CHAPTER -1

Introduction
Earth’s history was enriched by the ancient Greek civilization. The southern
part of the Balkan Peninsula in the continent of Europe is named after Greece.
Greece’s geography has contributed significantly to the glorification of its history.
Greece is separated from the rest of the world by the rugged Balkan Mountains to
the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean Sea to the east, and the
Adriatic Sea to the west. Over time, the Aeolians, Achaeans, Ionians and Dorians
settled in Greece. As a result, a small kingdom was formed in Greece. A group of
people settled in an area for political association, religion, trade, business and
exchange of ideas. These cities are among the ‘smartest’ cities in the state
The ancient culture of Greece had ”nriched the world civilization the southern portion
of the Balkan peninsula of Europe is called Greece. The geography of Greece had
helped immensely to create a bright history of this land. Greece is surrounded by the
great Balkan mountain ranges in the North, Mediterranean sea in the south.
Aaegean sea in the east and Adiatric sea in the west this geographical situation
separted Greece from the out side world. In due course of time different tribes like
Achaeans. Aeolians, Ionians and dorians entered in to Greece settle their. Thus,
sprang of many small city states inside Greece. For the political unity, religious
practices trade and commerce the people of a particular race lived together in one
area and formed the city state. Among the city state of Greece sparta and Athena
were unique in their own ways. The ancient Greeks lived in many lands around the
Mediterranean er of cultures flourished on the islands of the Cyclades, in Crete and
on the Greek
Mycenaean culture flourished on the Greek mainland in the Late Bronze Age,
from about 1600 to 1100 B.C.E. The name comes from the site of Mycenae, where
the culture was first recognized after the excavations in 1876 of Heinrich
Schliemann. The Mycenaean period of the later Greek Bronze Age was viewed by
the Greeks as the “age of heroes” and perhaps provides the historical background to
many of the stories told in later Greek mythology, including Homer’s epics. Objects
and artworks from this time are found throughout mainland Greece and the Greek
islands. Distinctive Mycenaean pottery was distributed widely across the eastern
Mediterranean. These show the beginnings of Greek mythology being used to

1
decorate works of art. They Following the Classical period was the Hellenistic period
(323-146 BC), during which Greek culture and power expanded into the Near and
Middle East from the death of Alexander until the Roman conquest. Roman Greece
is usually counted from the Roman victory over the Corinthians at the Battle of
Corinth in 146 BC to the establishment of Byzantium by Constantine as the capital of
the Roman Empire in AD come from about the same time that the epics of Homer
were reaching the form in which we inherit them, as the earliest Greek literature. The
collapse of Mycenaean civilization around 1100 B.C.E. brought about a period of
isolation known as the Dark Age. But by around 800 B.C.E. the revival had begun as
trade with the wider world increased, arts, crafts and writing re-emerged and city-
states developed. Classical antiquity in Greece was preceded by the greek dark
ages 1200- c.800BC), archaeologically characterized by the protogeometric and
geometric styles of designs on pottery. Following the Dark Ages was the Archaic
Period, beginning around the 8th century BC, which saw early developments in Greek
culture and society leading to the Classical Period from the Persian invasion of
Greece in 480 BC until the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. The Classical
Period is characterized by a “classical” style, i.e. one which was considered
exemplary by later observers, most famously in the Parthenon of Athens. Politically,
the Classical Period was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th
century, but displaced by Spartan hegemony during the early 4th century BC, before
power shifted to Thebes and the Boeotian League and finally to the League of
Corinth led by Macedon. This period was shaped by the Greco-Persian Wars, the
Peloponnesian War, and the Rise of Macedon330. Finally, Late Antiquity refers to
the period of Christianization during the later 4th to early 6th centuries AD,
consummated by the closure of the Academy of Athens by Justinian I in 529 In the
8th century BC, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages, which followed the
collapse of the Mycenaean civilization. Literacy had been lost and the Mycenaean
script forgotten, but the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet, modifying it to
create the Greek alphabet. Objects inscribed with Phoenician writing may have been
available in Greece from the 9th century BC, but the earliest evidence of Greek
writing comes from graffiti on Greek pottery from the mid-8th century. Greece was
divided into many small self-governing communities, a pattern largely dictated by its
geography: every island, valley and plain is cut off from its neighbors by the sea or
mountain ranges.
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The Lelantine War 710c. 650 BC is the earliest documented war of the ancient
period. It was fought between the important poleis city-states Greek of Chalcis and
Eretria over the fertile Lelantine plain of Euboea. Both cities seem to have declined
as a result of the long war, though Chalcis was the nominal victor. The Messenian
Wars resulted in the conquest of Messenia and enserfment of the Messenians,
beginning in the latter half of the 8th century BC. This was an unprecedented act in
ancient Greece, which led to a social revolution in which the subjugated population
of helots farmed and labored for Sparta, whilst every Spartan male citizen became a
soldier of the Spartan army permanently in arms. Rich and poor citizens alike were
obliged to live and train as soldiers, an equality that defused social conflict. These
reforms, attributed to Lycurgus of Sparta, were probably complete by 650 BC.

Athens suffered a land and agrarian crisis in the late 7th century BC, again resulting
in civil strife. The Archon chief magistrate Draco made severe reforms to the law
code in 621 BC hence “draconian” but these failed to quell the conflict. Eventually,
the moderate reforms of Solon 594 BC, improving the lot of the poor but firmly
entrenching the aristocracy in power, gave Athens some stability.

By the 6th century BC, several cities had emerged as dominant in Greek affairs:
Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes. Each of them had brought the surrounding
rural areas and smaller towns under their control, and Athens and Corinth had
become major maritime and mercantile powers as well.

Rapidly increasing population in the 8th and 7th centuries BC had resulted in
emigration of many Greeks to form colonies in Magna GraeciaSouthern Italy and
Sicily, Asia Minor and further afield. The emigration effectively ceased in the 6th
century BC by which time the Greek world had, culturally and linguistically, become
much larger than the area of present-day Greece. Greek colonies were not politically
controlled by their founding cities, although they often retained religious and
commercial links with them. Greek religious traditions encompassed a large
pantheon of gods, complex mythologies, rituals, and cult practices. Greece was a
polytheistic society, and looked to its gods and mythology to explain natural
mysteries as well as current events. Religious festivals and ceremonies were held
3
throughout the year, and animal sacrifice and votive offerings were popular ways to
appease and worship the gods. Religious life, rituals, and practices were one of the
unifying aspects of Greece across regions and poleis (cities, or city-states, such as
Athens and Sparta).
OBJECTIVES
I can describe the development of democracy and republican forms Government in
Ancient Greece.
I can describe scientific and cultural advancements in ancient civilization.
I can identify the voles and contribution individual in ancient Greek civilization. I can
describe import the Greek democracy on ancient Greek.It emphasized logic and
championed the idea of impartial, rational observation of the natural world. The
Greeks made major contributions to math and science. We owe our basic ideas
about geometry and the concept of mathematical proofs to ancient Greek
mathematicians such as Pythagoras, Euclid, and Archimedes.
METHODOLOGY:
My paper is descriptive and based upon the data collected from secondary
sources.it like internet, magazine book journals etc. through various method like
analytical, descriptive and documentary method.Greek Mythology and Gods. Myths
are stories created to teach people about something important and meaningful. They
were often used to teach people about events that they could not always understand,
such as illness and death, or earthquakes and floods.

