towels?' asked Finella. 'I know you do it
by grandmamma's wish; but what tasteless folly it is.'

'I would rather, as I did at home, knit stockings for the poor,' said Dulcie.

'Better buy than knit them,' responded the heiress, 'and so save one's self
a world of trouble.'

It became too evident to Dulcie that the time of her dismissal from
Craigengowan was drawing nigh; that it was only delayed by the absence of
Shafto in Edinburgh, and she resolved, ere he returned, to get the balance of
her little salary and quit the place, as it had now become odious to her.

Dulcie had old Welsh blood in her veins, and more than once had she
heard her father, Lewellen Carlyon, whose one ewe-lamb she was, descant
on how he could count kith and kin into the remotest past, when his
forefathers wandered through the forest of Caerlyon—whence his name—
had manned Offa's Dyke, and shared the perils of Owain Glendwr. To speak
of such things now, even to Finella, seemed to the girl vain folly, but they
were keenly in her heart nevertheless.

And so there came an evening, the last she was to spend under the steep
slate roof of Craigengowan.
 Lady Fettercairn was going for a drive among the summer roads that
were all like leafy tunnels or long avenues of foliage, to visit that famous
senator, Lord Maccowkay, who was then at his country house of Middyn
Grange, and Finella, perceiving how pale Dulcie was looking, said:

'May Miss Carlyon come with us, grandmamma?'

'Certainly not,' replied Lady Fettercairn, with hauteur and asperity,

though Dulcie was within hearing, carrying Snap in his satin-lined basket.
'When is this sort of thing to end, Finella?'

There came a time when the Lady of that Ilk recalled this remark, and
many others similar, for just then she did not see certainly where the future
was to end.

So the two ladies drove away, and Dulcie, for companionship, though
then unaware that it would be for the last time, took tea with the kindly old
housekeeper, whom she found busy in her pantry and closets preparing for
that social meal; and Dulcie helped her to cut and butter the bread, polish
the cups and saucers and old silver spoons, to arrange the brown tea-cakes,
crisp biscuits, and luscious Scottish preserves of home manufacture, and all
the while a sadness oppressed her, for which she could not account.

This, however, seemed explained when, at dinner that evening, Lady

Fettercairn said, while returning a letter to her pocket:

'Shafto returns late to-night—or early to-morrow morning.'

'From where?' asked Finella, though, sooth to say, she cared little where
from.

'Edinburgh.'

'And not an hour too soon, I am afraid,' said Lord Fettercairn, with his
sandy-grey eyebrows deeply knitted.

No one asked 'why,' so a silence ensued, and a little later in the evening
Finella said to Dulcie:
 'Why are you so silent to-night?'

'Am I so?'

'Yes—even sad—triste.'

'Sad—you don't mean cross?'

'No, Dulcie dear, you never are cross.'

'I am full of very weary thoughts, and wish to retire, if Lady Fettercairn
can spare me,' she added, raising her voice.

'Of course—go,' replied the latter; and Dulcie, painfully conscious that
her employer had been more than usually cold, hard, and even bitter to her
—all, no doubt, apropos of Shafto's return—bowed and murmured 'good-
night,' with a soft and lingering glance at Finella.

Shafto returning! Dulcie was always nervous about his future conduct
and her own position, and she could not prepare herself again for
dissembling in public and hating in private—for the inevitable meetings at
table and elsewhere. Over and above all was the dread that by his intense
cunning he might work her mischief—a mischief that to her might prove
social ruin.

Dulcie had writhed and winced under all Lady Fettercairn's not always
delicately veiled hints as to the social gulf that separated people and people
—to wit, Miss Melfort, of Craigengowan, and the paid companion, and of
young folks of bad taste and little discretion, who were inclined to step out
of their proper sphere; she knew the drift of all this; her heart swelled
within her, and now she withdrew with a stern and perhaps rash resolve that
took active form on the morrow.

In the corridor before they separated for the night, Finella thought that
Dulcie kissed and clasped her with more than usual tenderness and effusion,
and became aware that there were tears on the girl's cheek; but this had
been too often the case of late to excite remark.
 However, she remembered this emotion with some pain at a future time.

In the morning the then small circle of Craigengowan assembled in the

charming breakfast-room. Shafto had not come overnight; Lord Fettercairn
had not opened his letters, but—though nothing of a politician—was idling
over a paper which the butler had cut and aired for him.

