Skills Tests Units 1–10 B Answer Keys & Audio

Scripts
Presenter OK. That’s interesting. So, if I
Unit 1 understand this correctly, he believed that
we get on best with our neighbours when
we want different things?
Talking about the future Pepper That’s one possible interpretation,
yes. But, more importantly, what he wanted
1 to test was whether a perceived scarcity of
1 will have left resources such as money or food goes
hand in hand with hostility between groups.
2 is / are leaving, will be leaving, is / are According to his theory, such a scarcity
going to leave, will leave, leave / leaves would give rise to feelings of prejudice
between groups.
3 leaves / will leave
Presenter So, how was the experiment
4 will leave / will be leaving / are going to organized?
leave Pepper Sherif’s team selected twenty-two
twelve-year-old boys, all from comparable
5 is going to leave / will leave backgrounds. All from quite similar middle-
class schools, actually, although from all
Listening over the state, since Sherif was keen to
ensure that none of the boys had met or
formed previous bonds or friendships. They
2
were split into two groups, and given tasks
1 a to do to develop a sense of belonging
2 c within their groups.
Presenter So, they put up tents, lit fires and
3 b sang songs?
4 c Pepper Yes, something like that. The sort of
things that boys would enjoy. But what was
5 a essential was that the boys from the first
group had no contact with the boys from
Audio Script the second group. In a sense, Sherif was
replicating what might have happened in
Presenter In a forthcoming book, primitive societies in which two tribes
psychologist Maureen Pepper writes about developed in different parts of a forest, or
a groundbreaking social experiment which plain, and knew little or nothing of each
became known as the Robbers Cave other’s existence.
Experiment. It took place in an American
Presenter And I guess camp workers were
summer camp in 1954. Here to tell us more
under strict orders to appoint tasks, give
about it is Dr Pepper herself.
the kids things to use or do, anything to
Welcome to the show. maintain the separation?
Pepper Hello. Pepper Absolutely. Before long, the two
Presenter So, what exactly was the Robbers groups in Sherif’s experiment had strong
Cave Experiment? identities. They spontaneously invented
Pepper It was the brainchild of a social their own group names, the Rattlers and
psychologist, Mazafer Sherif, who wanted the Eagles, and developed status
to devise a way of testing his theory that hierarchies as some boys became leaders
conflict between different groups naturally and others followers.
arises as a result of competing for desired Presenter Fascinating.
resources.

1
Pepper It was then that the researchers,
acting as camp staff, engineered conflict.
Reading
They brought the two groups together – but
as rivals. They set up a baseball 3
tournament in which only the winners got 1 F
medals, for example. Competition 2 T
increased. Rivalry turned into conflict. The
boys started calling each other names. 3 T
Before long, they were raiding each other’s
4 F
camps and stealing belongings. To an
outsider, it would have looked on the point 5 F
of getting out of control, and you’d suspect
some of the staff might have been uneasy 6 T
about what they were doing, and keen to 7 T
rein in the excessive behaviour.
Presenter I can imagine. 8 NG
Pepper Well, in fact, at no point were they 9 F
thrown off track. They were happy to let it
10 NG
all play out.
Presenter And all this proved Sherif’s theory
correct, I guess? Writing
Pepper Well, yes. Just as antagonism
between the groups peaked, researchers 4
introduced tasks in which the two groups Students’ own answers
had to work together to achieve goals.
Gradually, the boys learned to work
together, and by the end of their fortnight in
Challenge!
the camp, they were friends again, sharing 5
snacks and even pocket money.
1 c
Presenter It sounds like the boys were really
manipulated. But the end justifies the 2 d
means, I suppose. Sherif’s work must have
a bearing on our society today. 3 b
Pepper Yes. His study indicated that when 4 c
people compete for scarce resources, there
5 b
is a rise in hostility between groups. For
example, in times of high unemployment 6 a
there may be high levels of racism among
local people who believe that immigrants 7 d
have taken their jobs. He also showed that 8 a
members of one group increasingly justify
their loyalty and attachment to their group’s
ideology by demonizing that of their rivals.
This became known as ‘Realistic Conflict
Theory’.
Presenter And the natural conclusion of this
research is that we should try to build a
world which breaks down barriers between
groups.
Pepper I suppose so, yes. Peace and
civilization are dependent on working
together to maintain shared goals. Any
society should promote united, co-operative
action, and should never take harmony
between groups for granted.