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 CHAPTER-2
ORIGIN OF GREEK CIVILIZATION

Athenian democracy developed around the fifth century B.C.E. The

Greek idea of democracy was different from present-day democracy because, in
Athens, all adult citizens were required to take an active part in the government. If
they did not fulfill their duty they would be fined and sometimes marked with red
paint. The ancient Greeks were the first to create a democracy. The word
“democracy” comes from two Greek words that mean people (demos) and rule
(kratos). Democracy is the idea that the citizens of a country should take an active
role in the government of their country and manage it directly or through elected
representatives. In addition, it supports the idea that the people can replace their
government through peaceful transfers of power rather than violent uprising or
revolution. Thus, a key part of democracy is that the people have a voice. The first
known democracy in the world was in Athens. Athenian democracy developed
around the fifth century B.C.E. The Greek idea of democracy was different from
present-day democracy because, in Athens, all adult citizens were required to take
an active part in the government. If they did not fulfill their duty they would be fined
and sometimes marked with red paint. The Athenian definition of “citizens” was also
different from modern-day citizens: only free men were considered citizens in
Athens. Women, children, and slaves were not considered citizens and therefore
could not vote. Athens. Those 500 citizens had to actively serve in the government
for one year. During that year, they were responsible for making new laws and
controlled all parts of the political process. When a new law was proposed, all the
citizens of Athens had the opportunity to vote on it. To vote, citizens had to attend
the assembly on the day the vote took place. This form of government is called direct
democracy. The evolution of democracy in Athens forma a glorious chapter in the
annals of Greek history. In ancient Athens monarchy was the prevailing form a
government. In due to course time, the nobles put an end to this monarchy. In place
of king, they elected archons. Nine archons were elected for a year. These archons
enjoyed the power which the king were exercising earlier. Gradually their power
increased and they became tyrant. So, the people of Athens again pulled down them
from power and tried to establish democracy in Athens.

5
DRACO:

Draco played a vital role in the growth of democracy in Athens. He belonged to a

noble family and the people elected him as Archon. He took steps to impart justice to
the common men. Prior to him the laws were remembered from generation to
generation drakon, was the first recorded legislator of Athens in Ancient Greece. He
replaced the prevailing system of oral law and blood feud by a written code to be
enforced only by a court of law. Draco also called Drako or Drakon. Was the first
recorded legislator of Athens in Ancient Greece. He replaced the prevailing system
of oral law and blood feud by a written code to be enforced only by a court of law.
Draco was the first democratic legislator requested by the Athenian citizens to be a
lawgiver for the city- state, but the citizens had not expected that Draco would
establish laws characterized by their harshness. Since the 19th century, the adjective
draconian refers to similarly unforgiving rules or laws, in Greek, English, and other
European languages. Draco introduced the lot-chosen Council of Four Hundred,
distinct from the Areopagus, which evolved in later constitutions to play a large role
in Athenian democracy. Aristotle notes that Draco, while having the laws written,
merely legislated for an existing unwritten Athenian constitutionsuch as setting exact
qualifications for eligibility for office.

Draco extended the franchise to all free men who could furnish themselves with a set
of military equipment. They elected the Council of Four Hundred from among their
number. Nine archons and the treasurers were drawn from persons possessing an
unencumbered property of not less than ten minas, the generals strategoi and
commanders of cavalry hipparchol from those who could show an unencumbered
property of not less than a hundred minas and had children born in lawful wedlock
over ten years of age. Thus, in the event of their death, their estate could pass to a
competent heir. These officers were required to hold to account the prytanes
councillors, strategoi generals and hipparchoi cavalry officers)of the preceding year
until their accounts had been audited. “The Council of Areopagus was guardian of
the laws, and kept watch over the magistrates to see that they executed their offices
in accordance with the laws. Any person who felt himself wronged might lay an
information before the Council of Areopagus, on declaring what law was broken by

6
the wrong done to him. But, as has been said before, loans were secured upon the
persons of the debtors, and the land was in the hands of a few.

SOLON:

