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of the stomach are disgorged, or the excrement voided, either of
which is adroitly caught by this foul freebooter of the sea before it
reaches the water.
A hazy moonless night, with a sou’-easterly breeze and drizzling
rain—given these conditions, at this season of the year we have
numerous visits of various birds, members of the autumnal migratory
flight. Making straight for the light, they dash themselves against the
heavy plate-glass of the lantern; many of them are thus killed and
swept by the wind into the sea. Others, again, arrive with more
caution, and though taken in the hand and thrown clear of the tower
invariably return, and remain fluttering against the glass till daylight
reveals to them the futility of their exertions in that direction. The
most numerous of these visitors are the redwings and fieldfares, but
blackbirds, larks, starlings, wheatears, finches, tits, etc., may be met
with in the course of the season. It is somewhat startling, when on
watch in the lightroom, to hear the thud with which they strike. The
woodcock, owing to his rapid flight, strikes hardest of all, and the
other extreme is met with in the smallest of our British birds, the tiny
gold-crested wren, whose presence on the lantern is announced by
a feeble tinkling sound, which a robust butterfly might easily imitate.
The heavier birds do not always strike with impunity; instances have
occurred where ducks have gone clean through the lantern to the
derangement of the revolving gear of the light, the splintered glass
bringing the machinery to a dead stop. An incident of this nature
happened a few years ago at Turnberry Lighthouse, on the Ayrshire
coast, the intruder in this case being a curlew or whaup. A storm-
pane is considered a necessary adjunct to every lightroom, and is
always held in readiness to be shipped in case of such emergency.
At some shore stations it is customary on the approach of a
favourable night, during the migratory period, to keep the cats
indoors to prevent them mangling the expected catch. In one
particular instance the birds collected of a morning filled an ordinary
clothes-basket, and a few nights later included five wild geese, which
were secured out of a large flock that came to grief on the dome.
An hour before daybreak on the 22nd it appeared as if we were
about to suffer a bombardment, and that daylight was to witness the
commencement of hostilities. No less than seven torpedo-boat
destroyers were seen creeping close up to the Rock, their low black
hulls scarcely discernible in the feeble light, and not until daylight
disclosed the white ensign were we assured of their intentions. A
little later they were joined by three gunboats and, after some clever
manœuvring, formed into three lines, the gunboats occupying the
centre. They then steamed away in the direction of the Firth of Forth.
Two hours later other three gunboats passed us, going in the same
direction, escorted by four destroyers, and followed shortly after by a
solitary gunboat. Extremely interesting it was to witness the precision
and dexterity of their movements as they swung into their respective
positions for the advance, their semaphores all the while going like
windmills. Again, on the 24th, about 11 a.m., a fleet of about a dozen
battleships, headed by a dispatch boat, was seen moving in stately
procession from the Tay, evidently bound for the Forth.
We have had several heliographic communications from our
shore station in Arbroath during the month, and providing there is
sunshine there is now no difficulty in transmitting messages to the
Rock by this means. Four years ago the late Dr Russell, Arbroath,
while on a professional visit to the shore station, for which he was
medical attendant, witnessed our initial attempts in this direction,
and, convinced of the feasibility of the method, urged upon us, in his
characteristically vigorous style, the necessity for persevering in our
attempts, at the same time predicting that it would ultimately prove
successful. Little did we then dream it was soon to become the
means of conveying the sorrowful intelligence of this estimable
gentleman’s death.
NOVEMBER 1901.
A ramble round the rocks at low water just now discloses a scene of
bareness quite in keeping with the season of the year. The upper
surface of the higher lying rocks is as bare as a street pavement,
and only an occasional patch of acorn barnacles remains of the
encrustation with which they were invested during the summer. The
white whelk, so much in evidence here, have all gone into winter
quarters, and underneath projecting ledges and in sheltered nooks
they may be seen in myriads, their position being so judiciously
chosen as to be completely protected from the heavy north-east
seas. So closely are they wedged together that were a given space
to be cleared it would be found almost impossible to replace them in
the same area. Detaching one from its anchorage, it seems quite
dormant and inert, and appears to have lost the alacrity with which,
in summer, they withdraw themselves into their shells, and only with
apparent difficulty is the operculum or door of their domicile closed
against intruders. To witness the continual thumping and pounding to
which the Rock is subjected during the winter, one is surprised to
find that life in any form should continue to exist under such
conditions. A close search reveals exceedingly minute forms of life.
Here in this stony basin, originally but a shallow depression in which
a stone had lodged, and by the swirling action of the seas converted
to its present shape, with its sediment of broken shells, is a small
crab, so small indeed that a split pea might easily conceal him. He is
not a youngster either, but fully adult, in proof of which we have
frequently found them, in the proper season, with their spawn
attached. Deep in his little pit he seems quite immune from the
furious seas that tumble overhead as the tide makes. Numbers of
small white-banded whelks, which one may easily crush between the
fingers, maintain their position on the base of the tower, despite the
constant swirl of waters, though they may be detached with a flick of
the finger.