2
 Justin People tend to think that these are
Unit 2 isolated cases, that miscarriages of justice
are rare, but the truth is that they happen
extremely often in Britain, and, I dare say,
Talking about habitual in the US and elsewhere, too. Every day, in
this country, somebody is exonerated of
behaviour their crimes by the emergence of new
evidence, by the exposure of false or
1 unreliable testimonies, or simply by proving
A 4, was forever trying to that judges or juries got it wrong in the first
place. And, obviously, we should be
B 2, had got used to concerned. We have to be able to trust our
C 5, ’s used to getting justice system to reach correct decisions.
The problem is that, too often, it seems the
D 1, would police and the prosecution are only
E 3, will forever interested in presenting evidence in such a
way that it proves someone’s guilt.
Presenter OK. So, you think we should
Listening overhaul the way we carry out trials.
2 Justin If we want to avoid the systemic
failures, yes, that’s my opinion. Serious
1 b miscarriages of justice take place, not by
2 b accident, but because our justice system
fails us.
3 d
Presenter There have been many high-
4 c profile cases in the UK in recent years,
haven’t there? I remember reading about
5 c Eddie Gilfoyle’s release in 2010 …
Justin Ah yes, but this wasn’t miscarriage of
Audio Script justice. It was a case of what I call ‘an
abortion of justice’ as the police had
Presenter Last Wednesday, two men in the manipulated evidence to convict him. So
United States had their convictions for it’s different because it was intentional, not
murder overturned after brand new DNA just an error.
evidence proved that they were innocent.
Shockingly, however, the two men had Presenter Can you give us an example of a
already spent thirty years in jail. miscarriage of justice in the UK then?
Their release raises a significant question: Justin Well, one case involved an eighteen-
are miscarriages of justice commonplace in year-old called Sam Hallam, who was to
our justice system? To discuss this issue, I spend more than seven years in prison
am joined in the studio by Justin Turner, a after being wrongfully convicted of
lawyer, and lifelong campaigner on behalf murdering a trainee chef. His conviction
of wrongly convicted inmates. Welcome to was quashed in 2012 after evidence from
the programme, Justin. his mobile phone proved that he couldn’t
have been at the crime scene. This
Justin Hello. evidence had not been investigated by the
Presenter So, Justin, how common are police before the original trial. It’s an
miscarriages of justice? And should we be example of what I’m talking about. At the
worried? original trial, the prosecution only presented
evidence that was useful in proving their
case. There is a need to investigate
evidence more fully and objectively during
a trial.
Presenter OK. Another case was that of
Dwaine George, a teenager who was
sentenced to life in prison back in 2001.

3
 Justin Yes. George was sent to prison for
shooting a man dead in the street. A jacket 4
found at his home had traces of gunshot 1 PZ
residue on it, enough to condemn him to a
2 CR
life sentence. The teenager insisted on his
innocence, and, despite the failure of an 3 –
initial appeal back in 2004, continued to
fight for his freedom, and was eventually 4 CM
released in 2014, after over a decade 5 –
behind bars.
Presenter So, what was the deciding factor 6 DE
that gained him his freedom?
Justin What is astonishing, and perhaps a Writing
little shameful, as far as our legal system is
concerned, is that his release was down to 5
the efforts of a group of law students who Students’ own answers
hadn’t even qualified when they took up his
case and started researching it as part of a
project. They believed his story and hired Challenge!
an American expert who was to prove, at
the retrial, that the gunshot residue on 6
George’s jacket was too small to be 1 a
enough to prove his guilt.
2 b
Presenter That’s remarkable.
Justin Absolutely, we live in an age when 3 d
miscarriages of justice are not at all 4 c
unusual, and when prisoners have to rely
on the efforts of well-meaning campaigners 5 d
and law students to get justice because 6 a
neither the public nor the legal profession
seem to care very much. I believe there are 7 c
hundreds of innocent men and women still
8 c
in prison for crimes they have not
committed.
Presenter Well, thanks for those intriguing
and powerful comments. After the break, Unit 3
we’ll be investigating why …

Reading Impersonal passive

1
3
1 It is believed in some circles that the
1 D
minister had been lying to hide the
2 E
level of corruption.
3 A
The minister is believed in some circles
4 C
to have been lying to hide the level of
5 G
corruption.
6 F
2 It is assumed that unemployment figures
are about to improve.
Unemployment figures are assumed to be
about to improve.