Solon, born c. 630 BCE died c. 560 BCE, Athenian statesman, known as one of the
Seven Wise Men of Greece (the others were Chilon of Sparta, Thales of Miletus,
Bias of Priene, Cleobulus of Lindos, Pittacus of Mytilene, and Periander of Corinth.
Solon ended exclusive aristocratic control of the government, substituted a system of
control by the wealthy, and introduced a new and more humane law code. He was
also a noted poet. In Solon’s lifetime, the Greeks had not yet begun to write history
or biography. It was not until the 5th century that accounts of his life and works began
to be put together, on the evidence of his poems (of which the 300 or so lines
preserved by quotation probably represent only a small proportion), his law code,
oral tradition, and inference from existing institutions. Although certain details have a
legendary ring, the main features of the story seem to be reliable. Solon was of noble
descent but moderate means. As the tradition states and his travels and economic
measures suggest, he may have been a merchant. He first became prominent about
600 BCE, when the Athenians were disheartened by ill success in a war with their
neighbours of Megara for possession of the island of Salamis. By publicly reciting a
poem that made the issue a matter of national honour and that called on the
Athenians to “arise and come to Salamis, to win that fair island and undo our
shame,” Solon induced them to resume the war, which they eventually won. The
early 6th century was a troubled time for the Athenians in other ways as well. Society
was dominated by an aristocracy of birth, the cupatridae, who owned the best land,
monopolized the government, and were themselves split into rival factions. The
poorer farmers were easily driven into debt by them and when unable to pay were
reduced to the condition of serfs on their own land and, in extreme cases, sold into
slavery. The intermediate classes of middling farmers, craftsmen, and
merchantsresented their exclusion from the government. These social, economic,
and political evils might well have culminated in a revolution and subsequent tyranny
(dictatorship), as they had in other Greek states, had it not been for Solon, to whom
Athenians of all classes turned in the hope of a generally satisfactory solution of their
problems. Because he believed in moderation and in an ordered society in which
7
each class had its proper place and function, his solution was not revolution but
reform. Solon had already held office as archon (annual chief ruler) about 594 BCE.
It was probably about 20 years later that he was given full powers as reformer and
legislator. His first concern was to relieve the immediate distress caused by debt. He
redeemed all the forfeited land and freed all the enslaved citizens, probably by fiat.
This measure, known popularly as the “shaking off of burdens,” was described by
Solon in one of his poemsSolon’s third great contribution to the future good of
Athens was his new code of laws. The first written code at Athens, that of Draco 621
BCE was still in force. Draco’s laws were shockingly severe (hence the term
draconianso severe that they were said to have been written not in ink but in blood.
On the civil side they permitted enslavement for debt, and death seems to have been
the penalty for almost all criminal offenses. Solon revised every statute except that
on homicide and made Athenian law altogether more humane. His code, though
supplemented and modified, remained the foundation of Athenian statute law until
the end of the 5th century, and parts of it were embodied in the new codification made
at that time. Solon’s new political constitution abolished the monopoly of the
eupatridae and substituted for it government by the wealthy citizens. He instituted a
census of annual income, reckoned primarily in measures of grain, oil, and wine, the
principal products of the soil, and divided the citizens into four income groups,
accordingly. (Those whose income was in other forms, including money, must have
been rated on a system of equivalents.) Henceforth, political privilege was allotted on
the basis of these divisions, without regard to birth. All citizens were entitled to attend
the general Assembly Ecclesia, which became, at least potentially, the sovereign
body, entitled to pass laws and decrees, elect officials, and hear appealsfrom the
most important decisions of the courts. All but those in the poorest group might
serve, a year at a time, on a new Council of Four Hundred, which was to prepare
business for the Assembly. The higher governmental posts were reserved for
citizens of the top two income groups. Thus, the foundations of the future democracy
were laid. But a strong conservative element remained in the ancient Council of the
Hill of Ares Areopagus, and the people themselves for a long time preferred to
entrust the most important positions to members of the old aristocratic family.

8
 CHAPTER-3
GREEK CITY STATES

A city-state, or polis, was the community structure of ancient Greece.

Each city-state was organized with an urban center and the surrounding countryside.
Characteristics of the city in a polis were outer walls for protection, as well as a
public space that included temples and government buildings. The temples and
government buildings were often built on the top of a hill, or acropolis. A surviving
example of a structure central to an ancient acropolis is the famous Parthenon of
Athens. The Parthenon was a temple built to honor the goddess Athena. The
majority of a polis’s population lived In the city, as it was the center of trade,
commerce, culture, and political activity.
There grew to be over 1,000 city-states in ancient Greece, but the main poleis
were Athína (Athens), Spárti (Sparta), Kórinthos (Corinth), Thíva (Thebes), Siracusa
(Syracuse), Égina (Aegina), Ródos (Rhodes), Árgos, Erétria, and Elis. Each city-
state ruled itself. They differed greatly from the each other in governing philosophies
and interests. For example, Sparta was ruled by two kings and a council of elders. It
emphasized maintaining a strong military, while Athens valued education and art. In
Athens every male citizen had the right to vote, so they were ruled by a democracy.
Rather than have a strong army, Athens maintained their navy.
Greek city-states likely developed because of the physical geography of the
Mediterranean region. The landscape features rocky, mountainous land and many
islands. These physical barriers caused population centers to be relatively isolated
from each other. The sea was often the easiest way to move from place to place.
Another reason city-states formed, rather than a central, all-encompassing
monarchy, was that the Greek aristocracy strove to maintain their city-states’
independence and to unseat any potential tyrants.
ATHENS
In Central Greece was the location of the province of Attica. In prehistoric
times, the inhabitants of different communities were living there. Each community

9
was ruled by a king. It was there that the birth of Athens took place. By conquering
other communities, Athens emerged as a larger and more powerful city-state. (The
Athenians made their kingdom prosperous by maritime trade; they passed on to
mankind unyielding gifts in art, architecture, literature, philosophy, science, and
politics. Athenian legend says that Codrus, the last king of Athens, was killed by the
Dorians. From then on, the monarchy in Athens disappeared, and Athens was ruled
by Archons.
POLITICAL METHOD:
750 and 650 BC. There was a decline in the monarchy. After the fall of the
king, the palace was no longer needed. Some parts of the temple and palace
remained, and the small Athena temple there was enlarged by adding to the palace.
Again, Arjans took over the government in place of the king. A council or eropagus
was formed by the Athenian nobles. It has administrative powers; Again it was
electing the earners. The archons administered the law; They also have residual
judicial powers. The common people did not benefit from such a change from
monarchy to aristocracy (Rule of Aristocrats). The misery of the common people
increased. They were very unhappy. They wanted reform. Finally, the Athenians
elected a leader named Draco.
Draco:
Earlier, the laws were not in written form. The nobles were the judges. They
used to interpret the law according to their convenience. People Needed Laws The
Thracians codified customary laws, and enacted laws in a formal manner. So in 624
BC Athens got a written law. It helped in the evolution of democracy; But the laws
were very strict. Almost all crimes were punishable by death. Laws seem to be
written in blood instead of ink. Even today ‘austerity’ is called ‘draconian’. People
were dissatisfied with his rule and revolted.

Solon:
Solon was a great politician and reformer. He was a writer and raised his
voice against the overthrow of the Athenian farmers. Salamiz He was rousing his
countrymen to reclaim the island. He was hired as an admiral, with considerable
powers, to stamp out corruption in Athens. He brought many reforms in economic
and political fields. Solon’s laws in 594 BC were relatively less strict than Draco’s. He
abolished the land mortgage system. He took the mortgaged lands from the
10
Mahajans and returned them to the farmers. He determined the maximum amount of
land that the nobles could keep. He freed those who were working as slaves for not
paying their debts. He banned the export of agricultural produce and made
provisions for their consumption during famines. Another initiative of his was to
reform the currency sector. He also reformed the democratic system by bringing
some reforms in the field of politics. Every citizen is given the right to be a member of
the ‘Ecclesia’. He also made some changes in the council called Baul. at that time,
citizens were divided into 4 categories according to tradition. A bowl of 400 members
was formed with 100 members from each class. It was named ‘Council of Four
Hundred’. Bowler’s job was to make laws and control foreign policy. Through his
efforts, ordinary citizens also got the opportunity to become members of another
governing body called Europages. At the end of Solon’s reign, he returned to private
life.

