Thermal Processes Smart Theort

1 A solar panel is mounted on the roof of a house. Fig. 4.
1 shows a section through part of the

solar panel.
sunlight
trapped
air copper pipe,
painted black
water
glass sheet
insulating metal backing sheet,

material painted black
Fig. 4.1
A pump makes water flow through the copper pipes. The water is heated by passing through the
solar panel.
(a) Select and explain three features of the solar panel that maximise the final temperature of
the water.
[4]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) During one day, 250 kg of water is pumped through the solar panel. The temperature of this
water rises from 16 °C to 38 °C.
The water absorbs 25 % of the energy incident on the solar panel. The specific heat capacity
of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).
Calculate the energy incident on the solar panel during that day.
energy = [4]
(c) The solar panel in Fig. 4.1 is designed to heat water.
A person is deciding whether to install solar panels on her house.
List and explain three pieces of information she needs to consider in order to make her
decision.
[4]
(d) The Sun releases energy as a result of nuclear fusion.
State the meaning of nuclear fusion.
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 14]

2 Fig. 4.1 shows a cross-section of a double-walled glass vacuum flask, containing a hot liquid.
The surfaces of the two glass walls of the flask have shiny silvered coatings.
silvered
surfaces
vacuum
hot liquid
Fig. 4.1
(a) Explain
(i) why the rate of loss of thermal energy through the walls of the flask by conduction
is very low,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) why the rate of loss of thermal energy through the walls of the flask by radiation is
very low.
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..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) Suggest, with reasons, what must be added to the flask shown in Fig. 4.1 in order to
keep the liquid hot.
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...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 6]
3 One side of a copper sheet is highly polished and the other side is painted matt black.
The copper sheet is very hot and placed in a vertical position, as shown as in Fig. 5.1.
copper sheet
matt black side polished side
left hand right hand
Fig. 5.1
A student places her hands at equal distances from the sheet, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
(a) Explain
(i) why her hands are not heated by convection,
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) why her hands are not heated by conduction.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) State and explain which hand gets hotter.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) It is suggested that one side of the copper sheet cools to a lower temperature than the
other side.
Explain why this does not happen.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
4 Fig. 5.1 shows two identical metal cans, open at the top, used in an experiment on thermal
energy. The outside of can A is polished and the outside of can B is painted black.
polished black
surface surface
can A can B
Fig. 5.1
(a) The cans are heated to the same temperature. Predict and explain the relative rates of
loss of thermal energy by infra-red radiation from the two cans.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) (i) A student is provided with the two cans, a supply of hot water and two thermometers.
Describe the experiment he should carry out to test your answer to (a).
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.............................................................................................................................. [4]
(ii) Another student is given the same equipment but finds two polystyrene tiles.
Fig. 5.2 shows the tiles alongside the cans.
polished black
surface surface
polystyrene can A can B

tiles
Fig. 5.2
State how she could use the tiles to improve the experiment, and explain why this
is effective.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) The two cans are now filled with cold water and placed equal distances from a strong
source of infra-red radiation.
State and explain which can of water heats up more quickly.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
5 .
.
(a) .
. 1.1.
Fig. 1.1
(i) k .
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. 1
(ii) .
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..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
(b)
.
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6 (a)
(i) ............................................................................................
(ii) . ..........................................................................................
1
(b) . 10.1 1.2 kΩ .

.
1.2 k1
9.0 V
Fig. 10.1
. kΩ.
.................................................
(c) . 10.2 .
.
9.0 V
Fig. 10.2
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1 The water in a copper hot-water tank is heated during the night. During the day, the water
cools as thermal energy (heat) passes from the water to the air surrounding the tank.
(a) (i) Describe the process by which the thermal energy is transferred from the hot water
to the air.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) State why the rate at which thermal energy passes into the air decreases as the
water temperature falls.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The manufacturer of the hot-water tank says that when the outside surface is polished
regularly and kept bright and shiny, the hot water will cool more slowly.
Describe, with the aid of a diagram, an experiment that shows whether a container with
a bright and shiny surface is better at keeping its contents warm than one with a dull
and dark surface.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 8]
2 (a) Four identical metal plates, at the same temperature, are laid side by side on the ground.
The rays from the Sun fall on the plates.
One plate has a matt black surface.
One plate has a shiny black surface.
One plate has a matt silver surface.
One plate has a shiny silver surface.
State which plate has the fastest-rising temperature when the sunlight first falls on the
plates.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The apparatus shown in Fig. 4.1 is known as Leslie’s Differential Air Thermometer.
glass bulb
radiant heater
painted shiny
matt black glass bulb
air
T
liquid
Fig. 4.1
The heater is switched off. Tap T is opened so that the air on the two sides of T has the
same pressure. Tap T is then closed.
(i) The heater is switched on. On Fig. 4.1, mark clearly where the two liquid levels
might be a short time later. [1]
(ii) Explain your answer to (b)(i).
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 4]
3 A solar panel is mounted on the roof of a house. Fig. 4.1 shows a section through part of the solar
panel.
sunlight
trapped
air copper pipe,
painted black
water
glass sheet
insulating metal backing sheet,

