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3 - Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure (Part 1) - Lecture PowerPoint
3 - Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure (Part 1) - Lecture PowerPoint
3 - Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure (Part 1) - Lecture PowerPoint
Chem121
Chemical Bonding &
Molecular Structure
Part 1
9-1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 9.1 A comparison of metals and nonmetals.
9-2
Types of Chemical Bonding
9-3
Figure 9.2 Three models of chemical bonding.
9-4
Lewis Electron-Dot Symbols
Example:
Nitrogen, N, is in Group 5A and therefore has 5 valence electrons.
•• • • •
•N• or • N• or • N or N•
••
••
• •• • •
9-5
Lewis Symbols and Bonding
The octet rule states that when atoms bond, they lose,
gain, or share electrons to attain a filled outer level of 8
electrons (or 2, for H and Li).
9-6
Figure 2.13 The relationship between ions formed and the
nearest noble gas.
9-7
Figure 9.4
Lewis electron-dot symbols for elements in Periods 2 and 3.
9-8
The Ionic Bonding Model
9-9
Figure 9.5 Three ways to depict electron transfer in the formation
of Li+ and F-.
Orbital diagrams
Li ↑↓ ↑ Li+ ↑↓
+ 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p
F ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ F- ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p
•• •• -
Li• •F Li+ + F
••
••
••
•• ••
9-10
Sample Problem 9.1 Depicting Ion Formation
SOLUTION:
Na• •• •• 2-
•O + O
••
••
2Na+
••
• ••
Na•
9-11
Sample Problem 9.1
Na ↑
3s 3p + O ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
Na ↑ 2s 2p
3s 3p
2Na+ + O2- ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
2s 2p
9-12
Periodic Trends in Lattice Energy
Coloumb’s Law
charge A x charge B
Electrostatic energy
distance
9-13
Periodic Trends in Lattice Energy
9-14
Figure 2.12 Factors that influence the strength of ionic bonding.
9-15
Figure 9.8 Trends in lattice energy.
9-16
Properties of Ionic Compounds
9-17
Figure 9.9 Why ionic compounds crack.
9-18
Figure 9.10 Electrical conductance and ion mobility.
9-20
Figure 9.11 Ion pairs formed when an ionic compound vaporizes.
9-21
Figure 9.12 Covalent bond formation in H2.
9-22
Figure 9.13 Distribution of electron density in H2.
9-23
Bonding Pairs and Lone Pairs
•• •• •• ••
F F or F–F
••
••
••
••
••
•• •• •• ••
9-24
Properties of a Covalent Bond
9-25
Trends in bond order, energy, and length
9-26
Table 9.2 Average Bond Energies (kJ/mol) and Bond Lengths (pm)
9-27
Table 9.3 The Relation of Bond Order, Bond Length, and
Bond Energy
9-28
Figure 9.14 Bond length and covalent radius.
72 pm 114 pm
100 pm 133 pm
9-29
Sample Problem 9.2 Comparing Bond Length and Bond Strength
PROBLEM: Using the periodic table, but not Tables 9.2 or 9.3, rank
the bonds in each set in order of decreasing bond length
and decreasing bond strength:
(a) S–F, S–Br, S–Cl (b) C=O, C–O, CΞO
9-30
Sample Problem 9.2
SOLUTION:
(a) Atomic size increases going down a group, so F < Cl < Br.
9-31
Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
9-32
Figure 9.20 Bonding between the models.
9-33
Figure 9.21 The Pauling electronegativity (EN) scale.
9-34
Trends in Electronegativity
9-35
Figure 9.22 Electronegativity and atomic size.
9-36
Electronegativity and Oxidation Number
9-37
Example:
9-38
Depicting Polar Bonds
9-39
Figure 9.23 Electron density distributions in H2, F2, and HF.
9-40
Figure 9.24 ΔEN ranges for classifying the partial ionic
character of bonds.
9-41
Figure 9.25 Percent ionic character as a function of DEN.
9-42
Sample Problem 9.4 Determining Bond Polarity from EN Values
9-43
Sample Problem 9.4
9-44
Metallic Bonding
9-45
Properties of Metals
9-46
Table 9.5 Melting and Boiling Points of Some Metals
9-47
Figure 9.28
9-48
Figure 9.29 Why metals dent and bend rather than crack.
9-49
Figure 10.1 The steps in converting a molecular formula into a
Lewis structure.
Lewis
structure
10-50
Example: NF3
Molecular N has a lower EN than F, so N is placed in the center.
Formula
Atom
placement
1 x N = 1 x 5 = 5e-
Sum of
3 x F = 3 x 7 = 21 e-
valence e-
Total = 26 e-
Remaining
valence e-
Lewis
structure
10-51
Sample Problem 10.1 Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules
with One Central Atom
SOLUTION:
Step 1: Carbon has the lowest EN and is the central
atom. The other atoms are placed around it.
10-52
Sample Problem 10.2 Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules
with More than One Central Atom
10-53
Multiple Bonds
Step 5: If the central atom does not have a full octet, change a
lone pair on a surrounding atom into another bonding pair to the
central atom, thus forming a multiple bond.
10-54
Sample Problem 10.3 Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules
with Multiple Bonds
PROBLEM: Write Lewis structures for the following:
(a) Ethylene (C2H4), the most important reactant in the
manufacture of polymers
(b) Nitrogen (N2), the most abundant atmospheric gas
PLAN: After following steps 1 to 4 we see that the central atom does not
have a full octet. We must therefore add step 5, which involves
changing a lone pair to a bonding pair.
SOLUTION:
(a) C2H4 has 2(4) + 4(1) = 12 valence e-. H can have only one bond
per atom.
10-55
Sample Problem 10.3
10-56