4
 3 It is is known that poverty is widespread
throughout the developing world.
Poverty is known to be widespread
throughout the developing world.
4 It hadn’t been anticipated that the value of
the shares was about to collapse.
The value of the shares hadn’t been
anticipated to be about to collapse.
5 It was proved that the company had not
been paying any tax for years.
The company was proved not to have
been paying any tax for years.
Listening
2 players, and, at first, his generosity was
1 d
2 a
3 d
4 b
5 b
Audio Script
Presenter In 1997, when hospital porter
John McGuinness hit the jackpot in the
lottery, he naturally thought his luck would
last forever. Overnight, he went from rags
to riches, and was soon splashing out on
holiday homes and sports cars. Close
family members were to receive over £3
million in gifts, complete strangers were
rewarded for pestering him by post, and
even his ex-wife was not left out. John
McGuinness was living the high life. Little
more than a decade later, however, he
found himself deep in debt and seeking a
job. Sarah Siddons takes up the story.
5
Sarah Siddons John McGuinness’ tale is
one we’ve become all too familiar with over
the years. Like so many lottery winners
from humble backgrounds before him, John
was the victim of unwise advice and naive
investments. At the time of his win, he was
earning barely £150 a week, and, having
already split from his wife, he was sleeping
on the floor of his parents’ house. It’s hardly
surprising that he should find it hard to
cope with such riches, and with such a
change of fortune.
Splashing out was a natural response to
being rich beyond his dreams. It wasn’t the
lavish spending or the misplaced
generosity that ruined John, however, but a
love of football. When his local football club
in Scotland invited him to join the board
and invest in the club, he couldn’t resist. He
ploughed money into the hundred-year-old
club, guaranteeing loans and investing in
rewarded. But a cup win against the odds
was not enough to drag the club out of the
red, and administration followed. Debts
were called in, legal costs mounted, and,
by the end of 2008, John found himself £2
million in debt, and desperate to sell off all
his belongings. Today, by his own
admission, much changed and much the
wiser, he lives in a modest house – his
days of expensive cars and luxury holidays
behind him.
Presenter A modern morality tale, if ever
there was one. Winning the lottery isn’t all
doom and gloom, however, as our next
story illustrates. Low-paid Belfast bus driver
Peter Lavery also won £10 million on the
National Lottery, but he was to go on to
triple his winnings with a series of wise –
and increasingly ambitious – investments,
which make him, today, one of Northern
Ireland’s leading businessmen, and the
owner of his own brand new whisky
distillery business. However, it hasn’t all
been plain sailing. John Kemble tells this
story.
 John Kemble At first glance, Peter Lavery is
the epitome of the self-made man. He
Challenge!
exudes confidence, and is adamant that he
is a naturally lucky person who has a clear 5
conscience about the money he has won. 1 d
He owes nobody, and refuses to give 2 b
handouts to the many people who send him
begging letters, and he is proud of the 3 a
success he has enjoyed since his win. At
4 b
ease now with his wealth, he gives away a
lot of his money to good causes by means 5 a
of a charitable trust in his late mother’s
name, but he also makes sure that his 6 c
money is working for himself and his family. 7 a
During the first six months after his win,
however, things were different. He found it 8 b
hard to come to terms with being in the
spotlight after his girlfriend at the time,
acting completely against his wishes,
revealed his winnings to the press.
Unit 4
And, having given up work, and blown
hundreds of thousands of pounds on luxury Ellipsis
cars, high-end holidays and a house in the
most exclusive part of his home city, 1
Belfast, he was in danger of living beyond 1 Well, no. Have you?
his means. Soon, however, he discovered
2 I know the brain has different sections, but
that he had real business acumen, and,
keen to establish himself as an I’m not clear about why .
entrepreneur, he started up a string of
brand new companies across Belfast. 3 OK, four lobes. So, is the frontal lobe the
Today, he spends a lot of time on luxury most important (there is)?
cruises with his new girlfriend, but insists
on staying true to his roots. He goes 4 OK. Sure. I don’t think I’m going to be
shopping in the same shops he used to tested on brain structure in my biology
frequent before his win, and gets annoyed
if anyone suggests that he has changed in exam, but I guess I might (be).
any way. He has come to terms with 5 True. I can’t say I worry about what my
himself and his wealth, and says he cares
nothing for how others see him. frontal lobe is doing, but I would (worry) if it
wasn’t working properly!
Reading
3 Listening
1 d
2
2 c 1 c
3 c 2 b
4 a 3 c
5 a 4 a
5 b
Writing
4
Students’ own answers

6
Audio Script
Lecturer Welcome to the first in a series of
lectures about how human memory works.
In the first part of this introductory lecture,
I’m going to talk about what memories are.
In the second part, I’ll move on to how we
encode and store these memories.
We all say that we ‘have’ memories, but, in
fact, we don’t really ‘possess’ them at all.
Memories aren’t ‘things’ that we’ve locked
away in our brain in the way that we might
store documents in a file. They aren’t all in
one place somewhere in the middle of our
brain. We can’t access them simply by
finding the place where we’ve put them. It
is better to think of memories as a series of
complicated processes which combine to
produce what seems to be one memory.
So, when you think about last night’s
dinner, one memory process involves
remembering how it tasted, another
involves remembering the appearance of
the food, and a completely different one
recalls moving the food from the plate to
your mouth with your fork. Different sets of
brain cells in different parts of your brain
are involved in creating any one individual
memory.
Now, I’ll move on to encoding and storing.
Encoding and storing new memories
begins with the senses. Imagine buying a
smartphone. As you get to know how it
works, your visual system notes its
appearance, your auditory system notes its
ringtone, and you also notice things like its
texture and weight. This sensory
information is passed to a part of the brain
called the hippocampus, located under the
cerebral cortex. There it is analyzed. What
the hippocampus does is select what’s
important – what’s worth saving in our long-
term memory. We don’t record and save
everything we perceive – just the important
information, or, at least, what our
hippocampus recognizes as important.
Right, so what happens once the
hippocampus has selected memories to
store? Well, our brain uses electricity and
chemicals to encode and store them.
Electrical pulses send messages from cell
to cell in the brain. In turn, these pulses
release chemical messengers.
7
Between them, the electrical pulses and the
chemical messengers allow our memories
to move from cell to cell and become
stored, not in one place, but all over the
brain. There is a myth that we use only ten
per cent of our brain capacity, but, actually
this is not true – every part of the brain has
a function, and every cell is equally capable
of carrying and storing portions of our
memories.
What’s most magical about all this activity
in our brain, however, is that it isn’t out of
our control. What we experience and how
we think has an effect on the way we
encode and store information. In other
words, we can actively make our memories
stronger by working on them. Take learning
the piano, for example. The more we
practise, the better we get. Why? Well, it’s
because the repeated firing of certain cells
in a certain order in the brain makes it
much easier to repeat this firing later on. As
a result, we can gradually improve our
piano playing. And if we practise long
enough, we’ll attain competence, and
eventually perfection. We’ll have
strengthened the coded memories in our
brain to a remarkable extent. If we then
stopped playing for a time, however, we
would forget how to play, or, at least, how
to play so well. That’s because the
connections between the brain cells that
carry the piano playing messages would
break down and reconfigure to carry other
memories. Our brains are really flexible,
and change all the time to store new and
more useful memories.
OK. That’s all for now. Thank you for
listening. In the second lecture in this
series, I will be investigating how our short-
term and long-term memories function
differently, and how we are able to recall
memories that we have stored.
Reading
3
1 F
2 T
3 T
4 F
5 T
6 F
 7 NG 3
8 NG 1 F

