Structure and Equipment Day 1

Siemens AG, EM DG PTI NC

Transmission Network Planning

Structure and Equipment

© Siemens AG 2016 siemens.com

§ Structure and equipment

§ Introduction
§ Electrical network equipment
§ Electric power plant
§ Electric generator
§ Power transformer
§ Electrical lines and cables
§ Electrical Loads
§ Electrical switch
§ Switchgear
§ Substations

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Introduction
Definition

An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from

suppliers to consumers. It consists of generating stations that produce electrical
power, high-voltage transmission lines that carry power from distant sources to
demand centers, and distribution lines that connect individual customers.

Power stations may be located near a fuel source, at a dam site, or to take
advantage of renewable energy sources, and are often located away from
heavily populated areas.

The bulk power transmission network will move the power long distances,
sometimes across international boundaries, until it reaches its wholesale
customer (usually the company that owns the local electric power distribution
network).

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Introduction
Main parameters

§ Total generation
§ Total load
§ Nominal voltage
§ Nominal frequency

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Introduction
Network schematic representation

Power Transformer Switching Transmission line Load

plant station

Three-phase System

Single line
diagram

Equivalent circuit in
symmetrical components

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Introduction
Network geographic representation

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Introduction
Voltage levels

Extra high voltage

700 kV
Transmission 380 kV
220 kV
High voltage
150 kV
110 kV
60 kV
Medium voltage
30 kV
20 kV
10 kV
Low voltage 6 kV
600 V Distribution
400 V

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Electric network equipment

Overview

Power plant
Generator

Petersen coil Three winding

Bus coupler
transformer

Double
bus bar
Current limiting
Breaker Cable
reactor

Shunt reactor
Ring main
M
unit Motor Overhead
line

Load
Filter

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Electric power plant

Overview

Power plant
Generator

Petersen coil Three winding

Bus coupler
transformer

Double
bus bar
Current limiting
Breaker Cable
reactor

Shunt reactor
Ring main
M
unit Motor Overhead
line

Load
Filter

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Electric power plant

Parameters

Type typical size Efficiency Full load hours

MW % h/a
47%
Hard coal up to 800 MW 6000
(CCP 58 %)
Lignite up to 900 MW 43 7500
Nuclear 900 -1600 MW 35 7500
40%
Gasturbine 340 MW 1400-3000
(CCP 60 %)
few kW
River hydro up to 300 MW 85 5000-8760
(Germany)
1000 MW (Germany)
Pumped storage 90 % / 80% 750-5000
bis 18 GW (world)
1800 onshore
Wind 0,5...7,5 MW 45-50%
3400 offshore
Solar 0....12 MW 14-17% 850-1000

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Electric power plant

Steam power plant

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Electric power plant

Gas (Combustion) power plant

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Electric power plant

Combined cycle power plant (single shaft)

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Electric power plant

Hydro power plant

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Electric power plant

Renewable resources

Wind Photovoltaic
recent success story static generation
after many generations remote islands
of hydro power possible

Geothermal Solar thermal

almost unlimited still room for
but still under development
technology link to storage
development

Tidal currents
predictable generation

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Electric generator
Overview

Power plant
Generator

Petersen coil Three winding

Bus coupler
transformer

Double
bus bar
Current limiting
Breaker Cable
reactor

Shunt reactor
Ring main
M
unit Motor Overhead
line

Load
Filter

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Electric generator
Parameters

Power kW up to MW

Voltage

Revolutions

Excitation

Cooling

Weight

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Electric generator
General types

Horizontal shaft type for steam turbine

Vertical shaft type for water turbine

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Electric generator
Operation principle

When the poles on the rotor, driven by prime mover, move past the stator
conductors, due to the relative motion of conductors with respect to the poles,
the magnetic flux lines are cut by the conductors and voltage is induced in
them.

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Electric generator
Capability curve

inductive capacitive

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Power transformer
Overview

Power plant
Generator

Petersen coil Three winding

Bus coupler
transformer

Double
bus bar
Current limiting
Breaker Cable
reactor

Shunt reactor
Ring main
M
unit Motor Overhead
line

Load
Filter

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Power transformer
Parameters

Power kW up to MW

Voltage

Impedance

Vector group

Core type

Cooling

Weight

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Power transformer
Operation principle

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Power transformer
Core type

Shell type has lower

leakage flux and losses and
more mechanical protection
for the windings.

Core type is easier to build

and maintain

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Power transformer
Inter-tie transformer core

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Power transformer
Winding for high power and votlage

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Power transformer
Vector group

Main configurations:
§ Y-Y
§ Y-D
§ D- D
§ D-Y

Parallel operations:
All the transformers should have same vector group & polarity of the winding.

Earth fault Relay:

A Dd transformer does not have neutral. to restrict the earth faults in such systems, a zig
zag wound transformer to create a neutral along with the earth fault relay should be used

Removing harmonics:
The delta winding allows third-harmonic currents to circulate within the transformer, and
prevents third-harmonic currents from flowing in the supply line.