PISISTRATAS:
The above reforms could not alleviate the suffering of the people. They were not
entirely free from the tyranny of the nobility. They did not have the same rights as the
nobles. The highest positions were enjoyed only by the nobles. There was a conflict
between the nobles and the common people. Peisistratus came to power in 546 BC
and introduced a voluntary regime. His two sons also ruled after him. The rule of
those volunteers continued in Athens for 50 years. Pisistratus reformed the land, and
gave them certain privileges to make them popular with the common people. He also
developed in the field of art and literature. Industry and agriculture improved. He
expelled the anti-public interest nobles from the country and distributed their wealth
among the landless peasants. Despite this, Pisistratus and his sons were not
popular. People rebelled against them. The democratic Cleisthenes took power after
saving Athens from civil war.

CLEISTHISNIS:
Cleisthenes came to power in 508BC. He was a famous politician of Athens.
Cleisthenes is famous for bringing some political reforms. He is real Realized the
problem and took steps to empower people. Athenian democracy developed rapidly
during his time. The rule he gave to the Athenians lasted for a long time.
11
 By birth, the people of Athens were divided into 4 classes. By changing it,
he divided all the citizens into 10 divisions according to the region. Each division was
also conquered in some districts. As a result, the monopoly politics of the nobles was
destroyed. He brought 50 members from each department and formed the ‘Council
of Five Hundred’. This council had the highest power in the field of governance. It
also has legislative and judicial powers. In addition, there was a general assembly
for the citizens, in which every citizen could participate.
Cleisthenes was able to exile the biggest enemy of the country by
implementing the law called Ostracism. According to this law, the people of Athens
would meet once a year and declare any person a danger to the country. Every
citizen who was considered an enemy of the country had his name written on a
death tablet called an ostracon. They used to keep the bloody plaque inside a
container in the open. This was their vote. If a person’s name was written on a rote
with a number of 6,000 or more, he was declared an enemy of the country and
sentenced to 10 years in exile. As a result, no one dared to volunteer or commit
treason. Such laws could protect the democracy like a shield. Direct democracy was
introduced for the first time in the history of Athens. All citizens were enforcing the
law. He was rightly called 'the founder of Greek democracy
SPARTA
Sparta was one of the city-states of Greece. Smart was located in the
province of Laconia in Greece. BC By the 11th century, the Boreans had established
a city-state in the Peloponnese. Later it was named Smart. Smart was instrumental
in creating heroes and warriors on Greek soil
Social Life:
The inhabitants of Sparta were divided into three classes. Spartan’s were
appointed in the field of governance. The Periolis below them were employed in the
war department. The Helts, the lowest rung of society, were extremely helpless. By
the owners they are He was persecuted. They did not have their own land even
though they cultivated the land and produced golden crops. They lived oppressed,
exhausted and neglected at the mercy of others.
MAKING CITIZEN WORRORS:
Smart was careful to build a man as a discerning warrior. As soon as a baby was
born, the examiners used to check its health. He was saved if he was healthy.
Abandoned in a lonely place, weak and ugly, the innocent child was dying. After
12
being raised by his parents for seven years, the child was taken away to a military
training center. Then the grueling, painful training began. He was instructed to avoid
the natural calamities of summer, rain, winter and dew. He was trained to endure the
hardships through the abstinence method of sleeping on a hard and rigid bed,
barefoot climbing, wrestling, sports, exercise, and eating very poor food.
Thus for 12 years he was presented before the goddess of war Artemis after
obtaining hard pomegranates. There he was brutally beaten until blood gushed from
his body. If he was able to withstand this severe blow, it was a success in the test.
He was promoted as a well-trained soldier. Later she was allowed to marry but was
not allowed to enjoy married life. He joined the army at the age of 30. After staying in
the army camp for 60 years, he was allowed to return to his home.
Citizens of the Real Smart built themselves into strong warriors through
strict law, order and training. Every man in Swart was a mighty warrior. So the
inhabitants of Swart prepared themselves as a heroic race. Their aim was to defeat
the enemy in a frontal battle and to die themselves if defeated. A Spartan was able
to raise the glory of Greece to the pinnacle of prosperity. Having spent their lives as
warriors, the inhabitants of Smart could not look to art, culture, literature, music and
other noble aspects of life; But the fame of Sparta’s natives as a heroic race was
written in gold.

SPARTA CITY AND WAR

Sparta’s goal was not only to create warriors. Conquering the kingdom is also
another ambition. Once there was a conflict between Greece and the Messenians.
This led to the war of Messenia The king of Greece fell into the hands of the
inhabitants. Ujjanta smart citizens against the Mycelians in 1000 BC. 743 BC to He
fought for a long time until 724 and defeated the Mycelians in battle. After many
years under Swart, they banded together and fought again against Smart and were
eventually defeated and forever under Sparta
After a successful fight against the Messenians, the inhabitants of Smart fought
against the Arcadians in 10 BC. He defeated them in 550. After fighting with the
Olgus, they wore the crown of victory. Later the entire Peloponnesian region was
conquered by Smart. All these victories greatly enhanced the glory of Smart. Smart
played a leading role in the Peloponnesian Union that was later formed.

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PELOPONNESIAN UNION
The city-states in the Peloponnesus region united to form the Peloponnesian
Union. Smart became the president of a union. Of course, some city-states in the
Peloponnesus region did not join this union. The Council of the Polesian Union was
located in Smart. Each city-state sent one representative to this council. When all the
city-states united there were attacked by external enemies, other city-states helped
him wholeheartedly to resist him. Sparta always took the lead in the field of battle.
This greatly increased the glory of Spata
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS of SPARTA
The founder of Wart’s political institution is Lavkurgus. According to Greek
legend, the death of Likert Gus’s father and then his eldest brother cast a cloud of
anarchy over the smart political sky. Later Lycurgus gave birth to a child. Declaring
his son as the king of Smart, he left the city and left. He traveled to Egypt, Crete and
other countries and gained a lot of knowledge and returned to Sway. Then began his
many reforms.
Lycurgus believed in monarchy. The king of Swart was supreme in governance.
His main duty was to establish good relations with the people. His treatise or ‘retra’
will immortalize him in Greek history. As a result of this decree, Sparta was formed
into a ‘Council of Elders’ and a ‘Senate’. There were 30 members in this senate.
Every month the ‘Senior Council’ met. The members of the senate used to raise all
the problems of the city-state before the ‘Senior Council’ and inform them about the
steps to be taken. It was the elder council that expressed its opinion in the name of
Lycurgus emphasized military training and tolerance to strengthen society. Economic
disparity is far away. To do this, Swart and Laconia divided the land into equal parts
of 9,000 and 30,000 respectively and gave each person a piece. He ordered the
introduction of iron coins throughout the city-state. Agriculture, trade, business,
literature etc. were prohibited. Military only Layburghs took strong steps to turn
Sparta into a military camp by emphasizing on art.