9 F 2 T

10 T 3 T
4 F
Writing 5 T

4 6 F
Students’ own answers 7 F
8 T
Challenge!
Audio Script
5
1 a Mark Hi, Polly. Decided what to write your
history assignment on yet?
2 b
Polly The one on explorers? Oh, I’ve been
3 b agonizing over that all weekend. I figured
4 d Stanley and Livingstone, only to realize that
more or less the entire class had gone for
5 c them.
6 a Mark Yeah, I know. Obvious choices if you’re
British, I suppose. But, I immediately came
7 b up with quite a different pair. Actually,
they’re a bit of a no-brainer if you’re an
8 d
Aussie like me.
Polly I know what you’re going to say. Burke
Unit 5 and Wills, right?
Mark How did you know that?
Polly Well, because that’s who I’ve gone for.
Phrases for expressing Mark Really? Brilliant. Let’s put our heads
emphasis together and share ideas then.
Polly Why not? I could do with picking
1 someone’s brains. I’ve done loads of
A 3, Without doubt research online, but so far all I’ve scribbled
down is a few notes.
B 4, No wonder Mark Right, let me get my laptop out. OK. This
C 1, Not just is my introduction, based on hours of
painstaking enquiry, I might add. Are you
D 5, no matter ready?
E 2, ever so Polly Sure.
Mark ‘In 1860, Robert O’Hara Burke and
Listening William John Wills led the first expedition to
cross Australia from south to north. Sent on
2 their way by a cheering crowd of over
15,000 people gathered in Royal Park in
1 P Melbourne, the two explorers, along with
2 – seventeen other men, twenty-three horses,
and twenty-six camels, headed out into the
3 – unknown wilderness, and, six months later,
4 M finally reached their goal – the Gulf of
Carpentaria on Australia’s northern coast.

8
 Today, Burke and Wills are commemorated Polly They were crucial errors, Mark. With no
for their heroism. Theirs was one of the pack animals, they weren’t able to take the
most significant achievements in Australian quickest route home. That’s something
history.’ What do you think? A bit over the people forget when they tell the story – on
top? the way home, they had a choice of two
Polly Well, I wouldn’t say that. Not so far, routes, a long one and a short one, but the
anyway. It reads well, but I don’t think you quick way was across a desert, a route you
can just describe their trip in heroic terms. can’t take unless you can carry lots of
Some would say it was a total disaster. water. And for that you need animals.
Logistically, it was a disaster, and it led to
Mark What do you mean?
their deaths.
Polly Well, in truth, their ill-fated expedition
Mark OK. You’ve made your point. Look,
was badly-planned, badly-led, and had its
perhaps we shouldn’t work together at all.
fair share of controversy. Neither Burke nor
You write your essay. I’m off to write mine
Wills were to make it back to Melbourne.
in the library.
Many in their party turned back, and of
those that actually made their way across Reading
the entire continent, only one was to
survive – and he only made it by the skin of 4
his teeth, and thanks largely to the
intervention of aboriginal people who saved A 2
his life. B 1
Mark OK, sure, I know all that. But remember
C 6
that people looked at things differently back
then. Burke and Wills were given state D 3
funerals, they had memorials erected to
mark their achievement, people were E 4
genuinely proud of them. And on their trip
they mapped new places. They made 5
Australians aware of what lay inland from 1 b
the coast, and gave our nation a sense of
identity. I want to emphasize that in my 2 d
essay.
Polly OK. It’s fair enough if you want to Writing
emphasize that. But I’m more interested in
the truth of what happened rather than 6
what the explorers or their contemporaries Students’ own answers
may or may not have seen as success.
Mistakes were made. Wills should have
been the expedition leader, for example, Challenge!
but the abrasive Burke took charge – a
man used to leadership, but one who had 7
little idea of what it would be like out in the 1 b
Australian wilderness.
2 d
Mark An experienced bushman he may have
been, but I refuse to accept that Wills would 3 a
have been a better leader. I just don’t see
4 d
it.
Polly Look, under Burke’s leadership, they 5 c
struck out at the wrong time of year, and
6 a
they allowed all their heavily-laden pack
animals to die on the way north … 7 b
Mark OK, I know what you’re saying, but … 8 a