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Power transformer
Cooling type

ONAN ONAF OFAF

Oil natural / Air natural Oil natural / Air forced Oil forced / Air forced

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Power transformer
Tap changer

A tap changer will influence the transformation ratio of a

transformer.

It could be installed either on the primary or secondary

side. Installation on primary side is more economic due
to lower currents.

A tap changer could be:

§ On-load tap changer OLTC (automatic or manual)
§ No-load tap changer

The main parameters are:

§ Number of steps (range)
§ Voltage magnitude change per step
§ Voltage angle changer per step (phase shift)

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Power transformer
General types by application

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Power transformer
Schematic representation

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Power transformer
850 MVA Generator transformer, 410 ± 14,6% / 27 kV

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Power transformer
630-kVA Oil-immersed distribution transformers

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Power transformer
630-kVA Cast-resin transformer 20/0,4 kV

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Electrical lines and cables

Overview

Power plant
Generator

Petersen coil Three winding

Bus coupler
transformer

Double
bus bar
Current limiting
Breaker Cable
reactor

Shunt reactor
Ring main
M
unit Motor Overhead
line

Load
Filter

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Electrical lines and cables

Parameters

Cable
Voltage
Rated power
Installation
Insulation

Overhead line
Voltage
Rated power
Tower

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Electrical lines and cables

Overhead line – Components

AAC all-aluminium conductor

COHL Copper Overhead line
AAAC all aluminium alloy conductor
ACSR aluminium conductor steel reinforced

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Electrical lines and cables

Overhead line – Tower configurations

20kV 2x110kV 2x110kV 2x220kV/2x380kV 735kV

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Electrical lines and cables

Overhead line – Insulators

Light 16 mm/kV
Medium 20 mm/kV
Heavy 25 mm/kV
Very heavy 31 mm/kV

IEC 60815 creepage distance to environment

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Electrical lines and cables

Cable – Laying conditions

Current rating for 110 kV underground cable

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Electrical lines and cables

Cable – Laying conditions

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Electrical lines and cables

Cable – Material

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Electrical lines and cables

Gas Insulated Lines GIL

§ High transmission rating up to

4000 MVA, 550 kV
§ Short-circuit rating up to 63 kA
§ Low transmission losses
§ Long transmission distances
§ Environmental friendly through
tunnel or earth laying

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Electrical lines and cables

GIL – Example (Switzerland)

1. Opening for erection 5. Steel structure (sliding

2. GIL straight construction unit with support)
bending radius R>400m 6. Steel structure (fixed support)
3. Expansion joint 7. Angle construction unit
4. Disconnection unit with gas-tight
insulator and ALC (arc location
converter)

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Electrical lines and cables

Cost relation for cables/GIL and overhead lines

Ratio for cable cost KK and

overhead line KF for
procurement and installation
for same transmission rating
Scatter area
excluding compensation
equipment

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Electrical lines and cables

Limits for power transmission

Overhead line Cable and GIL

GW GW

8 4
1000 kV AC GIL
6 300 kV DC
3
800 kV DC
GIL 500 kV AC
4 750 kV AC 2
550 kV DC DC Cable 500 kV
2 1
Cable 380 kV AC
380 kV AC
km km
1000 2000 100 200 500 1000

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Electrical loads
Overview

Power plant
Generator

Petersen coil Three winding

Bus coupler
transformer

Double
bus bar
Current limiting
Breaker Cable
reactor

Shunt reactor
Ring main
M
unit Motor Overhead
line

Load
Filter

© Siemens AG 2016
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Electrical loads
Parameters

Apparent power
Active power
Reactive power
Usage
Harmonics

Heating
Light
Motor
Power electronics

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Electrical loads
Types

§ Resistive
§ Capacitive
§ Inductive
§ Linear
§ Non-linear
§ Static
§ Dynamic
§ Continuous
§ Intermittent

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Electrical loads
Types

Quadratic Constant Proportional

Constant impedance Constant power Constant current

U voltage at node in %
fS power consumed in %

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Electrical switch
Overview

Power plant
Generator

Petersen coil Three winding

Bus coupler
transformer

Double
bus bar
Current limiting
Breaker Cable
reactor

Shunt reactor
Ring main
M
unit Motor Overhead
line

Load
Filter

© Siemens AG 2016
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Electrical switch
Parameters

Voltage
Nominal current
Short-circuit current
Switching principle

Circuit breaker
Load break switch
Isolator switch
Earth switch

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Electrical switch
Switching devices

• Circuit breaker
ð can interrupt short-circuit currents
I''
ex. k = 70 kA at Un = 380 kV
ð Very expensive
• Load break switch
ð Can make and break load current
ð Can not interrupt short-circuit current
ð Expensive
ð In low votlage networks used with fuses
• Isolator swtich
ð Operated only when a current is not present
ð Can not make or break load currents
ð Can not interrupt short-circuit currents Symbol
ð Relative price

© Siemens AG 2016
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Electrical switch
Circuit breaker – Live tank

Rated short-circuit
current [kA]

80

3AT2/3 3AT4/5
63

50

40

31,5

25

3AP1 FG 3AP1 FI 3AP2/3 FI 3AP4/5 FI

0
72,5 123 145 170 245 300 362 420 550 800 Rated voltage
[kV]

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Electrical switch
Circuit breaker – Arc slef compression quenching

The current conducting path of the interrupter unit consists of the contact carrier (1), the base (6) and the moveable
contact cylinder (5). In the closed position, the current flows via the main contact (4) and the contact cylinder (5).