material painted black
Fig. 4.1
A pump makes water circulate through the copper pipes. The water is heated by passing through
the solar panel.
(a) Suggest why
(i) the pipes are made of copper,
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the pipes and the metal backing sheet are painted black,
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) an insulating material is attached to the metal backing sheet,
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) the presence of the glass sheet increases the energy collected by the water.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) During one day, 250 kg of water is pumped through the solar panel. The temperature of this
water rises from 16 °C to 38 °C.
The water absorbs 25% of the energy falling on the solar panel, and the specific heat capacity
of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).
Calculate the energy falling on the solar panel during that day.
energy = ......................................................... [4]
[Total: 8]
4 Fig. 5.1 shows some apparatus designed to compare the ability of two surfaces to absorb
infra-red radiation.
surface
painted surface
dull painted
black shiny white
Bunsen burner
Fig. 5.1
The containers, which are identical, are painted on the outside. One is dull black, the other is
shiny white. Both are filled with water, initially at the same temperature.
(a) (i) Describe how you would use the apparatus to compare the abilities of the two
surfaces to absorb infra-red radiation.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State the result that you would expect.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The thermometers used have high sensitivity and linear scales.
(i) State what is meant by high sensitivity.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain why a high sensitivity is important for this experiment.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State what is meant by a linear scale.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
5 Fig. 5.1 shows some apparatus which is to be used to compare the emission of infra-red
radiation from four differently painted surfaces.
this side
this side painted dull
painted shiny white
white
metal box water inlet
this side
this side painted shiny
painted dull black
black
Fig. 5.1
Near the centre of each side is an infra-red detector. The four detectors are identical.
A supply of very hot water is available.
(a) Describe how you would use this apparatus to compare the infra-red radiation from the
four surfaces.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Suggest which surface will be the best emitter and which will be the worst emitter.
best emitter ...........................................
worst emitter ......................................... [1]
(c) The infra-red detectors are made from thermocouples soldered to blackened metal
plates. These are connected to galvanometers.
In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a thermocouple. [2]
[Total: 6]
6 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a copper rod AB being heated at one end.
copper rod
B A
Bunsen
burner
Fig. 5.1
(i) Name the process by which heat moves from A to B.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) By reference to the behaviour of the particles of copper along AB, state how this
process happens.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) Give an account of an experiment that is designed to show which of four surfaces will
absorb most heat radiation.
The four surfaces are all the same metal, but one is a polished black surface, one is a
polished silver surface, one is a dull black surface and the fourth one is painted white.
Give your answer under the headings below.
labelled diagram of the apparatus
readings to be taken
one precaution to try to achieve a fair comparison between the various surfaces
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
[ Total : 6]
7 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows two identical metal plates. The front surface of one is dull black and the
front surface of the other is shiny silver.
The plates are fitted with heaters that keep the surfaces of the plates at the same
temperature.
dull black shiny silver
Fig. 5.1
(i) State the additional apparatus needed to test which surface is the best emitter of
heat radiation.
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) State one precaution that is needed to ensure a fair comparison.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(iii) State the result that you expect.
...................................................................................................................................
(iv) Write down another name for heat radiation.
...................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of an everyday situation in which a
convection current occurs.
Mark the path of the current with a line and show its direction with arrows. [3]
[ Total : 7 ]
1 (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, why it is possible to compress a gas, but not a liquid.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Two containers made of insulating material contain the same volume of water at room
temperature. The containers do not have lids. The volume of liquid in each container gradually
decreases.
(i) After a certain time, the temperature of the water has decreased to below room
temperature.
Explain, in terms of molecules, why the temperature has decreased.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) One of the containers is wide and shallow. The other container is narrow and deep.
Predict which container has the greater rate of cooling. Explain your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 6]
2 (a) The source of solar energy is the Sun.
Tick the box next to those resources for which the Sun is also the source of energy.
coal
geothermal
hydroelectric
nuclear
wind [2]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a solar water-heating panel on the roof of a house.
copper tubes,
painted black
roof
Fig. 4.1
Cold water flows into the copper tubes, which are heated by solar radiation. Hot water flows
out of the tubes and is stored in a tank.
(i) Explain why the tubes are made of copper and are painted black.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) In 5.0 s, 0.019 kg of water flows through the tubes. The temperature of the water increases
from 20 °C to 72 °C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).
Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water in 5.0 s.
thermal energy = ...........................................................[3]
(iii) The efficiency of the solar panel is 70%.
Calculate the power of the solar radiation incident on the panel.
power = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
3 (a) State what is meant by the specific heat capacity of a substance.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) A student carries out an experiment to find the specific heat capacity of aluminium. He uses
an electric heater and a thermometer, inserted into separate holes in an aluminium block.
The following data are obtained.
mass of aluminium block = 2.0 kg