CONSTITUTION OF SPARTA AND ITS WORKING MECHANISM

In the gradual development of time, the constitution was built on Patheya
Sparta’s reforms. This constitution consisted of four parts – the king, the Jerusia, the
appellate and the ephor. This constitution was formed after changing the reforms of
Lycurgus to some extent.
14
 According to the peculiar constitutional system of Sparta gara, two kings
administered the administration. This monarchy is hereditary. Kings also performed
priestly duties. Once every month they offered animal sacrifices to the gods. Their
main task was to manage the war. In the field of war, this king was acting as a
captain; But they had no power to declare war or make peace.
One of the pillars of smart city-state governance was the Jerusia or Elder
Council. It consisted of two kings and 28 senior members above 60 years of age.
This meeting was entrusted with the responsibility of managing the day-to-day
governance of Smart. It was to solve the problems in various fields and to provide
justice. One of the tasks of this meeting. Jerusia was able to judge and punish the
kings.
One of the parts of Sparta’s constitution was the appellate or governing
assembly. It consisted of citizens aged 30 years and above. Important decisions
such as declaration of war and peace were taken by this meeting. The assembly
also appointed ‘ephors’ and ‘judges’. That’s why it was more important. Of course,
this assembly does not have the power to judge. The assembly had the power to
accept or reject any matter brought before it.
The last part of the sparta constitution was ‘effort’. It was a powerful
organization. Ephors were appointed by the king. Later they were elected by the
citizens. Their number was 5. They represented the king when the king was absent
during the war. They were empowered to attend the meetings of the Jerusia. Another
area of their power was to convene appellate meetings. Any citizen could be elected
as Epor. Their power gradually increased and the power of the kings decreased. The
Ephors had the power to try the king for treason and imprison him. Thus the
constitution of spar was formed.

15
 CHAPTER-4
EVOLUTION OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY

Athenian democracy developed around the fifth century B.C.E. The

Greek idea of democracy was different from present-day democracy because, in
Athens, all adult citizens were required to take an active part in the government. If
they did not fulfill their duty they would be fined and sometimes marked with red
paint. The ancient Greeks were the first to create a democracy. The word
“democracy” comes from two Greek words that mean people (demos) and rule
(kratos). Democracy is the idea that the citizens of a country should take an active
role in the government of their country and manage it directly or through elected
representatives. In addition, it supports the idea that the people can replace their
government through peaceful transfers of power rather than violent uprising or
revolution. Thus, a key part of democracy is that the people have a voice. The first
known democracy in the world was in Athens. Athenian democracy developed
around the fifth century B.C.E. The Greek idea of democracy was different from
present-day democracy because, in Athens, all adult citizens were required to take
an active part in the government. If they did not fulfill their duty they would be fined
and sometimes marked with red paint. The Athenian definition of “citizens” was also
different from modern-day citizens: only free men were considered citizens in
Athens. Women, children, and slaves were not considered citizens and therefore
could not vote. Athens. Those 500 citizens had to actively serve in the government
for one year. During that year, they were responsible for making new laws and
controlled all parts of the political process. When a new law was proposed, all the
citizens of Athens had the opportunity to vote on it. To vote, citizens had to attend
the assembly on the day the vote took place. This form of government is called direct
democracy. The evolution of democracy in Athens forma a glorious chapter in the
annals of Greek history. In ancient Athens monarchy was the prevailing form a
government. In due to course time, the nobles put an end to this monarchy. In place
of king, they elected archons. Nine archons were elected for a year. These archons
enjoyed the power which the king were exercising earlier. Gradually their power

16
increased and they became tyrant. So, the people of Athens again pulled down them
from power and tried to establish democracy in Athens.
DRACO:

Draco played a vital role in the growth of democracy in Athens. He belonged to a

noble family and the people elected him as Archon. He took steps to impart justice to
the common men. Prior to him the laws were remembered from generation to
generation drakon, was the first recorded legislator of Athens in Ancient Greece. He
replaced the prevailing system of oral law and blood feud by a written code to be
enforced only by a court of law. Draco also called Drako or Drakon. Was the first
recorded legislator of Athens in Ancient Greece. He replaced the prevailing system
of oral law and blood feud by a written code to be enforced only by a court of law.
Draco was the first democratic legislator requested by the Athenian citizens to be a
lawgiver for the city- state, but the citizens had not expected that Draco would
establish laws characterized by their harshness. Since the 19th century, the adjective
draconian refers to similarly unforgiving rules or laws, in Greek, English, and other
European languages. Draco introduced the lot-chosen Council of Four Hundred,
distinct from the Areopagus, which evolved in later constitutions to play a large role
in Athenian democracy. Aristotle notes that Draco, while having the laws written,
merely legislated for an existing unwritten Athenian constitutionsuch as setting exact
qualifications for eligibility for office.

Draco extended the franchise to all free men who could furnish themselves with a set
of military equipment. They elected the Council of Four Hundred from among their
number. Nine archons and the treasurers were drawn from persons possessing an
unencumbered property of not less than ten minas, the generals strategoi and
commanders of cavalry hipparchol from those who could show an unencumbered
property of not less than a hundred minas and had children born in lawful wedlock
over ten years of age. Thus, in the event of their death, their estate could pass to a
competent heir. These officers were required to hold to account the prytanes
councillors, strategoi generals and hipparchoi cavalry officers)of the preceding year
until their accounts had been audited. “The Council of Areopagus was guardian of
the laws, and kept watch over the magistrates to see that they executed their offices
in accordance with the laws. Any person who felt himself wronged might lay an
17
information before the Council of Areopagus, on declaring what law was broken by
the wrong done to him. But, as has been said before, loans were secured upon the
persons of the debtors, and the land was in the hands of a few.