9
 Speaker 2
Unit 6 Melanie Long-lasting relationships involve
many different things – like compatibility,
common goals, mutual respect – and, while
Talking about hypothetical I wouldn’t wish to belittle the importance of
situations love, or romance, I’d emphasize those
former aspects. In my work as a marriage
guidance counsellor, I witness the failure of
1
many partnerships. Infatuation fades, as
1 time does the dizziness we first feel, and what
2 were we’re left with is more mundane, but,
essentially, something that can sustain us
3 better through many years, and make us happy.
That’s why those who don’t rush into
4 rather / sooner
lifelong commitment are statistically more
5 wish likely to stay together. Having experienced
previous relationships, and having worked
out what they’re really looking for in life,
Listening these people are well placed to make
commitments that they won’t break.
2
Speaker 3
A Speaker 4
Patrick Personally, I believe that the majority
B – of people who want to get married or
commit to a long-term relationship have the
C Speaker 1
best of intentions, regardless of how old
D Speaker 2 they are. No doubt, the expectations of
those in their late teens or early twenties
E Speaker 5 can be too idealistic, and this can lead to
F Speaker 3 things failing to work out, as troubling
divorce statistics bear out. However,
despite all this, I think that the success of a
Audio Script
relationship is, for the most part, down to
the individuals concerned. Our dating
Speaker 1
agency, Love Matters, is all about matching
Paul It’s one thing to fall in love, but quite people with the right chemistry, and we
another to make a relationship last. As a have success in bringing together eighteen-
journalist working at the magazine Heart’s year-olds, as well as eighty-year-olds. That
Desire, I research the secrets of a long- spark of romance is dependent purely on
lasting relationship to share with our wide personality, and we pride ourselves on
readership. My advice has always been connecting people from all walks of life.
that if you want to keep an eye on the Indeed, what that connection is based on
success of your marriage, what counts is can be a real mystery. Opposites attract,
feeling secure and appreciated in a they say, and it can be true – some of the
relationship. I would say though that mere best relationships I’ve seen have involved
amity or companionship is not what people who agree on nothing except that
sustains a partnership over the long term, they love and cherish each other.
but rather what’s key is keeping the flame
Speaker 4
of passion alight. It’s the little things that
make a difference in the long run, be it Annie As a historian, I have researched the
small gestures like paying a compliment, way people were brought together through
holding hands, buying flowers or just saying marriage during the nineteenth century,
‘I love you’ more often. and this has informed my conviction that
having something in common beyond
physical attraction is essential in any
relationship that has any chance of
surviving the test of time.

10
 Historically, people married within a limited
circle, ensuring that their life partner was
Writing
from the same social class, or from the
same village. As a result, they had most 4
things in common, including an awareness Students’ own answers
of what their long-term relationship would
amount to. Now, I’m not suggesting that we
should go back to antiquated notions of
Challenge!
marrying our own kind. However, I do think 5
there is a grain of truth in the idea that the
more we have in common, the better. And, 1 b
although the family we were born into is of 2 b
no consequence any more, whether we
went to university or not, and the type of job 3 a
we have, are actually quite important. 4 a
Speaker 5
5 c
Ken I’ve been married for thirty years now,
and from my point of view, trust is an issue 6 a
that needs to be addressed. In a short
relationship this may be of little concern, 7 d
but, for long-term partners, it is extremely 8 d
important. However, it is a more complex
issue than some would have us believe.
Some people trust blindly, and never
question their partner’s love nor their
Unit 7
fidelity, while others have trust issues, and
require reassurance. In order to make a Phrases for speculating
relationship successful in the long run, it
doesn’t matter whether you are the former 1
or the latter. What matters is that both
1 would have thought
partners are prepared to address the issue
of trust when it arises. We should not be 2 In all probability
angry or defensive when our
trustworthiness is questioned, but rather we 3 hazarding a guess
should always be ready to offer 4 ’s / is no way
reassurance. It’s an essential component of
a successful relationship. 5 a distinct possibility

Reading Listening
3 2
1 D 1 c
2 A 2 a
3 E 3 b
4 C 4 c
5 – 5 b
6 B
7 F
8 –
9 C
10 D

