The University Library

Citations in academic
writing:
How to cite your sources and avoid plagiarism

Atle Hårklau, Senior Librarian

Learning outcomes

• After completing the course the you should:

• have an understanding of the importance and necessity of correct referencing

• be able to refer to your sources in a correct and ethical way in a given
reference-style
• be able to write bibliographies in your own papers in a given reference style
• know about the USN regulations about plagiarism
APA-style
• «Author-year-style»
• Used in psychology, pedagogy, health sciences, sport
science, social sciences etc

Help:
• The Citation Compass
• APA 7th edition will be presented during august

• More help in APA FAQ

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IEEE Style
• Numeric style
• Used in technology and engineering

Help:
• The Citation Compass
Referencing
Why?
At university level, you shall always reference to your literature and
other information sources you have used in your papers

Accurate source documentation also enables your reader to:

• retrieve the sources you have used
• check the facts and verify the results
• become better acquainted with the topic

Also important: To acknowledge other people’s work

Referencing – What:
All academic facts and arguments that are not based on
your own material, reasoning and opinions, shall be
referred in the text and with full information in the
reference list.

results
opinions and judgments
data
models
conclusions
figures, tables, sound and image
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Referencing

To distinguish between what is your own knowledge and

what is the knowledge of others
Quotations (example in APA)
In the text:
”Citation is a word by word reproduction of other people’s
texts” (Stene, 2003, p. 126).

• In the reference list:

Stene, M. (2003). Scholarly Writing: How to succeed in written student
assignments (2.ed.). Oslo: Kolle forlag.

• More information
Quotations (example in IEEE)
• In the text:
”Citation is a word by word reproduction of other people’s
texts” [1, p. 126]

• In the reference list:

[1] M. Stene, Scholarly writing: How to succeed in written student
assignments, 2. ed. Oslo: Kolle, 2003.

More information
Paraphrasing (example in APA)
In the text:
.…blah blah blah… (Mintz & Wyse, 2015, p. 117-71). (Parenthetical Citation)

Or: ... Mintz og Wyse (2015) concludes that…blah blah … (p. 1170-71). (Narrative citation)

• No quotation marks!

• In the reference list (APA):

Mintz, J., & Wyse, D. (2015). Inclusive Pedagogy and Knowledge in Special Education: Addressing the
Tension. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 19(11), 1161-1171.
doi:10.1080/13603116.2015.1044203

• More information:
Secondary sources (in APA only):
• To quote a quote:

• Cite the sources:

• Make secondary citation in the text
• Put the source you have read in the reference list. The original is acknoledged in the
text.

Examples:
Smith (1987, cited in Jones 1990, p. 3) argues that
…..(Smith, 1987, cited in Jones 1990, p. 3) …
Be aware:

• When paraphrasing, make sure you do not change the meaning

of the original text
• When paraphrasing, make sure you write it in your own words.
Plagiarism is:

• Missing references
• Missing quotation marks in quotes
• Summaries and paraphrases wich are not in your own words
• Use of ideas and data without acknowledging the author
Paraphrasing and plagiarism

• …reformulating someone else’s words. You should preferably change

both vocabulary and work order, and rewrite is using your own
words.

• Example (University of Wisconsin – Madison : Writing center)

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Exam regulation for USN
• Section 8-8 Cheating
• Cheating or attempted cheating may result in annulment of the examination,
coursework requirements or course, suspension from the University and loss
of the right to take examinations for up to one year at all educational
institutions, pursuant to the Act relating to Universities and University
Colleges.
• Examples of cheating or attempted cheating include:
a. illegal use of permitted examination support materials or use of other examination support
materials than those permitted in the course plan. The same applies if the student had such
examination support materials available when taking the examination, even though it cannot be
proved that the examination support materials were used
b. illegal cooperation with others
c. plagiarising academic literature, websites and own work or the work of others without
adequate source references

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citation management software tool

• Zotero
• Endnote
• Mendeley

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Zotero

[Short Demonstration in class]

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Sources

The Citation Compass. (n.d.). Retrieved July 1, 2020, from

http://kildekompasset.no/english
Regulations relating to studies and examinations at the University of
SouthEastern Norway (USN) (2019). Retrieved from
https://tinyurl.com/yad6376j
Sources and referencing | Search & Write. (2020, June 30).
https://sokogskriv.no/en/sources-and-referencing/