power of heating element = 420 W
time of heating
= 95 s
initial temperature of block = 19.5 °C
final temperature of block = 40.5 °C
Calculate the value of the specific heat capacity of aluminium given by this experiment.
specific heat capacity = ............................................... [4]
(c) In the experiment in (b), no attempt is made to prevent loss of thermal energy from the
surfaces of the block.
Suggest two actions the student could take to reduce the loss of thermal energy from the
surfaces of the block.
1. ..............................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]
4 A liquid-in-glass thermometer has a linear scale and a range of 120 °C.
(a) State what is meant by a linear scale.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The highest temperature that this thermometer can measure is 110 °C.
State the lowest temperature that it can measure.
lowest temperature = ...........................................................[1]
(c) A second liquid-in-glass thermometer has the same range but it has a greater sensitivity.
Suggest two ways in which the second thermometer might differ from the first.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) A thermometer has a bulb that is painted white and is shiny.
It is placed in boiling water for several minutes. It is then removed from the water and is held
in air.
Fig. 4.1 shows how the thermometer reading changes during the next 8 minutes.
100
temperature
/ °C
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 6 8
time / minutes
Fig. 4.1
The bulb of this thermometer is now re-painted so that it has a matt, black surface.
The procedure is repeated.
(i) On Fig. 4.1, sketch a second line to suggest how the reading of the re-painted
thermometer changes during the 8 minutes. [2]
(ii) Tick one of the boxes to show how painting the bulb black affects the linearity of the
scale, the range and the sensitivity of the thermometer.
The linearity, the range and the sensitivity all change.
Only the linearity and the range change.
Only the linearity and the sensitivity change.
Only the range and the sensitivity change.
Only the linearity changes.
Only the range changes.
Only the sensitivity changes.
None of these properties changes.

[1]
[Total: 7]
5 (a) State what is meant by the specific latent heat of fusion (melting) of a substance.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Ice cubes of total mass 70 g, and at 0 °C, are put into a drink of lemonade of mass 300 g.
All the ice melts as 23 500 J of thermal energy transfers from the lemonade to the ice. The
final temperature of the drink is 0 °C.
(i) Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion for ice.
specific latent heat of fusion = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The thermal energy that causes the ice to melt is transferred from the lemonade as
it cools. The loss of this thermal energy causes the temperature of the 300 g of the
lemonade to fall by 19 °C.
Calculate the specific heat capacity of the lemonade.
specific heat capacity = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) The melting ice floats on top of the lemonade.
Explain the process by which the lemonade at the bottom of the drink becomes cold.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
6 (a) Puddles of water form on a path after rainfall on a windy day.
In terms of molecules, state and explain how the rate of evaporation of the puddles is
affected by
(i) a reduction of wind speed,
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) an increase of water temperature.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows two puddles.
large puddle
small puddle
Fig. 5.1
State and explain how the rate of evaporation from the large puddle compares to that from the
small puddle under the same conditions.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Describe an experiment to demonstrate the difference between good and bad emitters of
infra-red radiation. You may include a diagram to help your description. State what readings
should be taken.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 9]
7 During both boiling and evaporation, liquid water is converted into water vapour.
The rate at which the mass of boiling water decreases depends only on the rate at which the
water is gaining thermal energy.
(a) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2.3 × 106 J / kg. Thermal energy is supplied
to boiling water in a kettle at a rate of 460 W.
Calculate the mass of water that is boiled away in 180 s.
mass = ............................................... [2]
(b) The rate at which the mass of evaporating water decreases depends on other factors.
(i) State two of these factors.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) State two other ways in which evaporation is different from boiling.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 6]
1 (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, why it is possible to compress a gas, but not a liquid.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Two containers made of insulating material contain the same volume of water at room
temperature. The containers do not have lids. The volume of liquid in each container gradually
decreases.
(i) After a certain time, the temperature of the water has decreased to below room
temperature.
Explain, in terms of molecules, why the temperature has decreased.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) One of the containers is wide and shallow. The other container is narrow and deep.
Predict which container has the greater rate of cooling. Explain your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 6]
2 The Sun is a large sphere of high temperature gas. An extremely large quantity of energy
radiates from the Sun into space every second.
(a) A process releases energy inside the Sun and its temperature stays high.
State the name of this process.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A gardener stores water in a large, cylindrical metal drum. The drum is painted black
and has no lid. On a bright, sunny day, the water evaporates quickly and the water level
in the drum falls.
(i) Suggest how, by using a drum of a different shape, the gardener can reduce the
quantity of water lost by evaporation.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The gardener is told that, by painting the drum white, he can reduce the quantity of
radiation absorbed and so reduce the rate of evaporation.
Describe an experiment to show that black surfaces are better absorbers of

