SOLUTIONS > Percent by Volume

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝐿)

% 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝐿)
𝑥 100
- It is defined as a homogenous mixture
which mainly comprises two components
namely solute and solvent. > Percent by Mass-Volume (Density)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔)
% 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥 100
Parts of Solution
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝐿)

Problem Solving
1.Find the percent by mass in which 41.0 g of
NaCl is dissolved in 331 grams of water.
Given: 41g of NaCl - Solute // 331g of H2O -
Solutions
> Solute - components that is being Required: %mass
dissolved in the solution. 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔)
Equation: % 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥 100
> Solvent – the one that dissolves the solutes. 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑔)

> Solute + Solvent = SOLUTIONS Solution:

41𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
% 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 331𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂
𝑥 100 = 12. 39%
Classification of Solutions Final Answer: ჻ there are 12.39% by mass of
> Solubility of Solutes in the Solvent solutions when 41g of NaCl is dissolved in
❖ Unsaturated - more solute dissolves
331g of H2O
❖ Saturated - no more solute dissolves
❖ Supersaturated - crystals may grow
> Amount of solute dissolves in the solvent
❖ Dilute solution – contains 2.What volume of acetic acid is present in a
greater amount of solvent bottle containing 350.0 ml of a solution
compared to the solute. which measures 5.00% concentration?
❖ Concentrated solution - Given: 350.0mL - Solutions // 5.00% -
contains greater amount Concentrations
of solute compared to Required: Volume of Solute
the solvent. Equation:
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝐿)
% 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝐿)
𝑥 100
Solution:
(% 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 100
(5%)(350.0𝑚𝐿 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙 = 100
= 17. 5𝑚𝐿 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
Final Answer: ჻ the volume of acetic acid is
17.5mL in a bottle containing 350mL sol’n.
Percentage
Concentrations Mole Fraction
> Percent by Mass - The mole fraction (X) of a component in a
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔) solution to the number of moles of that
% 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑔)
𝑥 100
component divided by the total number of 2. Calculate the mole fraction of each
moles of all the components present component of a solution containing 65 g of
ethanol (C₂H₆O) in 350 g of water.
Given: 65g of ethanol (C₂H₆O) // 350g of
water
Required: mole fraction
Equation:
𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙'𝑛
𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙'𝑛

𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙 + 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1
Recall: 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
𝑚
𝑀𝑀
Solutions:
Problem Solving 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶₂𝐻₆𝑂 =
𝑚
=
65𝑔
= 1. 41 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑀 46𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
1. Calculate the mole fraction of sulfuric 𝑚 350𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶₂𝐻₆𝑂 = = = 19. 44 𝑚𝑜𝑙
acid (H2SO4) in 8% aqueous H2SO4 solution. 𝑀𝑀 18𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑙 = (1. 41 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶₂𝐻₆𝑂 + 19. 44𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻₂𝑂) = 20. 85𝑚𝑜𝑙
Assume 100g of aqueous H2SO4 solution. This
1.41 𝑚𝑜𝑙
follows that the solution contains 8% (8 g) of 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶₂𝐻₆𝑂 = 20.85 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0. 068
pure H2SO4 and 92% (92 g) of water. 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶₂𝐻₆𝑂 =
19.44 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0. 932
20.85 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Given: 8% H2S04 Sol’n
Final Answer: ჻ there are 0.068 mole fraction
Required: mole fraction of Sulfuric Acid
of C2H6O an 0.932 mole fraction H2O in 350
Equation:
g of water.
𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙'𝑛

Concentration of Solutions
𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙'𝑛

> Molarity and Molality

𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙 + 𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1 𝑀= 𝐿

Recall: 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
𝑚 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠) 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝐿) 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Solutions: for 100g 𝐻₂𝑆𝑂₄ sol’n *get the mass 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ⎡
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠) 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1𝐿
⎤⎡ 1000𝑚𝐿 ⎤⎡
1000 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
⎤
⎣ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒(𝐿) 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ⎦⎣ ⎦⎣ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 ⎦
of solute 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠) 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑚𝐿) 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐻₂𝑆𝑂₄= (8%)(100G)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 / 𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝐻₂𝑂=(92%)(100) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝐿) 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

= (0.08)(100G) = 92g
=8g - Molarity is also known as the molar
concentration. It is the amount of a
𝑚 8𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻₂𝑆𝑂₄ = 𝑀𝑀
= 98𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0. 082 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚 92𝑔 substance in a certain volume of solution.
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻₂𝑂 = = = 5. 11 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Molarity is defined as the moles of a solute
𝑀𝑀 18𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = (0. 082𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻₂𝑆𝑂₄ + 5. 11𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻₂𝑂) = 5. 128𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.082𝑚𝑜𝑙
per liters of a solution.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐻₂𝑆𝑂₄ = 5.182𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 0. 016
Final Answer: ჻ there are 0.016 mole fraction
of 𝐻₂𝑆𝑂₄ in 8% aqueous 𝐻₂𝑆𝑂₄ solution.