Vegetation now exists only at low-water mark; above that, broken
tangle roots, or, to be more correct, the claspers are seen still
adhering to the rocks, the tangles themselves having been shorn
clean from their moorings. Away towards the south-west, in the
deeper water, a boat may float among whole groves of storm-torn
tangles as they flaunt their tattered banners in the frosty sunlight,
suggestive of leafless trees in a winter landscape. Over the recently
emptied contents of the cook’s slop-pail a flock of gulls are circling
and screaming, actually hustling each other in their attempts to
capture anything edible. A solitary “black-back” is seen amongst the
noisy crowd, and as he swoops at some tempting morsel, his black,
beady eye watches our every movement with suspicion. What a
handsome bird he is as he swings past within a few feet of us, the
back and wings presenting a dead black appearance in startling
contrast with the immaculate whiteness of the fan-shaped tail and
the remainder of the body. Despite his handsome appearance, he is
a veritable vulture, and nothing comes amiss to him in the way of
food, be it fish, flesh or fowl. Frequently I have seen them make a
meal of a wounded duck, and once witnessed in Orkney a tug-of-war
between two of them for the possession of a dead lamb, resulting,
thanks to its decomposed state, in an equal division.
More gruesome meals are credited to them by those who have
witnessed their proceedings on a wreck strewn shore where loss of
life had been involved. A terror also on the grouse moors, they
devour both eggs and young, and even the sitting grouse herself is
not safe from him. One can scarcely credit such a sweeping
indictment against this handsome bird, but the proofs are all too
plain. Consequently we find him outside the pale of the Wild Birds
Protection Act, an Ishmael among his kind, whom any man may slay
when and wherever found. Except when harrying the eider ducks of
their legitimate spoil, he may be seen riding gracefully, head to wind,
in front of our kitchen window, with his weather eye always lifting in
our direction. A hand thrust from the window is sufficient invitation,
he is up at once, and the smallest morsel tossing among the foaming
breakers does not escape his keen eye. How gracefully he floats
back to his former position, lighting on the surface like a fleck of
foam. What a contrast to the eiders, who, when changing their
fishing ground, wing their way with such rapid wing beats as to give
one the impression that they are barely able to support themselves,
and finally strike the water with an awkward splash, reminding one of
the somewhat inelegant term with which boys designate a bad
dive—a “gutser.” Should a flock of eiders be fishing to leeward of the
tower, an amusing sight may be witnessed if advantage be taken,
while they are under water, of pouring a little paraffin oil from the
balcony, so that it will drift in their direction. No sooner does the head
of the first emerge in the greasy track of the oil than he is conscious
of something unusual having taken place. Flippering hither and
thither with outstretched neck, he becomes quite excited, and each
as he bounces to the surface joins in the commotion, frequently
colliding with each other. Finally, with loud cacklings, the whole flock
takes wing, evidently in high dudgeon at the insult offered to their
olfactory organs.
Sea pheasant is the name by which the long tailed duck is known
in some localities, and as we watch a flock of them crossing the reef
in full flight the synonym is at once apparent. In style of flight and
shape, to the long tail feathers, they are similar to the pheasant, but
only half the size, with beautiful plumage of black and white. Here
they are known as “candlewicks,” their call notes needing but little
stretch of the imagination to be rendered “Here’s a candlewick,”
repeated several times in shrill falsetto, which on a quiet day
becomes somewhat annoying as it clamorously floats through our
bedroom window. Some queer visitors we have here at times in the
way of birds. Once we captured a large owl dosing sleepily in one of
our windows. During the week of his captivity he would not deign to
partake of any food we offered him. Coming off watch one night I
took one of a flock of larks which were making suicidal attempts to
pierce the plate glass of the lantern. Placing it in the room where the
owl was roosting, it fluttered to the window, when, like a flash of
lightning and equally as noiseless, from the other side of the room
the owl came crash against the glass, a few feathers later on
testifying his appreciation of this form of dietary.
FEBRUARY 1902.
Piercing cold weather here of late, with a good deal of frost and
occasional snow showers. No matter how heavy the snowfall may be
here we only see it falling, as it does not lie long round our doors,
and only when our gaze is directed Arbroathwards—which, you may
be sure, is not seldom—are we reminded of its occurrence. The
close of last month saw our barometer taxed to its utmost
intelligence, and though a tenth higher would have seen its limit,
nothing of a phenomenal nature was noted. The solan geese or
gannets, which are pretty much in evidence here during the breeding
season, foraging for their families on the Bass Rock, gradually
disappeared, till during the month of November not one was to be
seen. A solitary one was seen in the first week of December, and
since then the number sighted has gradually increased, till in the
middle of the present month, as many as eight in one string were
counted winging their way southward. The Bass Rock, Ailsa Craig,
and the outlying stacks of lonely St Kilda, are said to be the only
breeding places of these birds in Scotland. At the beginning of the
past century they were considered a dainty article of food by the
Edinburgh gentry, and the Bass Rock was rented for the purpose of
supplying the market, the birds selling at the rate of half-a-crown a-
piece. I have seen it stated that the modus operandi of these birds
when engaged in fishing is to flit along the surface till fish are
sighted, when they rise to a high altitude, close their wings, and drop
hawk-like on their prey. This, I venture to think, is scarcely correct.