During the opening operation, the main contact (4) opens first, and the current commutates to the still closed arcing
contact. During the further course of opening, the arcing contact (3) opens up and an arc is drawn between the
contacts.

At the same time, the contact cylinder (5) moves into the base (6) and compresses the SF6 gas located there. This
gas compression creates a gas flow through the contact cylinder (5) and the nozzle (2) to the arcing contact,
extinguishing the arc.
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Electrical switch
Circuit breaker – Dead tank
63
Rated short-circuit current [kA]

50

40

31,5

20
SPS-2 SPS-2 SPS-2 3AT2/3-DT

38 48,3 72,5 121 145 169 242 362 420 500

Rated voltage [kV]

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Electrical switch
Isolating switch

Isolarting seitch, 72,5 kV up to 420 kV

Rotating isolating switch with arresters

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Switchgear
Overview

Power plant
Generator

Petersen coil Three winding

Bus coupler
transformer

Double
bus bar
Current limiting
Breaker Cable
reactor

Shunt reactor
Ring main
M
unit Motor Overhead
line

Load
Filter

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Switchgear
Parameters

Configuration

Insulation material

Busbars

Coupler

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Switchgear
Experience with gas insulated switchgear 40 Jahre

1960 Start of research and development for SF6 technology

1964 Delivery of first SF6 circuit breaker

1968 Delivery of first GIS

1974 Delivery of first GIL (420 kV)

1997 Introduction of control and monitoring techniques

1999 Market lead in current GIS generation:

Worlwide smallest switchgear for 145 und 245 kV

2000 Introduction of new HIS-switchgear concept:

GIS switchgear in outdoor installation

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Switchgear
GIS – 245 kV Cable field

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Switchgear
GIS – Advantages

§ Lower space requirements

§ Lower weight

§ Tailor made solution through modular design

§ Environmently friendly

§ Sohrt delviery and assembly time

§ High economic advantage due to lower maintenance need

§ High security for operating personnel

§ High availability and service life

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Switchgear
GIS – Products

Short-circuit current [kA]

63 8DN9 8DQ1 8DR1

50

40 8DN8

31,5

25

72,5 123 145 170 245 300 362 420 550 800
Voltage [kV]

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Switchgear
GIS – Datasheet

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Switchgear
Schematic configurations

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Switchgear
HIS-installation in H-Configuration

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Switchgear
HIS-installation in H-Configuration

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Substations
Overview

Power plant
Generator

Petersen coil Three winding

Bus coupler
transformer

Double
bus bar
Current limiting
Breaker Cable
reactor

Shunt reactor
Ring main
M
unit Motor Overhead
line

Load
Filter

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Substations
Parameters

Power

Voltage level

Configuration

Space requirements

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Substations
Main objectives

§ Switchgears are network nodes

ð Interconnection of transmission elements

§ Purpose
ð Operative switching
ð Switching of devices for maintenance
ð Switching of device during faults

§ Execution
ð Number of bubsar
ð Equip with required switch elements
ð Possibility of different switching configurations

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Substations
Arrangement

One-breaker-and-a-half arrangement, 500 kV

Quelle: Vattenfall-Präsentation

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Substations
Layout

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Substations
High voltage – Products

Gas Insulated Substation Air Insulated Substation

Gas Insulated High Integrated Modular Field Modular Field Dead Tank
Switchgear GIS Switchgear HIS® SIMOBREAKER SIMOVER® Switching Device

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Substations
High voltage – Products

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Substations
Typical configuration in 380/220 or 110 kV

110-kV

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Substations
Surge arresters

Technology

Rating

Makeup

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Substations
Surge arresters products

3EK7 3EP4 3EP2 3EP3 3EQ1 3EQ4 3EQ3 3ES2 3ES5 3ES7
3EL2 ,
3ES9

Silicone Porcelain Silicone GIS

(cage design) (tube design)

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Substations
Surge arrester – 400 kV Transformator protection

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Substations
Instrument transformers

110-kV

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Substations
Instrument transformers – Voltage transformer

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Substations
Instrument transformers – Current transformer

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Thank you for your attention!

© Siemens AG 2016 © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved.

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Contact

Adham Atallah
Senior Consultant
Siemens AG, EM DG PTI NC TRS
Freyeslebenstrasse 1
91058 Erlangen, Germany
Telefon: +49 (9131) 7 28265

E-Mail:
adham.atallah@siemens.com

siemens.com/power-technologies

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