S42 - Power System Protection

Power System Protection Day 4
Siemens AG, EM DG PTI NC
Transmission Network Planning

Power System Protection
© Siemens AG 2016 siemens.com
§ Power system protection

§ Introduction
§ Main components
§ Protection concept
§ Protection functions
§ Equipment protection
© Siemens AG 2016
Seite 2 2016 Atallah / EM DG PTI NC TRS
Transmission Network Planning Training Page 1

Introduction
Protection system definition
System protection is the art and science of detecting problems with power system
components and isolating these components.
Problems on the power system include:

§ Short circuits
§ Abnormal conditions
§ Equipment failures
NERC defines the protection system as:

Protective relays, associated communication systems, voltage sensing devices,
station batteries and DC control circuitry.
© Siemens AG 2016
Introduction
Protection system definition
© Siemens AG 2016

Introduction
Protection system purpose
The main purpose of a protection system is to:
§ Protect the public

§ Improve system stability
§ Minimize damage to equipment
§ Protect against overloads
The main components include mainly:

§ Generators
§ Transformers
§ Lines
§ Buses
© Siemens AG 2016
Introduction
© Siemens AG 2016

Introduction
© Siemens AG 2016
Introduction
Desired attributes definition
Reliability:
System operate properly
Security: Don’t trip when you shouldn’t
Dependability: Trip when you should
Selectivity:
Trip the minimal amount of system equipment to clear the fault or abnormal
operating condition to ensure post-fault proper operation
Speed:
Usually the faster the better in terms of minimizing equipment damage and
maintaining system integrity. Damage is usually proportional to time
Simplicity:
Don’t complicate the system for operators
Economics:
Keep in mind system cost (relays, breakers, communication,…)
© Siemens AG 2016

Introduction
Desired attributes definition
Selection of protective relays requires compromises:

§ Maximum and Reliable protection at optimum cost
§ High sensitivity to fault conditions and insensitivity to maximum load currents
§ High-speed fault detection and clearance
§ Selectivity in isolating the faulty area with tripping minimum equipment
§ Ability to function correctly under all expected operation conditions
§ Cost of protective equipment should be balanced against risks involved
§ Primary objectives is to have faulted zone’s primary protection operate first,
but if there are protective relays failures, some form of backup protection is
provided.
© Siemens AG 2016
Main components
General overview
Main Protection Backup Protection
Instrument Transformers
Power System Devices and

Network
© Siemens AG 2016

Main components
General overview
Circuit breaker Instrument transformers

(current and voltage)
600 A
110
Connections 3 100 V
kV 3
1A
Z< S
Remote-end
R
Battery Protection Communication
© Siemens AG 2016
Main components
Description
Protective relays monitor the current and/or voltage of the power system to detect
problems with the power system. Currents and voltages to relays are supplied via
CT’s and PT’s.
Current Transformer (CT)

A device which transforms the current on the power system from large primary
values to safe secondary values. The secondary current will be proportional (as per
the ratio) to the primary current.
Potential Transformer (PT)

A device which transforms the voltage on the power system from primary values to
safe secondary values, in a ratio proportional to the primary value.
© Siemens AG 2016

Main components
Relay functions
ANSI Device function numbers C37.2

(Selection of most important functions)
51, 51N Time delayed phase and earth overcurrent protection

50, 50N Instantaneous phase and earth overcurrent protection
21, 21N Phase and earth fault distance protection
87 Differential Protection
87N Earth differential protection (Restricted E/F protection)
27 Undervoltage protection
59 Overvoltage protection
79 Automatic reclosing
81 Frequency protection
49 Overload protection
46 Unbalanced load protection
© Siemens AG 2016
Protection concept
General overview
Main protection: Distance Protection Distance Protection
Distance protection
Differential protection
Differential Protection Differential Protection
Backup Protection:
Overcurrent protection
Differential Protection
Overload protection
Distance protection
Overcurrent Protection
© Siemens AG 2016

Protection concept
Fault criteria
§ Overcurrent I>
§ Earth-current I E>
§ Undervoltage U<
§ Underimpedance Z<
§ Overvoltage U>
§ Leakage (Differential) current DI
§ Over- and Under-frequency
§ Current unbalance (negative sequence current I2>)
© Siemens AG 2016
Protection concept
Zone definition
1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units

2. Transformers
3. Buses
4. Lines (transmission and distribution)
5. Utilization equipment (motors, static loads, etc.)
Bus zone Bus zone Bus zone

Unit Generator-Tx zone Line zone
Transformer zone Motor zone
Transformer zone
~
Generator XFMR Bus Line Bus XFMR Bus Motor
© Siemens AG 2016

Protection concept
Back-up
Infeed
Protection Protection
Backup zones
Infeed
Protection Protection Protection Protection