My experience is that when flitting near the surface if fish are sighted
they are invariably struck at without rising to a higher elevation. It is a
well known fact that objects under water are more easily
distinguished from a height than from near the surface, so that it may
be taken for granted that the higher these birds are flying when in
pursuit of prey the deeper the fish are swimming. Again, when diving
from a high altitude, the wings are kept rigidly outspread, and as the
tail is never seen spread rudder-like, as in the case of the hawk, any
deviation from their line of descent is controlled by the long narrow
wings, and only when nearing the “plunge” are they partially closed.
For the past fortnight we have had the company of a solitary seal.
His fishing does not seem to be very successful, either in quantity or
quality, as the only catch we have seen him negotiating was a saithe
the length of a man’s forearm. Playing with it as a cat would a
mouse, he would allow it to swim feebly for some distance, then
diving he would bring it to the surface, till latterly, with a toss of his
head and a thrust with his fore flipper, he quite disembowelled it, an
act of charity which the screaming gulls were not slow to appreciate.
Although so long here he has not been seen to rest on the rocks;
indeed, I only once saw one ashore here, and as we had a
somewhat amusing experience with him it will perhaps bear relating.
For several days it was seen, as the tide fell, to rest in one particular
place a few yards from the base of the tower. Our outer door opens
outwards, and is always closed at night, not that we are afraid of
burglars, but merely to prevent the entrance of the seas, and for our
own general comfort. The opening of this door always alarmed the
seal, and sent him into the water instanter. Dropping a line from the
balcony at low water, we made the end of it fast within a few feet of
his accustomed resting place. Next day, as the tide fell and the rocks
began to appear, he was seen to take up his former position,
yawning lazily as he rolled from side to side in the sunshine. Fixing a
four ounce charge of tonite to our electric cable, we quietly lowered it
down the line we had already made fast till within about six feet from
where he lay, apparently in blissful ignorance of what was happening
overhead. When yawning at his widest, we, by means of our
magneto-exploder, fired the charge, and, well—he stopped yawning
and went away! and his going was about the smartest thing I ever
witnessed. The force of the explosion, being unconfined, merely
tilted him on his side, but quickly recovering himself he flopped into
the water and shot seaward through the gully like a flash, a black line
under water denoting his course. Rounding the outer end of the
gully, he doubled back on the outside of the reef, and when opposite
his original position, made his appearance on the surface, a very
much startled seal. His aspect was quite comical as he stood, so to
speak, on his tip-toes evidently investigating the cause of his hurried
departure.
Several schools of porpoises have been seen this month,
presumably in pursuit of herring. To anyone who has seen these
animals gambolling in front of a ship’s bows when travelling at her
best, the ease with which they maintain their distance is a matter of
surprise—always on the point of being run down, but ever ahead,
snorting playfully as if in derision at the possibility of their being
overtaken by their lumbering follower. Off the island of Anticosta, in
the Gulf of St Lawrence—where these animals attain a size several
times larger than those of our home waters, and are of a cream
colour—I had an interesting view of their manner of suckling their
young. I have seen it stated that the mother by muscular
compression expels the nutritive fluid, which is absorbed by the
young one as it floats to the surface. The operation appeared to me
to be one of actual contact. The young one—which, by the way, is of
a slatey-blue colour—snuggling as close as possible to the mother
as she lay somewhat on her side on the surface, all the while
exhibiting the tenderest solicitude for her offspring. Truly the one
touch of nature which makes the whole world kin. It is surprising to
learn the evolution these animals have undergone in order to
accommodate themselves to their altered circumstances. Land-
dwellers at one stage of the world’s history, but acquiring a taste for
fish, they gradually became aquatic in their habits, dispensing with
such portions of their anatomy as were no longer necessary, while
developing others more appropriate to their new sphere of existence,
till, like their big brother the whale, from being a four-footed animal
they became quite fish like in appearance, even to the cultivation of
a dorsal fin, though still possessing rudimentary traces of their
former construction. Change is apparent on every hand in the plan of
nature; ages were necessary for the evolution of our present day
horse from his five toed ancestors; and after all it does not seem so
very startling when the transformation is enacted before our very
eyes in a few short stages, as in the case of the common frog, from
the gill breathing tadpole to the lung breathing adult. More startling it
is to learn that man himself was at one time a gill breather, and, as
biologists affirm, still exhibits traces of gill clefts at one stage of his
embryonic development.
MARCH 1902.