Lady Fettercairn glanced at a handsome antique French clock upon the

grey marble mantelpiece, and said, with as much irritation as she ever
permitted herself to show with reference to Dulcie:

'Not down yet—when she knows that she has to preside at the tea-urn
and so forth! Is she giving herself the airs of a lady of—what is the matter?'
she exclaimed, as a servant whom she had despatched on an errand of
inquiry returned looking somewhat discomposed. 'I hope she is not ill,
especially with anything infectious?'

'No, my lady—not ill.'

'Not ill—that is fortunate.'

'No.'

'Where then is she—why not here?'

'She isn't there, my lady.'

'There—where?'

'In her room—nor anywhere in the house.'

Finella remembered the peculiar bearing of Dulcie the previous night,

and her tremulous sisterly kiss, with a species of pang, and hurried upstairs
to the square turret-room.

'Of course she is interested!' said Lady Fettercairn scoffingly.

'There is always an exuberant vitality—a great flow of animal spirits

about Finella,' replied her husband.
 'All of which I deem hoydenish and bad form.'

Finella returned, looking pale and scared, to report that Miss Carlyon's
bed did not appear to have been slept in last night, that her wardrobe was all
tumbled about, leaving evident traces of selections and packing, and that to
all appearance she was gone from the house.

'Gone—then I hope it is not with Shafto!' exclaimed Lady Fettercairn,

paling at her own idea.

'Scarcely: is he not coming here, as his letter yesterday announces?' said

Lord Fettercairn.

'Gone—and in that rude and unceremonious, and certainly most

mysterious manner, which through local gossip will find its way in some
odious mode into every local paper!' said Lady Fettercairn, while she
grimly directed Finella to officiate at the tea-board.

'She is away, poor thing, without a doubt,' said the butler, who was
carving at the sideboard; 'and must have left the house by the conservatory
door—I found it open this morning.'

'I hope that she has not——' but even Lady Fettercairn, while surmising
mentally whether her jewel case was all intact, had not the hardihood to put
the cruel suspicion in words.

'It is most annoying,' said the Peer, with his noble mouth full.

'Very—she was so useful too—very—with all her faults,' added Lady

Fettercairn, tenderly caressing Snap, who was relegated to a housemaid for
his morning bath.

She did not expect an escapade of this sort; the great luxury of the
certain dismissal had been denied her; she sank back in her chair for a
minute or so, and sniffed languidly at her gold-topped scent-bottle, as if
nerving herself to hear something horrible, while the grounds were searched
for traces of the fugitive; and she had ideas of having the Swan's Pool and
the adjacent stream dragged.
 Finella thought she would like to run away too; but with all her wealth it
was less easy for an heiress of position to do so than for the poor and
nameless companion; and now that Dulcie was gone, Finella felt that the
link between herself and Hammersley was cut off.

Apart from that important item in her life, she was deeply sorry, as she
had conceived for Dulcie one of those sudden and so-called undying
friendships for which, we are told, 'the female heart is specially remarkable.'

Finella felt that the cold and inquiring eyes of Lady Fettercairn were
upon her, and knew that, if she would not excite remark and draw
reprehension upon herself, breakfast must be partaken of, even though her
heart was breaking. So she bathed her eyes, re-smoothed her hair, and took
her place at the table with as much composure as she could assume.

'If her flight is not traced—though why we should care to trace it I don't
know,' said Lady Fettercairn bitterly, 'and if her body is not found, we may
conclude that she has eloped with some low lover. I hope all the grooms,
gardeners, gamekeepers, and so forth, are to be seen in their places,' she
added; 'and with all her faults, in appearance and style she was a great
improvement upon Mrs. Prim, with her iron-grey hair arranged in
corkscrew curls on each side of her face.'

Finella thought so too. Lord Fettercairn thought his better half had been
latterly too severe upon the poor little companion, but did not venture to say
so.

CHAPTER IX.

FLIGHT.
 'Go I must,' murmured Dulcie, when in the solitude of her own room she
said her nightly prayers on her knees. 'I cannot help it. I may come to want
bread by the step I am about to take, but better death than enduring this
system of mortification and degradation.'

She had received her slender quarterly allowance some time before that
crisis, and as yet luckily none of it had been spent. How small a sum it
looked to face the world with!