11
Audio Script
Presenter The sixteenth-century Belvedere
Fort overlooks the enchanting Renaissance
city of Florence, and over the years it has
played host to countless art exhibitions,
ranging from the highbrow to the whimsical.
Few exhibitions, however, have been more
eagerly-awaited than Human, an event
which aims to showcase some of the most
important pieces from several stages of the
career of British artist Antony Gormley. The
internationally-renowned sculptor promises
to introduce us to some of his most recent
and most provocative studies. Here, to tell
us more about this major art event is Julia
Reckitt from the Art Foundation. Hello,
Julia.
Julia Hello.
Presenter So, what can we expect?
Julia Well, as you know, Antony Gormley
exhibits sculptures of the human figure, and
this event won’t be any exception. We’re
expecting over a hundred different works,
on ramparts, on steps and terraces, some
deep inside the darkest recesses of the
fort, and others looking out towards the city.
To my mind, the sheer scale of this event is
quite remarkable, though hardly surprising,
I suppose, given what we have already
seen in previous exhibitions of his. The
comparative uniqueness of the current
event lies in the interaction between the
man-made figures and the sections of the
fort where they are placed. This is in
contrast to the natural landscapes he
generally places his figures in. It’ll be
fascinating to see how this changes the
way we see his figures.
Presenter Tell us about the figures in this
exhibition. How will they look?
Julia Part of the exhibition, called Critical
Mass, comprises organic, life-like and life-
sized forms, each of them arranged in
relationship to each other, as well as the
environment. Another part of the exhibition
has very different-looking figures, arranged,
in clusters for the most part, but
occasionally standing alone, and pixelated,
as if they were being seen on a faulty
computer screen.
Presenter Pixelated?
12
Julia Yes. Sounds odd, doesn’t it? And it’s not
easy to explain. Although they clearly
suggest human figures, they seem to be
made up of different-sized blocks, put
together in a confused way.
Presenter So, a bit like cubist paintings by
Picasso or Braque?
Julia A bit, yes. What’s really intriguing are the
different positions the organic figures of
Critical Mass will be placed in – some will
be crouching, others squatting, standing, or
bending, some will be lying down, others
will be curled up in a foetal position. I
understand that some will be placed in
close proximity to each other in the centre
of the fort’s courtyard, and others will be
placed in a line across the courtyard. The
way they are composed will have an effect
on the viewer. For example, the figures
may look lost and confused, to be pitied, or
they may look strong and optimistic. It’s all
about how the viewer perceives them. The
figures gathered together could be
interpreted as immigrants about to flee a
country, or refugees from a war zone, the
dispossessed, victims of conflict. Our
perception will determine all this.
Presenter I see. And the same goes for the
pixelated figures, I guess?
Julia Absolutely. Well, for the most part, at
least. But, of course, those few figures that
will be seen in isolation will most likely
induce a different response altogether.
They are more likely to give rise to feelings
about the individual human, whereas the
collective figures of Critical Mass will make
us think about humanity as a whole.
Presenter OK ...
Julia What I mean is that, walking round the
Belvedere Fort, the viewer will see these
enormous pixelated figures in different
situations. Some in groups, some all alone.
If a figure is seen in isolation, leaning
against a wall, this may suggest sorrow or
weariness. One on a plinth may convey
power or tyranny. Another in a box may
represent imprisonment and weakness.
Presenter I see. It’s all about how we relate to
them, and what we see.
Julia Exactly.
Presenter Well, it all sounds truly fascinating.
Thank you for your insight, Julia.
Reading
3
Unit 8
1 G
Deciding on the best course
2 B
of action
3 F
4 A 1
1 accusation
5 C
2 denial
4 3 observation
1 F
4 response
2 F
5 concern
3 T
4 NG Listening
5 T
2
1 a
Writing
2 c
5 3 d
Students’ own answers
4 b

Challenge! 5 b

6 Audio Script
1 b
Recording 1
2 d Martin As I look out from the deck of the
3 b Churchill Enterprise, I’m struck by the
enormity of Hudson Bay:a vast stretch of
4 d grey, flat sea, more than three times the
size of Britain, and, in the heart of winter,
5 d
infinitely colder. Even now, as the days
6 a shorten, but with the bitterest months still
ahead, the chill is palpable, and the sea ice
7 b is starting to pack. Our progress is serene,
8 c not to say painfully slow, as we haul
thousands of tonnes of equipment –
vehicles, cables, bricks and huge metal
pipes – out towards some of Canada’s
most isolated communities. Strung out
along the bay’s western shore, these
places are all but inaccessible by road,
even in the height of summer. Ours is one
of the last tugboats of the year to make the
journey, and many fear that sailing at this
time of year may not be economically
viable in future.

