300695 Network Technologies

Lecture 1 B
Introduction
Ante Prodan
School of Computer Data and
Mathematical Sciences
Chapter 1: Introduction
Our goal: Overview:
 get “feel” and  what’s the Internet?
terminology
 what’s a protocol?
 more depth, detail
later in course  network edge; hosts, access
 approach:
net, physical media
 use Internet as  network core: packet/circuit
example switching, Internet structure
 performance: loss, delay,
throughput
 security
 protocol layers, service models
 history
Introduction 1-2
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
 circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models

Introduction 1-3
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
PC  millions of connected Mobile network
server computing devices: Global ISP
wireless hosts = end systems
laptop
 running network
cellular
handheld apps Home network
Regional ISP
 communication links
access  fiber, copper,
points
wired
radio, satellite Institutional network
links
 transmission
rate = bandwidth
 routers: forward
router
packets (chunks of
data)
Introduction 1-4
“Cool” internet appliances
Smart Speaker
Web-enabled toaster + Amazon Echo
weather forecaster

IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/

mHealth wearable sensors

World’s smallest web server
http://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/~shri/iPic.html Internet phones

Introduction 1-5
Recent development: Internet
of Things (IoT)
 The Internet of things (IoT) is a system of
interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines are provided with
unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to
transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.

Introduction 1-6
Recent development: Sensor
Networks

Introduction 1-7
Recent development: Software
Defined Networking
 Software-defined networking (SDN) technology is an
approach to network management that enables dynamic,
programmatically efficient network configuration in order
to improve network performance and monitoring, making
it more like cloud computing than traditional network
management.
 Software-defined networking (SDN) is an approach to networking
that allows network administrators to manage network services
through software applications rather than relying on hardware
devices like switches and routers.
 SDN separates the control plane (the logic that determines how
traffic is forwarded) from the data plane (the actual forwarding of
the traffic), allowing network administrators to centrally manage
network traffic and policies from a single location.

Introduction 1-8
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
Mobile network
 protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs Global ISP
 e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype,
Ethernet
 Internet: “network of Home network

networks” Regional ISP

 loosely hierarchical
 public Internet versus Institutional network
private intranet
 Internet standards
 RFC: Request for comments
 IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force

Introduction 1-9
What’s the Internet: a service view
 communication
infrastructure enables
distributed applications:
 Web, VoIP, email, games,
e-commerce, file sharing
 communication services
provided to apps:
 reliable data delivery
from source to
destination
 “best effort” (unreliable)
data delivery

Introduction 1-10
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
 “what’s the time?”  machines rather than
 “I have a question” humans
 introductions  all communication
activity in Internet
… specific msgs sent governed by protocols
… specific actions taken protocols define format,
when msgs received, order of msgs sent and
or other events received among network
entities, and actions
taken on msg
transmission, receipt
Introduction 1-11
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: Other human protocols?

Introduction 1-12
A closer look at network structure:
 network edge:
applications and
hosts
 access networks,
physical media:
wired, wireless
communication links
 network core:
 interconnected
routers
 network of
networks Introduction 1-13
 The network edge:
 end systems (hosts):
 run application programs
 e.g. Web, email
 at “edge of network” peer-peer

 client/server model
 client host requests, receives
service from always-on server
client/server
 e.g. Web browser/server;
email client/server
 peer-peer model:
 minimal (or no) use of
dedicated servers
 e.g. Skype, BitTorrent

Introduction 1-14
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access
networks (school,
company)
 mobile access networks

Keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?
 shared or dedicated?
Introduction 1-15
Residential access: point to point access
 DSL: digital subscriber line
 deployment: telephone company (typically)
 up to 10 Mbps upstream (today typically < 1 Mbps)
 up to 100 Mbps downstream (today typically < 10
Mbps)
 dedicated physical line to telephone central office

Introduction 1-16
Residential access: cable modems

 Fiber
 HFC: hybrid fiber coax
 asymmetric: up to 300Mbps downstream, 20
Mbps upstream
 network of cable and fiber attaches homes to
ISP router
 homes share access to router
 deployment: available via cable TV companies

Introduction 1-17
Company access: local area networks
 company/univ local area
network (LAN) connects
end system to edge router
 Ethernet:
 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
Ethernet
 modern configuration:
end systems connect
into Ethernet switch
 LANs: chapter 5