She packed and prepared all her clothes, intending to write to the
housekeeper for them when she found another home. In an ample Gladstone
bag she placed carefully all that was requisite for her immediate need, and,
weary with rapid exertion and heavy thought, laid her head on the pillow of
a sofa, fearing to undress or trust herself in bed, lest a deep sleep might fall
upon her.

All was silent in the great house, and no sound broke the stillness of the
warm summer night save when some dog bayed at the moon from the
quadrangle of the stable-yard.

Midnight struck on a great and sonorous clock in an adjacent corridor;

anon a little French clock on her chimney-piece chimed out two on its silver
bell, but no sleep came to Dulcie's eyes, nor did she desire to court it.

Her mind was full of rambling fancies. She thought of her parents lying
so peacefully side by side in old Revelstoke churchyard, within sound of the
sobbing sea, and of what their emotions would have been could they have
foreseen all that was before her of doubt and unhappiness; and with the
memory of them she tenderly turned over some withered leaves that lay in a
little prayer-book Mr. Pentreath had given her, and while doing so recalled
the sweet lines that seemed so apropos to them:

'Only a bunch of withered leaves,

Brought by a stranger's hand,
But they grew on a spot she dearly loved—
They bloomed in the dear old land.
Father and mother lie there at rest
Beneath the soft emerald sod,
 Under the shelter of the cross,
And close to the house of God,'

close to the time-worn church of Revelstoke. She thought of Shafto and the
thorn he had proved in her path, and felt a satisfaction from the conviction
that after this night too probably she would never more look upon his face.

She thought again and again of Florian. Where was he then, and what
doing? Too probably sleeping the sleep of the weary and worn, on the bare
earth in some tented field, awaiting the coming perils of the morrow, and
then with the idea of Finella came fresh tears for parting thus from the only
friend she had.

After three had struck she dressed herself quickly in the costume in
which she meant to travel, assured herself that her purse was safe, that her
hat, gloves, and sunshade were at hand, and sat down by a window to watch
for the earliest streak of dawn.

With all this earnestness of preparation and of purpose she had no settled
plan for the future—no very defined one at least; her sole desire was to
anticipate the final mortification of dismissal, and to get away from the
vicinity of Lady Fettercairn, of Shafto, and of Craigengowan.

Save the Rev. Paul Pentreath, far away in her native Devonshire, and the
vicar in London through whom he had befriended her, she had no one to
whom to look forward, and, save for Florian's sake, she felt at times, as if
she cared little what became of her. She would reach London, take a little
lodging there, and look about her for some employment while her money
lasted; and when it was gone—gone, what then?

Again came the thought of Finella, whom she loved with all the
passionate earnestness of an impulsive young heart thrust back upon itself,
and yearning for friendship and affection. Even with her regard it was
impossible that she could stay longer in the same house with him who was
now returning—Shafto—even were dismissal not hanging over her. She
could but go away; her presence was necessary to no one's happiness, and
none would miss her—perhaps not even Finella after a time, for the latter
lived in a world—the world of wealth and rank—a sphere apart from that of
poor Dulcie Carlyon.

Amid these thoughts she started: dawn was breaking in the east, but the
world around her was still involved in gloom and sleep.

How long, long and chill, the night had seemed; yet it was a short and
warm one of July, when there is only a total darkness of four hours,
especially in a region so far north as the Howe of the Mearns.

Red light stole along the waters of the distant German Sea; it began to
tip the hilltops and crept gradually down into the woods and glens below,
where the Bervie, the Finella, and the Cowie brawled on their way to the
ocean.

As one in a dream, she sat for a little time watching the dawn till the
light of the half-risen sun was streaming over the tree-tops and through the
parted curtains of her windows, when she started up with all the resolution
she had taken overnight yet full in her mind.

With rapid and trembling fingers she assumed the last details of her
travelling costume, smoothed her golden hair, gave a final glance at herself
in the mirror, and saw how pale and unslept she looked after her past night's
vigil, tied her veil tightly across her face, fitted on her gloves with accuracy,
took her travelling bag, and with a prayer on her lips prepared to go out into
the world—alone!

The clustering roses and clematis were about the windows of the square
turret-room, notwithstanding its great height from the ground; the birds
were twittering among them, and diamond dewdrops gemmed every leaf.