Breaker
failure
Local protection
Backup
protection
© Siemens AG 2016
Protection concept
System
Networkdefinition
Calculations Used by Protection Coordination
Calculation of important load flow scenarios

voltage profile (voltage drop, U/I-fault detection)
minimum and maximum short-circuit currents
transient stability (max. fault duration)
Minimum SC-currents (two- and one-phase) and maximum load currents

(minimum load impedances) determine the pick-up values
Maximum SC-currents determine the maximum permissible fault duration

which depends on the maximum permissible SC-current of mains
Decision for possibility of current or time grading
© Siemens AG 2016

Protection concept
Time-scale for protection system
00
, 75 0, 10 0 0 , 125 01
, 50 0, 17 5 0, 200 0, 22 5
t/s
© Siemens AG 2016
Protection functions
Over-current protection
Overcurrent-time protection
t2 Definite-time
overcurrent-protection
t1
IN I> I >> I
t
Inverse-time
overcurrent-protection
IN I
© Siemens AG 2016

Tripping characteristics of a two-step definite-time protection (DMTL)
t [sec]
2.0
Tripping area
1.5
1.0
0.5
x IN
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
I> I>>
© Siemens AG 2016
Tripping characteristics of an inverse-time protection (IDMTL)

I Inverse
D Definite
t [sec] M Minimum
2.0 T Time
L Lag
1.5 Characteristic curves:

Tripping area
n IEC
n ANSI
1.0
n British Standard
Normal inverse
0.5
0.14
t= × TP [ s ]
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
x IN
( I / I P ) 0.02 - 1
© Siemens AG 2016

Normal inverse-time characteristic of the 7SJ6 relay
Normal inverse
0.14
t= × TP [s]
( I / I P )0.02 -1
© Siemens AG 2016
Over-current protection – Co-ordination example
A 0,4 s 0,1 s
20 MVA B C I>,t I>,t
20 kV 1 MVA
110 kV M
network 0,4 s I>,t
I>,t I>,t M
1700 A 1700 A 0,7 s
1700 A
0,7 s I>, t 0,4 s I>,t 0,1 s I>>,t0
Time I>>,t0 150 A I>,t
5000 A
grading 6000 1,0s
0,1 s
A
Current
4000 A coordination
IK 1700 A
ref. 20 KV 700 A I>

150 A
A B C
Careful coordination of relay settings to achieve selectivity
© Siemens AG 2016

Distance protection
Calculation of the impedance with current and voltage at the relay location :
Z = V/I
I
Grid E ZN D ZL Rf
V
In case of a fault the measured impedance is proportional to the distance to fault
X Z2, t=0,4 s
Supplementary criterion: time Short Z1, t=0
circuit
(for selectivity and reserve protection)
load
Multilevel distance protection (zones) R
© Siemens AG 2016
Distance protection
Localization of faults using impedance measuring

- Fault on the protected line
Z1
relay A
~ ~
- Fault outside the protected line
Z2
relay A
~ ~
Selectivity
© Siemens AG 2016

Distance protection
Undelayed tripping in
Ø instantaneous zone
circuit breaker has failed
Delayed tripping in backup

Ø zone in case of breaker
failure
X t
t3
Ø Descriptions:
t2
t1
R x1 x2 x
Tripping characteristics Grading diagram
© Siemens AG 2016
Distance protection
1 2
A fault in this area would A fault in this area would be A fault in this area would
be tripped by side 1 in t1 tripped by both sides in t1 be tripped by side 1 in t2
and side 2 in t2 and by side 2 in t1
Faults up to approximately 70% of the line are tripped in t1

Faults in the remaining 30% of the line are tripped in t2
Remedy: Information transfer between line terminals
Medium: Power line carrier (PLC), pilot wire, radio system, fiber optic
© Siemens AG 2016

§ One of the oldest protection principles, applied from the end of the 19th
century
§ Comparison of in/out-flowing current magnitudes and phase angles based on
§ Kirchhoff law: ∑ I = 0 → error currents: magnetizing or capacitive loading
§ Absolute selective, protection zone is limited by the CT locations → need of

an additional back-up protection function
§ Short trip time → suitable for main protection purpose for transformers,
machines, busbars as well as cables and lines
© Siemens AG 2016
Power System
Power System Device
Power System
Device Device
External fault or load condition Internal Fault
§ during internal fault condition the

§ the CTs limiting the protection zone primary fault currents flow to the fault
and the secondary currents will be added
§ during external fault or load condition
no current is flowing through the § the differential relay ΔI> senses the
differential relay ΔI> (stable) added currents and trips
© Siemens AG 2016

Equipment protection
Generators
© Siemens AG 2016
Generators
© Siemens AG 2016

Transformers
© Siemens AG 2016
Transformers
HV infeed Main protection

HV. for example 115 kV
Ø differential protection (87T)
Ø restricted earth fault (87N)
or
Ø Buchholz (63)
Backup protection
Ø overcurrent protection (50, 51)