Introduction 1-18
Wireless access networks
 shared wireless access
network connects end system
to router router
 via base station aka “access
point”
base
 wireless LANs: station
 802.11b/g/n/ac (WiFi): 11Mbps or
1.5Gbps
 wider-area wireless access
 provided by telco operator
 ~100Mbps over cellular system
mobile
(4G) hosts

Introduction 1-19
Home networks
Typical home network components:
 DSL or cable modem
 router/firewall/NAT
 Ethernet
 wireless access
point
wireless
to/from laptops
cable router/
cable
modem firewall
headend
wireless
access
Ethernet point

Introduction 1-20
Physical Media
Twisted Pair (TP)
 Bit: propagates between  two insulated copper
transmitter/rcvr pairs wires
 physical link: what lies  Category 3: traditional
between transmitter & phone wires, 10 Mbps
receiver Ethernet
Category 5:
 guided media:

100Mbps Ethernet
 signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
 unguided media:
 signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction 1-21
Physical Media: coax, fiber
Coaxial cable:
 two concentric copper
conductors
 bidirectional
 baseband:
 single channel on cable
 legacy Ethernet
Fiber optic cable:
 glass fiber carrying light
pulses, each pulse a bit
 high-speed operation:
 high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 10’s-
100’s Gps)

 broadband:  low error rate: repeaters

 multiple channels on spaced far apart ; immune
cable to electromagnetic noise
 HFC

Introduction 1-22
Physical media: radio
 signal carried in
electromagnetic
spectrum
 no physical “wire”
 bidirectional
 propagation
environment effects:
 reflection
 obstruction by objects
 interference
Radio link types:
 terrestrial microwave
 e.g. up to 150 Mbps channels
 LAN (e.g., Wifi)
 54 Mbps – 1.5Gbps
 wide-area (e.g., cellular)
 3G cellular: ~ 10Mbps
 4G cellular: ~ 100Mbps
 satellite
 Kbps to 100Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
 270 msec end-end delay
 geosynchronous versus low
altitude
Introduction 1-23
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
 circuit switching, packet switching, network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched
networks
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History

Introduction 1-24
The Network Core
 mesh of interconnected
routers
 the fundamental
question: how is data
transferred through net?
 circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per
call: telephone net
 packet-switching: data
sent thru net in
discrete “chunks”

Introduction 1-25
Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-end resources
reserved for “call”
 link bandwidth, switch
capacity
 dedicated resources:
no sharing
 circuit-like
(guaranteed)
performance
 call setup required

Introduction 1-26
Network Core: Circuit Switching
network resources  dividing link bandwidth
(e.g., bandwidth) into “pieces”
divided into “pieces”  frequency division
 pieces allocated to calls  time division
 resource piece idle if
not used by owning call
(no sharing)

Introduction 1-27
Network Core: Packet Switching
each end-end data stream
divided into packets
 user A, B packets share
network resources
 each packet uses full link
bandwidth
 resources used as needed
Bandwidth division into “pieces”
Dedicated allocation
Resource reservation
resource contention:
 aggregate resource
demand can exceed
amount available
 congestion: packets
queue, wait for link use
 store and forward:
packets move one hop
at a time
 Node receives complete
packet before forwarding
Introduction 1-28
 Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
100 Mb/s
A Ethernet statistical multiplexing C

1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets
waiting for output
link

D E

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern,

bandwidth shared on demand  statistical multiplexing.
TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
Introduction 1-29
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L
R R R

 takes L/R seconds to Example:

transmit (push out)  L = 7.5 Mbits
packet of L bits on to  R = 1.5 Mbps
link at R bps
 transmission delay = 15
 store and forward:
sec
entire packet must
arrive at router before
it can be transmitted
on next link
 delay = 3L/R (assuming more on delay shortly …
zero propagation delay)
Introduction 1-30
 Packet switching versus circuit switching
Packet switching allows more users to use network!
 1 Mb/s link
 each user:
 100 kb/s when “active”
 active 10% of time

N users
 circuit-switching: 1 Mbps link
 10 users

 packet switching:
 with 35 users,
Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
probability > 10 active
at same time is less
than .0004
Introduction 1-31
 Packet switching versus circuit switching
Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner?”
 great for bursty data
resource sharing
 simpler, no call setup
 excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
 protocols needed for reliable data transfer,
congestion control
 Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
 bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
 still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)

Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit

switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet-switching)? Introduction 1-32
How do loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
 packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link
capacity
 packets queue, wait for turn

packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-33
Four sources of packet delay
 1. nodal processing:
 check bit errors
 determine output link
 2. queueing
 time waiting at output
link for transmission
 depends on congestion
level of router

transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

Introduction 1-34
Delay in packet-switched networks
3. Transmission delay: 4. Propagation delay:
 R=link bandwidth (bps)  d = length of physical link
 L=packet length (bits)  s = propagation speed in
 time to send bits into medium (~2x108 m/sec)
link = L/R  propagation delay = d/s

Note: s and R are very

different quantities!
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing
Introduction 1-35
 Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
 cars “propagate” at  Time to “push” entire
100 km/hr caravan through toll
 toll booth takes 12 sec to booth onto highway =
service car (transmission 12*10 = 120 sec
time)  Time for last car to
 car~bit; caravan ~ packet propagate from 1st to
2nd toll both:
 Q: How long until caravan
100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr
is lined up before 2nd toll
booth?  A: 62 minutes

Introduction 1-36
Caravan analogy (more)
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
 Yes! After 7 min, 1st car
 Cars now “propagate” at at 2nd booth and 3 cars
1000 km/hr still at 1st booth.
 Toll booth now takes 1  1st bit of packet can
min to service a car arrive at 2nd router
 Q: Will cars arrive to before packet is fully
2nd booth before all transmitted at 1st router!
cars serviced at 1st  See Ethernet applet at AWL
booth? Web site

Introduction 1-37
 Packet loss
 queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has
finite capacity
 packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
 lost packet may be retransmitted by previous
node, by source end system, or not at all
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
Introduction 1-38
 Throughput
 throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which
bits transferred between sender/receiver
 instantaneous: rate at given point in time
 average: rate over longer period of time

server,
server sendswith link
bits pipe capacity
that can carry link that
pipe capacity
can carry
file of
(fluid) F bits
into pipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rfluid
c bits/sec
at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)

Introduction 1-39
 Throughput (more)
 Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

 Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-40
Protocol “Layers”
Networks are complex!
 many “pieces”:
 hosts Question:
 routers Is there any hope of
 links of various organizing structure of
media network?
 applications
 protocols Or at least our discussion
 hardware, of networks?
software

Introduction 1-41
Organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

 a series of steps

Introduction 1-42
Layering of airline functionality

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

airport control centers airport

Layers: each layer implements a service

 via its own internal-layer actions
 relying on services provided by layer below

Introduction 1-43
Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems:
 explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces
 layered reference model for discussion
 modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
 change of implementation of layer’s service
transparent to rest of system
 e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect
rest of system
 layering considered harmful?

Introduction 1-44
Internet protocol stack
 application: supporting network
applications application
 FTP, SMTP, HTTP
 transport: process-process data transport
transfer
 TCP, UDP network
 network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination link
 IP, routing protocols
 link: data transfer between physical
neighboring network elements
 PPP, Ethernet
 physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction 1-45
ISO/OSI reference model
 presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g., application
encryption, compression, machine-
presentation
specific conventions
 session: synchronization, session
checkpointing, recovery of data transport
exchange
network
 Internet stack “missing” these
layers! link
 these services, if needed, must physical
be implemented in application
 needed?

Introduction 1-46
 Comparing OSI and TCP/IP
models
Layer OSI Model TCP/IP Model
I
7 Application M
6 Presentation Application P
5 Session O
R !!!
4 Transport Transport T
3 Network Internet A
2 Data link Link & N
1 Physical Physical T

OSI: Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (ISO/IEC 7498-1)

TCP/IP: Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols used for
the Internet and similar networks (names of the layers from RFC 1122)
1-44
Introduction: Summary
Covered a “ton” of material!
You now have:
 Internet overview
 context, overview,
 what’s a protocol? “feel” of networking
 network edge, core, access  more depth, detail to
network follow!
 packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
 Internet structure
 performance: loss, delay,
throughput
 layering, service models

Introduction 1-48
Study questions
1. What is networking model (or protocol
suite)? For example TCP/IP or Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) models.
2. What is a layer in the context of
networking model?
3. What is communication protocol (also
known as networking protocol)?