SOLON:

Solon, born c. 630 BCE died c. 560 BCE, Athenian statesman, known as one of the
Seven Wise Men of Greece (the others were Chilon of Sparta, Thales of Miletus,
Bias of Priene, Cleobulus of Lindos, Pittacus of Mytilene, and Periander of Corinth.
Solon ended exclusive aristocratic control of the government, substituted a system of
control by the wealthy, and introduced a new and more humane law code. He was
also a noted poet. In Solon’s lifetime, the Greeks had not yet begun to write history
or biography. It was not until the 5th century that accounts of his life and works began
to be put together, on the evidence of his poems (of which the 300 or so lines
preserved by quotation probably represent only a small proportion), his law code,
oral tradition, and inference from existing institutions. Although certain details have a
legendary ring, the main features of the story seem to be reliable. Solon was of noble
descent but moderate means. As the tradition states and his travels and economic
measures suggest, he may have been a merchant. He first became prominent about
600 BCE, when the Athenians were disheartened by ill success in a war with their
neighbours of Megara for possession of the island of Salamis. By publicly reciting a
poem that made the issue a matter of national honour and that called on the
Athenians to “arise and come to Salamis, to win that fair island and undo our
shame,” Solon induced them to resume the war, which they eventually won. The
early 6th century was a troubled time for the Athenians in other ways as well. Society
was dominated by an aristocracy of birth, the cupatridae, who owned the best land,
monopolized the government, and were themselves split into rival factions. The
poorer farmers were easily driven into debt by them and when unable to pay were
reduced to the condition of serfs on their own land and, in extreme cases, sold into
slavery. The intermediate classes of middling farmers, craftsmen, and
merchantsresented their exclusion from the government. These social, economic,
and political evils might well have culminated in a revolution and subsequent tyranny
(dictatorship), as they had in other Greek states, had it not been for Solon, to whom
Athenians of all classes turned in the hope of a generally satisfactory solution of their
18
problems. Because he believed in moderation and in an ordered society in which
each class had its proper place and function, his solution was not revolution but
reform. Solon had already held office as archon (annual chief ruler) about 594 BCE.
It was probably about 20 years later that he was given full powers as reformer and
legislator. His first concern was to relieve the immediate distress caused by debt. He
redeemed all the forfeited land and freed all the enslaved citizens, probably by fiat.
This measure, known popularly as the “shaking off of burdens,” was described by
Solon in one of his poemsSolon’s third great contribution to the future good of
Athens was his new code of laws. The first written code at Athens, that of Draco 621
BCE was still in force. Draco’s laws were shockingly severe (hence the term
draconianso severe that they were said to have been written not in ink but in blood.
On the civil side they permitted enslavement for debt, and death seems to have been
the penalty for almost all criminal offenses. Solon revised every statute except that
on homicide and made Athenian law altogether more humane. His code, though
supplemented and modified, remained the foundation of Athenian statute law until
the end of the 5th century, and parts of it were embodied in the new codification
made at that time. Solon’s new political constitution abolished the monopoly of the
eupatridae and substituted for it government by the wealthy citizens. He instituted a
census of annual income, reckoned primarily in measures of grain, oil, and wine, the
principal products of the soil, and divided the citizens into four income groups,
accordingly. (Those whose income was in other forms, including money, must have
been rated on a system of equivalents.) Henceforth, political privilege was allotted on
the basis of these divisions, without regard to birth. All citizens were entitled to attend
the general Assembly Ecclesia, which became, at least potentially, the sovereign
body, entitled to pass laws and decrees, elect officials, and hear appealsfrom the
most important decisions of the courts. All but those in the poorest group might
serve, a year at a time, on a new Council of Four Hundred, which was to prepare
business for the Assembly. The higher governmental posts were reserved for
citizens of the top two income groups. Thus, the foundations of the future democracy
were laid. But a strong conservative element remained in the ancient Council of the
Hill of Ares Areopagus, and the people themselves for a long time preferred to
entrust the most important positions to members of the old aristocratic family.

19
 CHAPTER-5
AGE OF PERICLES

Pericles appeared as a bright star under the leadership of Athens. Every aspect of
Athens was fulfilled under his direct supervision. The era of Pericles is referred to as
the ‘Golden Age’ in Greek history, like the Gupta era in ancient India, the Elizabethan
era in England and the era of Augustus Shiraz in Rome. It was the overall
development of Athens during his time that created a new chapter in the history of
Greece. Democracy, art, architecture, literature, education, drama, science,
philosophy, etc. in every field, the age of Pericles was the beginning of a new era. It
was the overall development of all these problems that made the age of Pericles
unforgettable in the history of the world.
BIOGRAPHY OF PERICLES
Pericles was a descendant of ethane’s. His father Xanthipas was a man of
saintly and generous nature. Inspired by his father’s example, Pericles dreamed of
devoting his life to the service of his country. This dream came true when B.C. In 460
he was the first to rule the city of Athens Elected by the people as rulers or
‘Strategus’. Since then BC He was continuously elected by the people for a long
period of 30 years until 429, and strengthened the democratic regime of Athens.
After the death of his beautiful wife, Aspasia, Mary Amana died. Pericles died of
plague in 429. Through his efforts, Athens rose to fame. BC 461 to BC Since he was
in power till 429. That period is called the ‘Age of Pericles’. The characteristics of this
era are discussed below.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE
In the field of architecture and sculpture, the age of pericles was unforgettable.
Many cities were the inhabitants of that age.By building residences, palaces,
temples, theaters, gymnasiums, etc., they have become indelible in the pages of
history.Pericles donated grain for the reconstruction of the city-state of Athens, which
was destroyed by the Persian invasion. He built two huge walls to protect Athens
from enemy attacks. The sculptors of that time were skilled in the use of stone or
marble of pillars and conch shells. During his time, the marble Paranehon temple
dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis hill is a vivid example of Greek