Ø unbalance (46)
Overload protection
Ø thermal (49)
Load bus, for example 13,8 kV
Load Load
© Siemens AG 2016

Transformers – Differential protection
Ithr = through current = stabilizing current = Is

IΔ = differential current
matched
relay composite error current
characteristic
CT error current
mismatch current loading of CT ratio

and transformer tap-changer
transformer magnetizing current
5 10 15 Ithr / In
• error currents caused by CT errors, transformer tap-changer etc. must be
expected, without any possibility of direct correction normally
• for CT error currents a linear and strongly non-linear area (saturation) exists
• the relay characteristic must be adapted to the unavoidable error currents
→ high sensitivity during load and small fault currents
and high stability in case of CT saturation
© Siemens AG 2016
Transformers – Differential protection
Base Point 1
© Siemens AG 2016

Branch
© Siemens AG 2016
Overhead line
© Siemens AG 2016

2 parallel overhead lines
© Siemens AG 2016
Overhead line – Distance protection
Quadrilateral characteristics, with 4 zones as an MHO zone characteristics, with 6 zone as an example
example
© Siemens AG 2016

Cable feeder
Infeed
Ø Farest relay with shortest time
Ø Definite-Time
AR Source Impedance Ratio (SIR)
additional high, no current selectivity
infeeds
Ø Inverse-Time
SIR medium, current selectivity
Ø Very Inverse-Time
Load SIR small, high current selectivity
1) Auto-reclosure only for OHL

2) Unbalance protection as backup
Load Load
© Siemens AG 2016
Busbar
© Siemens AG 2016

Busbar
Principle: Kirchhoff´s current law
Line 1 Line 2
I1 I2 I3 I4
Bus Bar
I5 I6 I7 … In
Line n
Normal Operations: åI = 0
Internal Faults: åI ¹ 0
© Siemens AG 2016
Busbar
© Siemens AG 2016

Busbar
© Siemens AG 2016
Busbar
© Siemens AG 2016

Motor
© Siemens AG 2016
Motor
§ Overload protection 49
§ Locked rotor protection 51
§ Fault protection 50
§ Ground fault protection 50G
§ Unbalanced current 46
§ Unbalanced voltage 47
§ Stator differential 87
§ Loss of field 55
© Siemens AG 2016

Thank you for your attention!
© Siemens AG 2016 © Siemens AG 2016. All rights reserved.

Seite 49 2016 A. Ettinger Atallah / EM DG PTI NC TRS
Contact
Adham Atallah
Senior Consultant
Siemens AG, EM DG PTI NC TRS
Freyeslebenstrasse 1
91058 Erlangen, Germany
Telefon: +49 (9131) 7 28265
E-Mail:
adham.atallah@siemens.com
siemens.com/power-technologies
© Siemens AG 2016

S42 - Power System Protection

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

S42 - Power System Protection

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power System Protection Day 4

Siemens AG, EM DG PTI NC

Transmission Network Planning

© Siemens AG 2016 siemens.com

§ Power system protection

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 1

Problems on the power system include:

NERC defines the protection system as:

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 2

The main purpose of a protection system is to:

§ Protect the public

The main components include mainly:

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 3

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 4

Selection of protective relays requires compromises:

Main Protection Backup Protection

Power System Devices and

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 5

Circuit breaker Instrument transformers

Battery Protection Communication

Current Transformer (CT)

Potential Transformer (PT)

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 6

ANSI Device function numbers C37.2

51, 51N Time delayed phase and earth overcurrent protection

Main protection: Distance Protection Distance Protection

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 7

1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units

Bus zone Bus zone Bus zone

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 8

Protection Protection Protection Protection

Calculation of important load flow scenarios

Minimum SC-currents (two- and one-phase) and maximum load currents

Maximum SC-currents determine the maximum permissible fault duration

Decision for possibility of current or time grading

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 9

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 10

Tripping characteristics of a two-step definite-time protection (DMTL)

Tripping characteristics of an inverse-time protection (IDMTL)

1.5 Characteristic curves:

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 11

ref. 20 KV 700 A I>

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 12

In case of a fault the measured impedance is proportional to the distance to fault

Localization of faults using impedance measuring

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 13

circuit breaker has failed

Delayed tripping in backup

Tripping characteristics Grading diagram

Faults up to approximately 70% of the line are tripped in t1

Remedy: Information transfer between line terminals

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 14

§ Comparison of in/out-flowing current magnitudes and phase angles based on

§ Kirchhoff law: ∑ I = 0 → error currents: magnetizing or capacitive loading

§ Absolute selective, protection zone is limited by the CT locations → need of

External fault or load condition Internal Fault

§ during internal fault condition the

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 15

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 16

HV infeed Main protection

Ø overcurrent protection (50, 51)

Transmission Network Planning Training Page 17

Ithr = through current = stabilizing current = Is

mismatch current loading of CT ratio