radiation than white surfaces. You may include a diagram.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 6]
3 (a) Two students hang out identical T-shirts to dry at the same time in the same
neighbourhood. The only difference between the drying conditions is that one T-shirt is
sheltered from any wind and the other is in a strong breeze, as shown in Fig. 6.1.
fence
clothes line
strong breeze no breeze
Fig. 6.1
State and explain, in terms of water molecules, the difference between the drying times
of the T-shirts.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Fig. 6.2 shows another occasion when a student hangs out two identical T-shirts to dry
next to each other on a line. One T-shirt is folded double as shown in Fig. 6.2.
clothes line
Fig. 6.2
State and explain, in terms of water molecules, the difference between the drying times
of the T-shirts.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) A runner in a hot country feels cooler if she pours water over her hair to keep it wet,
even when the water is at the same temperature as the air around her.
Explain, in terms of a change of state of water, why she feels cooler.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
4 Fig. 4.1 shows apparatus that could be used to measure the specific latent heat of ice.
60 W heater
power supply
melting ice at 0 °C
beaker
Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe how you would use the apparatus. You may assume that ice at 0 °C and a
stopwatch are available. State all the readings that would be needed at each stage.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) In an experiment, 120 g of ice at 0 °C is to be melted. The specific latent heat of ice is
340 J/g. Assume that all the energy from the heater will be used to melt the ice.
Calculate the expected time for which the 60 W heater is switched on.
expected time = …………………… [2]
(c) When the experiment is carried out, the ice melts in slightly less time than the expected
time.
(i) State one reason why this happens.
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Suggest one modification to the experiment that would reduce the difference
between the experimental time and the expected time.
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total : 8 ]

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1 A solar panel is mounted on the roof of a house. Fig. 4.

1 shows a section through part of the

insulating metal backing sheet,

(c) The solar panel in Fig. 4.1 is designed to heat water.

A person is deciding whether to install solar panels on her house.

(d) The Sun releases energy as a result of nuclear fusion.

State the meaning of nuclear fusion.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 14]

left hand right hand

(i) why her hands are not heated by convection,

(ii) why her hands are not heated by conduction.

(b) State and explain which hand gets hotter.

Explain why this does not happen.

polystyrene can A can B

State and explain which can of water heats up more quickly.

(b) . 10.1 1.2 kΩ .

One plate has a matt black surface.

One plate has a shiny black surface.

One plate has a matt silver surface.

One plate has a shiny silver surface.

(ii) Explain your answer to (b)(i).

insulating metal backing sheet,

(a) Suggest why

(i) the pipes are made of copper,

(iii) an insulating material is attached to the metal backing sheet,

energy = ......................................................... [4]

(ii) State the result that you would expect.

(i) State what is meant by high sensitivity.

(ii) Explain why a high sensitivity is important for this experiment.

(iii) State what is meant by a linear scale.

A supply of very hot water is available.

best emitter ...........................................

worst emitter ......................................... [1]

In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a thermocouple. [2]

(i) Name the process by which heat moves from A to B.

labelled diagram of the apparatus

dull black shiny silver

(ii) State one precaution that is needed to ensure a fair comparison.

(iii) State the result that you expect.

(iv) Write down another name for heat radiation.

Explain, in terms of molecules, why the temperature has decreased.

Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water in 5.0 s.

thermal energy = ...........................................................[3]

Calculate the power of the solar radiation incident on the panel.

The following data are obtained.

mass of aluminium block = 2.0 kg

specific heat capacity = ............................................... [4]

(a) State what is meant by a linear scale.

State the lowest temperature that it can measure.

lowest temperature = ...........................................................[1]

The procedure is repeated.

The linearity, the range and the sensitivity all change.

Only the linearity and the range change.

Only the linearity and the sensitivity change.

Only the range and the sensitivity change.

Only the linearity changes.

Only the range changes.

Only the sensitivity changes.

None of these properties changes.