20
architecture. This beautiful palace was built under the direction of a skilled architect
named Iktinas. A famous sculptor named Pheidias created the beautiful and
magnificent sculptures of that temple. A 40-foot-tall bronze statue of the goddess
Athena was created by the sculptor Phidias to the west of the Temple of Parannon.
According to legend, he fell unconscious during the construction of the statue and
Athena told Pericles the diagnosis in a dream. After receiving the definition, Phidias
erected a statue of the goddess of health near Athena. Apart from this, the temples
built in various places in Athens, among them, the temple of ‘Zeus’ in Olympia, the
temple of ‘Apollo’ in Telfi, the temple of ‘Artemis’ built in Ephesus bore the fiery
signature of Greek architecture. Every village had a theater built mostly of stone.
From there, the ‘Dionysius’ theater was built in the open air of Athens. It had a
seating arrangement for 15,000 spectators. In the field of realistic architecture and
sculpture, the age of Pericles was the beginning of a new civilization.
ART
Art was another feature of the age of Pericles. The painted vases of Greece
are a perfect example of this. Periglotus was the greatest painter of that age. His
ethereal paintings attract art lovers from all over the world did. At that time, the
miniature or attractive figurines of women minted in various coins are the best
examples of Greek art.
EDUCATION
Schools were established to educate Ethiopian students. They were taught
from the age of six. They excelled in music, sports, mathematics, science, dance,
literature etc. At that time a group of thinkers called the Sophists emerged. They
emphasized on true, beautiful and happy life. They traveled from place to place
teaching people about dance, song, politics, exercise etc. They strove to present
Athens to the world as the greatest symbol of learning. They gave special
importance to the individual. That is why Protagoras said – “Man is the measure of
all things. they preached that the world was governed by a great power. They denied
the existence of the Goddess. They made great efforts to attract the Athenians to
education.
Drama:
Greek drama flourished in the age of Pericles. The Greeks were the creators of
the first epic dramas on earth. Aquilas, Sophocles and Euripides were the authors of
tragic plays. Aeschylus, the famous dramatist of Pericles’ age, was the author of the
21
play called ‘The Persian’. In this play, the character of the Persian emperor Darius
was very high. Another play of his was ‘Promeus Bound’. Sophocles’ plays
‘Antigone’, ‘Oedipusrex’ and ‘Electra’ attracted everyone’s attention. Puripides’ play
‘Trojan Omen’ created a stir in the world. Apart from all these tragic dramas, the
Greeks were also the creators of reconciliation dramas. Among the plays of
Aristophanes, ‘The Frog’, ‘The Cloud’ and ‘Lysistra’ are regarded as satires and
social dramas.
The Greeks were good at writing poetry. Pindar was the best poet of his time.
He learned music from Thebes and came to Athens, where he composed many
poems and was highly praised. Sopho was the first woman poet on earth. His poetry
enriched the age of Pericles. Poems of the Pericles era are Ruddhimanta in
expression of strong emotions. History:
Greece is the first place of work of the historian. The Greek historian
Herodotus is credited as the ‘father of history’. He was writing about the war between
Greece and Persia. He was present at the Battle of Salamis and recorded its details.
Thusidiedes was one of the greatest historians of this period.He participated in the
Peloponnesian War between the Swarts and the Athenians and wrote about it.
Xenophon and Plutarch were two other prominent historians. They gained fame by
composing history. Science:
The era of Pericles was famous for his contributions in the field of science.
In the fields of mathematics, geometry, astrology, etc., the said age was
unremarkable. Euclid was the founder of geometry. Therefore, he is called the ‘father
of geometry’. Pythagoras gained extraordinary expertise in the field of geometry.
Even now in the field of geometry, ‘Pythagoras Uppadya’ is world famous.
Hippocritus gained fame for the diagnosis of human disease and its correct
diagnosis. Therefore, he is considered as the founder of medical science. Herophilus
became famous for his knowledge of the anatomy of the human body. Hipparchus,
Aristarchus and Erotsphenes were the famous scientists of that time. There is no
room for doubt that the progress of science in the age of Pericles was slow.
The contribution of Pericles’ age to philosophy was immeasurable. Socrates
was an eminent philosopher. He is credited as the ‘father of Western philosophy’. He
was born in 469 AD. Nothing has been written down in the form of a book. He stood
in the public places of Athens and taught the people. He was trying to remove the
superstitions in the human mind by reasoning. He was not afraid of anyone and
22
taught people to accept the truth. Many young people were influenced by his
philosophy. Allegations of misleading the youth were brought against him. The
judges found him guilty and sentenced him to death. So, after drinking poison in his
body, he died in AD. Died in 399.

23
 CHAPTER-6
CONTRIBUTION OF ANCIENT GREERK

The Greeks made important contributions to philosophy, mathematics,

astronomy, and medicine. Literature and theatre was an important aspect of Greek
culture and influenced modern drama. The Greeks were known for their
sophisticated sculpture and architecture.
Pericles’ age was noted for his contributions in the field of science. In the
fields of mathematics, geometry, astrology, etc., the said age was unremarkable.
Euclid was the founder of geometry. Therefore, he is called the ‘father of geometry’.
Pitahagoras acquired extraordinary expertise in the field of geometry. Even now in
the field of geometry, ‘Pythagoras’ Uppadya is world famous. Hippocritus gained
fame for his diagnosis and correct diagnosis of human diseases. Therefore, he is
considered as the founder of medical science. Herophilus became famous for his
knowledge of the anatomy of the human body. Hipparchus. Aristarchus and
Eristosthenes were the famous scientists of that time. There is no room for doubt
that the science of the age of Pericles was greatly improved.
PHILOSOPHY
The contribution of Pericles' age to philosophy was Immeasurable. Socrates
was an eminent philosopher. He is credited as the ‘father of Western philosophy’. He
was born in 469 AD. Nothing has been written down in the form of a book. He stood
in the public places of Athens and taught the people. He was trying to remove the
superstitions in the human mind by reasoning. He was not afraid of anyone and was
teaching people to accept the truth. Many young people were influenced by his
philosophy. Allegations of misleading the youth were brought against him. The
judges found him guilty and sentenced him to death. So, after drinking poison in his
body, he died in AD. Died in 399.Plato (427-347 BC) was one of the disciples of
Socrates. The death of Socrates expressed him. So he left Athens and returned and
established a school or academy where he taught his disciples about politics. One of
his works was the book ‘Republic’. In this, he highlighted the principles of the ideal
state. In another book called ‘Phaedro’, he describes the death scene of his teacher
Socrates through ‘dialogue’. This dialogue later influenced the philosopher Karl

24
Marx. ‘Apology’ is another creation of his. Later, Plato’s disciple Aristotle is regarded
as the father of political science.
Among other philosophers, Thales, Heroclitus and Anaxagoras had a special
place. Thales opined that ‘water is the principle of creation’. According to Heroclitus,
‘the struggle between opposites is what governs life in the bosom of nature’ and ‘fire
is the most mobile and powerful element’. According to Anaxagoras, ‘everything is
made of atoms’. Thus many advanced philosophies were developed at that time.
In fact the age of Pericles ushered in a new chapter in Greek history. In every
respect, this era was a new and exciting time. It maintains its uniqueness in world
history for the unique contribution of this era. At this time, the era of Pericles is
described as the ‘Golden Age’ in Greek history. The Peloponnesian War (431-404
BC) between Smart and Athens led to the fall of Athens and the end of the Pericles
era; But the features of this age have left their olive signature on the pages of world
history forever.
The most well-known ancient Greeks who contributed to modern society
came from the legacy of thinkers and philosophers. Among the greatest of these
were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle; the latter two recorded their ideas, enabling them
to be passed down.
Socrates (c. 470-399 BC) was concerned with self-knowledge, love, and moral
questions. He created a method that he considered the ''midwifery'' of ideas; we now
know this as the Socratic method.
Plato (c. 427-347 BC), Socrate’s student, was more interested in metaphysics,
as found in his theory of Forms, which is ostensibly the natural essences of all things
we encounter in the material world. Plato used a critical, dialectical method to test
hypotheses to learn about these Forms, and taught on these ideas at his Academy,
the first university.
Aristotle (c. 384-322 BC) was a student of Plato at the Academy, though he was
more interested in ‘’natural kinds,’’ being those everyday things made of matter,
rather than in Forms. For this reason, Aristotle rejected much of Platonism and took
to the investigation of nature, creating his own school called the Lyceum. His studies
led him to differentiate between the soul and the mind of living things and to specify
the causes of change in the natural world. The ancient Greeks also made many early
developments in the fields of science, art, (especially sculpture), architecture, sports,
mathematics, theater, and government.
25
SCIENCE
The science of the ancients was very different from what we think of as science
today, and they often came to interesting conclusions. In many cases, this was due
to a lack of technology and no notion of the importance of repetitive experimentation.
Even so, the Classical Greeks were the first that we know of to state some of the
fundamental problems concerning science at the time. They also developed the Idea
that empirical research could be performed, and that mathematics could be applied
to better understand natural phenomena. In these ways, they laid the groundwork for
the science we have today.