Light and shadowy clouds of mist, exhaled upwards by the early

morning sun, hung about the summit of Moelmannoch and other hills, and
in the sunshine the insect world was all astir: the bees were already abroad,
and the blackbirds were hopping about the gravelled terraces. To Dulcie it
seemed that they at least were at home.
 She leaned for a moment out of the window and drank—for the last time
—a deep draught of the pure air that came from the lovely Scottish
landscape over which her eyes wandered, as it stretched away down the
fertile and peaceful Howe of the Mearns, the corn deepening into gold, the
picturesque houses, luxuriant orchards and gardens; and she bade to each
and all farewell, with little regret, perhaps, for with all their beauty they
were too intimately associated with the idea of Lady Fettercairn and many a
humiliation.

Opening her room-door she stole swiftly down the great carpeted
staircase, passed through the drawing-rooms into the conservatory, the door
of which she knew she could unlock more easily than that of the great door
which opened to the porte cochère. There was no one yet astir in all that
numerous household, so, hurrying across the dewy lawn, she turned her
face resolutely towards the station, where she knew she would reach the
early Aberdeen train for the South.

The country highway was deserted; she met no one but a gamekeeper
returning from a night's watch, perhaps, with his gun under his arm. She
thought he looked at her curiously as she passed him, sorely weighted by
her travelling bag, but he did not address her; and so without other
adventures she reached the little wayside station of Craigengowan just as
the gates were being unclosed, and, quickly securing her ticket, retired to
the seclusion of the waiting-room.

Her heart had but one aching thought—the parting with Finella.

In her pride and indignation we must admit that Dulcie, ever a creature
of impulse, was not acting judiciously. She had not stopped to ask a letter of
recommendation—'a character,' she mentally and bitterly phrased it—from
Lady Fettercairn; neither had she risked the opposition and kind advice of
Finella, but had thus left her present life of irritation and humiliation to rush
into a new and unknown world, that now, even when she had barely crossed
the rubicon, was beginning, as she sat in the lonely and empty wayside
station, to chill and dismay her.

'In the future that is before me, whom am I to trust in again? How am I
to fight the world's battle alone?' she was beginning to think, even while the
clanking train for the South came sweeping across the echoing Howe.

Ay, she so pure, so artless, so unsuspecting of evil in others!

At last she was in the train and off. She gave one long farewell glance at
the lofty turrets of haunted Craigengowan, because Finella was there, and
felt that never again would they ramble together by Queen Mary's Thorn,
the Swan's Pool, the old gate through which the fated Lord rode forth to
battle, or by the old ruined Castle of Fettercairn with all its legends.

Dulcie experienced a kind of relief in the swiftness of the speed with

which the express train flew past station after station, outstripping the wind
apparently; villages and thatched farms were seen and gone; trees, bridges,
ruined towers, those features so common in the Scottish landscape, fields
and hedgerows, swept rearward, telegraph wires seemed to sink and rise
and twist themselves in one, the poles apparently pursuing each other in the
fury of the pace.

Now it was Arbroath, where the train, paused for a little time—Arbroath
with its mills, tall chimneys, and substantial houses, amid which tower the
remains of that noble abbey which held the bones of William the Lion, with
its huge round window, for seven hundred years a landmark from the sea;
anon came Droughty Craig with its ancient tower, under the walls of which
have been shed the blood of English, French, and Germans, with Dundee,
'the gift of God,' amid the haze of its manufactories, to the westward.

Here a kindly old railway guard—who whilom as a 1st Royal Scot had
shed his blood at Alma and Inkermann—taking pity on the pale and weary
girl, brought her a cup of warm tea from the buffet, and, as he said, 'a weel-
buttered bap, ye ken,' and most acceptable they were.

A little time and her train was sweeping through Fife, and she saw the
woods of Falkland—those lovely woods wherein 'the bonnie Earl of
Gowrie' flirted with Anne of Denmark. Soon Cupar was left behind, and the
Eden, flowing through its green and fertile valley; and then, worn with the
vigil of the past night and her own heavy thoughts, Dulcie fell asleep,
without the coveted satisfaction of a dream of Florian or Finella.
 CHAPTER X.

A STARTLING LETTER.

The step taken by Dulcie was a source of great mortification to Lady

Fettercairn.