13
 At this latitude, the ice has always been
seasonal, but farther north, out towards the
most isolated settlements and beyond, it
was once all but permanent, blocking great
stretches of sea. The effects of global
warming, however, threaten upheaval to
the livelihoods of the people who ply these
waterways with their tugboats and barges.
Recent surveys recorded the amount of
summer polar ice at the third lowest level
on record. With seasonal ice melting more
rapidly than once ever considered
imaginable, ships of greater tonnage will
soon become the norm. Improved
navigability will mean that small, robust
boats will no longer continue to dominate
trade around the bay.
Recording 2
Presenter Here to discuss the issue of climate
change is Professor Pauline Clark from
Climate Now. How serious is the issue,
professor?
Pauline Hello. Well, extremely serious.
Regardless of international treaties for
reducing greenhouse gases, such as the
ineffectual Kyoto Protocol, carbon dioxide
emissions from human activities have
increased year on year. Even if we can
globally get our act together, and reduce
CO2 emissions by 50 per cent by 2050, we
are still heading for a world that is at least
two degrees warmer.
Presenter So, aside from reducing emissions,
what can be done? Might ‘geo-engineering’
projects help win the battle against
dangerous climate change?
Pauline Well, there has certainly been a lot of
talk about a geo-engineering solution.
Among the most popular options is that of
injecting tiny sulphur particles into the
stratosphere to scatter more sunlight. The
idea is that if we reflect a portion of the
sun’s rays back into space, it will cool the
planet. It’s an option that might be
developed within decades, and, if
deployed, it would very quickly and
dramatically reduce temperatures.
However, the sulphur particles would need
to be constantly replenished, so, if activities
start on a global scale, which is necessary
for them to be effective, there will need to
be a commitment to maintain them for
centuries. And stopping the activity would
result in dangerously rapid climate
warming, far worse than the steadier
warming they were designed to counteract.
14
Presenter So, you have reservations,
professor?
Pauline Indeed, I do. In effect, such
technologies imply an unprecedented
duration and level of international co-
operation to maintain them. And who today
is willing to commit future generations to
collectively controlling the planetary
thermostat?
Recording 3
Sarah In the last hundred years, humankind
has sought to control great rivers,
harnessing their power and life-giving
properties while curtailing their excesses. A
case in point is the story behind the taming
of the Mississippi, which winds its way
through America down to the Gulf of
Mexico. After a destructive flood in the
1920s, engineers were tasked with
transforming the river, not just by building
up its banks, but by draining much of the
floodplain, and by creating a complex
series of locks and dams. Minor rivers,
ancient tributaries that once fed the mighty
Mississippi, were lost in a short space of
time, many by accident rather than by
design. Squeezed onto a clearly-defined,
pre-designated path, unable to spread
across the landscape as it once did, the
river was now to be a mere waterway
through a much-altered landscape of fertile
fields and prime real estate. The system
worked remarkably well for a generation,
but the flood of 1993, which laid waste to
many Midwest towns along the river,
reopened the debate about whether
humankind, no matter how well-intentioned,
is fit to manage nature’s most mighty and
unpredictable forces.
Reading Listening
3 2
1 A 1 K
2 C 2 D
3 B 3 J
4 A 4 –
5 C 5 C
6 B
3
7 C 1 F
8 C 2 F
9 A 3 T
10 B 4 NG
5 T
Writing
6 T
4
Students’ own answers Audio Script

Presenter We’ve decided to ask our sports

Challenge! panel this week to make a case for a sport
they think should be in the Olympics. I
5 know everybody’s been giving this one a
1 d great deal of thought, so first up it’s sports
journalist Dale Weston.
2 c
Dale Well, a pretty good case could be made
3 a for getting rid of a number of sports in what
is already an overcrowded schedule. Be
4 a
that as it may, if we really are to introduce
5 b something new, it has to be a sport that
meets all the criteria of the Olympic spirit
6 c and of the modern world we live in. So, I’m
7 b going with korfball, which is kind of a Dutch
version of basketball, but without the
8 a dribbling. Why? Well, it has been in the
Olympics before, but only for show, not for
medals, and that was back in the 1920s.
Unit 9 It’s played in sixty countries, so it’s
genuinely international, although only the
Dutch and Belgians, I believe, really take it
Question tags and echo tags seriously. You can play it indoors or out, so
it’s flexible, not that expensive to put on –
1 any old gym hall will do – and easy to
1 (they are,) aren’t they; are they follow, so it’ll be fun to watch … OK, so
only a couple of countries will be good
2 have, haven’t they; Have they; Have they enough to get gold each time to begin with,
3 did they; didn’t, did they but I don’t think that matters.

4 shall we
5 (it does,) doesn’t it; Does it

15
 Best of all, it’s played by mixed teams –
what could better symbolize a new
approach to sport in the twenty-first century
than a game in which men and women can
compete together?
Presenter Thanks, Dale. OK, next up is
footballer Casey Graham.
Casey Food for thought there, I think. Dale’s
sport sounds a bit like netball, which I used
to be pretty good at at school, so perhaps
there’s a chance of a comeback for me
after missing out on a medal on penalties at
the last Olympics. Actually, I’ve been
looking through the history books at
demonstration sports that didn’t quite make
it, such as Finnish baseball, roller hockey
and that Dutch sport Dale seems to like so
much. Ballooning, too. It’s wonderful to
think that back in 1900, at the Paris
Olympics, there was a balloon race. For
me, though, the missing ingredient for a
great Olympic summer has to be softball.
It’s fast, fun, vibrant and really easy to play.
You just hit the ball with a stick and run! I
guess people are worried that it’s yet
another event Americans would
monopolize. I don’t doubt that, but I do
think it’s one lots of countries would
embrace if it were part of the Olympics.
Just look at how participation worldwide in
comparable sports, such as beach
volleyball, has grown since being adopted
by the Olympics. And, like Dale said, the
last thing we need is another elite sport
that’s expensive to stage.
Presenter Great stuff, Casey. Now it’s TV
sports reporter Jerry Hull.
Jerry Mmm … Well, I’m not sure I’m singing
from the same hymn sheet as the other two
with this one. I like Dale’s idea of trying to
match potential Olympic sports to certain
criteria, and, along with worldwide
popularity and cost-effectiveness, I’d like to
add participation. And widespread
participation at that, which is more than you
can say for korfball! I’ve no idea how Dale
came up with that. What’s the point of
having something ninety per cent of the
world’s never heard of? Instead, I’ve gone
for ten-pin bowling, and that’s because just
about everybody’s had a go at it. Even me!
And I’ve done no sport since school! You
play in teams, but the pressure all comes
down on the individual. And the tension can
be immense.
16
I think there’d be great viewing figures for
late-night bowling simply because the
audience would be rooting for the players,
knowing how it feels to be facing a lane
with a bowling ball in your hand.
Presenter Thanks, Jerry. Last but not least,
we have champion water-skier Karen
Carter.
Karen Follow that, huh? I reckon I’d happily
watch all the sports mentioned so far. But,
being someone who’s devoted her career
to an individual sport, I suppose I’m bound
to champion that sport myself, so I’m
tempted to suggest water-skiing, of course.
Kitesurfing is an Olympic sport, so why not
water-skiing?
I’ve so far missed out on the chance to be
involved in the Olympics myself, so that’d
be a great opportunity for me, but I guess I
shouldn’t be so selfish about this. So,
instead, I’ll suggest squash or racquetball,
two very similar sports I love, and get to
play from time to time. It will be very
surprising if one or both stay out of the
competition forever.
Reading
4
1 E
2 A
3 C
4 –
5 D
6 –
7 F
8 –
9 –
10 A
Writing
5
Students’ own answers
Challenge! Audio Script