At the time, much of what we think of as science fell under natural philosophy, with
the exceptions of medical science and astronomy. Hippocrates (c. 460-370 BC) is
perhaps the most well-known of the early practitioners of medicine, the art of
treatment and prevention of disease, particularly for the oath that bears his name.
The Hippocratic Oath is one of the earliest recorded oaths of medical ethics.
Hippocrates also practiced clinical observation, and applied the humoral theory, that
four humors, black and yellow bile, blood, and phlegm were vital fluids, to medicine.
In astronomy, the study of celestial phenomena and objects, the fact that the Earth
was spherical was correctly deduced, and the idea that the planets revolved around
the Earth was developed and becoming widespread. This geocentric model would
not be questioned in the western world until the 17th century AD. The Greeks also
worked to explain the shape of the planets’ orbits in relation to the earth and applied
mathematics to accurately predict the timing of the seasons and the procession of
the equinoxes.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE
Earlier styles of art in sculpture were more generic and abstract in their
depictions of legendary and historical figures. Even when depicted as being in
movement, the works, on the whole, feel static and heavy. In the Classical era,
sculptors focused more on the realism of movement and the geometric ratios of the
body’s proportions. These pieces are more humanistic and life-like; for example,
marble cloth appears to drape over the body’s curves, rather than obscuring them.
Put simply, the difference between Archaic (the previous stylistic period) and
Classical sculpture is like the difference between a painted portrait and a modern
photograph. Some have attributed this change in style to the feelings of relief and
26
optimism following the victories of the Persian wars and the dawn of democracy
resulting from the downfall of the tyrants in Athens.
In terms of architecture, the great legacy of the Greeks lies in the amphitheater
and their detailed temples. The amphitheater was the center of Greek entertainment
and information, where one could experience the day’s news or a production of the
latest comedy. They were generally a semi-circular set of stepped bench seats
centered on a platform or a cleared area of flat-land where one could perform.
The Greek temple was a feat of monumental architecture, characterized by its
rows of tall, intricately fluted and capped columns, bas relief friezes, and obtuse
triangular pediments filled with detailed statuary. The prime example of this temple
architecture is the Parthenon (constructed c. 447-432 BC) atop the Acropolis, along
with its long-removed but extant Crown Jewels, the Elgin marbles. The temple was a
place for formalized religious worship and offerings and, in some cases, ritualized
sexual activity and divination, or prophecy from an oracle.

27
 CHAPTER-7
Conclusion

The difference between the ancient Greek society and our life today is a lot less
significant than you would have expected. For a start our multiple modern religions,
some of which are very similar to the Ancient Greek religion. The social
organisations have hardly changed at all, as we still use monarchies, and
democracies. For example we have the Queen, but we also have a government
party. These are still monarchies and democracies, just in the modern day, and they
rule with fairness, not violence. And like the city-states us in the modern day fight, for
example the wars that happened in the 1915’s and the 1940’s, and the wars that
rage on now, such as the ones in Afghanistan.

Our religions have not changed much compared to the religion of ancient Greece.
However man modern day religions only revolve around one God, not multiple gods
like the Greeks had. Most religions today also believe there is one god who creates
peace, instead of gods who will punish you if you don’t do their bidding. One major
difference is that women now have equal rights to men, being able to have the same
jobs and education, and today even join the police, and the army. There are also
very many other things that the Ancient Greeks used that we didn’t, although I did
not create pages about those things. Ancient Greece was a fascinating civilization,
with many skills and techniques of doing things, without our modern machines to
help them. I hope that after you have read some of this website, you feel more
amazed about how they lived their lives in Ancient Greece, and I know that I
definitely feel much more interested in learning about Ancient civilizations than I did
before.The difference between the ancient Greek society and our life today is a lot
less significant than you would have expected. For a start our multiple modern
religions, some of which are very similar to the Ancient Greek religion. The social
organisations have hardly changed at all, as we still use monarchies, and
democracies. For example we have the Queen, but we also have a government
party. These are still monarchies and democracies, just in the modern day, and they
rule with fairness, not violence. And like the city-states us in the modern day fight, for

28
example the wars that happened in the 1915’s and the 1940’s, and the wars that
rage on now, such as the ones in Afghanistan.

Our religions have not changed much compared to the religion of ancient Greece.
However man modern day religions only revolve around one God, not multiple gods
like the Greeks had. Most religions today also believe there is one god who creates
peace, instead of gods who will punish you if you don’t do their bidding. One major
difference is that women now have equal rights to men, being able to have the same
jobs and education, and today even join the police, and the army. There are also
very many other things that the Ancient Greeks used that we didn’t, although I did
not create pages about those things. Ancient Greece was a fascinating civilization,
with many skills and techniques of doing things, without our modern machines to
help them. I hope that after you have read some of this website, you feel more
amazed about how they lived their lives in Ancient Greece, and I know that I
definitely feel much more interested in learning about Ancient civilizations than I did
before.

29
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 Content
Page No

Declaration I

Certificate II

Acknowledgement III

Content IV

Chapter -1: Introduction 1-4

Chapter -2: origin of greek civilization 5-8

Chapter -3: Greek city states 9-15

Chapter -4: Evolution of direct democracy 16-19

Chapter -5: Age Of Pericles 20-23

Chapter -6: Contribution Of Ancient Greerk 24-27

Chapter -7: Conclusion 28-29

Bibliography 30-33

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