She regretted that she had not anticipated such an unforeseen event by
dismissal. Visitors, she knew, would miss the bright-faced, golden-haired
English girl who—when permitted—played with such good execution, and
sang so well and sweetly; and Lady Fettercairn could not, with a clear
conscience, say that she had given her her congé, or why.

'Miss Carlyon has put me in a most awkward position,' she said

querulously; 'her conduct has been most unprincipled, in leaving me thus
abruptly, before I could look about me for a substitute; and I think Mr.
Kippilaw might be instructed to prosecute her criminally. Don't you think
so, Fettercairn?'

But the Peer only smiled faintly and applied himself to another egg.

Ere breakfast was over another event occurred. Shafto appeared

suddenly at table. He had heard of Dulcie Carlyon's absence or flight, and
was in no way surprised by the occurrence.

'You are just in time, Shafto dear,' said Lady Fettercairn, with one of her
made-up smiles; 'tea or coffee?'

'Tea,' said he curtly, as Finella took the silver teapot, Shafto all the while
looking as if he would rather have had a stiff and well-iced glass of brandy
and soda, for he had a crushed and weary aspect.

'We thought you would be here last night,' said Lady Fettercairn.
 'Why?' asked Shafto, who seemed inclined to deal in monosyllables.

'Your letter led us to expect you.'

'Did it?'

'Yes.'

'Well—I missed the last train.'

'You always do,' said Lord Fettercairn somewhat pointedly.

'Ah,' thought Shafto, 'the old fellow's liver is out of order, and gout
threatening, of course—a bad look-out for me.'

On that morning he did not like the expression of Lord Fettercairn's face,
so he resolved to defer speaking of his 'affairs' till a future time; but in a
little space, as we shall show, the chance was gone for throwing himself, as
he had thought to do, 'on the mercy' of either Lord or Lady Fettercairn.

The evening before he had been among a set of very different people—
flashily dressed roughs returning from a local racecourse, their dirty hands
over-bejewelled, with foul pipes and fouler language in their mouths,
speeding hither and thither by train in search of pigeons to pluck, with their
jargon of backing the favourite, making up books, and playing shilling Nap
and Poker by the dim light of the carriage lamp, while imbibing strong
waters from flasks of all sorts and sizes.

What a contrast they presented to his present refined surroundings, with

Finella standing out among them, so pure, so patrician, and so exquisitely
lady-like; and in attendance upon him, with hands that were white as
alabaster—Finella, fresh and fragrant as a white moss rose, attired in a most
'fetching' morning costume to the feminine eye, suggestive of Regent Street.

Lord Fettercairn now addressed himself to the task of opening his letters,
after the contents of the household postbag had been distributed round the
table by that rubicund priest of Silenus, old Mr. Grapeston, the butler.
 There were several blue envelopes for Shafto, which—with an unuttered
malediction on his lips—he thrust unopened into the pocket of his tweed
morning coat.

Among his letters Lord Fettercairn received one which seemed to startle
him so much that, ignoring all the rest, he read it again and again, his sandy
grey eyebrows becoming more and more knitted, and the colour going and
coming in his now withered cheek, as Shafto, who was watching him very
closely, could plainly see. He seemed certainly very perturbed, and tossed
aside all his other letters, as if their contents could be of no consequence
compared with those of this particular missive.

'Your letter seems to disturb you, grandfather,' said Shafto.

'It does—it does, indeed.'

'Sorry to hear it: may I inquire what it is about—or from whom it

comes?'

'It is a letter from Mr. Kippilaw, senior,' replied Lord Fettercairn, darting
from under his shaggy eyebrows, and over the rim of his pince-nez, a glance
at Shafto, so keen and inquiring that the latter felt his heart stand still; yet
summoning his constitutional insolence to his aid, he asked:

'And what is the old pump up to now?'

'Shafto!' exclaimed Lady Fettercairn, who detested slang.

'He refers to something that may prove very unpleasant,' said the Peer,
carefully smoothing out the letter.

'To—to me?'

'Yes—and to me, I regret to say, most certainly. He says there are many
matters on which he wishes to confer with me personally; among others, "A
visit from an old Highland woman, named Madelon Galbraith, a native of
Ross-shire, who was nurse to Mr. Lennard's wife in her infancy, and also to
their son. Her revelations, conjoined with other things, now startle me, as