Introduction to Linguistics

(The Sound patterns of language)

Outside Class Ex. 5 . Due Date: 5-11-1445

‫محمد خالد النجاشي‬ ‫االسم‬

1. Where do you see the differences between phonetics and phonology?

Phonetics deals with the production of speech sounds or the physical aspects of
speech sounds in the other hand Phonology is about the abstract aspect of the
sound and patterns of sounds, especially different patterns of sounds in different
positions and words.

2. Explain how an allophone and a phoneme are related and differ.

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a

language. Allophones are the various pronunciations of a phoneme that do not
change the meaning of a word. For example, the phoneme /t/ in English has
allophones like the aspirated [tʰ] in "top" and the unaspirated [t] in "stop.

3. Explain the elements of the syllables

A syllable typically consists of three elements: the onset, the nucleus, and the
coda. The onset is the initial consonant sound of the syllable. The nucleus is
usually a vowel and is the core of the syllable. The coda is the consonant sound
that follows the nucleus. Together, the nucleus and the coda form the rhyme of
the syllable.

4. How would you differentiate between open syllables and closed syllables?

An open syllable ends in a vowel sound, and the vowel is usually long, such as
"go" or "be." A closed syllable ends in one or more consonants, and the vowel is
typically short, such as "cat" or "sit”.

5. What are coarticulation effects and how many do we have?

Coarticulation effects occur when the articulation of one sound is influenced by

the preceding or following sound. There are two main types of coarticulation:
anticipatory (or regressive) coarticulation, where a sound is influenced by a
following sound, and perseverative (or progressive) coarticulation, where a
sound is influenced by a preceding sound. There are numerous specific
instances of coarticulation, but these two categories encompass the general
effects.