6 Presenter Science cafés have become

1 a extremely popular in countries throughout
the world in recent years. Modelled on a
2 d concept first developed in Paris in the
3 b 1990s, they are places where anyone can
come to explore the latest ideas in science
4 c and medicine over a cup of tea or coffee.
The initiative has been taken up by
5 c
countries across Africa in the last decade,
6 b with each forum reflecting the local
culture’s concerns and interests around a
7 b variety of subjects. In Africa, as in other
8 d parts of the world, there can be mistrust of
new scientific or medical techniques, so the
project is seen as a useful way of
Unit 10 propagating ideas and correcting
misinformation.
Although by no means exclusively
Confident and tentative designed to address the sort of health
issues – such as HIV, Ebola or cancer –-
language which are of major concern, organizers
there inevitably see science cafés as a
1 powerful weapon in empowering people
1 no denying with the knowledge necessary to tackle
these issues. In the east African country of
2 very / extremely doubtful
Uganda, science cafés have been a great
3 no means success. To pick up the story, here’s our
correspondent Justin Allimadi, who’s in a
4 the case café just outside Kampala, Uganda’s
5 dare say capital.
Justin I’m actually at a typical small-town
coffee shop in this part of the world, sitting
Listening outside what is little more than a one-room
hut, waiting for this afternoon’s speaker to
2 arrive. Set up in imitation of Africa’s first
1 NG science cafés in neighbouring Kenya ten
2 T years ago, this place already has a strong
reputation locally, not just for getting
3 NG genuine experts to come and speak, but for
challenging any preconceptions ordinary
4 F
people may have about the issues the
5 T experts address.
Much of the time, the Grand Café is just an
6 NG
ordinary bar, where people chat and listen
7 F to loud, booming music ... but once a
month, it’s transformed into a haven of
8 T scientific debate. Today is one such day,
9 F and we’re expecting cervical cancer expert
Miriam Bigombe to be a big hit with the
10 NG gathering audience. As many as 2,500
Ugandan women die from the cancer
annually, but some of these deaths are
preventable with the latest vaccination.

17
 There are a lot of negative myths about the
vaccine available, but what is of most
Reading
concern is that so very few people are even
aware of its existence. Miriam is here 3
largely to tackle the lack of knowledge 1 c
about what is out there, as well as to 2 a
confront any unwarranted concerns.
Presenter So, what format will Miriam’s talk 3 d
take? 4 a
Justin Well, we’re expecting today’s talk to
follow a tried and trusted formula. People 5 b
like Miriam really know their audience, so
her initial presentation won’t last that long, Writing
as the main focus will be a lively debate
involving contributions from people living 4
with cancer, or supporting family members
Students’ own answers
with cancer, and there’ll be questions from
the floor.
Engagement is the key. When people are Challenge!
seeking knowledge, as they will be here, it
is up to the speakers to respond to 5
whatever their queries, concerns or fears 1 b
may be. While there is enormous respect
for expert speakers, and an acceptance of 2 a
what they say, there is also a deep-rooted 3 b
need, it seems, to hear all sides of the
debate, to invite contributions from those 4 d
on the receiving end of medical treatment, 5 c
as well as those who provide care.
Presenter Understandably, there have been 6 a
pitfalls along the way for the science café 7 c
programme, not least the collapse of the
scheme in Kenya when funding ran out a 8 a
few years ago. Another problem the
Kenyans faced was the difficulty of making
the dissemination of information more
widespread. It was one thing to have lively
debate in the major cities, but quite another
to extend this to more deprived areas, as
the programme attempted to no avail. In
poverty-stricken regions, the biggest
demand was for food and treatments for
dangerous diseases, and once people
realized that all that was on offer was
information and discussion, engagement
dropped.
Uganda’s science cafés seem to have
learned from earlier efforts. There is still
much to do, such as extending their reach
to more rural and deprived areas,
pinpointing what specific target audiences
really need to debate, and supporting
organizers with better training. For now,
though, the science cafés are providing
something special to many communities.
The debate is on in Africa.

18